100 «ПРАВОСУДИЕ» № 3 / 2023 пределами страны, обладает всей полнотой прав на участие в референдуме. Не имеют права участвовать в референдуме граждане, признанные судом недееспособными, а также лица, содержащиеся в учреждениях по исполнению наказания в виде лишения свободы по приговору суда за совершенные тяжкие и особо тяжкие преступления. Какие-либо прямые или косвенные ограничения прав граждан на участие в референдуме в зависимости от происхождения, социального и имущественного положения, расовой и национальной принадлежности, пола, образования, языка, отношения к религии, рода и характера занятий запрещаются. Голосование проводится в специально отведенных помещениях, в которых должны быть оборудованы в достаточном количестве кабины или комнаты для тайного голосования, определены места выдачи бюллетеней для голосования и установлены урны для голосования таким образом, чтобы голосующие при подходе к ним обязательно проходили через кабины или комнаты для тайного голосования. Бюллетень для голосования на референдуме заполняется голосующим в кабине или комнате для тайного голосования. При заполнении запрещается присутствие других лиц, кроме голосующего. Гражданин, не имеющий возможности самостоятельно заполнить бюллетень, вправе пригласить в кабину или комнату другое лицо по своему усмотрению, кроме лиц, входящих в состав комиссии по проведению референдума или являющихся наблюдателями. Граждане при голосовании зачеркивают формулировку вопроса, вынесенного на референдум, если голосуют против, или не зачеркивают ее, если голосуют за. По просьбе гражданина испорченный бюллетень для голосования может быть заменен новым. Испорченные бюллетени для голосования подлежат учету, погашению и хранятся отдельно. В случаях, когда отдельные граждане по состоянию здоровья или другим причинам не могут прибыть на голосование, участковая комиссия по проведению референдума по их просьбе организует голосование по месту пребывания этих граждан, используя переносные урны для голосования. Голосующий, не имеющий возможности в день референдума находиться по месту своего жительства, имеет право на досрочное голосование. Досрочное голосование начинается за десять дней до проведения референдума и заканчивается за три дня до референдума. Время проведения досрочного голосования определяется соответствующей окружной комиссией и доводится до сведения граждан, наблюдателей через средства массовой информации. Для осуществления досрочного голосования голосующий на основании заявления с указанием причины отсутствия в день референдума (отпуск, командировка, выезд за границу и т.п.) получает бюллетень для голосования на референдуме у соответствующей участковой комиссии. В присутствии не менее двух членов соответствующей участковой комиссии голосующий расписывается в получении бюллетеня для голосования на референдуме в списке голосующих граждан. Бюллетень для голосования на референдуме заполняется голосующим в специально оборудованной кабине или комнате для тайного голосования. Голосующий принимает решение и оставляет заполненный бюллетень для голосования на референдуме в закрытом конверте, который хранится в сейфе соответствующей участковой комиссии. В месте склеивания конверта ставятся подписи двух членов участковой комиссии, которые подтверждаются печатью комиссии и подписью голосующего. A. ФАЙЗИЕВ, слушатель Высшей школы судей 30 АПРЕЛЯ – ДЕНЬ РЕФЕРЕНДУМА В РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН
«ПРАВОСУДИЕ» № 3 / 2023 ИЗ ЗАЛА СУДА 101 Оступившись в жизни один раз, разумный человек, как правило, делает соответствующие выводы, становится на путь исправления. Чего, к сожалению, не скажешь о пенсионере, 63-летнем рецидивисте Николае Владимирове (имена и фамилии изменены). Будучи многократно судимым по самым разным статьям Уголовного кодекса Республики Узбекистан, неугомонный старик вновь решил рискнуть ради незначительной суммы денег. В один из теплых осенних вечеров Владимиров решил организовать притон разврата в собственном домовладении, расположенном в одной из махаллей Яккасарайского района города Ташкента. А тридцатилетние Умида Хамидова и Бахтиёр Рахматуллаев стали первыми клиентами, желающими арендовать сауну дяди Коли для вступления в половую связь. Однако, подельники не учли высокий профессионализм сотрудников правоохранительных органов и при получении ренты в размере 200.000 сумов незадачливый пенсионер был задержан, а денежные средства изъяты в присутствии понятых в качестве доказательства, о чем был составлен соответствующий протокол. В ходе судебного заседания Николай Владимиров вину не признал, мотивировав этом тем, что Хамидову знает не первый день, ранее имел с ней интимную связь, а деньги получил для приобретения спиртного и закуски для пикника. Провести следственные органы рецидивисту не удалось. Ибо при обыске