Module 12

MODULE 12
BLOCKCHAIN AND THE FUTURE

6.1. INTRODUCTION

Blockchain was conceptualized in 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto, as first and foremost well-
known digital money, i.e. Bitcoin. Blockchain is not a trendy expression, similar to cloud or
Internet of Things (IoT), like a cell phone, that you can touch and feel. However, with the
ongoing development in fame of Bitcoin, individuals' interest has additionally expanded in its
fundamental technology i.e. Blockchain. It is critical to comprehend that blockchain gives
capability of definitely more utility than just Bitcoin or some other cryptographic money.

The present condition of the Blockchain Era is practically identical to 1997 amid the Com
Era. Given the historical likenesses, blockchain is as yet missing a large portion of the key
foundation and tooling to construct applications, not to mention great client encounters.

While blockchain is most acclaimed for its job in encouraging the ascent of computerized
monetary forms in the course of recent years, there are additionally numerous other non-
cryptographic currencies uses for this innovation. Without a doubt, some blockchain
advocates trust that the innovation could far outpace digital forms of money themselves as far
as its general effect, and that the genuine capability of blockchain is just barely now being
found. Thusly, all things considered financial advisors and numerous others in the investing
world will experience blockchain innovation substantially more in the years to come,
regardless of whether it is connected with an explicit cryptographic money or if it's being
used in any number of different applications. Beneath, we'll investigate probably the most
energizing and well-known use cases prone to bring blockchain further into the universe of
standard business and finance.

§ Impact on World Trade

Eventually, all the exchange over the globe will be directed by utilizing the blockchain
innovation. Blockchain unprecedentedly affects the overall supply network. At this moment,
world exchange is done through a divided and chaotic gathering of business connections
among gatherings that honestly don't confide in each other. In this manner, extortion,
wasteful aspects, and blunders happen.

§ Cross-Border Payments

Customarily, the exchange of significant worth has been both costly and slow particularly for
payments taking place across international boundaries. One explanation behind this is, the
point at which various monetary standards are included, the exchange procedure ordinarily
requires numerous banks in different areas before the proposed beneficiary can actually
collect his or her cash. There are existing administrations to help encourage this procedure in
a faster way, however these tend to be very costly. In any case, this is a standout amongst the
most encouraging and discussed zones of blockchain innovation application.

§ Smart Contracts

Blockchain innovation will likewise prompt the ascent of smart contracts. These agreements
naturally get executed once the conditions are met, which implies that conveyances are
completed or payments made, or any action determined in the business contract. The
motivation behind why smart contracts are conceivable due to blockchain is inferable from
their agreement centred nature.

§ Identity Management

A standout amongst the most hazardous aftereffects of the web age has been identity or
personality security. As diligent as may individuals and associations are in keeping up their
online personalities and anchoring private data, there are constantly evil performing artists
hoping to take benefit off of these computerized things. Blockchain innovation has
effectively shown the potential for changing the manner in which that online identity
management is done.

§ Digital Money Will Turn Into An Ordinary Payment Medium

More associations around the world, including Shopify, WordPress, Subway, are holding
onto crypto as a payment alternative. This pattern is probably going to become more common
as the days pass by. Right now, accepting bitcoin gains an organization positive consideration
from the media and presents the picture of being in front of the challenge. With more firms
picking this payment entryway, purchasers won't warmly embrace any organization that
rejects bitcoin.

§ Blockchain in the IoT Sector

Endeavours are being made for the smooth progress of blockchain advances into regular day
to day existence and business forms. One of the significant reasons is security — the
trustworthy and encoded blockchain fills in as a suitable decision for keeping the expanding
number of home and office gadgets safe. Indeed, blockchain may be used for guarding
brilliant homes against pernicious computerized substances endeavouring to break in and
plunder their valuable information.

§ Disruption of various sectors

Disturbance might be viewed as the building blocks of blockchain innovation. It changes the
well-established conventional businesses, evacuating a many of the organizations that were
unshakeable in the previous hundred years. For instance, blockchain innovation has
effectively assumed a noteworthy job in redoing the conventional education framework.
Because of the elimination of middle person costs, blockchain connects teachers with the
students for advancing private learning that is more engaged than the present frameworks and
more cost-productive. Different ventures that blockchain innovation will disturb in the
coming years incorporate fund, logistics, media, and medicinal services.

