aamod sanskrut sampurn 10th

{bQ>²-ê$nm{U (Am. n.)

YmVw: à.nw. à.nw. à.nw. YmVw: à.nw. à.nw. à.nw.
~.d.
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. E.d. {Ûd.
~w~w{Yao
^mf² (1 Am.n.) ~^mfo ~^mfmVo ~^m{fao ~wY² (1 Am. n.) ~w~wYo ~w~wYmVo X{Xao
XXo XXmVo ‘w‘w{Mao
a‘² (1 Am.n.) ao‘o ao‘mVo ao{‘ao Xm (3 Am.n.) ‘w‘wMo ‘w‘wMmVo ~w^w{Oao
~w^wOo ~w^wOmVo M{H«$ao
dÝX² (1 Am.n.) ddÝXo ddÝXmVo ddpÝXao ‘wM² (6 Am.n.) MH«o$ MH«$mVo O{kao
Oko OkmVo
d¥Y² (1 Am.n.) dd¥Yo dd¥YmVo dd¥{Yao ^wO² (7 Am.n.)

‘Z² (4 n.n.) ‘oZo ‘oZmVo ‘o{Zao H¥$ (8 Am.n.)

Zr (1 Am.n.) {Zݶo {ZݶmVo {Zpݶao km (9 Am.n.)

Am‘ÝV-{bQ²>bH$ma: (namoj^yVH$mb:)

‘ybYmVw: + {dH$aU‘² + Am‘² = Am‘ÝV-A“‘² + Ag²/^y/H¥$ (Aä¶ñVê$nm{U) = Am‘ÝV{H«$¶mnX‘²

nyO² + A¶ + Am‘² = nyO¶m‘² + Amg nyO¶m‘mg

~^yd nyO¶må~^yd

MH$ma nyO¶m#mH$ma

MH«o$ nyO¶m#mH«o$

YmVw: à.nw.E.d. à.nw. {Ûd. à.nw. ~.d.
H$W² (10 C.n.) (n.n.) H$W¶m‘mg H$W¶m‘mgVw: H$W¶m‘mgw:
H$W¶må~^yd H$W¶må~^ydVw: H$W¶må~^ydw:
(Am.n.) H$W¶m#mH$ma H$W¶m#mH«$Vw: H$W¶m#mH«w$:
H$W¶m#mH«o$ H$W¶m#mH«$mVo H$W¶m#m{H«$ao
nyO² (10 C.n.) (n.n.)
(Am.n.) nyO¶m‘mg nyO¶m‘mgVw: nyO¶m‘mgw:
nyO¶må~^yd nyO¶må~^ydVw: nyOm¶må~^ydw:
nyO¶m#mH$ma nyO¶m#mH«$Vw: nyO¶m#mH«w$:
nyO¶m#mH«o$ nyO¶m#mH«$mVo nyO¶m#m{H«$ao

B©j² (1 Am.n.) B©jm‘mg B©jm‘mgVw: B©jm‘mgw:
B©jmå~^yd B©jmå~^ydVw: B©jmå~^wdw:
B©jm#mH«o$ B©jm#mH«$mVo B©jm#m{H«$ao

J‘² ({UOÝV) J‘¶m‘mg J‘¶m‘mgVw: J‘¶m‘mgw:
J‘¶må~^ydVw: J‘¶må~^ydw:
J‘¶må~^yd J‘¶mMH«$Vw: J‘¶m#mH«w$:
J‘¶m#mH«$mVo J‘¶m#m{H«$ao
JԦm#mH$ma

J‘¶m#mH«o$

¶mo½¶-{bQ²>ê$n¡: dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &

1) H§$g§ H¥$îU: & (hZ²) 6) ì¶mg: ‘hm^maV§ (H$W²) JUoe: M
& ({bI²)
2) Aßgag: ñdJ} & (Z¥V²) & (~ÝY²)
7) JÝYdm©: Xþ¶m}YZ§ & (dÝX²)
3) AOw©Z: ~mU§ & (‘wM²) 8) bdHw$em¡ lram‘§

4) nwam F$f¶: {h‘mb¶o & (dg²)

5) dmë‘r{H$: am‘m¶U§ & (aM²)

42

(H$) dmÀ¶n[adV©Z‘² &

Añ‘m{^: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ H$‘©dmÀ¶§ M JVdf} n{R>Vo & H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX§ ~moY¶{V & H$‘©dmÀ¶§
{H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nX§ ~moY¶{V & EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z ní¶V &

am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V &
H$V©¥nX§ H$‘©nX§ {H«$¶mnX‘²
AÌ "J«ÝW‘²' B{V H$‘©nX‘² &
¶Xm {H«$¶m H$‘©nX‘² AnojVo VXm Vo YmVd: gH$‘©H$m: B{V H$϶ÝVo & Vm{Z dm³¶m{Z gH$‘©H$m{U
H$V©¥dmÀ¶m{Z ^dpÝV &

am‘: nV{V &
H$V¥©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²
AÌ H$‘©nX§ ZmpñV &
Aݶ-H$‘©nXñ¶ Anojm ¶Ì Z dV©Vo Vo YmVd: AH$‘©H$m: B{V H$϶ÝVo & Vm{Z dm³¶m{Z H$V¥©dmÀ¶m{Z
Ed, {H$ÝVw AH$‘©H$m{U ^dpÝV &

AH$‘©H$m: YmVd: -

Ho$MZ YmVd: H$‘©nX§ Z AnojÝVo Vo gd} AH$‘©H$m: B{V H$϶ÝVo & ^d{V, nV{V, {Vð>{V, dY©Vo, a‘Vo,

Ord{V, {‘«¶Vo, {ZÐm{V, ApñV, H«$ÝX{V B˶mX¶: &

H$m{ZMZ CXmhaUm{Z ní¶ÝVw - H$m[aH$m -
~mbH$: C{Îmð>{V & amYm b‚mVo & b‚mm-gÎmm-pñW{V-OmJaU‘²
‘mVm OmJ{V© & qgh: {‘«¶Vo & d¥{Õ-j¶-^¶-Or{dV-‘aU‘² &
eeH$: {~^o{V & àmMr Cn{de{V & B. e¶Z-H«$sS>m-é{M-Xrß˶W©‘²

YmVwJU§ V‘H$‘©H$‘mhþ: &&

AYmoXÎmm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>ÝVw - gm[aH$m hg{V & (AH$‘©H§$ H$V©¥dmÀ¶‘²)
am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & (gH$‘©H§$ H$V©¥dmÀ¶‘²) A{^foH$: Cn{de{V & (AH$‘©H§$ H$V©¥dmÀ¶‘²)
grVm {M̧ ní¶{V & (gH$‘©H§$ H$V©¥dmÀ¶‘²)

nR>V-~moYV
H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² - H$V©[a àW‘m ¶Ì {ÛVr¶m@W M H$‘©{U &

H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ ^doV² VÎmw {H«$¶m H$Ì©Zwgm[aUr &&

H$‘©dmÀ¶‘² - H$‘©{U àW‘m ¶Ì V¥Vr¶m@W M H$V©[a &
H$‘©dmÀ¶§ ^doV² VÎmw {H«$¶m H$‘m©Zwgm[aUr &&

^mddmÀ¶‘² - ^mddmÀ¶o {H«$¶m d{³V Z H$V©[a Z H$‘©{U &
VÌ H$Vm© V¥Vr¶m¶m§ {H«$¶m ^mdmZwgm[aUr &&

43

AYwZm dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ ní¶m‘: & H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²
gH$‘©H§$ H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo &
am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V &
~mbH$: J«ÝWmZ² nR>{V & ~mbHo$Z J«ÝWm: nR>çÝVo &

am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo &
H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘² H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²

àW‘m {ÛVr¶m àW‘mÝVnXmZwgma‘² V¥Vr¶m àW‘m àW‘mÝVnXmZwgma‘²
(3) (1) (1)
(1) (2) (1)
^mddmÀ¶‘²
AH$‘©H§$ H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² ‘Ywa¶m n˶Vo &
‘Yþam nV{V & ~m{bH$m{^: n˶Vo &

~m{bH$m: nVpÝV &

‘Ywam nV{V & ‘Ywa¶m n˶Vo &
H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘² H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²

àW‘m ZmpñV àW‘mÝVnXmZwgma‘² V¥Vr¶m ZmpñV {Z˶§ àW‘nwéf-EH$dMZo

(1) (0) (1) (3) (0) (1)

H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²

~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶{V & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶Vo &

‘mbm nwînm{U Z¶{V & ‘mb¶m nwînm{U Zr¶ÝVo &

Ah§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ñ‘am{‘ & ‘¶m ‘wHw$ÝX: ñ‘¶©Vo &

Ëd§ amo{Q>H$m: H$amo{f & amo{Q>H$m: {H«$¶ÝVo &

gy¶©: àH$me§ XXm{V & àH$me: Xr¶Vo &

‘mVm Añ‘mZ² VmS>¶{V & d¶§ VmS>çm‘ho &

{nVm Ëdm‘² Cn{Xe{V & {nÌm Cn{Xí¶go &

F${f: ¶wî‘mZ² dX{V & F${fUm CÚÜdo &

Ëd§ ‘m§ n¥ÀN>{g & Ëd¶m n¥ÀN²ço &

& ‘¶m ‘mVm dÝÚVo &
amkm ‘ÝÌr Amhÿ¶Vo &
amOm ‘pÝÌU‘² Amˆ¶{V &
&
e¥Jmb: ‘¥JH$mH$m¡ ní¶{V &
AݶbH$maofw à¶moJn[adV©Z‘² &

~mbH$: ûcmoH$‘² AJm¶V² & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: AJr¶V &
~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶Vw & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶Vm‘² &
~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶oV² & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶oV &

1) dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & {OkmgmnÌ‘²

A) gmYd: B©œa§ Z‘pÝV & Am) h[a: ^³VmZ² aj{V & B) ~«÷m {dœ§ {Z‘m©{V &
B©) JX©^oZ ^ma: CøVo & C) n{j{^: ZrS>m{Z aÀ¶ÝVo & D$) {d¿ZhVm© ‘moXH$m¡ ImX{V &

44

gá‘: nmR>: g§ñH¥$VZmQ>çñV~H$: & (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)

àW‘§ nwîn‘²

g§ñH¥$VH${dfw H$m{bXmgñ¶ ñWmZ‘² AZݶgmYmaU‘² & "A{^kmZemHw$ÝVb‘²' B{V Vñ¶ à{gÕ§ ZmQ>H$‘² &
Vñ¶ H$mì¶ZmQ>Ho$fw ^maVr¶g§ñH¥$Vo: ‘yë¶mZm§ M à{V{~å~§ Ñí¶Vo & BXmZrÝVZH$mbo@{n Vñ¶ gm{h˶§
OZmZ² aÄO`{V &

(VV: à{de{V d¡ImZg:, Aݶm¡ Vmngm¡ M)
d¡ImZg: - (amOmZ‘² Adéܶ) amOZ² ! Aml‘‘¥Jmo@¶§, Z hÝVì¶:, Z hÝVì¶: & Amew à{Vg§ha gm¶H$‘² &

amkm§ eó‘² AmV©ÌmUm¶ ^d{V Z Vw AZmJ{g àhVw©‘² &
Xþî¶ÝV: - à{Vg§öV Ef: gm¶H$: & (¶Wmo³V§ H$amo{V)
d¡ImZg: - amOZ² ! g{‘XmhaUm¶ àpñWVm d¶‘² & Ef Ibw H$Êdñ¶ Hw$bnVo: AZw‘m{bZrVra‘ml‘mo

Ñí¶Vo & à{dí¶ à{VJ¥øVm‘² Am{VWo¶: gËH$ma: &
Xþî¶ÝV: - VnmodZ{Zdm{gZm‘wnamoYmo ‘m ^yV² & AÌ¡d aW§ ñWmn¶ ¶mdXdVam{‘ &
gyV: - Y¥Vm: àJ«hm: & AdVaVw Am¶wî‘mZ² &
Xþî¶ÝV: - (AdVr¶©) gyV, {dZrVdofoU àdoï>ì¶m{Z VnmodZm{Z Zm‘ & BX§ VmdV² J¥øVm‘² & (B{V

gyVñ¶m^aUm{Z YZwümonZr¶) gyV, ¶mdXml‘dm{gZ: ÑîQ‰>m@h‘wnmdV} VmdXmЩn¥ð>m: {H«$¶ÝVm§
dm{OZ: &
gyV: - VWm & (B{V {ZîH«$mÝV: &)

^mfmä¶mg:

1) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & Xþî¶ÝVñ¶ H$m{Z ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>çm{Z km¶ÝVo ?

45

{ÛVr¶§ nwîn‘²
eyÐH${da{MV§ "‘¥ÀN>H${Q>H$‘²' g§ñH¥$VZmQ>çdm¶¶o d¡{eîQ>çnyUª Ibw & MméXÎmñ¶ nwÌ: aX{ZH$m§
"gwdU©eH${Q>H$m§' ¶mMVo {H$ÝVw {ZY©Z: MméXÎm: eH$Q>§ XmVw§ Z e³Zmo{V & VXm Ed aX{ZH$m dgÝVgoZm‘²
CnJÀN>{V& gmo@¶§ àg“: &

aX{ZH$m - E{h dËg! eH${Q>H$¶m H«$sS>md: &
XmaH$: - (gH$éU‘²) aX{ZHo$! qH$ ‘‘ EV¶m ‘¥{ÎmH$meH${Q>H$¶m; Vm‘od gm¡dU©eH${Q>H$m§ Xo{h &
aX{ZH$m - (g{Zd}X§ {Z:ídñ¶) OmV! Hw$Vmo@ñ‘mH§$ gwdU©ì¶dhma:? VmVñ¶ nwZa{n F$Õçm gwdU©eH${Q>H$¶m

H«$s{S>î¶{g& (ñdJV‘²) VÚmd{ÛZmoX¶må¶oZ‘² & Am¶m©dgÝVgoZm¶m: g‘rn‘wng{n©î¶m{‘ &
(Cng¥Ë¶) Am¶}! àU‘m{‘ &
dgÝVgoZm - aX{ZHo$! ñdmJV§ Vo & H$ñ¶ nwZa¶§ XmaH$:? AZbL>²H¥$Vearamo@{n MÝБwI AmZÝX¶{V ‘‘
öX¶‘² &
aX{ZH$m - Ef Ibw Am¶©MméXÎmñ¶ nwÌmo amohgoZmo Zm‘ &
dgÝVgoZm - (~mhÿ àgm¶©) E{h ‘o nwÌH$! AZwH¥$V‘ZoZ {nVw: ê$n‘² & AW qH$ {Z{‘Îm‘of amo{X{V?
aX{ZH$m - EVoZ à{Vdo{eH$-XmaH$ñ¶ gwdU©eH${Q>H$¶m H«$s{S>V‘², VoZ M gm ZrVm, VV: nwZñVm§ ¶mMVo
VVmo ‘¶m B¶§ ‘¥{ÎmH$meH${Q>H$m H¥$Ëdm XÎmm & VVmo ^U{V.."aX{ZHo$! qH$ ‘‘ EV¶m ‘¥{ÎmH$m-
eH${Q>H$¶m, Vm‘od gm¡dU©eH${Q>H$m§ Xo{h' B{V &
dgÝVgoZm - hm {YH²$, hm {YH²$ & ‘m é{X{h, VX² J¥hmU¡V‘b‘>ma‘², gm¡dU©eH${Q>H$m§ KQ>¶ &

(B{V XmaH$‘mXm¶ {ZîH«$mÝVm aX{ZH$m &)
^mfmä¶mg:

1) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & amohgoZ: {H$‘Wª amo{X{V ?
46

V¥Vr¶§ nwîn‘²
^mg: B{V g§ñH¥$VZmQ>çg¥ï>o: àW‘: ZmQ>H$H$ma: & Vñ¶ e¡br gw~moYm gagm M & ^mgZmQ>H$MH«o$
‘hm^maVH$Wm‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {b{IV: emoH$mË‘H$: EH$m‘>: Zm‘ "H$U©^ma‘²' & Apñ‘Z² àg“o eH«$: Zm‘ BÝÐ:
`mMH$ê$noU AmJ˶ H$Uª H$dMHw$ÊS>bm{Z ¶mMVo &

(VV: à{de{V `mMH$ê$noU eH«$: &)
eH«$: - (H$U©‘wnJå¶) ^mo: H$U©, ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ¶mMo &
H$U©: - ÑT>§ àrVmo@pñ‘ ^JdZ² & Efmo@h§ Z‘ñH$amo{‘ &
eH«$: - (AmË‘JV‘²) qH$ Zw Iëdh§ dXm{‘ ? ¶{X XrKm©¶w^©do{V dXo¶‘² XrKm©¶w^©doV² & ¶{X Z dXo¶‘² ‘yT>

B{V ‘m§ n[a^d{V & Vñ‘mX² C^¶§ n[aö˶ qH$ Zw Ibw ^mfo ? ^dVw, Ñï>‘² & (àH$me‘²)
^mo: H$U©, gy¶© Bd, MÝÐ Bd, {h‘dmZ² Bd, gmJa Bd {Vð>Vw Vo ¶e: &
H$U©: - ^JdZ², qH$ Zmo³V‘² XrKm©¶w^©do{V ? AWdm ¶Xþ³V§ VXod emo^Z‘² & ¶V: hVofw Xohofw JwUm: YaÝVo &
^JdZ², {H${‘ÀN>{g? {H$‘h§ XXm{‘?
eH«$: - ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ¶mMo &
H$U©: - ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ^dVo àXmñ¶o & Jmoghò§ XXm{‘ &
eH«$: - Jmoghò{‘{V? ‘whÿV©H§$ jra§ {n~m{‘ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ &
H$U©: - qH$ ZoÀN>{V ^dmZ²? An¶m©á§ H$ZH§$ XXm{‘ &
eH«$: - J¥hrËdm JÀN>m{_ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ &
H$U©: - VoZ {h {OËdm n¥{Wdt XXm{‘ &
eH«$: - n¥{Wì`m qH$ H$[aî`m{_ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ &
H$U©: - AWdm ‘pÀN>amo XXm{‘ &
eH«$: - A{dhm & A{dhm &
H$U©: - Z ^oV춑² Z ^oV춑² & AݶX{n ly¶Vm‘² & A“¡: gh¡d O{ZV§ H$dM§
Hw$ÊS>bmä¶m§ gh XXm{‘ &
eH«$: - (ghf©‘²) XXmVw, XXmVw &

^mfmä¶mg:
1) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & eH«$ñ¶ H$nQ>§ {deXrHw$éV &

47

Aï>‘: nmR>: dmMZàe§gm & (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)

S>m°. E. nr. Oo. AãXþbH$bm‘‘hmoX¶: "{‘gmB©b ‘°Z' B{V {~éXoZ x $nmR>çnwñVH§$ {dhm¶ $
»¶mV: & Vñ¶ OrdZo VoZ N>mÌmUm§ e¡j{UH${dH$mgmWª Z¡Ho$ ¶ËZm: H¥$Vm: &
15 Am°³Q>mo~a B{V Vñ¶ OÝ‘{XZ§ "dmMZàoaUm{Xdgê$noU' AmM¶©Vo & ¶y¶§ qH$ qH$ nR>W ?
{d{dYmZm§ J«ÝWmZm§, bKwJ«ÝWmZm§, d¥ÎmnÌmUm§ dmMZoZ ‘Zwî¶o Ho$ JwUm: x gm{h˶ñ¶ Ho$ àH$mam: ^dpÝV ?
{dH${gVm: ^dpÝV, B˶mX¶: {df¶m: nÚo@pñ‘Z² d{U©Vm: gpÝV & x A{n ¶y¶§ à{V{XZ§ d¥Îmņ nR>W ?

