Abstract of SciFair2019

Development of date palm syrup products using cooking instead
Sugar

Prapapan Muensuppana, Jenjira Mudsaeng, Natcha Wongyat and Weena Thongrod *
Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The objective of this research was to study 1) the optimum amount of date palm
syrup production in date palm syrup, 2) the amount of date palm syrup used to
replace sugar in cooking, 3) to test consumer acceptance of jelly products from
date palm syrup. The first step is to study of date palm into 3 formulas with
different date palm. The six sensory tests found that the most accepted formulas
with 100% which had good of syrup. Second step is to study the use syrup in
cooking samples jelly products with 100%, 75% and 50% syrup content to be
used in consumer acceptance testing. Data were analyzed using statistical
program by One way ANOVA method and tested 7-point hedonic scale by using
30 testers. The results showed that the increasing of the date palm syrup of all 6
aspects were non-significant different p <0.05. The texture analyzer revealed that
100% granulated sugar jelly has higher hardness value. When analyzer nutritional
values with the program INMUCAL-Nutrients V.4.0 found that date palm jelly
has lower energy content.
Keywords: Date palm, Fructose, Syrup

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Development of the natural dyed multifunctional-fabric bag with
the patchwork technique

Orathai Taktuang, Neeracha Sreemala and Jitsopa Chaliewsak *
Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The objectives of this research were to 1) design and development a fabric bag
for multifunctional applications, modern pattern and meet customer
requirements, and 2) add value to the product with natural dyes and patchwork
technique. The experimental was divided into 2 parts. The first part was fabric
dyeing process with 5 types of natural dyes (turmeric, yanang leaves, mango
leaves, sappan and indigo) and 3 types of mordants (Sodium Chloride, Alum and
Limewater). The dyed fabrics were analyzed colorfastness to washing and
rubbing. The second part was design and development of the fabric bag to meet
customer requirements. The data were collected by consumer groups, late teens
and early working adults. The results showed that the dyed fabrics were as follows
turmeric: yellow, yanang leaves: dark green, mango leaves: light green, sappan:
violet, magenta and red, and indigo: blue. The fabric dyed with yanang leaves
presented the highest values of color fastness to washing and rubbing. The bag
pattern 1 with blue, red and violet colors were chosen by the consumers to create
the bag prototype.
Keywords: Fabric bag, Natural dye, Product development

- 138 -

Development of plant - based meat product

Chawis Navarat, Ekaphob Phukhamsorn, Nontiya Teansawangchai and Rossaporn Jiamjariyatum *
Department of Home Economic,Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The objective of this research was to develop imitated meat products from plants.
The gluten, bean and mushroom were carried out by 3 x 3 x 2 factorial design.
The basic recipe of meat product consists of 20 grams of sugar, 9 grams of salt,
7.3 grams of spices and 8 grams of vegetable oil. According to sensory evaluation,
consumers accepted the plant-based meat by using 200 grams of gluten, 60 grams
of mushrooms and 90 to 290 grams of bean. Increasing gluten and mushrooms
content the liking score of appearance, color, texture, taste, aroma, flavor, and
overall from panel increased. For physical properties by using the texture
analyzer, the brittleness and hardness of plant-based meat product provided the
highest in the product made from 200 grams of gluten, 30 grams of mushrooms
and 90 grams of bean. For application in hamburgers, the consumers accepted
product in the moderately liking.
Keywords: Plant-based meat, Gluten, Bean, Mushroom

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Development of Pudding from Boiled Rice Water of Black Rice

Tusneem Yusuf, Apichaya Kongkaew, Sasipimol Vililuk, Sirinun Kaenthong * and
Weena Thongrod *
Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected]

The research aimed to develop pudding in which the cow milk in the recipe was
substituted with boiled rice water of black rice 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Sensory
characteristics, nutritional values and physical properties, including color values
(L* a* b*), hardness, and springiness, were determined. The results found that
boiled rice water of black rice affects the consumer acceptance, physical
characteristics and nutritional values. When the proportions of boiled rice water
of black rice were increased, energy and carbohydrates were increased. Texture,
L* and b* values and hardness were significantly decreased (p<0.05), while gel
flexibility was significantly increased (p<0.05). The pudding in which the cow
milk in the recipe was substituted with boiled rice water of black rice 50% is most
acceptable.
Keywords: Black rice water, Nutritional values, Physical properties, Pudding

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Application of bioactive compounds from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
in gummy jelly product

Chonticha Puntawonnawin, Pakkapong Ruknertsakhon, Thanyanat rattanapairai,
Sirinun Kaenthong * and Rossaporn Jiamjariyatam *
Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected]

This research aimed to study effect of solvent used for extraction on anti-α-
glucosidase activities and effect of lotus extracts on physical characteristics and
consumer acceptance of gummy jelly product.The concentration of ethanol was
varied at 30%, 60% and 95% (v/v). The addition of lotus extracts to the product
was varied at 10%, 20% and 30% (w/w) of tea leaves. It was found that lotus
extracts extracted by 60% ethanol provided the highest anti-α-glucosidase
activities was 94.32%. The hardness, elasticity and L*, a*, b* of product
decreased gradually with increasing addition of lotus extracts. At 10% addition
of lotus extracts and control product were not significantly different (P>0.05).
Keyword: α-glucosidase, Gummy jelly, Lotus