It is beyond doubt, from above discourse, that blockchain can possibly change the manner in
which we purchase and move, associate with different associations and government, check
the genuineness of everything and that too without requiring a concentrated association or
expert. With blockchain we can picture a domain, in which contracts would be implanted in
encoded codes and safely put away in shared databases and would be insusceptible from
erasure, altering and correction. Middle people like attorneys, specialists, and investors may
never again be fundamental. People, associations, machines, and calculations would freely
execute and interface with each other with little friction. This is the huge capability of
blockchain.

Now, blockchain is an innovation with an extraordinarily expansive arrangement of potential
employments. In spite of the fact that blockchain is most well-known for its associations with
the blooming digital currency world, several other applications have already been explored.
Maybe considerably more energizing, however, is that better approaches for using blockchain
develop each day. Accordingly, regardless of whether you are specifically engaged with the
computerized money space or not, it's basic to build up a comprehension of blockchain and
how it might be utilized to change the business and venture universes.

6.2. BLOCKCHAIN OF THINGS

6.2.1. INTRODUCTION

Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) are both ready to be world changing technologies,
exactly toward the start of their selection bend. When we think about how these technologies
are starting to converge, there develops an energizing vision of future conceivable outcomes,
that could bring about something significantly more prominent than the whole of its parts.
Combine them and in principle, you make an undeniable, secure and perpetual strategy for
chronicle information prepared by "brilliant" machines. This system of interconnected
gadgets will have the capacity to interface with their condition and settle on choices with no
human intercession.

Thus, IoT or Internet of Things is in its underlying stages, as yet blossoming, however the
blend it has made on the planet is unparalleled. These two have turned into the epitomes of
innovation and the moment they meet up, it delivers an unending system of interconnected
gadgets sharing the whole world's information among themselves and the external world,
working impeccably without the intervention of people.

These two have ended up being the fate of innovations. In principle and practically speaking,
the utilizations of Blockchain and Internet of Things together are breaking the set standards
and overall limits of what innovation could do.

6.2.2. ISSUES FOR IOT

Talking for all intents and purposes, regardless of a progression so enormous, the security
worry in the IoT market remains a tremendous issue, since it exposes various gadgets and an
immense amount of information to security breaks.

The challenges faced by the IOT are: -

§ Exploitation by cybercrime on IoT gadgets – Software assaults by malware and
infections and physical assaults through unapproved gadget control.

§ Network assaults like the refusal of administrations and remote helplessness abuse.
§ Encryption assaults

Any reasonable person would agree in a couple of years, the physical world will be
amazingly interconnected and rather savvy. Be that as it may, this also represents an issue,
since in their present shape, IoT gadgets are astoundingly shaky. Programmers have up to this

point figured out how to control embedded cardiovascular gadgets, completely disabled
vehicles remotely, and dispatch the world's biggest DDoS assault. Right now, any
disappointment in an IoT environment exposes numerous gadgets, gigantic amount of
personal information, supply chain partners and the network as a whole.

6.2.3. THE ROLE OF BLOCKCHAIN

Here enters Blockchain innovation. The way that there are various sorts of assaults and
dangers to keep IoT far from being safe is declaration enough that it needs an outside security
framework to work.

With the developing expansion of IoT gadgets and these gadgets come up short on the
essential confirmation measures to guard client information, it turns out to be practically
basic to present blockchain with the IoT environment. Following are a few ways by which
Blockchain can help IoT by coordination and progress toward becoming Blockchain of
Things:

§ If IoT gadgets are straightforwardly associated with Blockchain innovation, it will
help in monitoring the historical backdrop of all the associated gadgets for any
investigating purposes.

§ Although, the underlying expenses of the two innovations together can be high in the
present situation when they are simply beginning up, the final costs or the costs in
more mature stages of the innovation can be diminished since the need of an
intermediary can be decreased to zero. Blockchain improvement organizations are
progressing in the direction of an increasingly supportable model in a similar angle.

§ A distributed decentralized ledger can eliminate a solitary source failure in the IoT
biological system shielding every one of the gadgets' information from agreement and
altering. Blockchain will give a circulated framework to record sharing of information
over a decentralized system of partners.