erb§ gX²JwUgån{Îm: kmZ§ {dkmZ‘od M &
CËgmhmo dY©Vo ¶oZ dmMZ§ VX² {hVmdh‘² &&1&&

‘ZwOm dmMZoZ¡d ~moYÝVo {df¶mZ² ~hÿZ² &
Xjm ^dpÝV H$m¶}fw dmMZoZ ~hþlwVm: &&2&&

dmë‘r{H$ì¶mg~mUmÚm: àmMrZm: H${dnpÊS>Vm: &
VmZ² {ej¶pÝV gVV§ ¶o gXm dmMZo aVm: &&3&&

AÚ¶md{Õ kmZm¶ d¥Îmņ nR>oËgXm &
gd©{dYgw{dÚmWª dmMZ‘wnH$maH$‘² &&4&&

d¥Wm^«‘UHw$H«$sS>mnanrS>mn^mfU¡: &
H$mbjonmo Z H$V©ì¶mo {dÚmWu dmMZ§ l¶oV² &&5&&

dmMZ§ kmZX§ ~më¶o Vméʶo erbajH$‘² &
dmY©³¶o$ Xþ:IhaU§ {hV§ gX²J«ÝWdmMZ‘² &&6&&

1) gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) {dkmZ‘od = {dkmZ‘² + Ed & 2) CËgmhmo dY©Vo = CËgmh: + dY©Vo &
AÝd¶: - ¶oZ erb§, gX²JwUgån{Îm:, kmZ§, {dkmZ‘² CËgmh: M dY©Vo VX² dmMZ§ {hVmdh‘² Ed &
2) gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) dmMZoZ¡d = dmMZoZ + Ed & 2) Xjm ^dpÝV = Xjm: + ^dpÝV &
AÝd¶: - ‘ZwOm: dmMZoZ Ed ~hÿZ² {df¶mZ² ~moYÝVo & dmMZoZ (‘ZwOm:) H$m¶}fw Xjm: ~hþlwVm: (M)^dpÝV &
3) AÝd¶: - ¶o gXm dmMZo aVm: VmZ² dmë‘r{H$-ì¶mg-~mUmÚm: àmMrZm: H${dnpÊS>Vm: {ej¶pÝV &
4) gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) AÚ¶md{Õ = AÚ¶mdV² + {h & 2) nR>oËgXm = nR>oV² + gXm &

3) dmMZ‘wnH$maH$‘² = dmMZ‘² + CnH$maH$‘² &
AÝd¶: - ‘ZwO: AÚ¶mdX² kmZm¶ d¥Îmņ gXm {h nR>oV² & gd©{dYgw{dÚmWª dmMZ‘² CnH$maH$‘² (dV©Vo) &
5) gpÝY{dJ«hm: -1) $H$mbjonmo Z = H$mbjon: + Z & 2) $H$V©ì¶mo {dÚmWu = H$V©ì¶: + {dÚmWu&
AÝd¶: - ({dÚm{W©{^:) d¥Wm^«‘U-Hw$H«$sS>m-nanrS>m-An^mfU¡: H$mbjon: Z H$V©ì¶: & {dÚmWu dmMZ§
l¶oV² &
6) AÝd¶: - dmMZ§ ~më¶o kmZX§, Vméʶo erbajH$‘², dmY©³¶o Xþ:IhaU§ (^d{V) (AV:) gX²J«ÝWdmMZ§

{hV§ (^d{V) &
48

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & 7. ${deofU-{deoî¶mUm§ ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
A) dmMZoZ Ho$ JwUm: dY©ÝVo ?
Am) dmMZoZ ‘ZwOm: qH$ ~moYÝVo ? {deofU‘² {deo²
B) {dÚm{W©Zm H$W§ H$mbjon: Z H$V©ì¶: ?
CnH$maH$‘² ‘ZwOm:
2. $g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
erb‘², Xj:, aVm:, H$mbjon:, dmY©³¶‘², àmMrZm: {df¶mZ²
npÊS>V:
Xjm: dmMZ‘²
3. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &
~hÿZ² H${dnpÊS>Vm:

CnH«$‘: ‘‘ {ට nwñVH$‘² &

A) gX²J«ÝWdmMZ‘² A) Zm‘

erbajH$‘² Am) boIH$:
Am) B) ^mfm
B©) àH$ma:

gX²JwUgån{Îm: E>) {df¶:
Eo) {H$‘W©‘² AamoMV ?
dmMZoZ dY©Vo

Amo>) boIZ{deof:
B˶{YH¥$˶ H$jm¶m§ MMmª Hw$éV &
B)

H$mbjonñ¶ H$maUm{Z nR>V-~moYV
nR>Zñ¶ Xmofm:
An^mfU‘² JrVr erK«r {ea:H$ånr ¶Wm{b{IVnmR>H$: &
AZW©kmo@ënH$ÊR>íM fS>oVo nmR>H$mY‘m: &&
4. ${déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
gX²JwU:, CËgmh:, àmMrZm:, CnH$maH$‘² CƒmaU{df¶H$ûcmoH$: &
ì¶mK«r ¶Wm haoV² nwÌmZ² X§ï´>mä¶m§ Z M nrS>¶oV² &
5. $gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & ^rVm nVZ^oXmä¶m§ VÛX² dUm©Z² à¶moO¶oV² &&
A) dmMZoZ¡d Am) AÚ¶md

6. $‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV &
A) dmMZ‘² CnH$maH§$ H$W‘² B{V ñnï>rHw$éV&
Am) {hV§ gX²J«ÝWdmMZ‘² B{V H${d: {H$‘Wª
dX{V?
49

Zd‘: nmR>: YoZmoì¶m©K«: nbm¶Vo &

nwam ^moOamOoZ g‘ñ¶m CÓmo{fVm AmgrV², "‘¥JmV² qgh: nbm¶Vo' B{V & g¥{ï>{Z¶‘{déÕ§ {H${#mV²
à{Vnm{XV§ VÌ & VWm{n Z¡H¡$: H${d{^: gm g‘ñ¶m {d{^ÞàH$ma¡: ny[aVm & B©Ñer Ed H$m{MV² g‘ñ¶m
g‘wËnÞm "{M‘Uamdñ¶' OrdZo & {M‘Uamd: Zm_ {M. {d. Omoer B{V boIH$d¶}U {Z{‘©V‘² AOam‘anmÌ‘² &
"{M‘UamdmMo MèhmQ>' B{V H$WmgL²>J«hmV² "H°$ßQ>Z {M‘Uamd-ñH$mCQ>‘mñVa' B{V H$Wm¶m: A¶‘²
AZwdmX: & "ñH$mCQ>²' Zm‘ "~mbdraM‘y:' & ~më¶mXmaä¶ Ed namonH$mañ¶, em¡¶©ñ¶, nañnaghH$m¶©ñ¶,
g‘mOgodm¶m: M g§ñH$mamZ² ‘Z{g amon{¶Vw‘² AmaãYm H$m{MV² ¶ÝÌUm Efm & EVmÑe§ ~mbg¡Ý¶§ {Z‘m©V춑² B{V
{M‘Uamdñ¶ ‘hVr AmH$m¬m AmgrV² & VmÑe§ JU§ {Z‘m©¶ {dam‘H$mbo ~ZoídaJ«m‘§ {e{~amWª gd} gåàmám:&
{e{~ag_`o namonH$mañ` H$W_² Adga: bãY: H$: M AZdñWmàg“: CØÿV: B{V ñd`§ {ZdoX`{V
{M_Uamd:& H$Wm¶m‘² Añ¶m§ àmg{“H$:, empãXH$: VWm {M‘Uamdñ¶ ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>çoZ {Z{‘©V: gab:
{dZmoX: dmMH$ñ¶ ‘wIo ZyZ§ pñ‘VaoIm§ OZ¶{V & H$Wm Efm "g‘n©U‘²' dm{f©H$m‘mV² ñdrH¥$Vm &

{e{~añ¶ àW‘{XZo Ed ^moOZm{XH§$ g‘m߶ ‘ܶm•o ~mb¡: gh nÌH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾: Amg‘² Ah‘² & VXm gÚ:
Ed n[a{MV: àmo’o$ga-gH©$gdmbo (gH©$g-H«$sS>ma“ñ¶ ñdm‘r) ‘m‘od ApÝdî¶Z² VÌ g‘mJV: & ""H°$ßQ>Zgmho~,
e¥UmoVw H°$ßQ>Zgmho~ ! Añ‘mH§$ gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m§ H${Vn¶oä¶: ‘mgoä¶: bmoH${à¶: gh^moOZH$m¶©H«$‘: àMb{V & Jm¡:,
^„zH$: ì¶mK«íM B˶oVofm§ neyZm‘² A¶§ H$m¶©H«$‘: à¶moJñ¶ gdm}ƒ‘² AmH$f©U‘² ApñV & VWm {dkmnZ§ H¥$Ëdm
àdoenÌm{U A{n {dH«$sVm{Z & naÝVw ì¶mK^„zH$¶mo: H$bhH$maUmV² Ûmd{n d«{UVm¡ &'' ""qH$ àm{UZmo: H$bh:?''
""_hme`, Añ‘mH§$ gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m§ Vw ì¶mK«^„zH$m¡ {ÛnmXm¡ Ed &'' Ed§ àmܶmnH$‘hme¶oZ ahñ¶^oX: H¥$V: &
""ZmpñV Añ‘mH§$ gm‘϶ª ì¶mK«§ dm ^„zH§$ dm nmb{¶Vw‘² & H«$sS>m¶m§ Ûm¡ ~hþê$nYm[aUm¡ Zam¡ Ed ì¶mK«§ ^„zH§$ M
ZmQ>¶V: &'' ""qH$ YoZwa{n...?'' ""Z{h Z{h, YoZwñVw dmñV{dH$s Ed &'' ""h§@@ .. H$W¶Vw V{h© qH$ ‘¶m H$aUr¶‘²
AÌ?'' ""Ah§ àmW©¶o ¶V² ^dV: ~mbdraM‘yV: H$m¡ A{n Ûm¡ g¡{ZH$m¡ AÚVZH«$sS>m¶m§ ¶{X ì¶mK«^„zH$dofm¡ Y¥Ëdm
àojH$mUm§ ‘ZmoaÄOZ§ Hw$¶m©Vm§ V{h© ‘hmZ² CnH$ma: ñ¶mV² & H¥$n¶m gmhm涧 H$amoVw &''

50

gH©$gñdm{‘Z: {ddeVm ‘¶m AdJVm & `ÑÀN>`m àmßV: A`§ namonH$mañ` Adga: B{V _Ëdm Vñ¶
gmhm涧 H$aUr¶{‘{V ‘¶m {ZpíMV‘² & ^„zH$dofo AãXþb: emo^oV B{V ‘Ëdm g: ^„zH$nmÌo {Z¶mo{OV: &
ì¶mK«ñ¶ A{^Z¶mW©‘² Ah§ ñd¶‘od {gÕ:& Ed§ nm̶moOZm {ZYm©[aVm &

H$m¶©H«$‘mV² àmJod Ah§ VWm AãXþb: ì¶mK«^„zH$dofm¡ Y¥Ëdm ñdnÄOa¶mo: g‘wnpñWVm¡ & ‘‘ nÄOañ¶ nwaV:
Ed A{YH$: gå‘X©: OmV: & ¶mdÀN>³¶‘² Ah§ OZmZ² aÄO{¶Vw§ à¶ÎmdmZ² {H$ÝVw OZm: Z gÝVwï>m: & ""{H$‘¶§
ì¶mK«:? H¥$emo@¶‘²'' B{V CnhmgoZ AdXZ² & VXm Ed EH$m ‘{hbm ñdnwÌoU gh ì¶mK«§ Ðïw>‘² AmJVm & ‘‘
JO©Zm§ lwËdm ~mb: ^rV: AV: gm ‘mVm ‘{¶ nmfmUIÊS>mZ² A{jnV² & VXm doXZ¶m ~m{YV: Ah§ jU§ ¶mdV²
ì¶mK«: Z dX{V B{V {dñ‘¥Ë¶ AdX‘²,

""ÑîQ‰>m nÄOapñWVmZ² ì¶mK«mZ², ‘{hbm: {jnpÝV nmfmUIÊS>mZ² &''
‘‘ dm³¶g‘máo: nyd©‘od ì¶mK«ñ¶ ‘Zwî¶dmʶm ^mfUoZ ‘ypÀN>©Vm gm ‘{hbm "^yVmo@¶§ ^yV'...B{V Cƒ¡:
AmH«$moeÝVr ^y‘m¡ n{VVm & ‘‘ nwÌ: amKw: A{n EH$dma§ nÄOag‘rn‘² AmJ˶, ""Amßnm ! Mm¶§ nmVw‘² BÀN>{V
{H$‘²?'' B{V ¶Xm n¥ï>dmZ² VXm àojH$m: gå^«mÝVm: Ed &
amÌm¡ XedmXZo gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m: àmaå^: OmV: & ÛmXedmXZo H«$sS>m¶m: Ma‘{~ÝXþ: g‘m¶mV:-gh^moOZ‘² &
àojH$mUm‘² CËH$ÊR>m¶m: namH$mð>m OmVm & godH$: ‘#mo Ìr{U AmgZm{Z ñWm{nVdmZ² ‘ܶ^mJo M dVw©bmH$ma§
nrR>‘² & Ah‘² EH$pñ‘Z² AmgZo Cnmdo{eV: & AÌmÝVao ^„zH$dofYmar AãXþb: VÌ àmá: & Jm¡: A{n ‘#m§
g‘mJVm & VV: Añ‘mH§$ nwaV: ImÚñ¶ ¶moOZm H¥$Vm & gh^moOZñ¶ àmaå^o OmVo CÎmo{OV¡: àojH¡$: AmZÝXoZ
Vm{bH$mdmXZ‘² AmaãY‘² & nyd©‘{n ì¶mK«^„zH$m¡ ‘mZwfm¡ Ed & VWm{n gm YoZw: Vmä¶m§ gh H$m¶©H«$‘§ H$Vw©‘²
Aä¶ñVm AmgrV² & A{MamXod Z B‘m¡ n[a{MVm¡ ì¶mK«^„zH$m¡ B{V YoÝdm b{jV‘² & gå^«‘oU g§e¶oZ M EH¡$H$e:
Amdm§ Ñï>dVr& ¶Xm M Vñ¶m: à˶¶: OmV: VXm e¥“o CÞå¶ Zm¡ AmH«$m‘V² & Ah‘{n JO©Zm§ H¥$Ëdm VrúUXÝVmZ²
X{e©VdmZ² & {H$ÝVw Z {H${#mX{n ^¶§ Vñ¶m: & AãXþb: Vm§ hñVoZ Vm{S>VdmZ² & VoZ jwãYm gm V‘² AÝdYmdV² &
^„zH$: VXm Mmnë¶oZ nQ>‘ÊS>nñVå^‘² Amê$T>dmZ² & B¶§ gdm© H«$sS>m nyd©{Z¶mo{OVm B{V {d{MÝ˶ àojH$m: A{n
à‘w{XVm: & ^„zH$: {ZJ©V: B{V H«w$Õm gm YoZw: AYwZm ì¶mK«§ ‘m§ bú¶§ H¥$VdVr &
^r˶m Ah§ MVwînmX{d{eï>§ ì¶mK«Ëd§ {dñ‘¥Ë¶ {ÛnmX§ ‘ybñdê$n‘m{lVdmZ² & ""àmܶmnH$‘hme¶,
n[aÌm¶Vm§, n[aÌm¶Vm‘²'' B{V H$éU§ {dbnZ² AYmd‘² & VXm YoZmo: ^rV§, nbm¶‘mZ§ ì¶mK«§ ÑîQ‰>m àojH$m:
H$mobmhb§ H¥$VdÝV:& AZÝVa§ ‘‘ ì¶mK«dof§ {ZîH$mñ¶ ‘m§ {ZK¥©U§ Vm{S>VdÝV: & doXZm{^: Ah§ ‘ypÀN>©V:& ¶Xm
M OmJ[aV: VXm Añ‘mH§$ eH$Q>: nwZ: nwʶnÎmZ{Xe§ àpñWV: AmgrV² & ‘‘ CÎm‘m“‘² Aݶm{Z M AZwÎm‘m{Z
A“m{Z CnMman{Å>H$m{^: {d^y{fVm{Z AmgZ² &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &

A) {M‘Uamd: H$ñ¶m§ ‘¾:? Am) H«$sS>m¶m§ H$m¡ ì¶mK«§ ^„zH§$ M ZmQ>¶V:?

B) ‘{hbm Ho$Z ‘ypÀN>©Vm? B©) {M‘UamdoU qH$ {Z{üV‘²?

C) gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m: àmaå^: H$Xm OmV:? D$) {M‘Uamd: {H$‘Wª à¶ÎmdmZ²?

E) H¡$: AmZÝXoZ Vm{bH$mdmXZ‘² AmaãY‘²?    Eo) YoÝdm qH$ b{jV‘²?

Amo) ^„zH$: Hw$Ì Amê$T>dmZ²?   A  m¡) àojH$m: H$Xm H$mobmhb§ H¥$VdÝV:?

51

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV &

A) gH©$gñdm‘r {H$‘Wª {M‘Uamd§ à{V AmJV: ?

Am) gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m: Amaå^mV² nydª qH$ {H$‘² A^dV²?

B) neyZm§ gh^moOZg‘¶o H$: hmñ¶nyU©: AZdñWmàg“: g‘wËnÞ:?

3. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &

‘¾:, Jm¡:, ì¶mK«:, g¡{ZH$:, H«$sS>m, doXZm, ^mfU‘², CËH$ÊR>m, ‘Zwî¶:, e¥“o, XÝVm:, CÎm‘m“‘²

4. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &

g‘m߶, àmH²$, {dñ‘¥Ë¶, H¥$e:

5. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &

A) Ah§ ~mb¡: gh nÌH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾: Amg‘² &

Am) YoZw: dmñV{dH$s Ed &

B) gH©$gñdm{‘Z: {ddeVm ‘¶m AdJVm &

B©) ^„zH$doeo AãXþb: emo^oV &

C) ‘{hbm ‘{¶ nmfmUIÊS>mZ² A{jnV² &

D$) Jm¡: ‘#m§ g‘mJVm &

6. $H$: H§$ dX{V ?

A) "{dkmnZ§ H¥$Ëdm àdoenÌm{U A{n {dH«$sVm{Z &'

Am) "qH$ YoZwa{n ...?'

B) "Mm¶§ nmVw‘² BÀN>{V {H$‘²?'

