4916. Continuing Commitment to Preservation (Ongoing)Yet despite these efforts, extensive parts of the building still require repair and conservation to fully safeguard its historical value. Looking ahead, with limited financial resources and relying primarily on modest rental income to cover future maintenance costs, preserving the building in a dignified and respectable condition will remain an ongoing challenge.The history of the building at Nos. 22 and 24 Properties is more than the evolution of a building—it is the collective memory of the Penang Hakka community’s resilience, adaptability, and enduring commitment to tradition.From its initial government land grant in 1801, through multiple repairs and reconstructions, trials of war, post-war revival, expansion and its ultimate recognition as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this building has silently witnessed generations of people from JIĀ YÌNG striving, persevering and rebuilding their lives in a foreign land. Every leader and member—whether repairing roofs, fundraising tirelessly or complying with stringent heritage regulations—has shouldered responsibility through action. What they have protected is not merely bricks and mortar, but a spiritual emblem of ethnic identity.The Association firmly believes that cultural heritage should not remain relics of the past, but must be sustained as “living heritage”. We will continue our efforts to preserve and revitalize the building, ensuring it responds to contemporary and future needs in culture, education and community connection.Stones may weather, but the spirit never fades.The JIĀ YÌNG spirit endures.
50附录1\/Figure 1: Title Deed dated the 2nd day of November 1801
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52Typescript of Title Deed dated the 2nd day of November 1801KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS that I, SIR GEORGE LEITH Bart., LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR OF PRINCE OF WALES’ ISLAND by virtue of authority from the GOVERNOR-GENERAL IN COUNCIL OF FORT WILLIAM in BENGAL, do hereby give and grant unto CHINA ABOON and his heirs for ever a piece of ground situated on the West side of King Street, George Town, bounded to the Eastward by King Street measuring along that street twenty feet and a half, bounded to the Westward by the ground belonging to Captain Proby’s Estate and measuring on that side Twenty-one feet bounded to the Northward by CONGSEE HINFO’s ground and measuring on that side Eighty feet, bounded to the Southward by LO A TENG’s ground and measuring on that side Eighty feet estimated to contain eleven square Lumbas and a half and with full and sufficient powers to them to sell, assign and dispose of the same as to them may deem proper subject however from the date hereof to an annual quit-rent of one Spanish Dollar. Given under my hand and the seal of the Honourable the East India Company at Fort Cornwallis, Prince of Wales Island this second day of November in the year of our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and One. Signed: G. Leith LIEUTENANT GOVERNORBy order of LIEUTENANT GOVERNORSealed and sd. Phillip Mannington SecretaryRegistered by the order of LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR No. 287This 2nd day of November 1801.Sd. (Philip Mannngton)General Register No. 168
53附录2\/Figure 2: Nonia Boo’s affirmation on the 7th day of August 1841
54Typescript of Nonia Boo’s affirmation on the 7th day ofAugust 1841Affirmation made by NONIA BOO of Prince of Wales Island, Inhabitant, on the Seventh day of August One Thousand Eight Hundred Forty-One.You solemnly affirm in the presence of Almighty God that you believe CHINA ABOON formerly of Prince of Wales Island Inhabitant but lately to wit about twenty-five years ago departed this life in Chia without making any Will, and that you are the widow of the said deceased and as such you will truly and faithfully administer his Effects, by paying Debts so far as his Effects will extend, and the Law requires, and that you will exhibit a true and perfect inventory of all his Effects, and likewise a just account of this your Administratrixship into the Court of Judicature of Prince of Wales Island, Singapore and Malacca, when you shall be thereto lawfully required so to do. Affirmed in open Court of Prince of )Wales Island the 7th day of August 1841 ) Mark of NONIA BOOExplained by me …… InterpreterBefore me,Sd. (illegible)Acting Registrar
55附录3\/Figure 3: Letter of administration dated the 7th dayt t t of August 1841