его домовладения оперативниками были найдены использованный презерватив и целая коробка совершено новых средств для предохранения. Выслушав показания государственного обвинителя и защитника, самого подсудимого и свидетелей, а также всесторонне исследовав материалы уголовного дела, суд вынес справедливый приговор. Принимая во внимание возраст, семейное и материальное положение Николая Владимирова при определении наказания суд учел все смягчающие обстоятельства согласно статье 55 УК Республики Узбекистан. Но все же признал подсудимого Николая Владимирова виновным в совершении преступления, предусмотренного в пункте «б» части 4 статья 131 УК Республики Узбекистан и назначил наказание в виде лишения свободы сроком на 5 (пять) лет. Назначенное наказание в виде лишения свободы Николаю Владимирову придется отбывать в колонии общего вида режима. Х. ПАРПИЕВ, судья Яккасарайского районного суда по уголовным делам ГОРБАТОГО МОГИЛА ИСПРАВИТ
3/2023 ISSN 2181-8991 A FAIR TRIAL Legal, scientific and practical publication Founder: Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan Editor-in-Chief Kamol Ubaydilloyev Executive secretary Mutalif Sodiqov Duty editor Mashhura VORISOVA The opinion of the editors may differ from the opinion of the author. Manuscripts and photographs will not be reviewed or returned. The copy must be accompanied by a copy of «A fair trial». EDITORIAL ADDRESS: 100097, Tashkent city, Chilanzar district, Choponota street, 6 Account number: 20210000300101763001 Trustbank Tashkent branch MFI 00850, TIN 201403038 PHONES: 278-96-54, 278-91-96, 278-25-96; FAKS: 273-96-60 E-mail: [email protected] web-site: www.odilsudlov.sud.uz Telegram: https://t.me/ODsud The journal is joined to the list for publication of scientific articles on the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Science (PSC) in law by decision of the Presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated April 30, 2022 Registered with the Agency for Information and Mass Communications under the Administration of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated July 27, 2021 Registration No. 0026. Published since 1996. C «A fair trial» PUBLICATION INDEX ‒ 909 K EDITORIAL BOARD: Bakhtiyar ISLAMOV Robaxon MAXMUDOVA Xalilillo TURAXUJAYEV Ikram MUSLIMOV Shuxrat POLVАNOV Mirzoulugbek ABDUSALOMOV Xolmumin YODGOROV Ibragim ALIMOV Olim XALMIRZAYEV Zamira ESANOVA Omonboy OKYULOV Muzaffarjon MAMASIDDIKOV ELECTRONIC JOURNAL
A FAIR TRIAL № 3 / 2023 ECONOMIC PROCESS AND RIGHT 103 With the adoption of the Economic Procedure Code (EPC) and with the creation of the system of economic courts in Uzbekistan, justice in the field of economic and legal relations really began to be carried out only by the economic court. In this regard, it seems interesting to consider the legal status of participants in the economic process as subjects of these legal relations. The participation of the prosecutor and other persons in the process is also of interest. The persons participating in the case, according to Article 41 of the EPC are: parties; third parties; public prosecutor; state bodies and other persons by virtue of their powers, as well as complainants and other interested persons in certain categories of cases. Persons participating in the case have the right to get acquainted with the materials of the case, to make excerpts from them, and to make copies of these materials, to declare challenges, to present evidence, to participate in examination of evidence, to ask questions, to present petitions, to make statements, to give written and oral explanations to the court, to bring their arguments and conclusions on all issues arising during consideration of the case, to object to petitions and arguments of other persons participating in the case, to appeal (protest) against court resolutions and to exercise other procedural rights granted to them by EPC of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The persons participating in the case shall bear the procedural duties provided by this Code and use honesty all the procedural rights belonging to them. According to Article 43 of the EPC of the Republic of Uzbekistan the parties in the economic proceedings are the plaintiff (complainant) and the respondent. Plaintiffs are legal persons and citizens who have presented a PARTIES IN THE ECONOMIC PROCEEDINGS, THEIR PROCEDURAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES (ИҚТИСОДИЙ ПРОЦЕССДА ТАРАФЛАР, УЛАРНИНГ ҲУҚУҚ ВА МАЖБУРИЯТЛАРИ)