7. ${deofU-{deoî¶mUm§ ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 8. A‘aH$mofmV² eãX§ à¶wÁ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &

{deofU‘² {deo² A) YoZw: Vw dmñV{dH$s Ed &

bmoH${à¶: AmH$f©U‘² Am) ‘‘ CÎm‘m“‘² CnMman{Å>H$m{^: {d^y{fV‘² &

gdm}ƒ‘² ewëH$‘² 9. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &

~hþê$nYm[aUm¡ ì¶mK«mZ² A) nÌH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾: Amg‘² Ah‘² &

A{YH$‘² àojH$m: (~hþdMZo {bIV&)

A{YH$: àojHo$fw Am) OZm: Z gÝVwï>m: & (EH$dMZo {bIV)

^rV: gh^moOZH$m¶©H«$‘: B) àojH$m: ‘m§ {ZK©¥U§ Vm{S>VdÝV: &
nÄOapñWVmZ² Zam¡ (dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &)
gå^«mÝVm: gå‘X©:

Ìr{U ì¶mK«^„zH$m¡

{Z‘¾ofw ~mb:

n[a{MVm¡ AmgZm{Z

52

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² g‘mgm: &

g‘mgm:

ÛÝÛ: VËnwéf: ~hþd«r{h: A춶r^md:

BVaoVaÛÝÛ: {d^p³V-VËnwéf: H$‘©Yma¶:
g‘mhmaÛÝÛ: CnnX-VËnwéf: {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY:
ZÄm²-VËnwéf: {deofZm‘-gm‘mݶZm‘-gå~ÝY:
Cn‘mZ-Cn‘o¶-gå~ÝY:

ÛÝÛ: VWm M {d^p³V-VËnwéf: B{V àH$maÛ¶‘² Añ‘m{^: JVdf} n{R>V‘² &

AYwZm g‘mgmZm‘² AݶàH$mamZ² OmZr‘: &

nwZ:ñ‘maU‘²

1. g‘mg{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

YZYmݶm{Z & ‘¥Je¥Jmbm¡ &

ewH$gm[aH$m: & hñVnmX‘² &
gñ¶nyU©‘² & Obì¶dñWmnZ‘²
Aí‘IÊS>: & Zr{V{ZnwU: &

53

2. CXmhaU¡: aoIm{M̧ nya¶V & Am) gá‘rVËnwéf:
A)

g‘mhmaÛÝÛ:

B)

{ÛVr¶mVËnwéf:

3. fð>rVËnwéfg‘mgñ¶ g‘ñVnX‘² ApÝdî¶ VËn[aV: dVw©b‘² Am{bIV &

^« ‘ U g ‘ ¶: ‘² 1. joÌñ¶ n{V: &
O Z: am O Y ‘©: G 2. Obñ¶ ì¶dñWmnZ‘² &
b Å> M: nw {Z am k: 3. amk: Y‘©: &
4. nwñVH$ñ¶ nR>Z‘² &
ì¶ d: hm ñV H$: n ñWm 5. ^«‘Uñ¶ g‘`: &
d {Z jo H$ hmo {H«$ ¶m 6. {H«$¶m¶m: {g{Õ: &
ñWm Vmo Ì n A ¶m g

n Äm² n R> gm {g ‘²

Z G {V: Z ‘² {Õ: ‘²

‘² ^« ‘² ‘² g ‘² ‘©:

4. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

g‘ñVnX‘² {dJ«hdm³¶‘² g‘mgZm‘
{MÝVmHw$b: V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf: &

àOm{hVXj: àOm{hVo Xj: &

MmoabwÊR>Ho$ä¶: ^¶‘² & n#m‘r-VËnwéf: &

{dXoeJ‘Z‘² {ÛVr¶m-VËnwéf: &

MaUmä¶m§ {dH$b: & V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf: &

nwñVH$nR>Z‘¾: gá‘r-VËnwéf: &

{dÚm{dhrZ: V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf: &

^wOJ¶{‘Vm: ^wOJ¡: ¶{‘Vm: &

nyOm¶¡ BX‘² &

‘XmÝY: ‘XoZ AÝY: &
54

1. Ob§ XXm{V 1. VËnwéf: g‘mg: &
B{V ObX: & CnnX-VËnwéf: &

2. nmX¡: {n~{V

B{V nmXn: &

3. nd©Vo {Vð>{V 4. Hw$å^§ H$amo{V
B{V nd©VñW: & B{V Hw$å^H$ma: &

AdYo¶‘² - CnnX-VËnwéf:
* CÎmanXo YmVmo: A§e: Ñí¶Vo &
* {dJ«ho Vñ¶ YmVmo: bQ²>bH$mañ¶ àW‘nwéfñ¶ ¶mo½¶§ dMZ§ ¶moOZr¶‘² & ¶Wm -
emók: - emó§ OmZm{V B{V &
* VWm M AW©ÑîQ>çm nyd©nXñ¶ ¶mo½¶m {d^p³V: ¶moOZr¶m & ¶Wm -
n‘O‘² - n‘o Om¶Vo B{V &

CXmhaUm{Z - daXm - da§ XXm{V B{V & J¥hñWm: - J¥ho {VîR>pÝV B{V & ‘Ywn: - ‘Yw {n~{V B{V &
{dÚmWu - {dÚm_² AW©`Vo B{V & OQ>mYmar - OQ>m: Yma`{V B{V &

ZÄm²-VËnwéf: &

¶mo½¶‘² Z ¶mo½¶‘² - A¶mo½¶‘² &

Aën‘² Z Aën‘² - AZën‘² &

AdYo¶‘² - ZÄm²-VËnwéf:

* àW‘nX‘² "A/AZ²' B{V ZH$ma§ Xe©¶{V &

* {dJ«ho "A'/AZ² ñWmZo "Z' B{V à¶moOZr¶: &

CXmhaUm{Z - A{ZÀN>m - Z BÀN>m & Ae³¶‘² - Z e³¶‘² &

AZmdí¶H$‘² - Z Amdí¶H$‘² & Ag˶‘² - Z g˶‘² &

55

H$‘©Yma¶: &

* {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: &

a³V§ nwîn‘² & h[aVm: ewH$m: &
a³Vnwîn‘² & h[aVewH$m: &

ñWyb: nwéf: & {d{dYm: dUm©: &
ñWybnwéf: & {d{dYdUm©: &

XrKm© ¶{ï>H$m & CÞVm: d¥jm: &
XrK©¶{ï>H$m & CÞVd¥jm: &

* {deofZm‘-gm‘mݶZm‘-gå~ÝY: & J“m Zm‘ ZXr &
J“mZXr &
{ddoH$mZÝX: Zm‘ ‘hmoX¶: &
{ddoH$mZÝX‘hmoX¶: & gañdVr Zm‘ Xodr &
gañdVrXodr &
^maVXoe: ^maV: Zm‘ Xoe: &
^maVXoe: &

^mñH$a: Zm‘ AmMm¶©: & eoJmd B{V ñWmZH$‘²
^mñH$amMm¶©: & eoJmdñWmZH$‘² &

56 eoJmd

* Cn‘mZ-Cn‘o¶-gå~ÝY: & Jm¡a: (gmY嶩‘²) = H$ny©aJm¡a: (‘hmXod:-Cn‘o¶‘²)
A) H$ny©a: Bd Jm¡a: =

H$ny©a: (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd

KZ: Bd í¶m‘: = í¶m‘: (gmY嶩‘²) = KZí¶m‘:(lrH¥$îU:-Cn‘o¶‘²)
KZ:(Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd

Am) nmXn‘O‘² = n‘O‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd &
nmXm¡ (Cn‘o¶‘²)

‘wIH$‘b‘² = $H$‘b‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd&
‘wI‘²(Cn‘o¶‘²)

B) {dÚmYZ‘² = YZ‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) &
{dÚm(Cn‘o¶‘²) Ed

J¥h‘pÝXa‘² =

J¥h‘² (Cn‘o¶‘²) Ed ‘pÝXa‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) &

AdYo¶‘² -

H$‘©Yma¶:

* g‘ñVnXmZm§ {dJ«ho nyd©nX‘² CÎmanX§ M àW‘mÝV‘² &

* nyd©nX§ {deofU§ MoV² VX² {deoî¶ñ¶ {b“§, dMZ§, {d^p³V‘² AZwga{V &

CXmhaUm{Z -

A) {à¶^mfm - {à¶m ^mfm & Am) H$‘bH$mo‘b: - H$‘b‘² Bd H$mo‘b: &

gd©àXoem: - gd} àXoem: & gyp³VgwYm - gyp³V: gwYm Bd &

~hþOZm: - ~hd: OZm: & B) ‘Zmo‘pÝXa‘² - ‘Z: Ed ‘pÝXa‘² &

g§gmagmJa: - g§gma: Ed gmJa: &

57

2. ~hþd«r{h: g‘mg: &

dmhZ§ {h Vo ^d{V ‘yfH$mo ‘yfH$dmhZ Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &
H$Um¡© Vd ao eynm©H$mam¡ eyn©H$U© ho Z‘mo@ñVwVo &&
AmZZ§ {h Vo JOñ¶¡d ho Xod JOmZZ Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &
H$m¶ñVd ao ‘hm‘hr¶mZ² ‘hmH$m¶ ho Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &&1&&

MÝÐñVo emo^Vo ^mbo ^mbMÝÐ Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &
H$ÊR>ñVo {dÚVo Zrbmo ZrbH$ÊR> Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &&3&&

JXm Vo {dÚVo hñVo JXmhñV Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &
~b§ Vo {h ‘hX² Xod ‘hm~b Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &&4&&

AdYo¶‘² -
~hþd«r{h: - * AݶnXmW©àYmZ: &

* {Z˶§ {deofU§ Xe©¶{V &
* {dJ«ho "¶X²' B˶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ: gå~ÝYXe©Zm¶ ^d{V &
* {dJ«ho "VX²' B˶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ: AݶnX§ gyM¶{V &

* ~hþd«r{h: - CXmhaUm{Z * ~hþd«r{h: - CXmhaUm{Z
‘yfH$: dmhZ§ ¶ñ¶ g: ‘yfH$dmhZ: & eer eoIao ¶ñ¶ g: e{eeoIa: &
œoV‘² Aå~a§ ¶ñ¶m: gm œoVmå~am & MH«§$ nmUm¡ ¶ñ¶ g: MH«$nm{U: &
ew^«§ dó§ ¶ñ¶m: gm ew^«dóm & e’: hñVo ¶ñ¶ g: e’hñV: &
nrV‘² Aå~a§ ¶ñ¶ g: nrVmå~a: & ^wOJo e¶Z§ ¶ñ¶ g: ^wOJe¶Z: &
eynm£ Bd H$Um£ ¶ñ¶ g: eyn©H$U©: &

g‘mg{dJ«ho ¹${MV² nyd©nX§ CÎmanX§ M g‘mZ{d^³Vm¡ ^dV: ¹${MV² Z B˶{n AdYo¶‘² &

58

H¥${V: - g‘ñVnXmZ² ApÝdî¶ dV©wb‘² Am{bIV &
^m b M ÝÐ: {d a B© A
gw ö X: {d ‘ b: œ Om
jw Ð ~w {Õ: bm E a V
b ãY {e j: å~w H$ {Z e
J Om Z Z: ¶: X ð>: Ìw:
{d em b ~m hþ: ÝV: Z² g
n Ù h ñVm ‘ hmo X ¶:

1) jwÐm ~w{Õ: ¶ñ¶ g: & 2) {dembm¡ ~mhÿ ¶ñ¶ g: &
3) EH$: XÝV: ¶ñ¶ g: & 4) bãYm {ejm ¶oZ g: &
5) B©œao {Zð>m ¶ñ¶ g: & 6) ^mbo MÝÐ: ¶ñ¶ g: &
7) nÙ§ hñVo ¶ñ¶m: gm & 8) JOñ¶ AmZZ‘² Ed AmZZ§ ¶ñ¶ g: &
9) {d‘b‘² Aå~w ¶pñ‘Z² VV² & 10) ‘hmZ² CX¶: ¶ñ¶ g: &

3. A춶r^md: g‘mg: &

* àW‘§ nX§ VWm gånyUª g‘ñVnX‘² A춶§ ^d{V AV: A춶r^md: B{V CÀ¶Vo &

* {dJ«h: Vw A춶ñ¶ AWm©Zwgma‘² &

* {Z˶§ Znw§gH${b“‘² EH$dMZ§ dV©Vo &

* {Z˶§ dm³¶o {H«$¶m{deofUê$noU à¶wÁ¶Vo & 4) ^mñH$a: BÀN>m‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ ^moOZ§ H$amo{V &
CXmhaUm{Z -

1) í¶m‘: {XZo {XZo nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V &

í¶m‘: à{V{XZ§ nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V & ^mñH$a: ¶WoÀN>§ ^moOZ§ H$amo{V &

2) ^maVñ¶ J¥ho J¥ho g§ñH¥$V§ ^dVw & 5) aKw: ep³V‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ XmZ§ H$amo{V &

^maVñ¶ à{VJ¥h§ g§ñH¥$V§ ^dVw & aKw: ¶Wmep³V XmZ§ H$amo{V &

3) ‘mVm Ah{Z Ah{Z XodnyOm§ H$amo{V & 6) N>mÌm: H«$‘‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ dJª à{depÝV &

‘mVm à˶h§ XodnyOm§ H$amo{V & N>mÌm: ¶WmH«$‘§ dJª à{depÝV &

gH$mon‘², gdoJ‘², gmZÝX‘² B˶{n A춶r^md-g‘mgñ¶ Ed CXmhaUm{Z -

1) ‘mVm ~mbH§$ ñZohoZ gh ^moO¶{V & 3) dfm©H$mbo ‘¶yam: AmZÝXoZ gh Z¥Ë¶pÝV &

‘mVm ~mbH§$ gñZoh§ ^moO¶{V & dfm©H$mbo ‘¶yam: gmZÝX§ Z¥Ë¶pÝV &

2) ^³V: lÕ¶m gh Xod§ nyO¶{V & 4) N>mÌm: CËgmhoZ gh g§ñH¥$V§ nR>pÝV &

^³V: glÕ§ Xod§ nyO¶{V & N>mÌm: gmoËgmh§ g§ñH¥$V§ nR>pÝV &

59

Xe‘: nmR>: ZXrgy³V‘² & (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)

{dído {dÚ‘mZ§ àmMrZV‘§ gm{h˶§ Zm‘ doXdm¶¶‘² B{V ~wYm: •$ "Z‘m{‘ J“o' B{V
‘ݶÝVo & F$½doXñ¶ V¥Vr¶‘ÊS>bo "{dídm{‘Ì-ZXr' g§dmX: dV©Vo & ¶moOZm{df¶o qH$ OmZm{g ?
{dídm{‘Ì: ZXt ‘mVa‘² Bd nyO¶{V & ‘mZdr¶m g§ñH¥${V: ZXrVrao Ed
{dH${gVm & AV: Añ‘m{^: ZXr gd©Wm ajUr¶m & S>m°. ‘ÄOyfm JmoIbo • Ob{dÚw{Þ‘m©U§ H$W§ ^d{V ?
‘hm^mJ¶m ZXrgy³V‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ a{MVmV² ZmQ>çmV² g§dmXmo@¶§ ñdrH¥$V:&

(a“‘#mo - H$sV©ZH$ma: H$sV©Z§ H$amo{V, lmoV¥d¥ÝX: ldUo ‘¾: &)

H$sV©ZH$ma: - J“o M ¶‘wZo M¡d JmoXmd[a gañd{V &

Z‘©Xo {gÝYwH$mdo[a n¥{Wì¶m§ g{ÞqY Hw$é &&

Á¶oð>‘mgo ew³bnjo à{VnXm¶m§ {VWm¡ J“mXehamnd© g‘m¶moÁ¶Vo & nd©Ê¶pñ‘Z² ZXrnyOZ§ H$V©ì¶‘² &

lmoV¥d¥ÝX: - ZXrnyOZ‘² ? {H$‘Wª ZXrnyOZ‘² ?

H$sV©ZH$ma: - ZXr Ibw OrdZXm{¶Zr & AV: Apñ‘Þdgao H¥$VkVm§ àXe©{¶Vw§ OZm: Obo XrnXmZ§ Hw$d©pÝV &

ÐmoUo Xrn§ àÁdmë¶ ZXrObo g‘n©¶pÝV &

Ob§ àmeZmW©‘² & H¥${fdY©ZmW©‘² &

{dÚw{Þ‘m©UmW©‘² & Ob§ OrdZmW©‘² &&

gOrdmZm§ H¥$Vo ZXr Xo{dV‘m & ZXr ‘mV¥V‘m & AV: AÚ ZXrgy³V§ gd©Wm ldUr¶§ ñ‘aUr¶§ M &

lmoV¥d¥ÝX: - ^mo: nwam{UH$d¶©, H$W§ ZXr Añ‘mH§$ ‘mVm ? H$sÑem: ZXrZm‘² CnH$mam: ?

H$sV©ZH$ma: - e¥UwV Am¶m©: e¥UwV & A{VàmMrZm Ibw Efm H$Wm & ApñV {dœm{‘Ì: Zm‘ Hw${eH$nwÌ:

‘w{Zda: & gn[adma§, gJmoYZ§ g: XÿaV: AmJV: & ‘mJ©‘² AmH«$m‘Z² g: {dnmQ>² VWm ewVwÐr

EV¶mo: ZÚmo: g“‘§ àmá: & 60

(VV: à{de{V {dídm{‘Ì: & ZXt àUå¶... )
{dœm{‘Ì: - H$W§ b”Zr¶: àdmhmo ZXrZm‘², H$W§ a{jV춧 ‘¶m JmoYZ§ M &&

H$W§ ¶m{MVì¶ñVaUm¶ ‘mJ©:, H$W§ àmW©Zr¶m ew^oÀN>m ZXrZm‘² &&
ZXr({dnmQ²>)- H$: Ibw Ef: ‘mZd: ? Añ‘mZ² {H$‘Wª dÝXVo ñVm¡{V M ? Am¶©, {H$Þm‘m ^dmZ²? H$ñ‘mX²

Añ‘mZ² Amˆ¶{V ?
{dœm{‘Ì: - A{¶ ‘mV:, {dœm{‘Ìmo@h‘² & XÿaV: Am¶mV: aW¡: eH$Q>¡: M & d¶§ gd} naVra§ JÝVw§

g‘wËgwH$m: &
ZXr(ewVwÐr) - {dàda, ‘Ywam Ibw Vo dmUr & aÄO¶{V Añ‘mZ² & dX H$W§ Vd gmhm涧 H$V©ì¶‘² ?
{dœm{‘Ì: - Aå~, e¥Uw ‘o Aä¶W©Zm‘² & JmYm ‘o ^{dî¶{g ? ñdënr^dVw Obm¡K: & ¶oZ d¶§ gwIoZ¡d

naVra§ n«máw§ e³Zw‘: &
ZXr({dnmQ²>)- XodoÝÐ: Ibw na‘oída: ‘mJª ‘ø§ àXÎmdmZ² &

hËdm d¥Ì§ dO«hñV: ZXràdmh§ {d‘w³VdmZ² &&
‘¶m Z H$m¶m© Vñ¶ Adkm H«w$Õmo Xodmo ^{dî¶{V &
j‘ñd {dœm{‘Ì H$Xm{n Z¡d {dam‘: gå^d{V &&
ZÚm¡ - ao {dœm{‘Ì, Z¡d {da‘md: ËdËH¥$Vo & Z¡d Hw$d©: XodoÝÐñ¶ H$m¶} A{Yjon‘² &
{dœm{‘Ì: - Z¡d ‘mV:, ‘mñVw XodoÝÐñ¶ Adkm & Ho$db‘² BÀN>m‘: naVra§ JÝVw‘² & ho ‘mV:, àgrX &
d¶§ gd} Vd nwÌm: Ed & Z d¶§ H$Xm{n Vd CnH$mamZ² {dñ‘am‘: & Z {H${#mX{n Añ‘m{^:
H$V©ì¶§ ¶oZ Vd A{Yjon: ^doV² & Efm ‘o à{Vkm &
ZXr({dnmQ²>)- {H$‘²? Ef: ‘˶©: ‘m§ ‘mVm B{V gå~moY¶{V ?
ZXr(ewVwÐr) - H$W§ ‘mVm Z $H$amo{V gmhm涧 ñdnwÌñ¶? gmYw ‘mZdloð> gmYw ! {H$ÝVw, H${ƒV² Vd d§eOm:
‘ZwOm: VdoX§ dMZ§ {dñ‘[aî¶pÝV ?
{dœm{‘Ì: - Z {h ‘mV:, Z¡VV² e³¶‘² & gdm©: g[aV: gwI§ dhÝVw &

gd} OZm: gw{IZ: gÝVw && ({dœm{‘Ì: {ZJ©ÀN>{V &)
H$sV©ZH$ma: - Ed§ {dœm{‘Ì: ZÚm¡ àrU{¶Ëdm naVra§ JVdmZ² & A{¶ lmoVma:, BËW§ ZÚ: ‘mZdm: M nañna§

n«rU¶ÝV: g§ñH¥${V§ g§d{Y©VdÝV: &
àdm{hVm Va{“Ur g§ñH¥${V{d©H$m{gVm &
à‘w{XVmü ‘mZdm: g[aËH¥$nmg‘wÞVm: &&
ZpÝXVm: H¥$frdbm: à’w${„Vm dgwÝYam &
AÞXmZ{Z^©am gñ¶í¶m‘bm Yam &&
goVw~ÝYamo{YV§ {Z¶pÝÌV§ ZXrOb‘² &
O{ZÌ‘Ì Mm{bV§ OrdZ§ àH$m{eV‘² &&

A{¶ lmoV¥dam:, BËW§ ‘mZdr¶§ OrdZ§ ZXrVrao, ZXrZm‘od gmhmæ¶oZ g‘¥Õ‘² &
AYwZm H$W¶V, A{n {dídm{‘Ìñ¶ dMZ§ Vñ¶ d§eOm: Zm‘ d¶§ gd} ‘ZwOm: AYþZm@{n AZwgam‘:?