§ Blockchain also empowers gadget freedom through smart contracts. It gives
autonomous personality, information uprightness and distributed correspondence
support and security through the evacuation of specialized wasteful aspects.

§ Blockchain can be effectively sent to follow the sensor information and keep any kind
of duplication with harmful information sources. It will offer approach to implanted
business terms for the mechanization of interaction between the framework hubs.

§ Blockchain's hash-based security and personality confirmation code can be vital for
the security escape loopholes in IoT.

§ Blockchain can likewise give accord and agreement models in type of brilliant
contract for keeping away from the mitigating dangers.

A merger of these two technologies or Blockchain of Things will disrupt the current methods
for working of different ventures, for example, fabricating, social insurance, transportation,
back, etc and disentangle the business forms, in this way, enhancing client encounter.

6.2.4. BLOCKCHAIN- THE NEXT BEST THING

Blockchain, in view of the decentralized and disseminated record framework, is the most
reasonable option accessible, in light of the fact that it fills in the basic holes as of now faced
by IoT. Controlled by the cryptographic procedures behind it, blockchain records are
anchored and synchronized guaranteeing that information spilling out of sensors and inserted
processors gain the most elevated amounts of security—assurance against change and
alteration.

Aside from building the truly necessary trust in IoT gadgets, blockchain, which works on a
shared premise, will lessen financial and time responsibility costs. Lawful contracts will be
replaced by 'smart contracts', which thus will quicken exchanges. Adaptability at that point
also becomes up a lot easier and more affordable. Monetising information is also conceivable
as information can be gathered, shared, handled and broke down precisely, without the dread
of security ruptures.

By utilizing blockchain to oversee access to information from IoT gadgets any assailant
would need to sidestep an extra layer of security that is supported by the absolute most robust
encryption norms accessible. Moreover, on the grounds that there's no incorporated expert,
single-point disappointment concerns turn into ancient history, regardless of how populated a
specific system is.

With information exchanges occurring between various systems owned and regulated by
different associations, a lasting, changeless record implies custodianship can be followed as
information (or even physical things) go between focuses in the inventory network. Machines
will record subtleties of all exchanges that occur between themselves, with no human
oversight. Without the private keys giving compose access to the blockchain (which for this

situation would be held by machines), no human will have the capacity to overwrite the
record with incorrect data.

6.2.5. BLOCKCHAIN AND IOT TOGETHER

Under the predominant IoT paradigm, gadgets are associated by means of a unified
distributed storage and handling administration. This is unsustainable long term, as with the
quantity of associated gadgets and along these lines’ information volumes expanding quickly,
the frameworks dealing with this are probably going to get exceptionally enlarged, bringing
about bottlenecks and wasteful aspects. Blockchains can settle this on account of their
distributed nature, where the information stockpiling system is copied over the hundreds (or
thousands, or millions) of gadgets which make up the system. This monstrous measure of
repetition implies information will dependably be close nearby when it's required, cutting
down transfer times and meaning one server failure will be of no consequence to business
activity.

6.2.6. CHALLENGES FACED IN IOT AND BLOCKCHAIN INTEGRATION

In the wake of understanding that Blockchain joining with IoT can profit into building trust,
decreasing costs and quicken exchange time, let us examine what are the significant
difficulties that are faced in IoT concept and all the more vitally, by what method will
blockchain lessen or dispose of them.

Along these lines, similar to some other innovation, there are dependably escape clauses or
bottlenecks in IoT and Blockchain mix also. In particular, the issues of scalability, security,
interoperability, Multiparty coordinated effort, and so on. Let us take a look at these, one by
one.

§ Scalability: The direst specialized test being faced in Blockchain and IoT union is the
capacity to scale the prerequisites of administrations and security over a dynamic
system of gadgets. Issues, for example, the unsustainability of handling a huge system
of hubs for each exchange, the cloud-based engineering of blockchain, constrained
transfer speed, conventional information stockpiling structures, and so forth all make
up the redundancies of Blockchain and IoT implemented on their own. As such,
blockchain isn't an answer for IoT's adaptability issues, rather versatility will be
characterized when, how and in what situations IoT and blockchain will merge.

§ Security: Blockchain models furnishes the world with a guarantee of information
security while it remains a test in a shared device network. Any business ought not
exclusively be worried about the assurance of information (contacts, documents, and
so forth.) however, it ought to likewise move in the direction of looking after security,
credible personality and avoidance of information robbery.