A FAIR TRIAL № 3 / 2023 104 ECONOMIC PROCESS AND RIGHT claim with the aim to protect their rights and legitimate interests, or with the aim to protect whose interests the claim has been presented. Respondents are legal persons and citizens, toward which the claim has been presented. The parties enjoy equal procedural rights. The procedural rights belonging only to the parties include such dispositive rights as the plaintiff’s right to change the grounds or the subject of the claim, to increase or decrease the size of stated claims and abandon the claim before the court makes a decision (Article 157 of the EPC). A change in the subject of the claim means a change in the substantive claim of the plaintiff to the respondent. The parties have the right to end the case with an amicable agreement at any stage of economic proceedings and in the course of executing a judicial act, or a mediation agreement — in a court of first instance before the court retires to a separate (deliberative) room for the adoption of a judicial act. (Parts 1 and 3 of Article 131 of the EPC). The parties also have a number of procedural duties. Thus, the plaintiff is obliged to comply with the requirements for the form and content of the statement of claim (Article 149 of the EPC), and, upon presenting a claim, is obliged to send to the respondent and third parties copies of the statement of claim and the documents attached to it, which they do not have. The EPC of the Republic of Uzbekistan provides for the possibility of replacing only one improper party - the respondent (Article 45 of the EPC). Thus, if during the preparation of the case for trial or during the trial in the court of first instance it is established that the claim is not brought against the person who should answer the claim, the economic court may, at the request or with the consent of the plaintiff, allow the replacement of the improper respondent with the proper one. If the plaintiff does not agree to the replacement of the defendant by another person, the court may, with the consent of the plaintiff, involve this person as a second respondent. After the replacement of the improper defendant or the entry into the case of the second respondent, the case is considered from the very beginning (Part 1, 2, 4 of Article 45 of the EPC). The EPC does not provide for the possibility of replacing the plaintiff by the court. If the economic court finds out that the plaintiff in the case is improper, the claim will be denied to him. The replacement of one party to the process by another person may also take place as a result of procedural legal succession (Article 46 of the EPC), when the replacement of both the plaintiff and the defendant occurs in the event of the retirement of one of the parties in a disputed or established by a judicial act of the economic court legal relationship, in particular: reorganization of a legal person, assignment of the right to claim, delegation of the debt, death of a citizen, and other cases of change of persons in obligations. Procedural legal succession is possible at any stage of the economic process. At the same time, for the legal successor all actions accomplished in the proceedings up to his entering the case are binding to the extent to which they would have been binding for the person who has been replaced by the legal successor. (Part 6 of Article 46 of the EPC). To conclude, parties in the economic proceedings are those entities whose actions can contribute to the correct and timely resolution of a dispute to protect the rights and legally protected interests of legal persons and citizens whose economic dispute is under the jurisdiction of economic courts of Uzbekistan. B. SULTANOV, judge of Tashkent inter-district economic court
A FAIR TRIAL № 3 / 2023 RIGHT TO ONLINE ARBITRATION 105 Butun dunyo bo’ylab nizolarni raqamli muhitda hal qilish uchun mo’ljallangan dastur faqat onlayn ishlaydi. Onlayn ariza berish va onlayn sud majlislari kabi muayyan vazifalar uchun onlayn interfeysni ta’minlaydigan boshqa sud dasturlaridan farqli o’laroq, muqobil nizolarni hal qilish (ADR) foydalanuvchilari an’anaviy so’rovlar bilan sudga bormaydi. Dastur qaror chiqarish uchun mo’ljallangan texnologik platforma emas, balki sudga ariza beruvchilarning nizolarni yoki ishlarini hal qilishda yordam beradigan vositadir. Raqamli nizolarni hal qilish tomonlarga nizolarni maxfiy, tez, o’z ixtiyoriga ko’ra va xolis hal qilish va butun dunyo bo’ylab qarorni ijro etish imkonini beradi. Bu borada mazkur sohaga axborot texnologiyalarini keng joriy etishga alohida e’tibor qaratilmoqda. Kalit so’zlar: ADR, COVID-19 pandemiyasi, nizolarni onlayn hal qilish, Toshkent xalqaro arbitraj markazi (TIAC), Elektron tijorat, bir tomonlama, ikki tomonlama va ko’p tomonlama shartnomalar, namunaviy qonun. Developed to resolve disputes worldwide in a digital environment, the program works only online. Unlike other court software that provides an online interface for discrete tasks, such as filling out documents online, and conducting online hearings, users