^mfmä¶mg:

1. $‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
A) {dœm{‘Ì: ZÚm¡ qH$ àmW©¶Vo?
Am) ‘mZdmZm§ OrdZ§ ZXrZm§ gmhmæ¶oZ H$W§ g‘¥Õ§ OmV‘²?

61

EH$mXe: nmR>: OQ>m¶wem¡¶©‘² &

‘h{f©: dmë‘r{H$: am‘m¶U§ a{MVdmZ² & am‘m¶Uo gáH$mÊS>m{Z

gpÝV & 1) ~mbH$mÊS>‘² 2) A¶moܶmH$mÊS>‘² 3) AaʶH$mÊS>‘²
4)  {H$pîH$ÝYmH$mÊS>‘² 5)   gwÝXaH$mÊS>‘² 6)  ¶wÕH$mÊS>‘² • am‘m¶Uo Ho$ new-n{jU:

7) CÎmaH$mÊS>‘² & gmhmæ¶r^yVm: A^dZ² ?

24,000 ûcmoHo$fw gånyUª am‘m¶U§ a{MV‘² ApñV & am‘m¶Uo • ¶Xm g‘mOo Aݶm¶H$maH$: àg“:

{ZgJ©{MÌU§ newn{jUm§ {MÌU‘² A{n ApñV & am‘m¶Uñ¶ ^d{V VXm Añ‘m{^: {H$§ H$V©ì¶‘² ?

AaʶH$mÊS>mV² 47 gJm©V² 49 gJ©n¶©ÝV§ Ho$MZ ûcmoH$m: AÌ

{MVm: & EVofw ûcmoHo$fw OQ>m¶wamdU¶mo: g”f©ñ¶ dU©Z§ {dÚVo &

dZdmgH$mbo grVm§ N>boZ EH$m{H$Zt H¥$Ëdm amdU:

n[ad«mOH$dofoU nU©Hw$Q>r§ gåàmá: & Vñ‘¡ {^jm§ XmVw§ grVm ~{hamJVm & V§ n[ad«mOH§$ amdU{‘{V kmËdm Vñ¶ hoVw§

M AdJå¶ néfeãX¡: Vñ¶ {Z^©Ëg©Zm§ H¥$VdVr & VWm{n ~boZ amdU: Vm‘² AnhVwª àm¶VV & VV: AJ«o . . .

gm J¥hrVm@{VMwH«$moe amdUoZ ¶epñdZr &
am‘o{V grVm Xþ:ImVm© am‘o XÿaJVo dZo &&1&&

gm VXm H$éUm dmMmo {dbnÝVr gwXþ:{IVm &
dZñn{VJV§ J¥Y«§ XXem©¶VbmoMZm &&2&&

OQ>m¶mo ní¶ ‘m‘m¶© {õ¶‘mUm‘ZmWdV² &
AZoZ amjgoÝÐoUmH$éU§ nmnH$‘©Um &&3&&

V§ eãX‘dgwáñVw OQ>m¶waW ewlwdo &
{Za¡jX² amdU§ {jৠd¡Xoht M XXe© g: &&4&&

VV: nd©Ve¥“m^ñVrúUVwÊS>: IJmoÎm‘: &
dZñn{VJV: lr‘mÝì¶mOhma ew^m§ {Ja‘² &&5&&

{ZdV©¶ ‘qV ZrMm§ naXmam{^‘e©ZmV² &
Z VËg‘mMaoÕra: namo ¶{Õ {dJh©¶oV² &&6&&

d¥Õmo@h§ Ëd§ ¶wdm YÝdr gaW: H$dMr ear &
VWm߶mXm¶ d¡Xoht Hw$ebr Z J{‘î¶{g &&7&&

Vñ¶ VrúUZImä¶m§ Vw MaUmä¶m§ ‘hm~b: &
MH$ma ~hþYm JmÌo d«UmÝnVJgÎm‘: &&8&&

VVmo@ñ¶ gea§ Mmn§ ‘w³Vm‘{U{d^y{fV‘² &
MaUmä¶m§ ‘hmVoOm ~^ÄO nVJmoÎm‘: &&9&&

VV: H«$moYmX²XeJ«rdmo J¥Y«amO‘nmoW¶V² &
njm¡ nmídm£ M nmXm¡ M IS²>J‘wX²Y¥Ë¶ gmo@pÀN>ZV² &&10&&

g {N>Þnj: ghgm ajgm am¡ÐH$‘©Um &
{ZnnmV hVmo J¥Y«mo Yaʶm‘ënOr{dV: &&11&&

62

AÝd¶: nR>V-~moYV

1) am‘o dZo XÿaJVo, amdUoZ J¥hrVm gm ¶epñdZr grVm Xþ:ImVm© (^yËdm) "am‘' B{V A{VMwH«$moe &

2) VXm gm Am¶VbmoMZm gwXþ:{IVm (grVm) H$éUm: dmM: {dbnÝVr dZñn{VJV§ J¥Y«§ XXe© &

3) ho Am¶© OQ>m¶mo, AZoZ nmnH$‘©Um amjgoÝÐoU AZmWdV² AH$éU§ {õ¶‘mUm§ ‘m§ ní¶ &

4) Adgwá: Vw g: OQ>m¶w: AW V§ eãX§ ewlwdo, {jৠamdU§ {Za¡jX² d¡Xoht M XXe© &

5) VV: nd©Ve¥“m^: VrúUVwÊS>: IJmoÎm‘: dZñn{VJV: lr‘mZ² (OQ>m¶w:) ew^m§ {Ja§ ì¶mOhma &

6) ""(ho amdU,) naXmam-A{^‘e©ZmX² ZrMm§ ‘qV {ZdV©¶ & ¶X² {h na: {dJh©¶oV² VX² Yra: Z g‘mMaoV²&

7) (¶Ú{n) Ah§ d¥Õ: (Apñ‘), Ëd§ ¶wdm, YÝdr, gaW: H$dMr, ear (A{g), VWm{n d¡Xohr‘² AmXm¶

Ëd§ Hw$ebr (^dZ²) Z J{‘î¶{g &''

8) ‘hm~b:, nVJgÎm‘: (OQ>m¶w:) Vw Vñ¶ VrúUZImä¶m§ MaUmä¶m§ (amdUñ¶) JmÌo ~hþYm d«UmZ² MH$ma&

9) VV: ‘hmVoOm: nVJmoÎm‘: (OQ>m¶w:) Añ¶ (amdUñ¶) ‘w³Vm‘{U{d^y{fV§ gea§ Mmn§ MaUmä¶m§ ~^ÄO &

10) VV: g: XeJ«rd: H«$moYmV² J¥Y«amO‘² AnmoW¶V² & IS²>J‘² CX²Y¥Ë¶ njm¡ nmídm£ nmXm¡ M ApÀN>ZV²&

11) (VXm) ajgm am¡ÐH$‘©Um ghgm hV: {N>Þnj: g: AënOr{dV: J¥Y«: Yaʶm§ {ZnnmV &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. {bQ²>ê$nm{U {MËdm {bIV &

ní¶ A{VMwH«$moe MH$ma

J{‘î¶{g {ZnnmV ApÀN>ZV² A^dZ²
~^ÄO {ZdV©¶ ì¶mOhma

XXe© AnmoW¶V² MwH«$moe {dJh©¶oV²

g‘mMaoV² ewlwdo

2. Zm‘-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & {ÛdMZ‘² ~hwdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
EH$dMZ‘² J¥Y«m¡ YpÝdä¶: {ÛVr¶m

H$‘©Um V¥Vr¶m

n#m‘r

3. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & A) VVñgm Am) XXem©¶VbmoMZm B) d¥Õmo@h‘² B©) VWm߶mXm¶
4. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & OQ>m¶wamdU¶mo: g”f©ñ¶ dU©Z§ Hw$éV &
5. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & grVm, amdU:, e¥“‘², VwÊS>‘², nVJ:

63

6. YmVw-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & {ÛdMZ‘² ~hwdMZ‘² nwéf:
bH$mam: EH$dMZ‘² A^dZ² àW‘: nwéf:
bL²> ‘ܶ‘: nwéf:
~hwdMZ‘² CÎm‘: nwéf:
b¥Q²> J{‘î¶{g Vm:
{d^p³V:
bQ²> ní¶md: fð>r
{ÛVr¶m
7. gd©Zm‘-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & {ÛdMZ‘² àW‘m
EH$dMZ‘²
Añ¶

Amdm‘²-Zm¡

8. {deofUm{Z ApÝdî¶ {bIV &
A.

d¡Xohr Am¶VbmoMZm

Am.
nd©Ve¥“>m^:

OQ>m¶w:

B.
amdU:

¶wdm

9. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &
A) grVm dZñn{VJV§ J¥Y«§ XXe© &(bL²>-bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
Am) OQ>m¶w: amdUñ¶ JmÌo d«UmZ² MH$ma &(bL²>-bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
B) amdU: IS²>J‘wX²Y¥Ë¶ njm¡ ApÀN>ZV² &(nyd©H$mbdmMH$‘² A춶§ {ZîH$mg¶V &)

64

ÛmXe: nmR>: Am{Xe‘amMm¶©: &

^maVXoeo XrKm© AmMm¶©naånam dV©Vo & Vñ¶m‘² AÛ¡V{gÕmÝVñ¶ x `y`§ H$m{Z ñVmoÌm{U OmZrW ?
^mî¶H$ma: OJÒþé: Am{Xe‘ amMm¶©: à{gÕ: & ‘hmZ² VÎdk: x Mn©Q>nÄO[aH$mñVmoÌñ¶ aM{¶Vm H$: ?
A¶§ OZà~moYZmWª ^maV^«‘U§ H¥$Ëdm ^maVñ¶ MVg¥fw {Xjw nrR>m{Z x Am{Xe‘amMm¶©ñ¶ H$m¶©{df¶o qH$
AñWmn¶V²& VoZ a{MVm{Z Jo¶m{Z AW©nyUm©{Z ñVmoÌm{U AÚm{n OZmZm§
‘wIofw {damOÝVo& Vñ¶ OrdZM[aÌmV² ‘hÎdnyUm£ Ûm¡ àg“m¡ AÌ CX²Y¥Vm¡& OmZrW ?

àW‘: àg“: &

g§Ý¶mgmW©‘² AZw‘{V: àmám &

^maVñ¶ X{jU{X{e Ho$abàXoeo

Ambwdm ZJañ¶ g‘rn§ "H$mb{S>'>

Zm‘ J«m‘: & g: J«m‘: nyUm©ZXrVrao

dV©Vo & VÌ OJX²Jwamo: e‘ amMm¶©ñ¶

OÝ‘ {¼ñVmãXo Aï>‘o eVHo$ A^dV² &

Vñ¶ {nVm {edJwé: ‘mVm Am¶m©å~m

MmñVm‘² & ~më¶o Ed Vñ¶ {nVm

{edJwé: {Xd“V: & Vñ‘mX² ‘mV¡d

nwÌñ¶ nmbZ‘² AH$amoV² & n#m‘o d¶{g

CnZrV: g: nR>ZmWª Jwé‘wnmJÀN>V² &

VÌ doX-doXm“m{Z, {d{dYemóm{U M

AgmYmaUdoJoZ ~mbH$mo@¶‘²

AYrVdmZ² & nR>Zm{XH§$ g‘m߶ e‘ a:

J¥h§ à˶mJVdmZ² & J¥h§ àm߶ ‘mV¥godm‘²

Ama^V & ‘mVm Am¶m©å~m nwÌñ¶

{ddmh{df¶o gX¡d {MÝV¶{V ñ‘ &

naÝVw ‘Zgm dMgm H$‘©Um M {da³V:

e‘a: g§Ý¶mgmW©‘² AZw‘qV àmW©¶V &

e‘ añ¶ Eo{hH${df¶ofw AéqM ÑîQ‰>m

Am¶m©å~m {MÝVm‘¾m OmVm &

EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo e‘a: ñZmZmWª nyUm©ZXt JV: & ¶Xm g: ñZmZo ‘¾: VXm VÌ EH$: ZH«$: AmJV: & ZH«$:

P{Q>{V Vñ¶ nmX‘² AJ¥†mV² & VXm e‘a: Cƒ¡: AmH«$moeV² & ""Aå~! Ìm¶ñd & ZH«$mV² Ìm¶ñd!'' AmH«$moe§

lwËdm ZXrVra§ àmßVm Am¶m©å~m nw̧ ZH«o$U J¥hrV‘ní¶V² & ^¶mHw$bm gm A{n amoXZ‘² Ama^V & e‘a: ‘mVa‘²

AmV©V¶m àmW©¶V - ""Aå~, BV:na‘² Ah§ Z Ordm{‘ & ‘aUmV² nydª g§Ý¶mgr ^{dVw‘² BÀN>m{‘ & AYwZm dm

Xo{h AZw‘{V‘² &'' MoVgm A{ZÀN>ÝVr A{n {ddem ‘mVm AdXV² - ""dËg, ¶Wm Vw䶧 amoMVo VW¡d ^dVw &

BXmZr‘od g§Ý¶mg§ ñdrHw$é$& ‘‘ AZw‘{V: ApñV'' B{V& VËjU‘od Amü¶ª K{Q>V‘² & X¡ddemV² e‘a: ZH«$mX²

‘w³V: & g ZXrVra‘² AmJ˶ ‘mVw: MaUm¡ àmU‘V² &

65

AZÝVa§ e‘a: ‘mVa§ g§Ý¶mgñ¶ ‘hÎd‘² Adm~moY¶V² & g§Ý¶mgr Z Ho$db‘² EH$ñ¶m: nwÌ: & {demb§ OJX²
Ed Vñ¶ J¥h‘² & "‘mV:, ¶Xm Ëd§ ñ‘[aî¶{g VXm Ed ËdËg‘rn‘mJ{‘î¶m{‘' B{V ‘mÌo à{Vlw˶ g: J¥hmV²
{ZaJÀN>V² & VV: Jmo{dÝX^JdËnmXmZm§ {eî`mo ^yËdm g: gdm©{U Xe©Zm{Z AnR>V² & Voä¶: g§Ý¶mgXrjm§ J¥hrËdm
d¡{XH$Y‘©ñ¶ ñWmnZmWª àñWmZ‘² AH$amoV² &

{ÛVr¶: àg“: & ¶ñ‘mX² kmZ§ b^Vo g Jwé: &
EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo AmMm¶©: {eî¶JUoZ gh J“mñZmZmW©‘² AJÀN>V² & VXm ‘mJ} H$mo@{n X[aÐ: ‘{bZH$m¶:,
OrU©dóYmar ‘Zwî¶: Vñ¶ nwaV: AmJÀN>V² & V§ ÑîQ‰>m {eî¶m: V‘² "Anga, Anga' B{V Cƒ¡: AdXZ² &
g: ‘Zwî¶: An¥ÀN>V²-""Anga, Anga B{V H§$ dX{g ? eara§ dm AmË‘mZ§ dm ? AmË‘m Vw na‘oídañ¶
A§e: AV: gd}fm§ g‘mZ: Ed & VWm M gd}fm§ earam{U n#m‘hm^yVmË‘H$m{Z & V{h© H$W§ Vd eara§ ‘‘ earamX²
{^Þ‘², Ah§ M ËdX² {^Þ: ?'' doXmÝVVÎdñ¶ gma§ Vñ¶ ‘wImV² lwËdm AmMm¶©: V§ àUZm‘ & kmZ§ Vw H$ñ‘mX{n
J«mø‘² & ¶ñ‘mX² kmZ§ b^Vo g Jwéaod B{V {dMmaoU AmMm¶©: VÌ¡d "‘Zrfmn#mH$‘²' B{V ñVmo̧ a{MVdmZ² &
Ed‘² AmgoVw{h‘mMb§ n¶©Q>Z² AÛ¡V-{gÕmÝVñ¶ àMma‘² AH$amoV² g: &

Aï>df} MVwd}Xr ÛmXeo gd©emó{dV² &
fmoS>eo H¥$VdmZ² ^m ÛmqÌeo ‘w{Zaä¶JmV² &&

66

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & Am) e‘a: {H$‘W©‘² AmH«$moeV²?
A) Jwé‘wnJå¶ e‘a: {H$‘² AYrVdmZ²?

B) e‘a: ‘mÌo qH$ à{Vlw˶ J¥hmX² {ZaJÀN>V² ? B©) e‘a: H$ñ¶ {eî¶: A^dV²?

C) e‘a: g§Ý¶mgXrjm§ J¥hrËdm {H$‘² AH$amoV²?

D$) {eî¶JUoZ gh AmMm¶©: ñZmZmWª Hw$Ì AJÀN>V²?

E) e‘amMm¶©: AmgoVw{h‘mMb§ n¶©Q>Z² {H$‘² AH$amoV²?

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
A) e‘aoU g§Ý`mgmWª H$W_² AZw_{V: bãYm ?

Am) kmZJ«hU{df¶o e‘amMm¶m©Um§ qH$ ‘V‘²?

3. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &
A) $‘mVm Am¶m©å~m nwÌñ¶ {ddmh{df¶o gX¡d {MÝV¶{V ñ‘ &

Am) ZH«$mX² ‘w³V: e‘a: ‘mVw: MaUm¡ àmU‘V² & B) AmMm¶©: ñVmo̧ a{MVdmZ² &

4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
(A) MmñVm‘² (Am) ËdËg‘rn‘mJ{‘î¶m{‘ (B) Jwé‘wnmJÀN>V² (B©) ‘w{Zaä¶JmV² (C) ‘mV¡d

5. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
{deo² - {edJwé:, Am¶m©å~m, e‘a:, OJV², ‘Zwî¶: &
{deofU‘² - ‘{bZH$m¶:, àgÞ:, {demb‘², {Xd“V:, {da³V:, {MÝVm‘¾m &

6.gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &
A) g: nR>ZmWª Jwé‘wnmJÀN>V² & (~hþdMZ§ Hw$éV &)
Am) AmMm¶©: {eî¶JUoZ gh J“mñZmZmWª JÀN>{V ñ‘ & ("ñ‘' {ZîH$mg¶V &)
B) ‘mÌo à{Vlw˶ g: J¥hmX² {ZaJÀN>V² & (nyd©H$mbH$dmMH§$ {ZîH$mg¶V &)
B©) `Xm Ëd§ ñ_[aî`{g VXm Ed ËdËg_rn_mJ{_î`m{_ & (bH$ma§ {bIV &)
C) AmMm¶©: V§ àUZm‘ & (bL²>-bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)

8. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV
{Xd“V:, erK«‘², {MÝVm‘¾m, ‘¾:, ZH«$:, nmX:, nwÌ:, {eî¶:, B©ída:, npÊS>V:, J¥h‘² &

9. ñWmZmYmaoU eãXno{Q>H$m§ nya¶V 10. àdm{h Omb{M̧ nya¶V &
e‘añ¶

(H$mbS>rJ«m‘:, Ho$abàXoe:, (J¥h§ à˶mJ‘Z‘², Jwé‘wnJ‘Z‘²,
^maVXoe:, AmbwdmZJa‘², ) ‘mV¥godm, doX-doXm“mZm‘² Aܶ¶Z‘²)

67

11. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &

A) Am)
$$‘w{Z: Aä¶JmV² &
OÝ‘H$mb: {nVm
‘mVm
$$H¥$VdmZ² ^m² &

ÛmXeo e‘añ¶

Aï>df} OÝ‘J«m‘:

e‘amMm¶©:

Am{Xe‘amMm¶£: a{MV§ gm{h˶‘² &

ñVmoÌm{U - {ed^wO“à¶mVñVmoÌ‘², {ednÄMmjañVmoÌ‘², doXgma{edñVmoÌ‘², Zmam¶UñVmoÌ‘²,
{ÌnwagwÝXarñVmoÌ‘², AÞnyUm©ñVmoÌ‘², X{jUm‘y{V©ñVmoÌ‘², ÛmXeÁ¶mo{V{b©“‘², H$mb^¡admï>H$‘²,
AÀ¶wVmï>H$‘², Aå~mï>H$‘², H¥$îUmï>H$‘², Jmo{dÝXmï>H$‘², nmÊSw>a“mï>H$‘², J“mï>H$‘², ¶‘wZmï>H$‘²,
Z‘©Xmï>H$‘², b{bVmn#mH$‘² B˶mXr{Z &

^mî¶m{U - ~«÷gyÌ^m², Cn{ZfØm², ^JdÒrVm^m², {dîUwghòZm‘^m²,
gZËgwOmVr¶^m² &

AݶaMZm: -AnamojmZw^y{V:,AmË‘~moY:,VÎdmonXoe:,àm¡T>mZw^y{V:,~«÷kmZmdbr‘mbm,bKwdm³¶d¥{Îm:,
gXmMmamZwgÝYmZ‘², ñdmË‘{Zê$nU‘², AÛ¡VmZw^y{V:, XeûcmoH$s, à~moYgwYmH$a:, àýmoÎmaaËZ‘m{bH$m,
~«÷mZw{MÝVZ‘², ‘moh‘wÒa:, ¶moJVmamd{b:, eVûcmoH$s, ñdmË‘àH$m{eH$m, gd©doXmÝV{gÕmÝVgmag§J«h:,
{ddoH$MyS>m‘{U:, CnXoegmhòr, doXmÝVñVmoÌm{U, AZmË‘lr{dJh©UàH$aU‘², AmË‘mZmË‘{dMma:,
OrdÝ‘w³VmZÝXbhar, dm³¶gwYm, AܶmË‘nQ>b{ddaU‘² &

68

Aä¶mgnÌ‘² 3

(8, 9, 11, 12 nmR>mZm‘² AmYmaoU)
1. dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm g˶‘²/Ag˶‘² B{V {bIV &

A) gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m§ bmoH${à¶: g“rVH$m¶©H«$‘: àMb{V &
Am) ì¶mK«dofo AãXþb: g‘wnpñWV: &

B) amÌm¡ XedmXZo gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m: àmaå^: OmV: &
B©) lmoV¥d¥ÝX: boIZo ‘¾: &
C) gd}fm§ earam{U gá‘hm^yVmË‘H$m{Z &
D$) AmMm¶©: VÌ¡d H$ZH$YmamñVmo̧ a{MVdmZ² &

2. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dmŠ`§ nwZ{b©IV &

A) àojH$m: ‘‘ ì¶mK«dof§ {ZîH$mñ¶ ‘m§ Vm{S>VdÝV: & ({ZK¥©U§/gñZoh§)

Am) VWm {dkmnZ§ H¥$Ëdm {dH«$sVm{Z & (àdoenÌm{U/{n{hVnÌm{U)

B) d¶{g CnZrV: g: nR>ZmWª Jw鑲 CnmJÀN>V² & (nÄM‘o/Xe‘o)

B©) nR>Zm{XH§$ g‘m߶ e‘a: à˶mJVdmZ² & (J¥h‘²/ZXr‘²)

C) Am¶m©å~m nw̧ J¥hrV‘² Aní¶V² & (ZH«o$U/‘Ëñ¶oZ)

D$) AmMm¶©: {eî¶JUoZ gh AJÀN>V² & (J“mñZmZmW©‘²/g‘wÐñZmZmW©‘²)

E) ¶ñ‘mV² kmZ§ b^Vo g: & (Á¶oð>:/Jwé:)

3. $H«$‘oU ¶moO¶V &
A) 1. ‘mVm ì¶mK«o nmfmUIÊS>mZ² A{jnV² & 2. ì¶mK«ñ¶ nwaV: gå‘X©: OmV: &
3. ì¶mK«ñ¶ ‘Zwî¶dmʶm ^mfUoZ ‘{hbm ‘ypÀN>©Vm & 4. ì¶mK«ñ¶ JO©Z¶m ~mb: ^rV: &
Am) 1. {e{~añ¶ àW‘§ {XZ‘² & 2. gH©$gñdm{‘Z: gmhm涶mMZm &
3. gh^moOZñ¶ ahñ¶^oX: & 4. gH©$gñdm{‘Z: AmJ‘Z‘² &
B) 1. ^„zH$ñ¶ nQ>‘ÊS>nñVå^‘² AmamohU‘² & 2. YoZmo: gå^«‘: AmH«$‘U§ M &
3. {M‘Uamdñ¶ ì¶mK«Ëd§ {dñ‘¥Ë¶ {ÛnmXê$nml¶: & 4. gh^moOZñ¶ àmaå^: &
B©) 1. g§Ý¶mgmW©‘² AZw‘{V¶mMZm & 2. ZH«o$U nmXJ«hU‘² &
3. ‘mÌm AZw‘{VàXmZ‘² & 4. e‘añ¶ AmH«$moe: &
C) 1. Jmo{dÝX^JdËnmXmZm§ {eî¶Ëd‘² & 2. ‘mÌo à{Vlw˶ J¥hmV² {ZJ‘©Z‘² &
3. d¡{XH$Y‘©ñ¶ ñWmnZmWª àñWmZ‘² & 4. ‘mVa§ g§Ý¶mgñ¶ ‘hÎd~moYZ‘² &
D$) 1. ‘mJ} ‘{bZH$m¶nwéfñ¶ AmJ‘Z‘² & 2. {eî¶JUoZ gh J“mñZmZmWª J‘Z‘² &
3. "‘Zrfmn#mH$‘²' B{V ñVmoÌñ¶ aMZm & 4. ‘{bZH$m¶nwéfñ¶ ‘wImV² doXmÝVVÎdgmañ¶ ldU‘² &

4. g‘mg{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
gX²JwUgån{Îm:, H${dnpÊS>Vm:, gn[adma‘², bmoH${à¶:, ~mbdraM‘y:, nmfmUIÊS>m:, Ma‘{~ÝXþ:,
A{ZÀN>m, ^„zH$dofYmar, ì¶mK«^„zH$m¡, AZwÎm‘m{Z, IJmoÎm‘:, Am¶VbmoMZm, dZñn{VJV:, J¥Y«amO:,
‘mV¥godm, J¥hñW:, Aé{M:, {MÝVm‘¾m, nyUm©ZXr &

69

5. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dmŠ`§ nwZ{b©IV &

A) ‘mVm ì¶mK«o nmfmUIÊS>mZ² {jn{V ¶V: &

1. Vñ¶m: nwÌ: ì¶mK«JO©Zm§ lwËdm ^rV: & 2. ‘mVm ì¶mK«§ nrS>{¶Vw‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ &

Am) ‘mVm ‘ypÀN>©Vm ¶V: &

1. ‘mVm Ádanr{S>Vm & 2. Vñ¶m: nwaV: ì¶mK«: ‘Zwî¶dmʶm AdXV² &

B) H$m¶©H«$‘ñ¶ AÝVo àojH$m: ì¶mK«dofYm[aU§ ‘Zw Vm{S>VdÝV: ¶V: &

1. ì¶mK«dofYm[aUm ‘Zwî¶oU Mm¡¶©H$m¶ª H¥$V‘² & 2. VoZ ‘Zwî¶oU ì¶mK«dof§ Y¥Ëdm àojH$mUm§ d#mZm

H¥$Vm &

B©) e‘a: Cƒ¡: AmH«$moeV² ¶V: &

1. g: ZXrObo A‘ÁOV² & 2. ZH«$: Vñ¶ nmX‘² AJ¥†mV² &

C) e‘a: ‘{bZH$m¶§ ‘Zw àUZm‘ ¶V: &

1. ‘{bZH$m¶: ‘Zwî¶: e‘a§ g‘Q>mV² AajV² & 2. g: ‘{bZH$m¶: ‘Zwî¶: doXmÝVñ¶ gma§ OmZm{V ñ‘ &

6. gd©Zm‘Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:
E.d. Amdmä¶m‘² ¶ofw n#m‘r
àW‘m
B`_² gá‘r

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:
gd©ñ‘mV² ^dÝVm¡ EVmgw gá‘r

n#m‘r
{ÛVr¶m

70

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &

H¥$˶ - à˶¶mÝVm{Z

(H$‘©{U-{dܶW©H$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)

1) nmR>ç: J«ÝW: & nR>Zm¶ ¶mo½¶: J«ÝW: & 2) aú¶: Xoe: & Xoe-ajU‘² B{V
n{R>Vì¶: J«ÝW: & a{jVì¶: Xoe: & H$V©ì¶‘² &
nR>Zr¶: J«ÝW: & ajUr¶: Xoe: &
$H$: nmR>ç: ? H$: ajUr¶: ?
J«ÝW: nmR>ç: & Xoe: ajUr¶: &

3) ImÚm{Z ’$bm{Z & 4) dÝÚm ‘mVm &
dpÝXVì¶m ‘mVm &
Im{XVì¶m{Z ’$bm{Z & ImXZm¶ ¶mo½¶m{Z dÝXZr¶m ‘mVm & dÝXZmhm© ‘mVm &
H$m dÝXZr¶m ?
ImXZr¶m{Z ’$bm{Z & ’$bm{Z & ‘mVm dÝXZr¶m &

H$m{Z ImXZr¶m{Z?

’$bm{Z ImXZr¶m{Z &

Aݶm{Z CXmhaUm{Z -

no¶§ Ob‘² & Xe©Zr¶: {MÌnQ>: & Jo¶§ gw^m{fV‘² & {MÝVm Z H$m¶m© &
{MÝVZr¶: {df¶: &
gwJå¶: nd©V: & Xo¶§ XmZ‘² &

H¥${V: - 1) {e{jH$m ‘ybYmVw§ dX{V & N>mÌmUm§ àW_: d¥ÝX: "¶' à˶¶¶w³V§ ê$n§ dX{V & {ÛVr¶: d¥ÝX:
"Vì¶' à˶¶¶w³V§ V¥Vr¶: M d¥ÝX: "AZr¶' à˶¶¶w³V§ ê$n§ dX{V & ¶Wm -

{e{jH$m dX{V àW‘: N>mÌd¥ÝX: {ÛVr¶: N>mÌd¥ÝX: V¥Vr¶: N>mÌd¥ÝX:
` Vì` AZr`
˶O² ˶OZr¶
dM² ˶mÁ¶ ˶³Vì¶ dMZr¶
à + AW²© dmÀ¶ d³Vì¶ àmW©Zr¶
Kwf-Kmof² àm϶© àmW©{¶Vì¶ KmofUr¶
Xm Kmoî¶ Kmof{¶Vì¶ XmZr¶
{jn² Xo¶ XmVì¶ jonUr¶
Ñe² jo߶ joáì¶ Xe©Zr¶
J¡ Ñí¶ Ðï>ì¶
JmZr¶
Jo¶ JmVì¶

71

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

1) H¥$˶-à˶¶mÝV-ê$nm{U ApÝdî¶V & 2) ¶mo½¶§ {deofU§ ¶moO¶V &
˶O², XÊS>, Z‘², km, nm, H¥$, dM², {MÝV²
‘mVm XÊS>Zr¶m:
ñ‘m ˶ Zr $H$m ¶©
d ³V ì¶ X ³V em{Q>H$m: lmì¶m{U
Ú ì¶ Z ÊS> ko
kmZ‘² H«o$Vì¶o

‘m{nHo$ AO©Zr¶‘²

O¶: àjmbZr¶m:

Mmoam: àmáì¶:

g˶dMZ‘² dÝÚm

JrVm{Z d³V춑²

no {M ÝV Zr ¶ Jm¶V ZÝXV &
bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘²
¶ ܶo ì¶ ¶ ½Y ‘Zgm gVV§ ñ‘aUr¶‘²
dMgm gVV§ dXZr¶‘²
nR>V-~moYV & bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && bmoH${hV§&&
Z ^moJ^dZo a‘Ur¶‘²
{dX^©àmÝVo ZmJnwao OmV: "àkm^maVr Z M gwIe¶Zo e¶Zr¶‘² &
S>m°. lrYa ^mñH$a dU}H$a:' B{V ‘hmZ² Ah{Z©e§ OmJaUr¶‘²
g§ñH¥$VnpÊS>V: & g§ñH¥$V{Zð>: A¶§ g§ñH¥$Vo bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && ‘Zgm&&
ñZmVH$moÎmanXdr§ àm߶ AJ«o S>r. {bQ²> B{V Cnm{Y‘² Z OmVw Xþ:I§ JUZr¶‘²
A{n àmádmZ² & ‘hm^mJoZmZoZ {dnwb§ g§ñH¥$VboIZ§ Z M {ZOgm¡»¶§ ‘ZZr¶‘² &
H¥$V§ {ddoH$mZÝX{dO¶‘², {edamÁ¶m{^foH$‘² H$m¶©joÌo ËdaUr¶‘²
B{V ZmQ>Ho$, "{edamÁ¶moX¶‘²' B{V ‘hmH$m춧, bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && ‘Zgm&&
"l‘JrVm' B˶mXr{Z Z¡H$m{Z bKwH$mì¶m{Z Xþ:IgmJao VaUr¶‘²
M {b{IVm{Z & "‘Zgm gVV§ ...' B{V JrV§ H$ï>nd©Vo MaUr¶‘²
dU}H$a‘hmoX¶oZ {b{IV‘² & {dn{Îm{d{nZo ^«‘Ur¶‘²
bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && ‘Zgm&&
{Ûghòm{YH$-gáXeV‘§ dfª (2017) JhZmaʶo KZmÝYH$mao
‘hmoX¶ñ¶mñ¶ OÝ‘eVmãXny{V©df©‘² & Añ‘¡
npÊS>Vloð>m¶ Z‘: & ~ÝYwOZm ¶o pñWVm Jˆao &

VÌ ‘¶m g#maUr¶‘²
bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && ‘Zgm&&

-S>m°. lrYa ^mñH$a dU}H$a

72

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 4

H¥$˶-à˶¶mÝVm{Z

(H$‘©{U-{dܶW©H$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)

gyÌ‘² - ‘ybYmVw: + ¶/Vì¶/AZr¶ Xm - Xo¶/XmVì¶/XmZr¶
CXmhaUm{Z - ‘wM² - ‘moÀ¶/‘mo³Vì¶/‘moMZr¶
H¥$> - $H$m¶©/H¥$˶/H$V©ì¶/H$aUr¶
nR² - nmR>ç/n{R>Vì¶/nR>Zr¶
Ñe² - Ñí¶/Ðï>ì¶/Xe©Zr¶

Xod-eãXdV² (nw§) ‘mbm-eãXdV² (ór.) dZ-eãXdV² (Znw§)

nw§{b“ê$nm{U ór{b“ê$nm{U Znw§gH${b“ê$nm{U
H$aUr¶: H$aUr¶m¡ H$aUr¶m:
XmZr¶: XmZr¶m¡ XmZr¶m: H$aUr¶m H$aUr¶o H$aUr¶m: H$aUr¶‘² H$aUr¶o H$aUr¶m{Z
nmR>ç: nmR>çm¡ nmR>çm:
‘mo³Vì¶: ‘mo³Vì¶m¡ ‘mo³Vì¶m: XmZr¶m XmZr¶o XmZr¶m: XmZr¶‘² XmZr¶o XmZr¶m{Z
Ñí¶: Ñí¶m¡ Ñí¶m:
nmR>çm nmR>ço nmR>çm: nmR>瑲 nmR>ço nmR>çm{Z
nR>Zr¶: J«ÝW: &
ImXZr¶: ‘moXH$: & ‘mo³Vì¶m ‘mo³Vì¶o ‘mo³Vì¶m: ‘mo³V춑² ‘mo³Vì¶o ‘mo³Vì¶m{Z

Ñí¶m Ñí¶o Ñí¶m: Ñí¶‘² Ñí¶o Ñí¶m{Z

nR>Zr¶m H${dVm & nR>Zr¶§ H$m춑² &
Im{XVì¶m Hw$ÊS>{bH$m & ImÚ§ ’$b‘² &

EVm{Z {deofUm{Z {H«$¶m¶m: Ah©Vm§ gyM¶pÝV & VW¡d H$‘©nX‘² AZwgapÝV & AV: Ho$db§ H$‘©dmÀ¶o
dm³¶o EVofm‘² Cn¶moJ: ^d{V &

Cn¶moOZ‘² -
A) {deofUê$noU - ñ‘aUr¶m H$Wm, àojUr¶§ ñWb‘², nyÁ¶: nwéf: &

Am) H$‘©dmÀ¶o dm³¶o {H«$¶mnXñWmZo - 1. am‘oU J«ÝW: nmR>ç: / n{R>Vì¶: / nR>Zr¶: &
2. grV¶m ņ bo»¶‘² / bo{IV춑² / boIZr¶‘² &
3. N>mÌ¡: àým: àÀN²>¶m: / àï>ì¶m: / n«ÀN>Zr¶m: &