§ Interoperability: It is the capacity to safely interconnect different systems.
Furthermore, this is a test faced in both the areas. Complexities like the joining of
private and public blockchains, planning the consent and information access over
numerous blockchains, incorporating various open source stages, guaranteeing normal
gauges for consistence, and so forth are obstructing IoT and blockchain to end up an
independent innovation where interoperability is concerned.

§ Multiparty Collaboration: Standard business senses are aggressive, reliant and
shared in nature. Then again, the IoT showcase is an item-based market, however our
present business needs are pushing it towards an information driven and benefit-based
methodology.

In this manner, the requirement for working together blockchain with IoT is vital.

6.3. BLOCKCHAIN BASED SYSTEM

Blockchain, as an ever-increasing number of individuals are discovering, is a ledger
framework for keeping records. Blockchain has as of late picked up momentum. New
businesses, endeavours, banks, and government offices around the globe are exploring the
utilization of blockchain for wide applications including open libraries, supply chains,
wellbeing records, and casting a ballot.

After over a long time since the dispatch of Bitcoin, the decentralized exchange ledger
usefulness implemented through the blockchain innovation is being utilized for cryptographic
forms of money, as well as to enlist, affirm and exchange any sort of agreement and property.

After bitcoin, a plenty of interchange digital currencies have been launched in the market.
Although a lot of these undertakings were unsuccessful business adventures and are presently
dead, some others appear grounded on strong enterprising thoughts and additionally savvy
development. As a rule, it has turned out to be obvious that the decentralized exchange record
usefulness implemented through the blockchain innovation can be utilized for digital forms of
money, as well as to enrol, affirm and exchange any sort of agreement and property.

6.3.1. WHAT IS A BLOCKCHAIN OPERATING SYSTEM?

A blockchain-enabled virtual operating system is one that gives a device the ability to
combine communication and commerce in a single unified platform.

The development of this recently bound together innovation suggestion implies that, in the
hypothesis in any event, clients can begin drawing in with blockchain-put together
administrations with respect to cell phones with security and protection previously secured.

6.3.2. CURRENT AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS

Considered as a public ledger, in its temperament the blockchain is slanted to record formal
agreements between parties. This is the situation when an agreement must be enlisted by a
legal official, or when the responsibility for something must be openly promoted and
perceived, or even when a property with some programmed conduct could associate with
another subject upholding an agreement. These are examples that demonstrate some potential
uses of the blockchain.

§ Smart Properties

The key thought of smart property is the statement of proprietorship rights for an advantage
through its enrolment in the blockchain, anchored by methods for a private key. Just
somebody who has the private key can learn its ownership for resource, which then again can
be verified by anybody because of the corresponding public key. The proprietor could later
move the advantage by giving its relating private key to another client.

A few kinds of property like trademarks, copyrights and licenses are inalienably shrewd
properties, and their administration as such is common and can be productive.

§ Smart Contracts

Smart contracts speak to the usage of an authoritative assention, whose lawful arrangements
are formalized into programming code and checked through a system of friends. Surely these
agreements are characterized through the code and executed or upheld by the code, without
the requirement for a trusted third party.

We can bring up the accompanying three unmistakable properties of smart contracts: self-
rule, independence and decentralization. Smart contracts are autonomous in the sense that,
after their organization on the blockchain, they work with no human mediation. Moreover,

they can aggregate capital after some time, for example, advanced monetary forms or
physical resources, and that is what the term independent relies on. At long last, smart
contracts are decentralized on the grounds that they are circulated and self-executing over a
system of companion hubs.

§ Decentralized Autonomous Organizations

The blockchain technology makes the execution of several smart contracts and smart
properties possible, enabling their reciprocal interaction in a decentralized and distributed
way. Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) operate according to rules and
procedures defined by smart contracts, and on the basis of ownerships defined through smart
properties. In these organizations, machines and people can cooperate without the need to be
incorporated into traditional business identities.

The decentralized autonomous organization concept derived from AI: a decentralized
network of autonomous agents perform tasks, which can be conceived in the model of a
corporation running with only a collateral human involvement under the control of a set of
business rules. Such organizations can charge users for the services they provide, in order to
pay others for the resources they need. As long as they receive sufficient funds to operate on
their own, they can thus subsist independently of any third party.