of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) do not go to court for traditional requests. The program is not a technological platform designed for making court decisions, but a tool to assist the court in resolving the disputes or cases of the applicants. Dispute resolution in a digital environment allows parties to resolve disputes confidentially, quickly, at their own discretion, and impartially, and to ensure worldwide enforcement of the decision. In this regard, special attention is paid to the wide introduction of information technologies in this field. Keywords: ADR, COVID-19 pandemic, online dispute resolution, Tashkent International Arbitration Center (TIAC), Electronic Commerce, unilateral, bilateral, versatile, Model Law. International trade relations and investment activities are developing rapidly in the world. At the same time, there are many disputes related to them. In the current fast-paced world, one of the most important concerns that the global community must address is the resolution of international trade and investment disputes. Due to this demand, several types of dispute resolution are being developed. After the COVID-19 pandemic, online dispute resolution was rated as the most convenient system in the digital environment as the most demanding method of dispute resolution. Statistics and centers specializing in online dispute resolution. According to their end-2021 reports, 46.72% (78,440) of online dispute resolution cases were classified as cross-border disputes and 53.28% (89,446) were domestic disputes. Among them, the sectors that caused the most disputes are airlines (aviation sector (15.9%), online clothing store (9.87%), trading of goods related to information technologies (6.69%), hotel services (3.99%), etc. The HARMONIZATION OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ONLINE ARBITRATION (ONLAYN ARBITRAJ QONUNCHILIK TIZIMINI MUVOFIQLASHTIRISH MASALALARI)
A FAIR TRIAL № 3 / 2023 106 largest number of appeals for online dispute resolution is in the Federal Republic of Germany (1456), Austria (486), Hungary (190), the Netherlands (142) and other countries contributed . These indicators are a clear example of the importance of effective dispute resolution in a digital environment. It is essential to distinctly describe the organizational foundation of its activity and regulatory mechanisms. It should be noted that today there is no research of significant scientific and practical importance to the issues of reviewing the dispute, determining the right and authority to resolve it, canceling the review of the dispute on the online platform, or recognizing and enforcing its decision. special attention is paid as a complaint. In our republic, the field of ensuring the rule of law is actively working in a systematic manner, judicial system and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and improving the investment environment, effectively regulating foreign trade activities and guaranteeing the rights of subjects in the direction of rapid business development. One of the top priorities for the growth of the economic and social sphere has been determined to be the active attraction of foreign investments to sectors and areas of our country’s economy through enhancing the investment environment. In this direction, further improvement of law enforcement practice is of urgent importance. The Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Economic Procedure Code, «On Arbitration Courts», «On Electronic Commerce», «On Investments and Investment Activities», «On International Commercial Arbitration», Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.5087 of June 19, 2017 «Regarding steps to radically enhance the system of governmental protection of lawful business interests and advance entrepreneurial development», Decision No.4001 dated November 5, 2018 «On the establishment of the Tashkent International Arbitration Center (TIAC) under the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Uzbekistan», No.4300 dated April 29, 2019 Resolution «Concerning steps to further enhance the systems for luring foreign direct investment to the Republic’s economy», No.4754 of June 17, 2020 «Regarding further developing the methods for alternative dispute resoluRIGHT TO ONLINE ARBITRATION