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Development of Thai fermented sausage with chicken breast and
germinated brown rice

Praweena Wanichakorn, Muenfun Wutijinda, Kasan Sukprasong, Jutamanee Rongsawat,
Weena Thongrod and Phannaphat Phromphen *
Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The objective of this research is to 1) study the suitable formula of Thai fermented
sausage (Isan sausage) products from chicken breast with germinated brown rice
and 2) study the physical property and the sensory acceptance test of the
developed product. Isan sausage were prepared by using Jasmine 105 brown rice
through germination process into cooked. After that, the germinated brown rice
was used instead of Jasmine rice in the ratio at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of each
brown rice. Each formula was fermented at 12 and 24 hours in order to study the
acidity. Then, the consumer preferences were tested by using the 7- point hedonic
scale method. It was found that the most accepted formula in terms of taste,
texture and overall preference was the 50% replacing the germinated brown rice
and fermented for 24 hours. The sample was replaced 100% and fermented for
24 hours was the most accepted in color and flavor. It might be because of the
acidity effecting to Isan sausages resulting in different acceptance. Moreover, the
amount of germinated brown rice affects the sensory preferences of consumers
and the mean values were non-significant (p>0.05) with the Duncan statistical
analysis method of variance ANOVA. Finally, the nutritional evaluation of Isan
sausages showed the protein content is higher than the standard formula.
Keywords: Chicken breast, Isan sausage, Germinated brown rice

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Effects of sweetener and job’s tear milk on sweetened condensed milk

Wanitcha Montip, Wichit Mukdasatidkul, Arithat Jirasatitporn, Rossaporn Jiamjariyatam *
Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The objective of this research was to study the effects of sweetener and job's tear
milk on sweetened condensed milk. The 5 ratio of milk per job's tear milk at 100
: 0, 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30 and 60 : 40 was varied. For the acceptance by using
7 point hedonic scale, the most accepted products were the sweetened condensed
milk made from milk per job's tear milk at the ratio of 80 : 20. The 3 sweeteners
namely maltitol, oligolite and acesulfame K were used to substitute the sugar in
sweetened condensed milk. The results revealed that sweetened condensed milk
made from maltitol and oligolite provided the highest liking score for appearance,
viscosity, colour, smell, taste, flavor, texture and overall with slightly like.
Keywords: Job’s tear milk, Sweetened condensed milk, Sweetener

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Development of Peanut Brittle with Reduced Sugar

Jutarut Nukhao, Thanyatron Nilklom, Pornnatcha Apivarakul and Weena Thongrod *
Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The objectives of this research were: 1) the ratio of stevia extract sweetener to
reduce sugar in peanut brittle production. 2) the physical properties and sensory
evaluation in peanut brittle with reduced sugar. 3) the nutritional value of
peanut brittle with reduced sugar. The research was conducted by using 10
grams of gum arabic instead of glucose syrup and the ratio of sugar to stevia
extract sweetener used in the present work were 50:50 and 30:70 comparing to
standard formula. The results of study showed that peanut brittle at a ratio of
50:50 had the highest average score acceptability. The texture analysis found
that the texture of standard formula and the most accepted peanut brittle develop
formula (50:50) were not significantly different on hardness and brittleness
value at confidence level 95% (p>0.05). The nutritional value of peanut brittle
per serving (5 pieces), the peanut brittle with reduced sugar provided 336 kcal
that reduce energy by 17% and the amount of sugar decreased to 22 grams (4.4
teaspoons)
Keywords: Glucose syrup, Nutritional value, Peanut brittle, Stevia

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The study of the relationship between the number of days and the
reduction of PM 2.5

Kanyaphak Trakulsirichok, Nuttaporn Nongcharoen, Rattanawalee Boonserm, Khawn Piasai *,
Sukanya Hajisalah * and Anek Janjaroon *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

During the past year, the problem of more severe dust loads every year because

of the amount of pollution caused by incomplete combustion, causing dust less
than 2.5 microns (PM2.5). It can enter in the body easily and can be difficult to

prevent. From the problem, we study data from the Meteorological Department,
find that humidity and wind speed are the factors that affect the reduction of PM
2.5. The objective of this mathematical project is to find the relationship between

the number of days and the reduction of the amount of PM 2.5, which this project
is divided into 2 cases. That is, factor from humidity and factor from wind speed.
The scope of this project, we only study in Bangkok, vicinity and provinces in

the northern of Thailand. Data from the Meteorological Department are analyzed

by linear regression analysis. The results of this project were as following: Case
1, The relationship between the number of days (y) and the reduction of the

amount of dust PM 2.5 (x) are the equations y = 0.0566x - 0.9807,

y = 0.0334x + 0.6437, y = 0.0319x + 0.4938, y = 0.0434x - 0.1763, and

y = 0.0424x - 0.0193, which consider the average of humidity i in the range

40  i < 50, 50  i < 60, 60  i < 70, 70  i < 80, 80  i < 90, respectively. Case

2,The relationship of the number of days y and the reduction of the amount of
dust PM 2.5 x are the equations y = 0.0542x - 0.6469, y = 0.0335x + 0.53,

y = 0.0345x + 0.417, y = 0.0402x + 0.0391 and y = 0.0332x + 0.4277,

which consider the average of wind speed j in the range 1 j < 4, 4  j < 7,

7  j < 10, 13  j < 22, respectively.