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57Typescript of Letter of administration dated the 7th day ofAugust 1841LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATIONIn the Court of Judicature of Prince of Wales Island, Singapore and MalaccaToNonia Boo of Prince of Wales Island InhabitantWhereas China AboonLATELY DIED INTESTATE.The said Court being desirous that the Goods, Chattels and Credits of the said Deceased should be well and truly administered and disposed of, and he Credits of the said Deceased demanded and received, and all his just Debts paid, as far as his Goods, Chattels and Credits shall extend, and the Law requires; doth hereby, relying on your fidelity, commit to you the Administration ________________ of all and singular the Goods, Chattels and Credits to the said Deceased, in any-wise belonging, having first made solemn affirmation well and truly to administer the same, and also to exhibit into the said Court, a true and perfect inventory of all the said Goods, Chattels and Credits, and likewise a just account of all the effects of the said Deceased, when you shall thereto lawfully required. And the said Court doth by these Presents appoint you Administratrix of all and singular the said Goods, Chattels and Credits. Given under the seal of the said Court, at Prince of Wales Island the Seventh day of August in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-one.Sum affirms to … 70\/= or thereabout Sd. (illegible)Acting Registrar
58附录4\/Figure 4: Deed of Gift dated the 27th day of Septembert t t 1842 by Nonia Boo to Tan Seoo Neo, Fong Engt t t Quee and Chin Check Cheong
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60Typescript of Deed of Gift dated the 27th day of September1842 by Nonia Boo to Tan Seoo Neo, Fong Eng Quee andChin Check CheongKnow All Men by these Presents that I NONIA BOO of Prince of Wales Island the Widow and Administratrix of CHINA ABOON late of the said Island deceased for the natural love and affection which I have unto and be or towards my Son LOH YU FOONG my Daughter TAN SEOO NEO, and my Sons in Law FONG ENG QUEE and CHIN CHECK CHEONG all of the said Island and also for other divers good causes and consideration are hereunto…ing Have granted assigned transferred and set over and by these Presents do grant assign transfer and set over under the said LOH YU FOONG, TAN SEOO NEO, FONG ENG QUEE and CHIN CHECK CHEONG All that piece or parcel of Ground situate on the West side of King Street George Town in the said Island more particularly mentioned and described in a certain Grant bearing date the Second day of November One thousand eight hundred and one under the Hand of SIR GEORGE LEITH BARONET then Lieutenant Governor of the said Island and the Seal of the East India Company Registered No. 287 Re-registered No. 5901 and thereby granted unto the said China Aboon and his heirs for ever the boundaries and measurement of which said piece or parcel of Ground are in the said Grant set forth and described reference being thereunto had will more fully and at large appear . To Have and To Hold the said piece or parcel of Ground hereby assigned or set over together with the Plank House thereon erected and built and other the appurtenances thereunto belonging unto the said LOH YU FOONG, TAN SEOO NEO, FONG ENG QUEE and CHIN CHECK CHEONG as Tenants in Common and not as Joint Tenants and their Heirs and Assigns forever henceforth for ever but without any right power or authority to and in the said LOH YU FOONG, TAN SEOO NEO, FONG ENG QUEE and CHIN CHECK CHEONG or either of them their or either of their Heirs to sell assign mortgage or otherwise alienate the said piece or parcel
61of Ground and Premises but which shall always remain to and for the use and benefit of the said LOH YU FOONG, TAN SEOO NEO, FONG ENG QUEE and CHIN CHECK CHEONG and their respective Heirs and assigns for ever.In Witness whereof I the said NONIA BOO as such Widow and Administratrix as aforesaid have to these presents set my Hand and Seal at Prince of Wales Island aforesaid this Seventh day of September One thousand eight hundred and forty two. Signed, Sealed and Delivered having been first duly explained in the Malayan language in the presence of Sd. (illegible)廖五Sd. (illegible)))))))The Mark of XNONIA BOO
62附录5\/Figure 5: Deed of Gift dated the 12th day of July 1866t t t by Fong Eng Quee to Fong LUAN POW
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64Typescript of Deed of Gift dated the 12th day of July 1866by Fong Eng Quee to Fong LUAN POWTo all to whom these Presents shall come I FONG ENG QUEE of Prince of Wales Island Inhabitant send greetings. Whereas by virtue of a certain deed of assignment bearing date the 7th day of September in the year of Christ 1842 under the hand and seal of NONIA BOO late of the said Island widow and administratrix to the goods chattels and effects which were of China Aboon also of the said Island deceased, the piece a parcel of ground hereditaments and buildings hereinafter described and intended to be hereby partly granted and confirmed were conveyed and assumed unto the said FONG ENG QUEE, TAN SEEO NEO, LOH YU FOONG & CHIN CHECK CHEONG as tenants in common and their respective heirs & assigns from thereforth for ever to & for their use & benefit & subject to the restrictions & provisos therein contained & declared of & concerning the same (a true copy of which deed is hereunto appendid) and Whereas the said TAN