A FAIR TRIAL № 3 / 2023 107 tion» This dissertation research serves to a certain extent in the implementation of the tasks defined in the Resolutions of «On improvement measures» and other legal documents related to the topic. Decision No.4300 of April 29, 2019 «Regarding steps to further enhance the systems for luring foreign direct investment to the Republic’s economy», June 17, 2020, In some ways, the research for this thesis helps carry out the objectives in the Decision No. 4754 «On measures to further improve the mechanisms of alternative dispute resolution» and other legal documents related to the topic. Decision No.4300 of April 29, 2019 «On measures to further improve the mechanisms of attracting foreign direct investment to the economy of the Republic», June 17, 2020 This thesis research serves to a certain extent in the implementation of the tasks defined in the Decision No. 4754 «On measures to further improve the mechanisms of alternative dispute resolution» and other legal documents related to the topic. We now have a relatively unified worldwide legal framework for international economic arbitration thanks to the Model Law. This harmonization has brought considerable benefits to parties involved in business disputes by providing some clarity regarding the rules that would apply if their conflicts are submitted to arbitration. In our opinion, by providing a uniform legal framework, the ambiguities of the changes in the regulatory legal documents of the legal entity established in different jurisdictions will be eliminated. The parties to the contract can choose the law applicable to the entire contract or some of its parts. In this case, the right to be applied both during the conclusion of the contract and later is chosen. Also, the parties to the contract decide on the issue of changing the law applicable to contract . It should be emphasized that many internet arbitration conflicts emerge as a result of overseas transactions. As a result, we feel it would be advantageous to adopt a specific universal set of rules that would allow us to have a full, specific, efficient, and modern regulation for online arbitration. Harmonization in a specific area can be achieved mainly through: I) an international agreement or convention or II) model laws. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages . Professor Dr. R.Roziyev believes that contracts occupy a special place among legal instruments that regulate social relations. Contracts have been used by mankind for thousands of years as a flexible legal tool to regulate various social relations. Another such legal instrument is the law. Of course, the contract regulates the course of work within the framework of the law, defines the range of their possibilities, and directs their actions. It also determines the consequences in case of violation of the requirements of the contract. An international treaty can be useful for achieving a high level of harmonization, as it is a binding document that requires all signatories to include provisions set out in their domestic law. Associate Professor V. Topildiyev: «Formed between two or more parties general rules on contracts are also applied to contracts if such contracts do not conflict with the multilateral nature of contracts. The contract serves as the basis for establishing, changing, or canceling legal relations. But the action of the contract is not limited to this. If other legal facts are completed by creating, changing or canceling a legal relationship according to the general rule, the contract differs from these legal facts and, in addition to RIGHT TO ONLINE ARBITRATION
A FAIR TRIAL № 3 / 2023 108 establishing, changing or canceling the legal relationship, it is also a legal relationship within the framework defined by legal norms . However, this also creates certain problems: the discussion, development, and approval of an international convention on this issue can take a long time, since international conventions involve the creation of obligations for signatories. States may be unwilling to sign an instrument requiring them to fulfill treaty obligations. Signatory governments, for example, must amend their legislation within a certain time frame; if they do not comply with these duties, they will be in violation of the convention and hence liable to international responsibility. Furthermore, it is possible that parties will take a long time to arrange a convention. Given the enormous number of nations involved and the variations in legal systems, it is logical that debates and negotiations will take several years to conclude. Additionally, given the rapid pace of innovation in electronic communications, conventions may be more difficult to modify or update. In today’s fast-paced information and technology era, speedy adoption of documents and legislation is required. It takes less time to create a regional treaty or convention than any other type of international agreement. But the fact that it covers a relatively small area, that is, it applies only to a certain region, leads to an unfavorable situation compared to other regions. As a result, mutual ideological unity is not formed. When concluding contracts, the harmony of interests of different parties is important. The rights and