1. ImX{V ê$n‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
2. Im{XV‘² (A) ³VdVw-à˶¶mÝVê$n‘²
3. Im{XVdmZ² (Am) bQ²> (H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)
4. ImXZr¶: (B) H¥$˶-à˶¶mÝVê$n‘²
5. ImÚVo (B©) ³V-à˶¶mÝVê$n‘²
(C) bQ²> (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²)

73

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² eV¥-emZM²-à˶¶mÝVm{Z & &

H$V©[a-dV©‘mZH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z

‘ÝX§ hgÝV§ à^¶m bgÝV§ Ah§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ñ‘am{‘ &
OZñ¶ {MÎm§ gVV§ haÝV_² & ‘wHw$ÝX: qH$ H$amo{V?
doUw§ {ZVmÝV§ ‘Yw ZmX¶ÝV§ ‘wHw$ÝX: ‘ÝX§ hg{V & ‘wHw$ÝX: à^¶m bg{V &
~mb§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ‘Zgm ñ‘am{‘ && ‘wHw$ÝX: OZñ¶ {MÎm§ gVV§ ha{V &
‘wHw$ÝX: {ZVmÝV§ ‘Yw doUw§ ZmX¶{V &

H$sÑe: ‘wHw$ÝX: ? (‘wHw$ÝXñ¶ {deofUm{Z H$m{Z ?)

hgZ²

ZmX¶Z² ‘wHw$ÝX: bgZ²

haZ²
Ah‘² EVmÑe§ hgÝV§ à^¶m bgÝV§ {MÎm§ haÝV§ doUw§ ZmX¶ÝV§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ñ‘am{‘ &

H¥$îU: hg{V & ¶wdH$: Jm¶{V &
hgZ² H¥$îU: & Jm¶Z² ¶wdH$: &

~m{bH$m Z¥Ë¶{V & ¶mZ§ JÀN>{V &
Z¥Ë¶ÝVr ~m{bH$m & JÀN>V² ¶mZ‘² &

‘{hbm Ymd{V & ’$b§ nV{V &
‘{hbm & ’$b‘² &

hgZ², Z¥Ë¶ÝVr, nVV² EVm{Z hg², Z¥V², nV² B{V YmVwä¶: {Z{‘©Vm{Z {deofUm{Z (YmVwgm{YVm{Z) & EVm{Z
{deofUm{Z {H«$¶m Z g‘mám B{V gyM¶pÝV & AV: EVm{Z dV©‘mZH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &

EVmÑem{Z {deofUm{Z Apñ‘Z² ûcmoHo$ ApÝdî¶V &
ImXZ² Z JÀN>m{‘ hgZ² Z ^mfo
JV§ Z emoMm{‘ H¥$V§ Z ‘ݶo &
Û¶moñV¥Vr¶mo Z ^dm{‘ amOZ²
qH$ H$maU§ ¶oZ ^dm{‘ ‘yI©: &&

74

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 5

eV¥-emZM²- à˶¶mÝVm{Z

(H$V©[a-dV©‘mZH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &)

gyÌ‘² - ‘yb YmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘² + AV² / ‘mZ / AmZ
(AmXoe:) (n.n.) (Am.n.) (Am.n.)
(1 V: 10) (1, 4, 6, 10) (2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9)

eV¥ (AV²)-à˶¶mÝV-CXmhaUm{Z - (nañ‘¡n{XZ: YmVd:, 1 V: 10 JUr¶m:)

‘ybYmVw: àm{Vn{XH$‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²

A) J‘²-JÀN>² (1 n.n.) JÀN>V² JÀN>Z² JÀN>ÝVr JÀN>V²

Am) Z¥V² (4 n.n.) Z¥Ë¶V² Z¥Ë¶Z² Z¥Ë¶ÝVr Z¥Ë¶V²

B) {bI² (6 n.n.) {bIV² {bIZ² {bIÝVr {bIV²

B©) nyO² (10 n.n.) nyO¶V² nyO¶Z² nyO¶ÝVr nyO¶V²

C) * H¥$ (8 n.n.) Hw$d©V² Hw$d©Z² Hw$d©Vr Hw$d©V²

D$) * km (9 n.n.) OmZV² OmZZ² OmZVr OmZV²

EVofm§ {deofUmZm§ ê$nm{U nw§{b“o àm¶: ^JdV²-gÑem{Z ^dpÝV & ¶Wm JÀN>Z² JÀN>ÝVm¡ JÀN>ÝV: &
ór{b“o ZXr-gÑem{Z VW¡d Znw§gH${b“o OJV²-gÑem{Z ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

emZM² (‘mZ)-à˶¶mÝV-CXmhaUm{Z - (AmË‘Zon{XZ: YmVd:, 1, 4, 6, 10 JUr¶m:)

‘ybYmVw: àm{Vn{XH$‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²

A)‘Z² (4 Am.n.) ‘ݶ‘mZ ‘ݶ‘mZ: ‘ݶ‘mZm ‘ݶ‘mZ‘²

Am)a‘² (1 Am.n.) a‘‘mU a‘‘mU: a‘‘mUm a‘‘mU‘²

B) ‘¥ (6 Am.n.) {‘«¶‘mU {‘«¶‘mU: {‘«¶‘mUm {‘«¶‘mU‘²

B©) ‘Ý̲ (10 Am.n.) ‘Ý̶‘mU ‘Ý̶‘mU: ‘Ý̶‘mUm ‘Ý̶‘mU‘²

emZM² (AmZ)-à˶¶mÝV-CXmhaUm{Z - (AmË‘Zon{XZ: YmVd:, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 JUr¶m:)

‘ybYmVw: àm{Vn{XH$‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²

A) ~«y (2 Am.n.) ~«wdmU ~«wdmU: ~«wdmUm ~«wdmU‘²

Am) {M (5 Am.n.) {MÝdmZ {MÝdmZ: {MÝdmZm {MÝdmZ‘²

B) * H¥$ (8 Am.n.) Hw$dm©U Hw$dm©U: Hw$dm©Um Hw$dm©U‘²

B©) * km (9 Am.n.) OmZmZ OmZmZ: OmZmZm OmZmZ‘²

EVofm§ {deofUmZm§ ê$nm{U nw§{b“o Xod-gÑem{Z ^dpÝV & ¶Wm ‘ݶ‘mZ: ‘ݶ‘mZm¡ ‘ݶ‘mZm: &
ór{b“o ‘mbm-gÑem{Z VW¡d Znw§gH${b“o dZ-gÑem{Z ^dpÝV &

Cn¶moOZ‘² - 1. embm§ JÀN>Z² N>mÌ: nV{V & 2. Z¥Ë¶V² An˶§ ÑîQ‰>m ‘mVm AmZÝX{V &
3. IobZo a‘‘mU: ~mbH$: {ejH§$ ní¶{V & 4. ñVmo̧ ~«wdmUm ‘{hbm nyOm§ H$amo{V &
ê$nn[aM¶: - JÀN>Z² - J‘²-JÀN²> (1 n.n.), eV¥-à˶¶mÝV‘², nw§{b“-àW‘m-EH$dMZ‘²
hgÝV‘² - hg² (1 n.n.), eV¥-à˶¶mÝV‘², nw§{b“-{ÛVr¶m-EH$dMZ‘² &

75

³V-à˶¶mÝVm{Z nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² &

(H$‘©{U-^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)

gyÌ‘² - ‘ybYmVw: + V (V/Y/Z/Q/T/U)

CXmhaUm{Z - H¥$> (8 C.n.) - H¥$V, Xm (1 n.n./3 C.n.) - XÎm, nR²> (1 n.n.) - n{R>V,

b^² (1 Am.n.) - bãY, ‘wM² (6 C.n.) - ‘w³V, Ñe² (1 n.n.) - Ñï>

àW‘mÝVê$nm{U

nw§{b“ê$nm{U ór{b“ê$nm{U Znw§gH${b“ê$nm{U

H¥$V: H¥$Vm¡ H¥$Vm: H¥$Vm H¥$Vo H¥$Vm: H¥$V‘² H¥$Vo H¥$Vm{Z

XÎm: XÎmm¡ XÎmm: XÎmm XÎmo XÎmm: XÎm‘² XÎmo XÎmm{Z

n{R>V: n{R>Vm¡ n{R>Vm: n{R>Vm n{R>Vo n{R>Vm: n{R>V‘² n{R>Vo n{R>Vm{Z

bãY: bãYm¡ bãYm: bãYm bãYo bãYm: bãY‘² bãYo bãYm{Z

‘w³V: ‘w³Vm¡ ‘w³Vm: ‘w³Vm ‘w³Vo ‘w³Vm: ‘w³V‘² ‘w³Vo ‘w³Vm{Z

Ñï>: Ñï>m¡ Ñï>m: Ñï>m Ñï>o Ñï>m: Ñï>‘² Ñï>o Ñï>m{Z

n{R>V: J«ÝW: n{R>Vm H${dVm n{R>V§ H$m춑² &

Im{XV: ‘moXH$: Im{XVm Hw$ÊS>{bH$m Im{XV§ ’$b‘² &

EVm{Z {deofUm{Z YmVwä¶: {Z{‘©Vm{Z AV: YmVwgm{YVm{Z & EVm{Z {deofUm{Z H$‘©nX‘² AZwgapÝV &

Cn¶moOZ‘² - A) {deofUê$noU - Ah§ d¥jmV² n{VV§ ’$b§ ImXm{‘ &

Am) H$‘©dmÀ¶o dm³¶o {H«$¶mnXñWmZo - 1. am‘oU J«ÝW: n{R>V: &

2. grV¶m ņ {b{IV‘² &

3. N>mÌ¡: àým: n¥ï>m: &

³VdVw-à˶¶mÝVm{Z

(H$V©[a-^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)
gyÌ‘² - ‘ybYmVw: + VdV²

CXmhaUm{Z - H¥$> - H¥$VdV², Xm - XÎmdV², nR² - n{R>VdV²,

b^² - bãYdV², ‘wM² - ‘w³VdV², Ñe² - Ñï>dV²

àW‘mÝVê$nm{U

nw§{b“ê$nm{U ór{b“ê$nm{U Znw§gH${b“ê$nm{U

H¥$VdmZ² H¥$VdÝVm¡ H¥$VdÝV: H¥$VdVr H¥$Vd˶m¡ H¥$Vd˶: H¥$VdV² H¥$VdVr H¥$VdpÝV

XÎmdmZ² XÎmdÝVm¡ XÎmdÝV: XÎmdVr XÎmd˶m¡ XÎmd˶: XÎmdV² XÎmdVr XÎmdpÝV

n{R>VdmZ² n{R>VdÝVm¡ n{R>VdÝV: n{R>VdVr n{R>Vd˶m¡ n{R>Vd˶: n{R>VdV² n{R>VdVr n{R>VdpÝV

bãYdmZ² bãYdÝVm¡ bãYdÝV: bãYdVr bãYd˶m¡ bãYd˶: bãYdV² bãYdVr bãYdpÝV

‘w³VdmZ² ‘w³VdÝVm¡ ‘w³VdÝV: ‘w³VdVr ‘w³Vd˶m¡ ‘w³Vd˶: ‘w³VdV² ‘w³VdVr ‘w³VdpÝV

Ñï>dmZ² Ñï>dÝV>m¡ Ñï>dÝV: Ñï>dVr Ñï>d˶m¡ Ñï>d˶: Ñï>dV² Ñï>dVr Ñï>dpÝV

n{R>VdmZ² ~mbH$: n{R>VdVr ~m{bH$m n{R>VdV² An˶‘² &
Im{XVdmZ² ~mbH$: Im{XVdVr ~m{bH$m Im{XVdV² An˶‘² &

76

EVm{Z {deofUm{Z YmVwV: {Z{‘©Vm{Z AV: YmVwgm{YVm{Z & EVm{Z {deofUm{Z H$V¥©nX‘² AZwgapÝV &

Cn¶moOZ‘² -

A) {deofUê$noU - Aä¶mg§ H¥$VdmZ² N>mÌ: JwUmZ² àmßZmo{V &

Am) H$V¥©dmÀ¶o dm³¶o {H«$¶mnXñWmZo - ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ n{R>VdmZ² & grVm ņ {b{IVdVr &

N>mÌm: àýmZ² n¥ï>dÝV: &
H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²
H${d: H$m춧 a{MVdmZ² & H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²
H${dZm H$m춧 a{MV‘² &
Jwé: kmZ§ XÎmdmZ² &
JwéUm kmZ§ XÎm‘² &
N>mÌm: nmR>mZ² n{R>VdÝV: &
N>m̡: nmR>m: n{R>Vm: &

‘mbmH$ma: nwînm{U {MVdmZ² & ‘mbmH$maoU nwînm{U {MVm{Z &

Ah‘² Amn{UH§$ n¥ï>dmZ²/n¥ï>dVr & ‘¶m Amn{UH$: n¥ï>: &

Xodr ^³V§ ào[aVdVr & Xoì¶m ^³V: ào[aV: &

AdYo¶‘² -
dmÀ¶n[adV©Zg‘¶o bQ²>bH$ma-dm³¶m{Z VWm

M Ho$db§ ^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-
{deofUm{Z Ed Ano{jVm{Z &

H«$sS>V-ZÝXVnnmR>

YmVwê$nm{U dm YmVwgm{YVm{Z {ZarjÜd‘² & n{R>î¶{V
AnR>V² n{R>V

nR>Vw n{R>VdV²

nR>{V n{R>Vw‘² n{R>Ëdm nR>oV² nmR>ç
nR>V² gånR>ç n{R>Vì¶ nR>Zr¶

^mf² YmVmo: ¶mo½¶ê$n¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &

^mfVo
77

YmVw-gm{YV-{deofUm{Z (nw§., àW‘m, E.d.)

YmVw: ³V ³VdVw H¥$˶m: eV¥/emZM²

J‘²-JÀN>² (1 n.n.) JV: JVdmZ² Jå¶: JÝVì¶: J‘Zr¶: JÀN>Z²

a‘² (1 Am.n.) aV: aVdmZ² aå¶: aÝVì¶: a‘Ur¶: a‘‘mU:

‘Z² (4 Am.n.) ‘V: ‘VdmZ² ‘mݶ: ‘ÝVì¶: ‘ZZr¶: ‘ݶ‘mZ:

Xm>-¶ÀN²> (1 n.n.) XÎm: XÎmdmZ² Xo¶: XmVì¶: XmZr¶: ¶ÀN>Z²

nm-{n~² (1 n.n.) nrV: nrVdmZ² no¶: nmVì¶: nmZr¶: {n~Z²

km (9 C.n.) kmV: kmVdmZ² ko¶: kmVì¶: kmZr¶: OmZZ²/OmZmZ:

Zr-Z¶² (1 C.n.) ZrV: ZrVdmZ² Zo¶: ZoVì¶: Z¶Zr¶: Z¶Z²/Z¶‘mZ:

H¥$ (8 C.n.) H¥$V: H¥$VdmZ² H$m¶©:/ H$V©ì¶: H$aUr¶: Hw$d©Z²/Hw$dm©U:
H¥$˶:

g¥ (1 n.n.) g¥V: g¥VdmZ² gm¶©: gV©ì¶: gaUr¶: gaZ²

nR²> (1 n.n.) n{R>V: n{R>VdmZ² nmR>ç: n{R>Vì¶: nR>Zr¶: nRZ²

nV² (1 n.n.) n{VV: n{VVdmZ² nm˶: n{VVì¶: nVZr¶: nVZ²

ImX² (1 n.n.) Im{XV: Im{XVdmZ² ImÚ: Im{XVì¶: ImXZr¶: ImXZ²

dX² (1 n.n.) C{XV: C{XVdmZ² dmÚ: d{XVì¶: dXZr¶: dXZ²

Z¥V² (4 n.n.) Z{V©V: Z{V©VdmZ² Z¥Ë¶: Z{V©Vì¶: ZV©Zr¶: Z¥Ë¶Z²

{bI² (6 n.n.) {b{IV: {b{IVdmZ² bo»¶: bo{IVì¶: boIZr¶: {bIZ²

god² (1 Am.n.) go{dV: go{dVdmZ² goì¶: go{dVì¶: godZr¶: god‘mZ:

dÝX² (1 Am.n.) dpÝXV: dpÝXVdmZ² dÝÚ: dpÝXVì¶: dÝXZr¶: dÝX‘mZ:

à+AW©² (10Am.n.) àm{W©V: àm{W©VdmZ² àm϶©: àmW©{¶Vì¶: àmW©Zr¶: àmW©¶‘mZ:

nyO² (10 C.n.) ny{OV: ny{OVdmZ² nyÁ¶: nyO{¶Vì¶: nyOZr¶: nyO¶Z²/nyO¶‘mZ:

H$W² (10 C.n.) H${WV: H${WVdmZ² H$϶: H$W{¶Vì¶: H$WZr¶: H$W¶Z²/H$W¶‘mZ:

Ñe²-ní¶² (1 n.n.) Ñï>: Ñï>dmZ² Ñí¶: Ðï>ì¶: Xe©Zr¶: ní¶Z²

àÀN²>-n¥ÀN²> (6 n.n.) n¥ï>: n¥ï>dmZ² àÀN²>¶: àï>ì¶: àÀN>Zr¶: n¥ÀN>Z²

à+{de² (6 n.n.) à{dï>: à{dï>dmZ² àdoí¶: àdoï>ì¶: àdoeZr¶: à{deZ²

Am+{Xe² (6 C.n.) Am{Xï>: Am{Xï>dmZ² AmXoí¶: AmXoï>ì¶: AmXoeZr¶: Am{XeZ²/
Am{Xe‘mZ:

‘wM²-‘w#m² (6 C.n.) ‘w³V: ‘w³VdmZ² ‘moÀ¶: ‘mo³Vì¶: ‘moMZr¶: ‘w#mZ²/‘w#m‘mZ:

dM² (2 n.n.) C³V: C³VdmZ² dmÀ¶: d³Vì¶: dMZr¶: dMZ²

Am+a^² (1 Am.n.) AmaãY: AmaãYdmZ² Amaä¶: AmaãYì¶: Ama^Ur¶: Ama^‘mU:

b^² (1 Am.n.) bãY: bãYdmZ² bä¶: bãYì¶: b^Zr¶: b^‘mZ:

dh² (1 C.n.) D$T>: D$T>dmZ² dmø: dmoT>ì¶: dhZr¶: dhZ²/dh‘mZ:

Am+éh²-amoh²(1 n.n.) Amê$T>: Amê$T>dmZ² Amamoø: AmamoT>ì¶: AmamohUr¶: AmamohZ²

78

̶moXe: nmR>: {MÌH$m춑² & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

gw^m{fV§ Zm‘ gå¶H²$ ê$noU ^m{fV‘² & g§ñH¥$Vgw^m{fVm{Z AmXe©OrdZñ¶ Jwø‘² Am»¶mpÝV & d¡{eîQ>çnyUm©{Z
gw^m{fVm{Z g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: gm¡ÝX¶©ñWmZm{Z Ibw & ~w{Õ{dH$mgH$m{Z gw^m{fVm{Z Zm‘ {MÌH$mì¶m{Z & Vm{Z
aÄOH$m{Z A{n gpÝV & Apñ‘Z² {MÌH$mì¶o AÝVambmn:, Aݶmop³V:, hmñ¶mop³V:, H$V¥©Jwám àho{bH$m,
g‘ñ¶mny{V©:, dmH$modm³¶‘² B˶mX¶: gw^m{fVmZm§ àH$mam: gpÝV &

H$m erVbdm{hZr J“m ?