SEOO NEO have departed this life about five years ago leaving me the said FONG ENG QUEE the husband & FONG LUAN POW the son her surviving. Now know ye & this deed witnesseth for in consideration of the sum of One Spanish Dollar this day paid to me by the said FONG LUAN POW the receipt whereof I do hereby acknowledge do hereby part release & confirm unto the said FONG LUAN POW all my estate right title interest at law and in equity as well as that of my said wife TAN SEOO NEO in and to the said undivided piece on the parcel of ground hereditaments & buildings situate on the West side of King Street George Town in the said Island more particularly mentioned and described in a certain grant bearing date the 2nd day of November 1891 under the hand of SIR GEORGE LEITH BARONET then Lieutenant Governor of the said Island and the Seal of the East India Company Registered No. 287 Re-registered No. 590 to thereby granted unto the said China Aboon & his heirs forever the boundaries measurement of which said piece or parcel of ground are in the said Grant set forth & described
65reference being thereunto had will more fully and at large appear.To Have & To Hold the said estate right title interest share benefit claim & demand whatsoever in and to the said piece or parcel of ground hereditaments & building hereby confirmed and assumed or intended so to be, together with all & every other privilege advantages & appurtenances whatsoever thereto belonging or in any wise appertaining unto the said FONG LUAN POW his heirs and assigns for ever, subject nevertheless to the provisos & restrictions hereinbefore referred to & contained in the said deed of assignment dated the 7th day of September 1842 registered No. 4491 dated the 29th June 1866. In Witness whereof I the said FONG ENG QUEE have to these presents set my hand & seal at Prince of Wales Island aforesaid this Twelfth day of July 1866. Signed, sealed & delivered in the presence of Sd. (illegible)Sd. (illegible)))))))冯登贵 Seal
66附录6\/Figure 6: Statutory declaration affirmed by Tan Queet t Neoh on 1st day of Febuary 1895
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70Typescript of Statutory declaration affirmed by Tan QueeNeoh on 1st day of Febuary 1895In the Police CourtPenangI, TAN QUEE NEOH of Penang Widow, do solemnly and sincerely declare that By a Deed Poll under the hand seal of NONIA BOO late of Penang dated the 7th day of September 1842 Registered No. 4491 of 1866 the said NONIA BOO granted assigned transferred and set over her son, LOH YU FOONG, her daughter TAN SEOO NEOO and her son-in-law, FONG ENG QUEE (husband and wife) and her son-in-law CHIN CHECK CHEONG All that piece of land with the messuage erected thereon situate on the West side of King Street in Penang being the whole of the land comprised in Government Grant No. 287 of 1801 known as Lot 71 of Town Subdivision XX To hold the same unto and to the use of said LOH YU FOONG, TAN SOEE NEOO, FONG ENG QUEE and CHIN CHECK CHEONG as tenants in common and not as joint tenants.2.By a Deed Poll dated the 12th day of July 1866 made the hand and seal of FONG ENG QUEE Registered No. 4516 of 1866 after reciting that the said TAN SEOO NEOO died about five years before leaving him the said FONG ENG QUEE, her husband, and FONG LUAN POW, her son, her surviving the said FONG ENG QUEE, granted, released and confirmed unto the said FONG ENG QUEE All his estate right title and interest claim and demand whatsoever both at law or in equity as well as that of his wife the said TAN SEOO NEOO of in and to All the land hereinafter described To hold the same unto the said FONG LUAN POW his heirs and assigns for ever.3.By a Deed Poll dated the 11th day of April 1888 under the hand and seal of the said FONG LUAN POW (Reg.d No: of ) the said FONG LUAN POW granted bar-
71gained and sold all his estate right title and interest claim and demand whatsoever of in to and upon All the land hereinbefore described unto me the said TAN QUEE NEOH my heirs executors administrators and assigns for ever.4.The said CHIM CHECK CHEONG died about 30 years ago and Letters of Administration to his estate and effects were on the 14th day of January 1895 granted by the Supreme Court at Penang unto me the said TAN QUEE NEOH as his daughter and sole surviving child.5. The said LOH YU FOONG died about 31 or 32 years ago a minor of the age of 16 years or thereabout.6.I have been in my own right and through my predecessors in title in uninterrupted possession and occupation of the whole of the said land and premises (including the undivided third part or share if the said LOH YU FOONG therein) since the death of the said LOH YU FOONG And I make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true and by virtue of the provisions of the Statutory Declaration Act 1835.Made at Penang this 1st day of February 1895Before me,Sd. (illegible)Magistrates and Justice of the Peace, Penang)))))))MarkingXTAN QUEE NEOH