obligations of the parties signing it are stated in any contract. Contracts are divided into several types according to how the rights and obligations of the parties are distributed in them. They are as follows: - unilateral; - bilateral; - versatile. The fact that one of the participating parties has only the right and no obligation, and the other party has only the obligation, indicates that the contract is one-sided. For example, under a gift contract, one party undertakes to transfer any property to the other party on a condition of non-repossession, and the other party receives it and has the right to use it as he wishes. Double-sided and in the contract, both parties have independent rights and obligations. Such an agreement can be cited as an example of a payment-contract agreement concluded between a student and a higher education institution, and agreements related to the sale of private property. According to the payment-contract agreement, the student has a number of rights, such as obtaining a quality education, using the university building, equipment, and library, as well as observing the internal procedures of the university, and paying the amount specified in the contract on time. Obligations such as It should be mentioned here that for the second party, that is, for the university, the student’s obligation serves as a right and his right as an obligation. Versatile. A contract is an agreement between three or more parties. It can be cited as an example of a four-way contract between a university, a student, an employer, and the governor of the relevant district, which is concluded on the basis of certain rights and obligations. MODEL LAW Because drafting an international convention can take a long time, we feel that establishing a model legislation is a more practical way to standardise the legal framework for online arbitration. Model laws are suggested documents RIGHT TO ONLINE ARBITRATION
A FAIR TRIAL № 3 / 2023 109 established by international bodies (such as UNCITRAL) with proposed legislation that governments may adopt if they so want. Because they are not legally binding instruments, their use is more flexible, and governments may be hesitant to embrace them. As a result, they are more easily accepted than treaties, but the intended level of harmonisation may not be realised since governments can change the enacted law. Since the model laws are not binding documents, there is a possibility that the states will make changes to the previously adopted legal norms under the guise of ensuring their sovereignty. There are examples of model laws that have been used in many countries in the past. For example, Model Law on Electronic Commerce , model laws on procurement of goods, facilities and services and model laws on various related fields . Such model laws promote uniformity in international commerce affairs, which frequently entail transnational transactions, and provide parties with some confidence regarding the relevant regulations. Model laws are very straightforward for many countries to implement since they do not constitute a set of duties for governments. Furthermore, because they were written in a short amount of time, we feel that they may be the most convenient approach to unifying online arbitration. We believe that having a model legislation for online arbitration might have several benefits. First, it is a start toward regulating online arbitration, presenting preliminary thoughts about the norms that would be required. Second, it enables some degree of global harmonization. Finally, new technological advances in electronic communication are flexible tools that can be easily modified in cases where existing legislation is outdated or incomplete. The idea of expanding access to justice by integrating ADR/ODR (alternative dispute resolution/online dispute resolution) processes into the traditional court system dates back to F. Sander’s 1976 speech at the Pound Conference, which is often referred to as the ADR (alternative dispute resolution) movement. is seen as birth. In that speech, Sander emphasized the concept of a «many-doored courthouse,» a metaphor for the proactive role he believes courts should play in directing litigants to the most appropriate process to resolve their disputes. So, setting up some kind of online panel or court is not an entirely new idea. In 2016, British Columbia, Canada received increasing attention due to the introduction of the Civil Resolution Board (CRT). Additionally, a similar proposal for the creation of an «Online Court» in the UK was made by Lord Justice Briggs in his Civil Courts Framework Review (CCSR). Since the latter proposal is more substantive in nature, the following discussion will focus almost exclusively on CCSR. The CCSR (Civil