H§$ g§OKmZ H¥$îU: ?

Ho$ XmanmofUaVm: ? d¥Îm‘²-Am¶m©

H§$ g§OKmZ H¥$îU: H§$ ~bdÝV§
H$m erVbdm{hZr J“m & Z ~mYVo erV‘² ?
Ho$ XmanmofUaVm:
H§$ ~bdÝV§ Z ~mYVo erV‘² &&1&&
-(AÝVambmn:)

d¥Îm‘²-emXÿ©b{dH«$s{S>V‘²
ao ao MmVH$ gmdYmZ‘Zgm {‘Ì jU§ ly¶Vm‘²
Aå^moXm ~hdmo@{n gpÝV JJZo gd}@{n Z¡VmÑem: &
Ho${MX² d¥{ï>{^amЩ¶pÝV dgwYm§ JO©pÝV Ho${MX² d¥Wm
¶§ ¶§ ní¶{g Vñ¶ Vñ¶ nwaVmo ‘m ~«y{h XrZ§ dM: &&2&&

-(Aݶmop³V$:)

79

d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n²
d¡ÚamO Z‘ñVw䶧 ¶‘amOghmoXa &
¶‘ñVw ha{V àmUmZ² Ëd§ Vw àmUmZ² YZm{Z M &&3&&
-(hmñ¶mo{º$:)

d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n²
amjgoä¶: gwVm§ öËdm OZH$ñ¶ nwat ¶¶m¡ &
AÌ H$V¥©nX§ Jw᧠¶mo OmZm{V g npÊS>V: &&4&& -(H$V¥©Jwám àho{bH$m)

80

R>§R§ R>R>§ R>§ R>R>R>§ R>R>§ R>: d¥Îm‘²-CnOm{V:
A¶§ Z ^³Vmo Z M nyOH$mo dm
KÊQ>m§ ñd¶§ ZmX¶Vo VWm{n &
YZ§ OZoä¶: {H$b ¶mMVo@¶§
Z ¶mMH$mo dm Z M {ZY©Zmo dm &&5&&

-(àho{bH$m)

d¥Îm‘²-BÝÐdO«m
am‘m{^foHo$ Ob‘mhaÝ˶m
hñVmV² g¥Vmo ho‘KQ>mo ¶wd˶m: &
gmonmZ‘mJ}U H$amo{V eãX§
R§>R§ R>R>§ R>§ R>R>R>§ R>R>§ R>: &&6&&
-(g‘ñ¶mny{V©:)

81

d¥Îm‘²-emXÿ©b{dH«$s{S>V‘²
{^jw: ¹$mpñV ~bo‘©Io

newn{V: qH$ Zmñ˶gm¡ JmoHw$bo
‘w½Yo nÞJ^yfU:

g{I gXm eoVo M Vñ¶mon[a &
Am¶} ‘w#m {dfmX‘mew

H$‘bo Zmh§ àH¥$˶m Mbm
MoËW§ d¡ {J[aOmg‘wÐgwV¶mo:

gå^mfU§ nmVw d: &&7&&
-(dmH$modm³¶‘²)

gpÝY{dJ«hm:

1) ~hdmo@{n = ~hd: + A{n 9) Ob‘mhaÝ˶m = Ob‘² + AmhaÝ˶m &

2) gd}@{n = gd} + A{n & 10) ¹$mpñV = ¹$ + ApñV &

3) Z¡VmÑem: = Z + EVmÑem: & 11) Zmñ˶gm¡ = Z + ApñV + Agm¡ &

4) d¥{ï>{^amЩ¶pÝV = d¥{ï>{^: + AmЩ¶pÝV & 12) Vñ¶mon[a = Vñ¶ + Cn[a &

5) Z‘ñVw䶑² = Z‘: + Vw䶑² & 13) {dfmX‘mew = {dfmX‘² + Amew &

6) ¶‘ñVw = ¶‘: + Vw & 14) Zmh‘² = Z + Ah‘² &

7) VWm{n = VWm + A{n & 15) MoËW‘² = M + BËW‘² &

8) ¶mMVo@¶‘² = ¶mMVo + A¶‘² &

ñnï>rH$aU‘²
íbmoH$: 1 - AÝVambmnñ¶ CXmhaU‘² EVV² & AÌ àíZMVwï>¶§ dV©Vo & àíZo Ed Vñ¶ CÎma§ dV©Vo & Efm

eãXmbL²>H$mañ¶ M‘ËH¥${V: & H$ñ¶{MX² Ajañ¶ g§¶moOZoZ {dKQ>ZoZ dm àíZñ¶ CÎma§ àm߶Vo & ¶Wm -

1) H§$ g§OKmZ H¥$îU: ? H¥$îU: H§$ ‘m[aVdmZ² ? CÎma‘² - H§$g§ OKmZ H¥$îU: & 2) H$m erVbdm{hZr J“m ?

CÎma‘² - H$merVbdm{hZr J“m & 3) Ho$ XmanmofUaVm: ? Xmam: Zm‘ nËZr & XmamUm§ (Hw$Qw>å~ñ¶) nmofUo Ho$ aVm: ?

CÎma‘² - Ho$Xma-nmofUaVm: & Ho$Xmam: Zm‘ joÌm{U & 4) H§$ ~bdÝV§ Z ~mYVo erV‘² ? CÎma‘² - H$å~bdÝV§

erV§ Z ~mYVo & ¶: H$å~b§ Yma¶{V, V§ erV§ Z ~mYVo B{V &

íbmoH$: 2 - Aݶmop³VH$mì¶àH$mañ¶ CXmhaU‘oVV² & MmVH$: njr ZdOb{~ÝXÿZ² Ed {n~{V & AV: ‘oK: Ed Vñ¶
Aml¶: & gd} ‘oKm: ObXm¶H$m: Z & Ho$MZ dgwYm§ d¥{ï>{^: AmЩ¶pÝV, Ho$MZ d¥Wm Ed JO©pÝV & AV: H${d: MmVH§$
dX{V, ""Ëd§ ¶§ ¶§ ní¶{g Vñ¶ Vñ¶ nwaV: XrZ§ dM: ‘m ~«y{h &'' MmVH$‘mܶ‘oZ dñVwV: H${d: XrZOZmZ² C{Ôí¶
dX{V, ""¶o ¶o Y{ZH$m: Vofm§ nwaV: XrZV¶m ¶mMZm§ ‘m $Hw$éV, ¶V: gd} XmZeyam: Z gpÝV &

íbmoH$: 3 - ho ¶‘amOghmoXa d¡ÚamO, Vw䶧 Z‘: & ¶‘: Vw àmUmZ² ha{V {H$ÝVw Ëd§ Vw àmUmZ² YZm{Z M gdª ha{g &
EVoZ íbmoHo$Z H${d: YZbwãYmZ² An[an¹$d¡ÚmZ² {ZÝX{V hmg#m OZ¶{V &

82

íbmoH$: 4 - {MÌH$mì¶ñ¶ Ana: àH$mamo@¶‘² & Añ¶ gabmW©: dV©Vo - H$íMZ OZ: amjgoä¶: gwVm§ öËdm OZH$ñ¶

nwat JV: & Ana: AW©: - H$íMZ OZ: amjgoä¶: OZH$ñ¶ gwVm§ öËdm nwat JV: & AÌ H$V¥©nX§ Jw᧠VX² AÝdoï>춑² &

am‘m¶Uo B©Ñe: H$mo@{n C„oI: ZmpñV & Z H$mo@{n amjgoä¶: gwVm§ öËdm OZH$nwat ({nV¥nwat) JV: & Z dm OZH$gwVm§

amjgoä¶: öËdm ñdnwat JV: & AV: CÎmañ¶ AdJ‘Z§ Z ^d{V & CÎmañ¶ Ad~moYm¶ "amjgoä¶:' B{V n#m‘r{d^³Vo:

~hþdMZ‘² B{V Z J«hrV춑² & à˶wV "amjgmZm‘² Bä¶:' amjgoä¶: B{V fð>r VËnwéfg‘mg: J«hUr¶: & VoZ CÎma§

àm߶Vo - amjgmZm‘² Bä¶: (amOm) amdU: & VoZ AW©g“{V: A{n ^d{V & ¶Wm - amdU: (amjgoä¶:) OZH$ñ¶

gwVm§ öËdm nwat JV: &

íbmoH$: 5 - Ef: ûcmoH$: H$mì¶àdmh: B{V H$mì¶gL>²J«hmV² CÕ¥V:, H${d: - lr. gXm{ed Ͷå~H$ ahmVoH$a & EVX²
An•þ{V-AbL²>H$mañ¶ CXmhaU‘² & A¶§ OZ: ¶Ú{n Z ^³V: Z nyOH$: VWm{n ñd¶§ KÊQ>m§ ZmX¶Vo & g: Z ¶mMH$:

Z dm {ZY©Z: VWm{n OZoä¶: (OZmZ²) YZ§ ¶mMVo & V{h© dXV, g: H$: ? Añ¶ CÎma§ dV©Vo & "H$:hdmZ¶mH$bmo&'

({dnarVH«$‘oU nR>V &)

íbmoH$: 6 - g‘ñ¶mnyV}: CXmhaU‘² EVV² & "R>§R§ R>R>§ R>§ R>R>R>§ R>R>§ R>: &' B{V dV©Vo g‘ñ¶m & am‘ñ¶ amÁ¶m{^foH$g‘¶o
H$m{MV² ¶wdVr gwdU©KQ>oZ ObmZ`Zo ‘¾m AmgrV² & gmonmZ‘mJ}U J‘Zg‘¶o Vñ¶m: hñVmV² gwdU©KQ>: n{VV:, VXm

¶: Üd{Z: A^dV² g Ed eãXmo@¶‘² &

íbmoH$: 7 - bú‘rnmd©Ë¶mo: g§dmXmo@¶‘² & AÌ bú‘r: nmd©Vt {edñ¶ CnpñW{V{df¶o àíZmZ² n¥ÀN>{V & VËH¥$Vo
gm B©Ñem{Z {deofUm{Z ¶moO¶{V ¶oZ {edñ¶ AYZËd§ gy{MV§ ^d{V & búå¶m: EV§ ^md§ kmËdm MVwam nmd©Vr A{n

gdm©{U {deofUm{Z gw~wX²Ü¶m Zmam¶U§ à{V n[adV©¶{V & V¶mo: g§dmX:

bú‘r: = {^jw: ({ed:) Hw$Ì ApñV?

nmd©Vr = ~bo: ‘Io (dm‘Zê$noU JV: Ibw &)

bú_r: = newn{V: (Hw$Ì ApñV?)

nmd©Vr = {H$_² Agm¡ JmoHw$bo ZmpñV?

bú‘r: = ‘w½Yo, nÞJ^yfU: (Hw$Ì ApñV?)

nmd©Vr = g{I, gXm Vñ¶ (eofñ¶) Cn[a M eoVo &

bú‘r: = Am¶}, {dfmX§ (Xþ:I§/{df‘² A{Îm g: {dfmX: {ed:, V§) ‘w#m &

nmd©Vr = H$‘bo, Ah§ (ËdËgÑer) àH¥$˶m Z Mbm &

V¶mo: B©Ñe: g§dmX: d: (`wî_mZ²) nmVw (ajVw) &

ûcmoH$: 1 ^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 2. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

A) H¥$îU: H§$ OKmZ? Am) XmanmofUo Ho$ aVm: ? {deofU‘² {deo²
dM:
B) H§$$erV§ Z ~mYVo? ~hd:

2. g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§ {bIV & XrZ‘² MmVH$:

H¥$îU:, J“m, aV:, ~bdmZ² & Aå^moXm:

3. "J“m' B{V nXñ¶ {deofU‘² ApÝdî¶V {bIV M & 3. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &
4. "H§$ g§OKmZ' B{V íbmoH§$ ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m ñnï>rHw$éV & A) Aå^moXm: dgwYm‘² AmЩ¶pÝV &
(H$V¥©nX‘² EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &)
ûcmoH$: 2. Am) Ëd§ XrZ§ dM: ‘m ~«y{h &
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & ("Ëd§' ñWmZo ^dmZ² ¶moO¶V &)

A) JJZo Ho$ gpÝV ? 4. "ao ao MmVH$' B{V íbmoH§$ ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m ñnï>rHw$éV &
Am) H${d: H§$ "{‘Ì' B{V gå~moY¶{V?

B) ObXm: H$m‘² AmЩ¶pÝV? 83

ûcmoH$: 3. 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
A) ¶mMVo@¶‘² = ¶mMVo + &
A) $H${d: H§$ Z‘{V? Am) $H$m¡ àmUmZ² haV:?
B) d¡Ú:$qH$ qH$ ha{V? Am) ¶mMH$mo dm = + dm &

2. íbmoH$mV² gå~moYZmÝVnXÛ¶‘² ApÝdî¶ {bIV & 3. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &

3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & Z
¶‘:, d¡Ú:, ghmoXa:, YZ‘²
Z bmoH$¶mZdmhH$: Z
4. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &
A) $ Z‘: & ("d¡ÚamO' eãXñ¶ ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ Z
{bIV)
Am) d¡Ú: àmUmZ² ha{V & (dm³¶§ bL²>-bH$mao ûcmoH$: 6.
n[adV©¶V &) 1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

5. "d¡ÚamO Z‘ñVw䶑²' Añ¶ íbmoH$ñ¶ ñnï>rH$aU§ A) $H$: eãX§ H$amo{V?
‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV & Am) H$ñ¶m: hñVmV² gwdU©KQ>: n{VV:?

6. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V & 2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & ñnï>rH$aU§
ha{V ho‘, Ob‘², eãX: &
d¡ÚamO:
¶‘amO: 3. "am‘m{^foHo$' Añ¶ íbmoH$ñ¶
‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &

ûcmoH$: 7.

1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

ûcmoH$: 4. A) ûcmoHo$ H$¶mo: gå^mfU§ dV©Vo?
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & Am) ûcmoHo$ {Z{X©ï>m{Z gå~moYZnXm{Z {bIV &

A) $OZH$ñ¶ gwVm§ öËdm H$: ¶¶m¡? B) {dîUw: {^jwê$noU Hw$Ì JÀN>{V?
B©) {dîUw: Hw$Ì eoVo ?
Am) AÌ H$V©¥nX§ {H$‘² ? 2. g‘mZmW©H§$ nX§ {bIV &
{^jw:, ‘I:, newn{V:, H$‘bm, {J[aOm
2. g‘mZmW©H§$ nX§ {bIV &
gwVm, nwar, ¶¶m¡, npÊS>V: & 3. ûcmoHo$ H$m{Z {H«$¶mnXm{Z ?
CnH«$‘:
3. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &
A) amjgoä¶: OZH$ñ¶ gwVm§ öËdm nwat ¶¶m¡ & 1) $"g‘ñ¶mny{V©'-íbmoH$mZm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &

(bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &) ¶Wm- A) ‘¥JmV² qgh: nbm¶Vo &

Am) ¶mo OmZm{V g npÊS>V: & Am) eVMÝЧ Z^ñVb‘² &

(~hþdMZo n[adV©¶V &) 2) Aݶmop³VíbmoH$mZm§
gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &
4. àW‘mÝV§ {ÛVr¶mÝV§ M nX§ {MËdm {bIV &
3) H$m‘{n Aݶm‘²
ûcmoH$: 5. EH$m§ àho{bH$m§ {bIV &
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) $H$: YZ§ ¶mMVo?

Am) "A¶§ Z ^³Vmo' B{V àho{bH$m¶m: CÎma§ {H$‘²?

84

MVwX©e: nmR>: à{VnX§ g§ñH¥$V‘² &

g§ñH¥$V^mfm ^maVñ¶ kmZ^mfm dV©Vo & g§ñH¥$Vo {dÚ‘mZ§ x $A{n g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ Aܶ¶Z§ Zm‘ aQ>Z§
kmZ§ H$mbmVrV‘² AÚm{n gwg“V§ M & "{H$‘Wª g§ñH¥$V‘² ?' VWm M àm¶: VV² A{YH$JwUmZ²
"H$: bm^: g§ñH¥$VnR>ZoZ ‘‘ ?' "{dÚmb¶moÎma‘{n ApñV dm àmáw‘² Ed H$aUr¶‘² ?
g§ñH¥$Vmܶ¶Zñ¶ Adga: ?' "A{n g§ñH¥$Vmܶ¶ZoZ Ah§ d¥{Îm§
b^o¶ ?' B{V ~hd: àíZm: N>mÌOrdZo Añ‘mZ² gÝÌmg¶pÝV & x g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: Cn¶moOZ§ Ho$fw
g§ñH¥$Vmܶ¶ZoZ ¶wJmZwHy$bm d¥{Îm: Vw bä¶Vo Ed A{n Vw ¶pñ‘Z² H$m¶©joÌofw ^d{V ?
joÌo d¶§ H$m¶©aVm: VÌ Añ‘mH§$ JwUdÎmm A{n dY©Vo & VXWª
g§ñH¥$V‘² Adí¶‘² AܶoV춑² & ¶: g§ñH¥$V§ gå¶H²$ OmZm{V g
Ed ¶WmW©V¶m Vñ¶ gd}fw joÌofw Cn¶moOZ§ H$Vwª e³Zmo{V &

(g§dmXñWb‘² - {d‘mZVbñ¶ àVrjmb¶: &) Ho$MZ OZm: ¶mÌm¶m: Amaå^mWª àVrjÝVo & Ho$MZ gwIoZ
{ZÐm‘¾m: & Ho$MZ H$m°{’$nmZñ¶ AmZÝX‘² AZw^dpÝV & VÌ EH$m ‘hmoX¶m àmßZmo{V & gm Cn{dí¶ {H$‘{n
nwñVH§$ n{R>Vw§ àma^Vo & nwñVH$ñ¶ ‘wIn¥ð>o g§ñH¥$V-gyp³V-gL²>J«h: B{V erf©H§$ dV©Vo & VV² ÑîQ‰>m g‘rnñW:
H$mo@{n ‘hmOZ: V¶m gh d³Vw§ àma^Vo &
‘hmoX¶: - A{n ^dVr g§ñH¥$V§ nmR>¶{V ?
‘hmoX¶m - (gpñ‘V§) Z Ibw &