72转载自在线资源： https:\/\/eresources.nlb.gov.sg\/附录7\/Figure 7:槟嘉应会馆 拟募捐修葺馆宇 宣言已草就不日出发募捐星洲日报 (Sin Chew Jit Poh), 3 September 1936, Page 12
73附录8\/Figure 8:槟城嘉应五属会馆 重建落成 举行开幕典礼星洲日报 (Sin Chew Jit Poh), 22 July 1941, Page 13转载自在线资源： https:\/\/eresources.nlb.gov.sg\/
74转载自在线资源： https:\/\/eresources.nlb.gov.sg\/附录9\/Figure 9:槟城嘉应会馆新建馆宇落成南洋商报 (Nanyang Siang Pau), 22 July 1941, Page 9
75附录10\/Figure 10:〈槟榔屿嘉应会馆重建落成纪念碑〉 1955年7月20日立〈槟榔屿嘉应会馆扩建缘起〉 1979年4月15日立
76槟城嘉应会馆 （摄于2025年12月）槟城嘉应会馆 （摄于1971年）附录11\/Figure 11:
77远见、应变与t t t t t 复兴的传承郭贤福第一章t 长期可持续发展的愿景1892年，本会先贤们展现了非凡的远见。当时多数非营利组织年复一年仅靠会员捐助勉强撑持；他们却提出一项更具可持续性的策略：筹措资金以购置可产生收益的资产1，以建立稳定可靠的收入来源，摆脱对不确定捐赠的依赖。第二章t 购置“打索街”产业兹据此，我们根据1923年6月11日海峡殖民地槟城最高法院史伯斯法官在第326\/1923号诉讼案中所颁布的法庭庭令（以下简称“1923年庭令”2）确认：本会通过签署于1894年8月1日的契约（注册号：1894年第三卷第46号），由Oh Seng Wan作为一方，与本会信托人Cheah Soon Yeok、Khoo Yoon Kin、Cheah Cho Seen及Khoo Peang Ngan作为另一方共同订立，购得第十八地段第195号地契（现址为槟城东北县乔治市第18区第195号地段），面积2,213平方英尺，地址为槟城打索街55号与57号，邮编10100（以下简称“打索街产业”）。1 见本书75页，附录10，〈槟榔屿嘉应会馆重建落成纪念牌〉1955年7月20日立。2 见《槟榔屿嘉应会馆会议记录》第一册 (1921–1929) 第 xxix 页。
78第三章t 文物资产价值的变迁一个多世纪以来，打索街产业的收益一直是本会运作、文化活动、日常开销及物业维护的重要支柱。然而，随着时光的流逝，这座逾百年的历史建筑日渐老化，不仅维护成本高昂，修缮难度也日益增加。尽管租户可承担部分小型维修，但涉及结构安全的工程及重大翻新项目仍须由本会负责，而这一负担正随着建筑年久失修以及日益严格的法规要求而不断加重。第四章t 《1966年租金管制法》的影响问题更因《1966年租金管制法令》3而雪上加霜。该法令对可收取的租金设定了严格上限：租金上限为产业年值的十二分之一，或1966年之前所收租金的两倍，以两者中较低者为准，业主不得随意上调租金。该法令亦使业主收回房产变得极为困难。租约仅在特定法定情形下方可终止，包括租户拖欠租金、造成滋扰、非法使用物业、业主拟自住，或需拆除重建。即便符合重建条件，业主仍须向租户支付相当于四年租金的法定补偿。这一体制对本会造成严重的财政压力。打索街产业原是本会于1894年以远见卓识购入，旨在作为长期稳定的收入来源，如今却已无法产生预期的收益。数十年来受租金管制所限，租金水平持续低迷，致使收入连维持基本运作都捉襟见肘，更遑论用于再投资，或对大伯公街22号、24号及打索街产业本身进行妥善维护与修缮。颇具讽刺意味的是，尽管《1966年法令》在财政上给本会带来沉重负担，却在意料之外促成了槟城战前建筑的保存。由于租金被压低，房东缺乏资金和动力进行修缮；而租户非业主身份，亦无意愿投入太多的资源改善物业。与此同时，3 《1966年租金管制法》最终因《1997年租金管制（废除）法》所规定的过渡期于1999年12月31日届满而正式告终。
79法律对收回房产和重建设下重重限制，加之经济上难以回本，使得拆除或改建变得既困难又不划算。正因如此，许多战前建筑才得以维持原貌，留存至今。第五章t UNESCO 认定与新的责任2008年7月7日，马六甲与槟城乔治市正式被列入联合国教科文组织世界文化遗产名录。本会位于大伯公街22号与24号的建筑被列为一级文化遗产建筑4，而打索街产业则属二级。此项殊荣虽提升了本会的声誉，却也带来了沉重财政负担与繁复合规义务5。作为二级建筑，它不得拆除，所有修缮工程必须采用石灰灰泥、木材、陶砖等传统或兼容材料，并由具备传统工艺技艺的工匠施工，导致人工成本较高。此外，槟城市政厅及乔治市世遗机构要求所有工程须事先提交申请、全程监督及提交 《文化遗产影响评估》（HIA），进一步增加专业费用与行政开支。第六章t 重新评估策略：未来的十字路口本会已来到顺应时代的十字路口。尽管先贤们当年制定的财务策略至今仍具效力，租金仍是支持日常运作、文化活动与产业维修的主要来源，但面对当前严峻的挑战，董事会亟需审慎评估与果断应对。在会长拿督刘竹山的领导下，常务董事会必须决定是否调整既有战略，包括出售打索街产业，并于世遗保护区范围之外购置一座现代化楼宇，抑或继续保留这两间承载深厚历史意义与情感价值的店屋。4 有关本会位于大伯公街22号与24号的物业历史，见本书第9页至27页，〈石与魂的传承：槟城大伯公街嘉应会馆会所历史〉。5 参见《乔治市世界遗产特别区域规划》第二册〈发展管制〉之一般规定。
80第七章t 策略提案：出售与再投资出售打索街产业并在区外购置新楼的理由清晰而务实：新式产业不仅租金收益更高，更能吸引稳定性强的商业租户，同时，其日常维护成本远低于受保护的古迹店屋。一旦脱离文化遗产法规的限制后，本会亦能更灵活调整用途与租约，从而将资源集中于核心使命——服务会员、推动教育、弘扬文化并促进同乡福祉。为便利本会办理产业的出售与购置，并提升会馆资产管理的效率，常务董事会建议将本会所有不动产悉数改由会馆名义登记持有。此举可免除因信托人去世而需不断监督并更换信托人的繁琐程序。提出该项建议时，八位信托人中已有三人辞世。此一作法亦与1923年庭令背后的理念一致——当年董事会之所以作出相关议决，是因为本会当时的产业分别由不同信托人持有，而本会亦有多个名称，因此有必要将信托架构加以统一。第八章t 会员批准与法律执行2024年11月25日，常务董事会在教堂街82号豆腐村餐厅召开特别会员大会，正式提呈上述建议，并获得全体会员一致通过：所有不动产将统一转归“本会”法人名下，以取代现行的信托人制度；打索街产业将以280万令吉的公允市场价值出售予现有租户；同时，常务董事会获授权在收款后尽快物色并购置一处具永久地契的合适物业进行再投资。随后，会长刘竹山向槟城高等法庭提呈编号为 PA-24NCVC-1513-12\/2024 的原诉传票，于2025年1月14日成功获得高等法庭颁下的《产业归属令》，将大伯公街22号、24号及打索街产业全数归属本会名下。律师团队于2025年2月3日持该加盖印章的庭令，完成土地注册处登记手续。
81而后，本会于2025年2月5日与原租户（即买方）正式签署打索街产业的买卖合约，买方亦于同年4月30日悉数付清全部购楼款项。第九章t 购置三星巷产业在等待收款期间，常务董事会积极寻找再投资项目。经审慎评估，建议购置位于槟城东北县乔治市第16区第592、596及600号地段，总面积约2,153平方英尺，连同其上已翻新的两层建筑，地址为三星巷7号（下称“三星巷产业”）。该地段位于世遗保护区外，不仅租金潜力较高，且维修成本显著降低，具备长期投资价值。会员们于2025年5月25日在豆腐村餐厅召开的特别大会上通过动议，授权以243万令吉收购该产业。本会遂于2025年6月4日签署买卖合约，并于同月付清全款。2025年7月15日，本会顺利取得三星巷的空置占有权。第十章t 成果与财务展望本会于2025年7月16日成功出租三星巷产业底层，并于同年9月4日完成一楼租赁。该产业目前的月租，较打索街产业出售前的最终月租高出逾两倍。此项增收将使本会更具能力履行持续义务，尤其加强大伯公街22号与24号文化遗产建筑的维护与修缮，持续守护本会资产的尊严、完整性与长远价值。第十一章t 缅怀过去，保障未来时代不断变迁，本会唯有勇于作出必要的调整，方能保障未来。若无勇气面对时代变迁、审慎推行改革，本会会务恐将停滞不前，甚至难以为继。因此，本会必须在珍视历史传承的同时，落实具前瞻性的策略，以确保长远的可持续发展与持久的生命力。
82A LEGACY OF FORESIGHT, ADAPTATION AND RENEWALBernard Kok (I) A vision for long-term sustainabilityIn 1892, the leaders of the Association demonstrated remarkable foresight. At a time when most non-profit organisations survived from year to year on the goodwill of members’ contributions, they proposed a far more enduring strategy: to raise funds for the acquisition of income-generating property1. This was conceived to secure a stable source of revenue, independent of uncertain voluntary contributions.(II) Acquisition of Rope Walk PropertyPursuant thereto, it is found from the Order dated the 11th day of June 1923 granted by MR. JUSTICE SPROULS in the Supreme Court of Straits Settlement at the Settlement at Penang under Suit 1923 of 326 (hereinafter referred to as “the 1923 Order” 2), the Association had acquired Lot No. 195 T.S. XVIII (now known as Lot No. 195, Seksyen 18, Bandar George Town, Daerah Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang) measuring 2,213 square feet, bearing address Nos. 55 and 57, Jalan Pintal Tali, 10100 Penang (hereinafter referred to as “Rope Walk Property”) via an Indenture dated the 1st day of August 1894 (Registered No. 46 Vol, III of 1894) made 1 See page 75, Figure 10, “Commemorative Plaque for the Reconstruction and Completion of the PenangKar Yin Fee Kon” dated the 20th day of July 1955.2 See page xxix of the Penang Kar Yin Fee Kon Records of Meetings Volume 1 (1921-1929).