Courts Framework) is in line with a comprehensive reform program expected to be implemented by the UK judiciary by April 2020. This report Lord Chief Justice and submitted and subsequently approved by the Master of the Rolls. Online Court is the most important recommendation of CCSR (Civil Courts Framework). It builds on an earlier proposal by the newly formed ODR (Online Dispute Resolution) Advisory Group. It specifically asked whether ODR (online dispute resolution) could play an important role in the future of civil justice. In conclusion, since the existence of an online arbitration stage encourages the parties to reach a (fairer) settlement and not all cases can be resolved amicably, ODR (online dispute resolution) providers should offer non-binding and mandatory ODR (online dispute resolution) soluRIGHT TO ONLINE ARBITRATION
A FAIR TRIAL № 3 / 2023 110 tions) should have the right to apply the technique. Such flexibility is necessary to accommodate many types of low-denominator disputes while ensuring that final, accurate decisions are made in all cases. In short, the CCSR (Civil Courts Framework) suggests the creation of a completely new online court, distinct from the county court’s local divisions, authorized by main law, and regulated by its own procedural rules. It would have had mandatory jurisdiction over all claims up to and including £25,000, including indeterminate claims. However, there are several exceptions. The online court, like the Canadian counterpart, uses a tiered procedural architecture comparable to the three consecutive stages recommended by UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) technical notes. However, it takes the shape of a system tailored to a more formal public. It is known that the EU (European Union) and UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) are promoting several initiatives to regulate the field of ODR (online dispute resolution) in cooperation. Consideration of these initiatives first requires identifying who the key stakeholders are and what their needs are for developing an ODR (online dispute resolution) framework. The reason for this is that any of their proposals has the power to fundamentally change the content of the proposed initiatives, and accept or reject them. Governments, businesses, and consumer organizations are the main stakeholders in providing ADR (alternative dispute resolution) services. Although they have common interests in the development of ODR (online dispute resolution), differences can be observed in their views on their use and promotion. Of course, all governments support ODR (online dispute resolution) because it can offer a form of access to justice that courts cannot provide. However, governments also consider the need to reduce the cost of the judiciary and legal aid due to budget constraints. In addition, governments are seeking to support the further development of the e-commerce industry, its growth allows creating new jobs and creating an important source of tax revenues. In particular, the institutional promotion of ODR (online dispute resolution) in the European Union is explained in such a way that it is closely related to the single market strategy of the European Union. Along with the proposals for the ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) Directive and the ODR (Online Dispute Resolution) Regulation, in the impact assessment, the Commission considered the availability of domestic and cross-border alternative dispute resolution as a means of strengthening consumer and business confidence in the internal market. and clearly stated that he wants to increase their efficiency. The Commission’s basic premise is that consumers’ reluctance to trade cross-border internet is due to a lack of appropriate redress procedures under consumer protection law in their respective jurisdictions. As a result, the justification for the institutional promotion of ODR (online dispute resolution) in the EU is to promote more effective compliance and enforcement of consumer legislation, not just to remedy individual infringements. M. BAKHRAMOVA, senior lecturer at Intelectual Property Law department of Tashkent State University of Law, Ph.D. in law RIGHT TO ONLINE ARBITRATION
ОДИЛ СУДЛОВ ЕЛЕКТРОН ПРАВОСУДИЕ ЕЛЕКТРОН 1 2023 Қонун ҳужжатлари Суд қарорлари Суд амалиёти Суд очеркдари Законодательные акты Судебные решения Судебная практика Судебные очерки ОДИЛ СУДЛОВ Ҳуқуқий, илмий-амалий ЭЛЕКТРОН ЖУРНАЛ ПРАВОСУДИЕ ЭЛЕКТРОННЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ A FAIR TRIAL ELECTRONIC JOURNAL 1 2023 Қонун ҳужжатлари Суд қарорлари Суд амалиёти Суд очерклари Legal documents Court decisions Judicial practice Court essays Законодательные акты Судебные решения Судебная практика Судебные очерки