§ Other Possible Application Fields

Going past the instruments so far exhibited, a plenty of thoughts for conceivable applications
exists. Blockchain innovation speaks to a chance to ease wasteful aspects caused by third
party trust associations, logistics preparing time, bulky, exorbitant and dangerous
correspondent systems. The reception of such open door should assist associations with
saving expenses and time just as increment security for online exchanges of any sort in fields,
for example, eScience, Healthcare, Financial Services and so on.

These days another age of frameworks depending on ideas and innovations enlightened by
those of Bitcoin are at the most elevated global intrigue on account of the prospects both on
opportunities and dangers. This makes the emphasis on the highlights of blockchain-based
frameworks amazingly intriguing.

One of the greatest crticism that we would move against the present structure of blockchain-
based frameworks is the interest for obscurity. On one hand, this forces the presentation of
explicit costs for dealing with the blockchain through appropriate pricing function. Then

again, the proposed secrecy empowers cybercrime yet is a feeble shield for everyday citizens
when contrasted with the power accessible to governments or criminals. Besides, the
administration costs of these frameworks contrarily influence their wide selection.
Undoubtedly the mining issue is really a sort of counterfeit riddle of no practical concern,
which requires an expanding measure of assets over the time.

6.4. REGULATION OF DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM OF BLOCKCHAIN

6.4.1. DECENTRALIZATION

A standout amongst the most exciting parts of blockchain innovation is that it is completely
decentralized, as opposed to being stored in one central point. This evacuates the requirement
for incredible central authorities and rather hands control back to the individual client.

6.4.2. WHAT IS DECENTRALIZATION IN BLOCKCHAIN?

The decentralized concept of blockchain innovation implies that it doesn't depend on a central
point of control. An absence of a solitary specialist makes the framework more pleasant and
impressively increasingly secure. The manner by which information is recorded onto a
blockchain embodies its most progressive quality: its estimation of decentralization. As
opposed to depending on a focal specialist to safely execute with different clients, blockchain
uses inventive agreement conventions over a system of hubs, to approve exchanges and
record information in a way that is morally sound. As a blockchain is a record of data it is
critical that the data being put away is straightforward and precise.

Moreover, the data recorded on the blockchain can be sure to be valid as it is difficult to
manipulate due to there being different duplicates that require a mind-boggling agreement to
be altered.

The information is made much increasingly secure by the way that there is no dependence on
a central point of storage, diminishing its danger being lost or pulverized. Attacking one point
of storage would result in no loss of information since all the data is put away on various
gadgets around the globe. In such manner Bitcoin is the most endured and strong stage in the
space, having withstood blasts of endeavoured hacks, all of which have been unsuccessful.

The individuals who take an interest in the blockchain network have the alternative to
contribute their PC stockpiling and download a duplicate of the blockchain to anchor the
information that is recorded on it.

6.4.3. HOW BLOCKCHAIN NEEDS REGULATION?

Blockchains and their digital forms of money are vigorously following a way similar to other
major leaps in innovation that have preceded it. Like autos, power, or the internet, the
innovation and networks behind blockchain tech are developing and improving a long way in
front of existing controls or social security nets.

6.4.4. WHAT REGULATIONS CAN CONVEY TO THE CRYPTO ECONOMY?

Most of the requirement for regulation is encompassing the digital money trading and
monetizing, and that should not shock anyone.

Tax assessment rules, ICO (Initial Coin Offering) control, crypto-trade oversight and lawful
platform for onboarding institutional speculators into the crypto markets are a few of the
manners in which regulation can enable tidy up this industry and make it a significantly
progressively fertile territory for advancement and safe venture.

§ Tax collection

Interests in cryptographic forms of money are causing some genuine migraines for anybody
hoping to remain in the good books of their assessment gatherers. Issues like which
jurisdiction collects the taxes, which coins and tokens are taxed, and what exercises are
taxable events all currently encompass speculators of all shapes and sizes.

§ ICO oversight

The ICO (Initial Coin Offering) as an investment technology has been utilized to gather
billions of dollars of significant worth in a short measure of time. The pinnacle of the
readiness to take an interest in the ICO showcase implied a great deal of overextending
ventures turned out to be immediately financed and frequently by financial specialists and
individuals that had too little data and an excess of good faith. As of late, however, the ICO
business is by all accounts moving towards a more grounded accentuation on investor
assurance and administrative compliance.