83between OH SENG WAN of the one part and CHEAH SOON YEOK, KHOO YOON KIN, CHEAH CHO SEEN and KHOO PEANG NGAN of the other part.(III) Changing value of heritage assetsFor over a century, the Rope Walk Property formed the backbone of the Association’s operations, cultural activities, daily expenses and upkeep. Yet, with the passage of time, these historically valuable premises—now more than 130 years old—have become increasingly costly and difficult to preserve. While tenants may undertake minor repairs, the Association bears responsibility for structural works and major upkeep – burdens that escalated due to age and regulatory requirements.(IV) Impact of the Control of Rent Act 1966The challenge was compounded by the Control of Rent Act 19663, which imposed strict limits on rental income. Under the Act, rent was capped at either onetwelfth of the annual value of the premises or at double the pre-1966 rent, whichever was lower, and landlords were prohibited from raising rents arbitrarily.The 1966 Act also made recovery of possession exceedingly difficult. Tenants could only be evicted in limited circumstances: non-payment of rent, nuisance or illegal use of the premises, landlord’s own use or redevelopment. Even in the case of redevelopment, landlords were required to pay tenants compensation of up to four years’ rent.This regime proved financially restrictive for the Association. The Rope Walk Property, acquired with foresight in 1894 as a source of long-term income, could no longer generate the returns once expected. For decades, rental returns were depressed, leaving the Association with insufficient funds to sustain operations, much 3 The Control of Rent Act 1966 finally came to an end with the expiry of the transitional period on the 31stday of December 1999, as provided by the Control of Rent (Repeal) Act 1997.
84less reinvest or properly maintain its building at Nos. 22 and 24 King Street and the Rope Walk Property themselves.Ironically, while financially burdensome, the 1966 Act indirectly contributed to the preservation of Penang’s pre-war houses. Landlords, constrained by artificially low rentals, had little incentive to invest in repairs or proper upkeep, as the income could not justify the costs. Tenants, on the other hand, had no motivation to improve those houses since they were not owners. At the same time, recovery of possession and redevelopment were legally restricted and financially unattractive. As a result, many pre-war houses survived largely untouched.(V) UNESCO recognition and new responsibilitiesOn the 7th day of July 2008, Malacca together with George Town, Penang, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. While the Association’s building at No. 22 and 24, King Street are classified as Class I heritage buildings4, the Rope Walk Property are classified as Class II heritage buildings. This classification may be prestigious, but it is costly and onerous on the Association5. Class II buildings cannot be demolished and all repairs must be undertaken using authentic or compatible materials such as lime plaster, timber and terracotta. Furthermore, such works must be carried out by skilled heritage craftsmen, whose services command higher labour costs. In addition, the requirement for approvals, supervision and Heritage Impact Assessments (HIAs) by the City Council of Penang and the George Town World Heritage Incorporated adds further layers of professional fees and administrative expense. 4 See page 9 to 27, the history of the Association’s premises at Nos. 22 and 24, King Street, 10200 Penang, are discussed in the article “A Legacy of Stone and Spirit: The History of the Association’s Premisesat King Street, Penang”.5 See George Town UNESCO World Heritage Site Special Area Plan Volume II: Development Controlgenerally.
85(VI) Reassessing strategy: crossroads for the futureThe Association has reached a crossroad in determining how best to adapt to changing times. While the financial strategy laid down by our forefathers remains relevant, with rental income continuing to serve as the primary source of support for daily operations, cultural activities and the ongoing upkeep of our building, the challenges of the present day require careful consideration. The General Committee led by DATO’ LIEW CHOOK SAN must now deliberate on whether to adjust or realign this strategy, including the possibility of selling the Rope Walk Property and acquiring a modern building outside the UNESCO World Heritage Site or to retain the Rope Walk Property which are of heritage and sentimental value to the Association.(VII) Strategic proposal: divestment and reinvestmentThe rationale on selling the Rope Walk Premises and acquiring a modern building is straightforward. Newer properties yield higher returns, attract stronger commercial tenants and demand far less upkeep. Free from the constraints of heritage regulations, the Association would also have greater flexibility to adapt building usage and rental terms in response to changing needs, allowing the Association to channel resources into its core mission — supporting members, education, culture and welfare.To facilitate the disposal and acquisition of properties and to ensure greater efficiency in monitoring the Association’s assets, the General Committee proposed that all immovable properties of the Association be vested in the name of the Association itself. This would eliminate the need to constantly monitor and substitute deceased trustees with new trustees. At the time the proposal was made, three out of the eight trustees had already passed away. The approach was consistent with the rationale underlying the 1923 Order, when the then Committee resolved that
86there should be uniformity in trusteeship, as different trustees were then holding different properties for the Association, which was also known by several different names, making it necessary to unifu the trust structure.(VIII) Members’ approval and legal implementationThe General Committee subsequently tabled the proposals for the consideration of members at the Extraordinary Meeting convened on the 25th day of November 2024 at Tofu Village of 82, Lebuh Gereja, 10200 Pulau Pinang. The members approved the proposal of the vesting of all the Association’s immovable properties in the Association’s name, as well as the sale of the Rope Walk Property to its existing tenant for the sum of RM2,800,000.00, being the fair market value. At the same meeting, the members further authorised the General Committee to use its best endeavours to identify and acquire a freehold property as soon as practicable upon receipt of the purchase price.DATO’ LIEW CHOOK SAN, as President of the Association, applied to the Court under Originating Summons No. PA-24NCVC-1513-12\/2024 and obtained a Vesting Order dated the 14th day of January 2025, vesting all the Association’s immovable properties, namely, the Association’s premises at Nos. 22 and 24, King Street and the Rope Walk Property, into the Association’s name. The Association’s solicitors thereafter proceeded with the registration of the Vesting Order at the Land Office on the 3rd day of February 2025, upon extraction of the sealed copy of the said order.Shortly thereafter, the Association entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement dated the 5th day of February 2025 to sell the Rope Walk Property to its existing tenant, with the full purchase price being received on the 30th day of April 2025.