85

‘hmoX¶: - ^d˶m: g‘rno EV§ gw^m{fVgL²>J«h§ ÑîQ‰>m ‘¶m Ed§ {MpÝVV‘² &
‘hmoX¶m - Amoh² ! ¶Ú{n g§ñH¥$V§ Z nmR>¶m{‘ VWm{n Añ¶ nwñVH$ñ¶ ‘‘ H$m¶©joÌoU gh gå~ÝY: ApñV &
‘hmoX¶: - Ed‘² & H$pñ‘Z² joÌo H$m¶©aVm ^dVr ?
‘hmoX¶m - Ah§ ì¶dñWmnZà{e{jH$mê$noU H$m¶ª H$amo{‘ & ‘¶m AdJV§ ¶X² am‘m¶U-‘hm^maV-{H$amVmOw©Zr¶-

aKwd§e-B˶m{Xfw ~hd: íbmoH$m: gpÝV ¶ofw ì¶dñWmnZemóñ¶ ‘ybVÎdm{Z Ñï>mÝVg{hVm{Z
{Z{X©ï>m{Z & AZoZ H$m춑mܶ‘oZ {df¶àdoe: gwJ‘: ^d{V & Efm nÕ{V: ‘¶m ñdrH¥$Vm OZ¡a{n
A{^‘Vm & AV: ‘¶m nwZaoH$dma§ g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: g§ñH¥$VH$mì¶mXrZm§ M Aܶ¶Z§ àmaãY‘² &
‘hmoX¶: - Ahmo Amü¶©‘²! embm¶m: AZÝVa§ IpÊS>V§ ‘‘ g§ñH¥$Vmܶ¶Z‘² & VX{n AYwZ¡d nwZ: AmaãY‘² &
‘hmoX¶m - H$W§ H$W‘² ?
‘hmoX¶: - dñVwV: Ah§ dm{UÁ¶emIm¶m: ñZmVH$: & {d{YemIm¶m: nXdr A{n àmám ‘¶m & gmåàV§
~hþam{ï´>¶g§ñWm¶m§ {d{Y{d‘e©H$ê$noU H$m¶ª H$amo{‘ & VXZwg¥Ë¶ H$m¡{Q>br¶‘² AW©emó§,
¶mkd볶ñ‘¥{V: B˶mXrZm§ J«ÝWmZm‘² Aܶ¶Z§ gmhmæ¶H$a§ ^doV² B{V Jwé{^: C³V‘² & AV: AYwZm
Ah§ emó{df¶H$mUm§ g§ñH¥$VJ«ÝWmZm‘² Aܶ¶Zo ¶ËZ§ H$amo{‘ & (ñ¶yVmV² {H$‘{n g§ñH¥$VnwñVH§$
Xe©¶{V &)
(V¶mo: n¥ð>V: Ho$MZ ¶wdH$m: Jmo{ð>fw aVm: & àgmX:, g‘ra:, brZm VWm VZwOm B˶oVm{Z
nañna{‘Ìm{U & Vofw AݶV‘: VV² nwñVH§$ ÑîQ‰>m ‘hmoX¶‘² CnJå¶ dX{V &)
g‘ra: - ‘hmoX¶, ^dVmo: g§dmXo g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ gÝX^©: lwV: ‘¶m & ^dmZ{n {dœg§ñH¥$Vn[af{Þ{‘Îm§ {dXoe§
àpñWV: ?
‘hmoX¶: - Z Ibw & na§ H$sÑer Efm {dœg§ñH¥$Vn[afX²? A{n ^dmZ² g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ N>mÌ: ?
g‘ra: - Am‘² & Ah‘² Am¶. Am¶. Q>r. AWm©V² ^maVr¶-àm¡Úmo{JH$s-g§ñWmZ‘² BË¶Ì g“UH$ -
A{^¶mpÝÌH$s B{V {df¶ñ¶ N>mÌ: & VÌ N>mÌm: g§ñH¥$V‘{n n{R>Vw§ e³ZwdpÝV & Aï>mܶm¶r B{V
ì¶mH$aUemó{df¶H$: J«ÝW: nmR>çVo VÌ ‘mZì¶{dÚm{d^mJo & Ah§ g§ñH¥$Vì¶mH$aU§ g“UH$emó§
M B{V {df¶‘² A{YH¥$˶ g§emoYZ§ H$amo{‘ & V{Ûf¶H§$ emoY{Z~ÝY§ àñVmoVw‘² Ah§ n[af{X {Z‘pÝÌV: &
‘hmoX¶m - Ahmo Amü¶©‘²! VÝÌkmZg§ñWm¶m‘²? g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ Aܶ¶Z‘² ?
‘hmoX¶: - ‘hm{dÚmb¶o g§ñH¥$Vmܶ¶Z§ Ho$db§ H$bmemIm¶m: N>mÌm: Hw$d©pÝV B˶mgrV² ‘o ‘{V: &
g‘ra: - {Vð>Vw VmdV² & V{h© Adí¶§ ‘ob¶m{‘ ‘o {‘Ìm{U & EVo gd}@{n n[af{X gh^m{JZ: &
àgmX: - (AJ«o AmJ˶) Z‘ñVo & Ah§ agm¶Zemóñ¶ N>mÌ: & àmMrZ^maVr¶agm¶Zemó‘² B{V ‘‘
g§emoYZjoÌ‘² & V{Ûf¶H$m: J«ÝWm: g§ñH¥$V^mf¶m {b{IVm: & embm¶m§ ¶X² g§ñH¥$Vmܶ¶Z§ H¥$V§ Vñ¶
Cn¶w³VVm‘² Ah‘² AYwZm AdJÀN>m{‘ &
brZm - Ah‘{n ^mfmemó‘² AYr˶ ~o“bwê$ BË¶Ì gm°âQ>doAa-joÌo ^maVr¶^mfm{díbo{fH$mê$noU H$m¶ª
H$amo{‘ & g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ kmZ‘² AmYw{ZH$^maVr¶-^mfmUm§ {díbofUo AVrd gmhmæ¶H$a§ ^d{V B{V ‘o
AZw^d: &
VZwOm - nmœ©{ZdoXZ‘² B{V ‘o ì¶dgm¶: & g§ñH¥$VíbmoH$mXrZm§ nR>ZoZ eãXmoƒmaUñ¶ CÎm‘: Aä¶mg:
^d{V & VoZ A{^Z¶o {ZdoXZo M à^md: dY©Vo & gmåàV§ H$bmjoÌo H$m¶©aVm: Añ‘mgw Ho$MZ
^aV‘wZo: ZmQ>çemóñ¶ Aܶ¶Z§ Hw$d©pÝV &
g‘ra: - ^mo:, ^maVr¶{dÚm¶m: Zm‘ ^maVr¶VÎdkmZ-¶moJemó-B{Vhmg- ñWmn˶m{XemómUm‘² Aܶ¶Zm¶
{dXoeoîd{n Z¡Ho$ OZm: CËgwH$m: & VXWª H$müZ Xÿa{MÌdm{hݶ: A{n gpÝV & VÌ g§ñH¥$VVÁkmZm‘²
Amdí¶H$Vm dV©Vo & ‘‘ gwöX² Ame¶gånmXH$ê$noU VÌ H$m¶©aV: &

86

‘hmoX¶m - Añ‘m{^: g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ Aܶ¶Z§ embm¶m§ H¥$V‘² & na§ Vñ¶ AZoZ àH$maoU Cn¶moOZ§ ^do{X{V
Añ‘m{^: Z¡d {MpÝVV‘² &

‘hmoX¶: - g˶‘od &
brZm - ¶pñ‘Z² H$pñ‘Þ{n joÌo d¶§ d¥Î¶Wª H$m¶©aVm: ñ¶m‘, VÌ g§ñH¥$VkmZ‘² Añ‘ËH¥$Vo {deofmh©Vm

^d{V &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & Am) Ho$Z ‘mܶ‘oZ {df¶àdoe: gwJ‘: ^d{V ?
A) ‘hmoX¶m qH$ H$m¶ª H$amo{V ? B©) g‘ra: {H$‘² A{YH¥$˶ g§emoYZ§ H$amo{V ?
B) ì¶mH$aUemó{df¶H$J«ÝWñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ? D$) VZwOm¶m: ì¶dgm¶: H$: ?
C) àgmXñ¶ g§emoYZjo̧ {H$‘² ?
E) eãXmoƒmaUñ¶ Aä¶mg: Ho$Z ^d{V ?

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
A) g§ñH¥$Vmܶ¶Z‘² AݶjoÌofw H$W‘² Cn¶w³V‘² ?

3. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &

A) íbmoHo$fw ì¶dñWmnZemóñ¶ ‘ybVÎdm{Z {Z{X©ï>m{Z & Am) nXdr ‘¶m àmám &

B) àgmXoZ g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ Aܶ¶Z§ embm¶m§ H¥$V‘² & B©) g‘ra: n[af{X {Z‘pÝÌV: &

C) g§ñH¥$Vmܶ¶Z§ H$bmemIm¶m: N>mÌm: Hw$d©pÝV &

4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ ‘ob¶V & 7. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

A) g§emoYZ‘², AdJV‘², gwJ‘:, ^mfm {deofU‘² {deo²

Am) kmV‘², gwb^:, AZwgÝYmZ‘², ^maVr ~hd: J«ÝWmZ²

5. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & gwJ‘: OZm:
{‘Ìm{U, CËgwH$m:, {dXoe: EH$m kmZ‘²
emó{df¶H$mZ² Aä¶mg:

6. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & gmhmæ`H$a‘² ‘{hbm

(A) OZ¡a{n (Am) AYwZ¡d (B) gd}@{n CÎm‘: {df¶àdoe:

(B©) {dXoeoîd{n (C) H$pñ‘Þ{n CËgwH$m: íbmoH$m:

8. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &

A) Ah§ dm{UÁ¶emIm¶m: ñZmVH$: & (~hþdMZo n[adV©¶V &)
Am) Ah‘² Aܶ¶Zo ¶ËZ§ H$amo{‘ & (dm³¶§ {d{Y{bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)

B) g: ‘hmoX¶‘² CnJå¶ dX{V & (nyd©H$mbdmMH§$ {ZîH$mñ¶ dm³¶§ {bIV &)
B©) A{n ^dVr g§ñH¥$V§ nmR>¶{V? ("^dVr' ñWmZo "Ëd§' ¶moO¶V &)
C) nXdr A{n àmám ‘¶m & (à¶moJn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &)
E) N>mÌm: g§ñH¥$V‘{n n{R>Vw§ e³ZwdpÝV & (EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &)
Eo) d¶§ H$m¶©aVm: ñ¶m‘ & (bmoQ²>-bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)

87

9) YmVwgm{YV-{deofU-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

YmVw: ³V ³VdVw $H¥$˶m: eV¥/emZM²
àÀN²>-n¥ÀN²> (6 n.n.) aV: n¥ï>dmZ² n¥ÀN>Z²
aÝVì¶:
a‘² (1 Am.n.) H$m¶©: Hw$dm©U:
H¥$ (8 C.n.)

YmVw: ³V ³VdVw $H¥$˶m: eV¥/emZM²
Am+éh²-amoh² (1 n.n.) Amê$T>dmZ² bo{IVì¶: AmamohZ²
{b{IV:
{bI² (6 n.n.) go{dV: go{dVdmZ²
god² (1 Am.n.)

YmVw: ³V ³VdVw $H¥$˶m: eV¥/emZM²
a^²(1 Am.n.) aãY: kmVdmZ² ‘moMZr¶: a^‘mU:
‘wM²-‘w#m² (6 C.n.) ‘w#mZ²
km (9 C.n.) kmV:

YmVw: ³V ³VdVw $H¥$˶m: eV¥/emZM²
nm-{n~² (1 n.n.) à{dï>: no¶: {n~Z²
à+{de² (6 n.n.) à{deZ²

dX² (1 n.n.) C{XVdmZ² dXZr¶:

10. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V & 11. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
A)
{dídg§ñH¥$Vn[af{X gh^m{JZ: OZm:
H$m¡{Q>br¶‘² AW©emó‘²
g‘ra:
g§ñH¥$VJ«ÝWm: agm¶ZemóÀN>mÌ:

brZm
nmíd©{Zdo{XH$m

Am) Aܶ¶Zm¶ Aܶ¶Zm¶
Aܶ¶Zm¶
{dXoer¶m: OZm:
CËgwH$m:

Aܶ¶Zm¶

88

n#mXe: nmR>: ‘mZdVmY‘©: & (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)

$H${b¶wJo@pñ‘Z² gd©Ì {d{dYY‘m©Um§ àMma: ^d{V B{V Ñí¶Vo & x $‘mZdVm Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
{H$ÝVw, "Y‘©:' B{V g‘>ënZm¶m: H$: AW©: B{V MoV² ¶: Yma¶{V g: x ‘mZdVmY‘©‘² AZwg¥Ë¶
Y‘©: & ñdH$V©ì¶ñ¶ nmbZ§ Zm‘ Y‘©: & ¶Wm - amOY‘©:, {nV¥Y‘©:,
H$ݶmY‘©:, n{VY‘©:, nËZrY‘©: B˶mX¶: & gm‘m{OH$H$m¶ª Hw$d©Vm§ OZmZm§
Zm‘m{Z H$W¶V &
¶{X ‘mZd: gd©Ì empÝV‘² BÀN>{V, {ddmX§ ¶wÕ§ M ˶³Vw‘² BÀN>{V
V{h© VoZ ‘mZdVmY‘© Ed nmbZr¶: & gd} Y‘m©: ‘mZdVm{hVdm{XZ:
Ed & AV: ‘mZdVm gd©Y‘m©Um§ ‘yb‘² & g ‘mZdVmY‘© Ed AÌ
d{U©V: ApñV ‘. ‘. S>m°. XodràgmX IadÊS>rH$a‘hm^mJ¡: &

¶W¡d gH$bm ZÚ: à{depÝV ‘hmoX{Y‘²&
VWm ‘mZdVmY‘ª gd} Y‘m©: g‘m{lVm: &&1&&

fS²>O‘ybm ¶Wm gd} g“rVo {d{dYm: ñdam: &
VWm ‘mZdVmY‘ª gd} Y‘m©: g‘m{lVm: &&2&&

EH$s^y¶ ¶Wm gd} dUm© JÀN>pÝV ew³bVm‘² &
VWm gå^y¶ e§gpÝV Y‘m© ‘mZdVmJwU‘² &&3&&

gdª ì¶mßZmo{V g{bb§ eH©$am bdU§ ¶Wm &
Ed§ ‘mZdVmY‘mo© Y‘m©Z² ì¶mßZmo{V gd©Wm &&4&&

¶Wm àH$me¶Ë¶oH$mo ^mZw^w©dZ‘ÊS>b‘² &
Y‘m©Z² àH$me¶Ë¶oH$ñVWm ‘mZdVmJwU: &&5&&

AmË‘m¡n嶧 g‘m{l˶ ‘mZdmo ‘mZd¡: gh &
¶Xm ì¶dhao„moHo$ VXm ‘mZdVm ^doV² &&6&&

gd©Y‘m©Z² n[a˶Á¶ ^O ‘mZdVm§ Yw«d‘² &
Efmo@ä¶wX¶H¥$V² nÝWm: VWm lo¶ñH$amo@{n M &&7&&

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & Am) g“rVo ñdam: H$sÑem: ?
A) gH$bm ZÚ: H§$ à{depÝV ? B©) ^mZw: H§$ àH$me¶{V ?
B) H$: gd©Y‘m©Z² ì¶mßZmo{V ?
C) H$m§ ^O B{V H${d: dX{V ?

2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

A) ^mZw^w©dZ‘ÊS>b‘² = + ^wdZ‘ÊS>b‘² &

Am) àH$me¶Ë¶oH$ñVWm = + + VWm &

B) ì¶dhao„moHo$ = + bmoHo$ &

B©) Efmo@ä¶wX¶H¥$V² = Ef: + &

89

3. nmR>mV² ë¶~ÝV-A춶m{Z {MËdm {bIV

4. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV
A) gd©Y‘m©Z² n[a˶Á¶ Y«wd§ ‘mZdVm§ ^O & (nyd©H$mbdmMH§$ {ZîH$mg¶V&)
Am) ZÚ: ‘hmoXqY à{depÝV & (H$V¥©nX‘² EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &)
B) Ëd§ gd©Y‘m©Z² n[a˶Á¶ ‘mZdVm§ ^O & ("Ëd§' ñWmZo "^dmZ²' ¶moO¶V &)
B©) gd} Y‘m©: ‘mZdVmJwU§ e§gpÝV & (H$‘©dmÀ¶o n[adV©¶V &)
C) ^mZw: ^wdZ‘ÊS>b§ àH$me¶{V & ({UOÝV§ {ZîH$mg¶V &)

5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX‘obZ§ Hw$éV (4) {XZH¥$V² (5) ‘mJ©:
(1) g[a (2) a“: (3) A (B©) nÝWm: (C) g{b

(A) dU (Am) ^mZw: (B) ZXr

6. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV&
A) ‘mZdVmY‘©: Aä¶wX¶H¥$V² H$W§ dV©Vo?
Am) H$Xm ‘mZdVm ^doV²?
B) gd©o Y‘m©: ‘mZdVmY‘ª g‘m{lVm: B{V gmoXmhaU§ ñnï>rHw$éV&

7. {deo: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &

gd} lo¶ñH$a:

gH$bm: fS²>O‘ybm:

8. {H«$¶mnXVm{bH$m§ nya¶V

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: bH$ma:
Z{V©î¶{V {XeoWo
A{‘bm‘ àW‘: b¥Q²>
~.d.
ò½ä¶: ‘ܶ‘: bQ²>
~.d.
¶mo{Jfw CÎm‘: bL²>

9. Zm‘Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V {Ûd. 90 {d^p³V:
E.d. F$pËd½ä¶m‘² V¥Vr¶m
MVwWu
{X{e gá‘r
E.d. {Ûd.
{d^p³V:
lo{ð>Zm¡ gá‘r
YmåZm
àW‘m
V¥Vr¶m

Aä¶mgnÌ‘² 4

(13, 14, 15 nmR>mZm‘² AmYmaoU)
1. dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm g˶‘²/Ag˶‘² B{V {bIV &

A) Aï>mܶm¶r B{V ZmQ>çemó{df¶H$: J«ÝW: ApñV &
Am) g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ kmZ‘² AmYw{ZH$^maVr¶^mfmUm§ {díbofUo AVrd gmhmæ¶H$a§ ^d{V &

2. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dmŠ`§ nwZ{b©IV &

A) g‘rno gw^m{fVgL>²J«h§ ÑîQ‰>m ‘¶m {MpÝVV‘² & (^d˶¡/^d˶m:)

Am) AdJV‘² & (‘¶m/Ah‘²)

B) n¥ð>V: ¶wdH$m: Jmo{ð>fw aVm: & (H$íMZ/Ho$MZ)

B©) Añ‘m{^: g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ Aܶ¶Z§ H¥$V‘² & (embm§/embm¶m§)

C) EVo gd©o@{n gh^m{JZ: & (n[af{X/H$m¶©embm¶m§)

3. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
~bdmZ², nwaV:, {ZY©Z:, {‘Ì‘², npÊS>V:, lo¶ñH$a: &

4. g‘mg{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
XmanmofUaVm:, ¶‘amOghmoXa:, am‘m{^foH$:, newn{V:, nÞJ^yfU:, g‘wÐgwVm, àVrjmb¶:,{ZÐm‘¾:,

g‘rnñW:, gw^m{fVgL²>J«h:, ‘hmH$m춑², ‘hm{dÚmb¶:, ^aV‘w{Z:, {deofmh©Vm, ‘mZdVmY‘©:, gd©Y‘m©:,

Aä¶wX¶H¥$V², Aå^moXm:, gmdYmZ‘Z: &

5. Zm‘Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:

^y{‘ä¶m‘² n#m‘r
{dÚw{V gá‘r

Aå~y{Z àW‘m

6. gd©Zm‘Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:
EVoZ V¥Vr¶m
¶wî‘mZ²/d: {ÛVr¶m

H$mä¶: MVwWu

7. {H«$¶mnXVm{bH$m§ nya¶V & {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: bH$ma:
E.d. ¶ÀN>V: àW‘: bQ²>
ñV‘² ‘ܶ‘: bmoQ²>
{dÝXo`_²
CÎm‘: {d{Y{bL²>

91