§ Trades and Custodianship

A noteworthy issue confronting crypto trades is the security of their clients' coins and all the
more precisely their clients' private keys. regulation on account of trades could help put forth

estimations in both counteractive action and response to the weakness of trade help private
keys.

6.4.5. REGULATION IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD

While blockchain has earned universal reputation for being the instrument supporting
significant cryptographic forms of money, for example, Bitcoin and Ethereum, blockchain
innovation has massive positive potential: to decentralize and streamline budgetary
exchanges on a worldwide scale. Tragically, administrative offices are as yet getting up to
speed to a regularly evolving framework, and many are in a condition of contradiction about
where blockchain fits into the eventual fate of the worldwide business biological system.

Here's a breakdown of how major worldwide performing artists are moving toward the
control of blockchain:

§ European Union

The EU has taken a firm position on information protection, executing stringent regulations
that have striking ramifications for blockchain. The General Data Protection Regulation
(GDPR) tries to blend information security endeavours over the association, ordering,
specifically, that EU natives have a "right to be overlooked" on the web.

For some blockchain organizations, this privilege may repudiate the permanence and
decentralization that the innovation gives its clients. The new GDPR measures rest upon the
ethical establishment that EU subjects ought to have the principal appropriate to control their
information. The onus, in this way, will fall on blockchain organizations to guarantee that the
EU edge for information possession is met adequately.

§ East Asia

East Asian nations, on the other hand, have up to this point taken a "business first, regulation
later" approach, in which government offices have permitted blockchain organizations to
work without confinements. Yet, as digital forms of money detonated a year ago, East Asian
countries started to subject blockchain to progressively critical administrative investigation.

While China was once viewed as a worldwide asylum for digital forms of money, this
changed unexpectedly in 2017 when the People's Bank of China restricted initial coin
offerings (ICOs) in the nation, sending an unmistakable flag that cryptographic money trades
in their present frame would not go on without serious consequences. South Korea took

action accordingly, expressing that while blockchain innovation was commonly energized
inside its outskirts, residential ICOs were restricted for years to come.

Japan was one of the main nations on the planet to perceive Bitcoin as a money and to issue
digital money trade licenses to organizations looking for formal groupings under the law. In
the meantime, Japanese administrative bodies have confined their appraisal of digital
currencies to Bitcoin exclusively, and are not prepared to grasp other blockchain-controlled
organizations starting as of now. The truth will surface eventually how this plays out.

§ United States

U.S. government agencies, on the other hand, have taken a “regulation first, business later”
approach, in which overwhelming skepticism has prompted regulators to restrict the potential
mainstream applications of blockchain programs utilizing cryptocurrency. U.S. regulatory
agencies have had some of the most controversial regulatory discussions about the future of
the space, especially with regard to security-related topics. The U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission has mandated that cryptocurrencies will be considered “assets” under
governmental purview, deterring many major international crypto-companies from wanting to
operate in America.

§ India

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), i.e. the central bank of the country, has repeatedly warned
the citizens that cryptocurrencies aren’t legal tenders, and anyone trading in them must do so
at their own risk in view of the speculative nature of the market. In February 2018, the
Government of India (GoI) declared in the parliament that they will take every necessary step
to stop crypto assets being used to fund criminal activities and terrorism, and will not allow
the digital currencies to become part of the payment system. RBI has barred the banks in the
country from servicing crypto exchanges. There are concerns that crypto exchanges and
traders in cryptocurrencies evade tax, and there have been tax raids on some of the
cryptocurrencies. While RBI and GoI remain unsupportive of cryptocurrencies, they are very
keen on exploring blockchain. GoI and multiple state governments are busy with pilot
projects with this technology, with the objective of improving delivery of governance and
rooting out corruption. RBI is mulling over issuing their own cryptocurrency, however, more
details are awaited on this plan.

The tight control exercised by governments over certain markets is not going to disappear
anytime soon. At the moment, it dramatically limits the adoption of blockchain technology in
sectors like global finance and infrastructure development. The development of hybrid
blockchain could be an essential step toward to mainstream adoption of decentralized
technology.