87(IX) Acquiring Abu Siti Lane PropertyPending receipt of the full purchase price, the General Committee had actively searched for a suitable immovable property for reinvestment. After careful consideration, the Committee decided to propose to the members the acquisition of Lot Nos. 592, 596 and 600, all situated in Seksyen 16, Bandar Georgetown, Daerah Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang, measuring approximately 2,153 square feet, together with a two-storey refurbished building erected thereon, bearing assessment address No. 7, Lorong Abu Siti, 10400 Pulau Pinang (hereinafter referred to as “the Abu Siti Lane Property”). The Committee considered the Abu Siti Lane Property, being located outside the UNESCO World Heritage Site, capable of generating higher rental income and a significant lower upkeep cost.The members approved this proposal at the Extraordinary Meeting convened on the 25th day of May 2025 at Tofu Village, 82 Lebuh Gereja, 10200 Pulau Pinang, and authorised the Association to acquire the Abu Siti Lane Property at the purchase price of RM2,430,000.00.Pursuant thereto, the Association entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement dated the 4th day of June 2025 for the acquisition of the Abu Siti Lane Property and settled the full purchase price within the same month. Vacant possession of the Abu Siti Lane Property was duly obtained on the 15th day of July 2025.(X)t Results and financial outlookThe Association successfully let out the ground floor of the Abu Siti Lane Property on the 16th day of July 2025 and the first floor on the 4th day of September 2025. The total monthly rental generated is more than double the last monthly rental from the Rope Walk Property. It is hoped that with this increase in income, the Association will be in a stronger financial position to meet its ongoing obliga-
88tions, particularly the upkeep and maintenance of its heritage building at Nos. 22 and 24, King Street and to continue preserving the dignity and integrity of the Association’s properties.(XI) Honoring the past, securing the future As times and circumstances continue to change, the Association must remain courageous in making necessary adjustments to safeguard its future. Without the resolve to adapt and embrace prudent change, the Association risks being left behind or even wiped out. It is therefore essential that the Association honours its traditions while implementing forward-looking strategies to safeguard its long-term sustainability and ongoing vitality.
89南洋华侨的百年回望t t t t 卢振华访谈录覃勓温访问日期：2025年7月28日（星期一）访问时间：中午12时访问地点：Hainan Restaurant海南餐馆受访人士：卢振华（卢文友）采访人士：覃勓温引言这是一段跨越半个世纪、亦横亘南洋与中国的记忆。现年九十九岁的卢振华先生，1927年出生于马来亚吉打州麻坑，幼年随家人迁往泰国勿洞，少年时期在槟城求学，青年时代远赴战乱中的中国，在烽火与动荡的时局中辗转求生。他的脚步从书声朗朗的南洋私塾开始，到战前参与筹赈掀起的热潮，再到中国内战与抗战的一线，历经之事，既是个人命途，也是时代的映照。2025年5月，卢振华先生的亲属专程前来槟城嘉应会馆，代为申请一封确认其早年经历的正式证明。会馆于5月16日签发证明信，确认卢文友（职名卢振华）于1940年自槟城返华，为本会馆60年代会长、已故卢彬荣（职名卢欣琴）先生之亲生子女之一。同年7月22日，长居中国年近百岁的卢振华先生在家人的陪同下重返故地，亲临槟城大伯公街22号（King Street）嘉应会馆。副会长郭贤福闻讯后深感欣
90慰，称此乃罕有的缘分——一位少年远行、阔别了近八十年的乡亲，终于重回当年的出发点。郭副会长亲自接待，并于7月28日邀卢氏父子及在槟至亲来到教堂街（Church Street）海南餐馆叙旧共餐，同时安排口述访谈，以保存这段跨越世纪的家国记忆。本文结构分为三部分：第一部分回望其早年生活，从家族背景、父亲在乡团与社会中的地位谈起，继而叙述少年时期在槟城的求学历程；第二部分呈现战前南洋的时代氛围，各界筹赈救国的风潮如何唤起少年心中的家国情怀，使他萌生返华之念；第三部分则记录他在中国辗转迁移的日子，从求学、务农到加入新四军的经历，以及在战乱中对父亲深切而绵长的思念。其口述不独是个人生命的回忆，更折射出一代南洋华侨的家国担当与情感。一、早年生活卢振华，字文友，1927年6月7日生于吉打麻坑（Mahang），是卢欣琴1的第二个儿子。翌年，他随家人迁居泰国勿洞（Betong）。卢振华曾祖父早年南来。其时，父亲卢欣琴通晓马来语、泰语，曾担任区长等职，颇得泰国当局信任。他曾向当局申请地段，延聘同乡开垦原始森林，面积共达一万二千莱。按当地规律，凡非勿洞出生者，每年须赴高乌（Pengkalan Hulu）盖章、缴费，以办理居留手续。华人普遍自认是中国人，父亲自始至终以中国人自居。彼地通往也拉府（Yala Province）尚无道路，往来唯有乘象；前往高乌则有马路通车，因此，卢家成员经常往返马泰两国。卢振华自幼在父亲橡胶园内创办的私塾就读，由父亲自中国梅县延聘余俊先老师授课。课本包括《幼学琼林》、《三字经》、《增广贤文》、《古文观止》等，以梅县客家话授课。不久，父亲关闭私塾，于1932至1933年间创办“橡林学校”，延聘中国教师执教。1935年，卢振华入读其校。然而，泰国政府规定每日须安排两小时教授1 二战后历任槟榔屿嘉应会馆外埠董事，1962年至1963年度会长，任内逝世。
91泰文，父亲认为此举无异于同化政策，遂于翌年（1936年）将他送往槟城时中分校。初到槟城，他寄居在学校附近的“二十间厝”，与其他来自泰国的学生同宿于时任教务主任梁颀2先生的住所，人数约有十余人。同年岁末，勿洞发生暴乱。据回忆，有人袭击警局，当局拘捕多名华人侨领，父亲卢欣琴亦在被捕之列。父亲为避祸，翻山越岭逃至吉打居林（Kulim），抵达后因伤入院。卢振华得悉消息后，自时中分校退学，前往居林与家人团聚，并进入觉民学校就读三年级，1940年小学毕业。其时局势不靖，不少泰国华裔亦迁居居林避难。居林与槟城仅一水之隔，两地华人来往方便。在居林生活时，父亲每周两次过海到槟岛的嘉应会馆打麻将，住在马坑的叔父亦常到会馆同乐。卢振华自己也常到大伯公街（King Street）一带走动。当时，他刚学会骑脚踏车，便四处溜达。他记得很清楚，彼时的大伯公街上有不少印度人晾晒椰干。二、抗战岁月1940年，太平洋局势日趋紧张，战舰云集，形势一触即发。马来亚当局发布文告，凡年满十八岁的青年一律征兵。其时，槟城锺灵中学校内甚至驻有英军部队，大多数为印度或澳大利亚士兵，军官则多为英国人。1941年12月7日，太平洋战争爆发。彼时马来亚已实施征兵，凡年满十八岁的青年皆在征召之列。父亲忧虑卢家人口众多，或将有人被征入伍，无限感慨道：如此一来，岂无家人得以报效祖国？据回忆，当时国民政府军事委员会政治部主任为陈诚，副部长为周恩来。周辖数个处室，第三厅厅长为郭沫若，副厅长为夏衍。其时，夏衍派中国武汉合唱团团长陈仁炳与夏之秋率约四十人的队伍，远赴槟城及新加坡等地筹赈。演出期间，最为轰动的剧目是《人性》，描写日军在中国的屠戮，场面震撼人心。合唱团核心成员之一的江心美年仅十八岁，其演唱的救亡歌曲《松花江上》动人心2 梁颀为本会会员。
92弦，广为传唱。此外，中国篮球队亦曾赴南洋筹赈，方式为义演义捐；中国战舰队也驶抵槟城，共有四艘之多，皆为政府组织的活动。卢振华深受触动，主动上街卖花为祖国筹款。据其回忆，亦有激进学生将牛粪倾入售卖日本货的店铺，甚至割下店主耳朵，悬挂于槟城莲花河（Leith Street）以示惩戒。彼时人们普遍视售卖日货为汉奸行为。父亲期盼有儿能报效祖国，这与卢振华本人的心愿吻合。1940年12月，15岁3的他在槟城码头登上货船。临行前，父亲赠予他五元叻币4与一支钢笔，嘱其好好读书，为国效力。船上还有数十名学生同赴祖国，他们怀着满腔愤慨，高唱《满江红》《大刀向鬼子的头上砍去》《再会吧！南洋》等歌曲。歌声嘹亮，响彻云霄。三、归国抗战抵达中国后，卢振华在深圳沙鱼咀上岸，后入读初中一年级。太平洋战争爆发后，中国与海外经济中断，他只能一边读书，一边靠务农维持生活。1943年，祖国遭遇大旱，灾情严重，他转赴广东省某地军校求学，冀望另寻出路。战时中国秩序崩坏，青年命运如飘萍。抵达军校后，校方安排他充当苦工，毫无学习之机。两个月后，他决定逃离，不料途中被捕，被判入狱半年。1945年1月，日军攻打韶关，把守监狱者弃守而去。狱中断粮，他遂与二百余名牢友一同逃出。八个月后，日本宣布投降。1945年10月，他原拟返马，不料又被国民党征为挑夫，一个月后辗转抵达江苏。国共内战将起，他再次选择逃离，途中邂逅中国共产党新四军。新四军的一名同志对他说，如今国民党势力遍布各地，回马来亚不易，劝其留下。他遂应允，自此留在新四军队伍中接受教育，并随军参加多场战役，包括1948年的淮海战役在内。3 当事人虚岁应为十四岁，卢先生或有误记。4 叻币 (Straits dollar)，又作海峡殖民地元。
93回顾往事，他感慨，自从当年离开槟城，在码头辞别父亲后，便再未与父亲相见。父亲以一介平民之身，热心公益，成为马泰两地华侨社团的骨干。父亲刚直磊落，心系祖国，令他终生敬佩。结语大抵言之，从南洋到中国，卢振华的经历跨越地域与政权，更穿越战前、战时与战后三个时期。九十九年后的今日，他的口述为华人研究留下重要的见证，弥补了现有史料中鲜有记载的个人行迹。例如，他对泰国边区华人教育情况的回忆，可补充地方史对华校设立与语言政策的研究；他对战前祖国组团下南洋筹赈活动、文艺宣传和爱国动员的描述，可与社团档案及报刊记载相互印证；而其在中国的求学、入狱、参军等经历，则可为研究华侨青年参军路线、新四军招收海外华人的情况，提供难得的实证材料。左起：会长拿督刘竹山，总务温文章，卢文友堂弟卢文高，副会长郭贤福，卢文友，卢文友儿子卢力夫，覃勓温
94战火下的家族记忆追悼先伯父陈集滔先生陈慧君槟城嘉应会馆在二战日本于1945年8月15日宣布投降，马来亚光复后，便着手展开调查日据期间在槟城罹难的嘉应五属同乡人数，计有十六人1。年纪未及三十的伯父陈集滔先生是不幸的罹难者之一。二次大战太平洋战争爆发后，日本军队于1941年12月8日登陆马来亚北部吉兰丹哥达巴鲁后，即展开攻势，军事占领马来亚。槟城于12月19日沦陷日军手中。在长达三年八个月的日据时期，日军实行大肃清，屠杀大量华侨，会馆中止了一切活动。不少珍贵的档案，包括1937年1月23日之后至槟岛沦陷前的会议记录，因部分的内容与当时情势抵触而被销毁，造成会馆失去宝贵的会议记录近五年，再加上三年八个月日据时期，会馆进入冬眠状态零记录，这意味着会馆会议记录面临近九个年头的空窗期！先伯父陈集滔与先伯母钟祥云育有一女三男，即堂姐秀萍与三位堂兄岳昌、淑昌与维昌。根据今年八十六岁的堂兄岳昌口述，幼弟维昌是余腹子，于父亲遇1 1945年11月15日董事会议报告，五属罹难人士12名；1945年12月29日董事会议报告，罹难人士增2名共 14人；1947年12月7日常年大会报告，罹难人数18名。经谨慎考察后，确实嘉应会馆神龛内共安奉了16 名罹难人士的牌位。
95难次年年初出世，六岁时患上肺炎，因当时缺乏药物，不治而早殇。1941年他还未满三岁，完全不知父亲遇难一事，再加上母亲甚少提起这椿伤心事，他对事发当日的情形不详。但是他很清楚记得，长辈们曾告诉他，父亲十余岁便离乡南下，落脚槟城，先在南洋电版公司当学徒，制作电版，后在市区中街自立门户，做起电版生意。未几年少的四叔陈集城南下，在长兄店里协助店务。日本飞机于1941年12月11日开始轰炸槟城。13日上午，日本飞机在乔治市上空盘旋，向市区多处抛落炸弹。伯父坐落在中街的店铺遭遇空袭，部分建筑坍塌，他当场蒙受重伤，血流如注，而身处店屋后方的四叔足踝被弹片击中，旋即在剧痛中晕了过去。伯父被抬上牛车送往医院抢救，因伤及要害，药石罔效，翌日撒手人寰。四叔敷药后回家养伤，伤口愈合后留下一道极大的疤痕。当时时局动荡不安，人心惶惶，伯父遗体寻觅不着，家人过后立了衣冠冢以寄托哀思。先父陈仲敏2，本名陈集幹，是清庠生先祖父陈玉芙次子，1937年孟春离开家乡梅州市蕉岭县新浦镇福岭村南来马来亚，三个月后回乡奔父丧，同年秋再度南来，在吡叻士埔地华侨小学执教。1944年春与母亲何秀娟结婚，婚后迁至吉打亚罗士打一小甘榜居住。二战时，日冠对知识份子穷追不舍，对南来从事华教工作的教员更是赶尽杀绝。当时追缉抗日份子的风声很紧，父亲只好抛下身怀六甲的妻子，只身逃亡，北上泰南合艾避难。根据母亲生前口述，当时父亲装扮成衣衫褴褛的流浪者，幸遇贵人火车驾驶员开恩，允他藏匿在驾驶员区的隔间，逃过日本兵逐厢搜查一劫。父亲在合艾街头巧遇友人曾敦化。曾先生告诉父亲留在合艾不安全，因为合艾有不少日本兵驻扎。未几，两人逃至康月埠3，蒙来安堂主人蔡平波收留。1945年7月，父亲才拜别二人，平安返马。2 陈仲敏是会馆1984年至1987年的会长。3 康月埠（Khlong Ngae），今泰国康月镇，位于泰南合艾和沙道之间。
96当主编得知伯父是罹难同乡之一，便建议我写一篇有关的报导。当时，我心中一点把握都没有，因为手头缺乏可靠的资料，就连伯父遇难的日子也不清楚！家中的长辈们都先后作古了，我决定从同辈晚辈们着手吧！感谢堂兄岳昌，堂弟瑞昌、迪昌，堂侄伟雄、伟荣及伟参，大姐柳君，三妹楚君及四妹元君给予的资料，还有父亲留下的手稿记录及主编提供的参考佐证资讯等。宝贵的点点滴滴，终于促成了这篇内容尚不完整但翔实可靠的文章。陈集滔先生之衣冠冢
97海禁破浪槟城路嘉应人的世纪海缘郭贤福第一章t 法与迁徙：从禁令到出洋在大清国时期，百姓出洋的法律政策经历了由全面禁止、严格限制，直至逐步承认久居海外合法化的转变。多位史学界权威学者的研究亦证实，即使在最严厉的禁令时期，清政府在执行上往往力不从心。对于沿海地区土地贫瘠、赋役沉重、生活艰苦的百姓而言，出洋自然成为一种能摆脱困境、寻求生计的自救途径。第一节t 清初海禁与通逆律条（顺治—康熙前期）顺治十三年（1656年）至康熙二十三年（1684年）间，清政府实行严厉海禁政策。《大清世祖章皇帝实录》卷一百二顺治十三年六月十六日载：“自今以后，各该督、抚、镇著申饬沿海一带文武各官，严禁商民船只私自出海。有将一切粮食、货物等项与逆贼贸易者，或地方官察出、或被人告发，即将贸易之人，不论官民俱行奏闻正法，货物入官；本犯家产，尽给告发之人。其该管地方文武各官不行盘诘擒缉，皆革职、从重治罪；地方保甲通同容隐、不行
98举首，皆论死。”1这项政策以皇帝谕旨的形式颁布，并没有立即编入《大清律例》。依清代律令体系，皇帝上谕具有直接的法律效力，可作为地方官执行的依据，是清初海禁执法的核心法源之一。康熙十一年（1672年）再次谕令：“凡官兵民私自出海贸易，及迁移海岛盖房居住、耕种田地者，皆问罪治罪。”2顺治与康熙朝的禁海谕旨，最终在乾隆五年（1740年）定本《大清律例》中系统化地被编入《兵律》《关律》3。那时候，普通渔民、商人、船户，似乎没有任何途径可以合法出海。第二节t 开海后的通商制度与区域性管制（康熙二十三年后）康熙二十三年（1684年）以后，清朝政府在平定台湾后有条件地开放海禁4，允许商民向官府申请执照，前往日本、东南亚贸易，并规定船须由指定口岸出发与回航。至康熙五十六年（1717年）正月，康熙皇帝虽推行了针对南洋的禁海令，但此举并未回归清初的全面海禁，而是一次对范围与对象均有明确的局部收缩。《1 《清世祖實錄》。台湾文献全文資料库，中央研究院。在线资源：https:\/\/taicool.ith.sinica.edu.tw\/browse-ebook.html?id=EB0000000158(访问日期：2025年11月28日)。2 《钦定大清会典事例》卷一百二十，吏部。中国哲学书电子化计划，在线资源：https:\/\/ctext.org\/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=636469&remap=gb(访问日期：2025年11月28日)。3 《大清律例·兵律·关律》第225条：“凡沿海地方奸豪、势要及军民人等，私造海船，将带违禁货物下海，前往番国买卖，潜通海贼，同谋结聚，及为向导劫掠良民者，正犯比照谋叛已行律，处斩枭示。”汉程网国学宝，在线资源：https:\/\/guoxue.httpcn.com\/html\/book\/KOAZCQXV\/UYILPWPWRN.shtml（访问日期：2025年11月28日）。4 参见谭世宝、谭学超：《粤海关与澳门关部行台的创设及演变诸问题考辨》，载中国人民大学清史研究所《清代中外关系研究》，并据其中引《清圣祖实录》“康熙二十三年九月丁丑”条原文：“丁丑，免湖广江夏等三县及沔阳卫本年分水灾额赋有差。户部等衙门遵谕议覆：‘福建、广东新设关差，止将海上出入船载贸易货物征税。其海口内桥津地方贸易船车等物，停其抽分。并将各关《征税则例》给发监督，酌量增减定例。’从之。”在线资源：http:\/\/iqh.ruc.edu.cn\/zwgx_yjqy（访问日期：2025年11月28日）。