Keywords: Relationship, PM 2.5, Humidity, Wind speed, Linear regression
analysis

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The summation of the perimeter of the unlimited number of n-sided
polygons inscribed into the original shapes

Wilawan Rakcheep, Phakpoom Supasri, Sumanan Sarakhet, Khawn Piasai *, Sukanya Hajisalah *
and Anek Janjaroon *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

The purpose of this mathematical project is to find the formula of the summation

of the perimeter of the unlimited number of n-sided polygons inscribed into the

original shape. This project has found a size of the angles in the n-sided

polygons. Then law of sines is used to find the length of each side of the n-sided

polygons inscribed into the original bigger shape. An infinite series is used to

find the summation as mentioned above. Before finding the formula of the

summation of the perimeter of the unlimited number of n-sided polygons

inscribed the original shape, we found the formula of the summation of the

perimeter of the unlimited number of quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons and

octagons inscribed into the original shape, and used as a guide for n-sided

polygons inscribed into the original shape. The result of this project have shown

that the formula of the summation of the perimeter of the unlimited number of

n-sided polygons inscribed the original shape is of the form

Pn = a
1−
sin  (n − 2)   
 n 

  − (n − 2)   
 2 n 
2sin  
 


where Pn is the formula of the summation of the perimeter of the unlimited
number of n-sided polygons inscribed into the original shapes, n I and n  3 ,

and a is the perimeter of the original shape.

Keywords: Formula of the summation, n-sided polygons, Law of sines, Infinite
series

- 146 -

The study of the relationship between the first derivative of area
and the perimeter of irregular polygon

Nutchar Piyamapronchai, Phiriyaphong Ringrod, Passara Boonsomwong, Witsarut Pho-on *,
Khawn Piasai *, Sukanya Hajisalah * and Anek Janjaroon *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]

The purposes of this mathematical project were to study the relationship
between the first derivative of area and perimeter of irregular polygon and a
relationship between the first derivative of volume and surface area of the
Platonic solid. In this project, we constructed the incircle of irregular polygon
and the insphere of the Platonic solid. After that, the functions of area,
perimeter, volume and surface area which depend on the radius were
constructed. We used the theorem of circle and the relationship between height
and slant height of the pyramid to find the derivative of functions by the radius.
The results of this project have shown that the relationship between the first

n

derivative of area and perimeter of irregular polygon is A '(r) = 2r tan i = P(r)
i=1

where A(r) and P(r) are the area and the perimeter of irregular polygon
respectively, r is the radius of incircle, and i is the angle between the radius of
incircle and side of triangle which through the center of incircle where
i = {1, 2, , n}, and the relationship between the first derivative of volume and
surface area of the Platonic solid is V '(r) = mnr2 tan  tan  = S(r) where V(r) and

cos 

S(r) are the volume and the surface area of the Platonic solid respectively, r is
the radius of insphere,  is the angle between slant height of pyramid and side
of triangle which through the center of insphere, and  is the angle between
slant height and height of pyramid.

Keywords: Area, Perimeter, Volume, Surface area, Irregular polygon

- 147 -

The study of the ratio of the total area of the outer triangle to the
n-shaped area

Chanikan Siankhuntod, Manlika Khobthulee, Yothin Maiman, Wisarut Pho-on *,
Sukanya Hajisalah *, Khawn Piasai * and Anek Janjaroon *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]

From Ron's theorem, which states that when constructing a square further from
the top of the original triangle, which is any triangle, and connecting the vertices
of the square (Which is not the same point as the original triangle) and the
vertices of the nearest square, we will obtain 3 more triangles. Each of the
additional triangle areas will be equal to the original triangle. The objective of
this mathematical project is to study of the ratio of the total area of the outer
triangle to the n-shaped area. There are two steps in this study as following.

Step 1: to find the area of the outer triangle (The triangle was formed by
connecting the sides of the n-shaped) and the area of the n-shaped by using
Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP) and Geogebra.

Step 2: to find the ratio of the total area of the outer triangle to the
n-shaped area by using trigonometry.
The results of this project have shown that the ratio of the total area of the outer
triangle to the n-shaped area is 4cos2((n2−n2) 180) where is a number of sides
of the n-shaped.
Keywords: Ron’s theorem, Ratio, Area, Outer triangle, n-shaped area

- 148 -

A normal formula of the number of Convex Polyominos whose area
is positive

Kantida Srisuwan, Tanyathorn Boonviset, Pagon Aupathi, Khawn Piasai *, Sukanya Hajisalah *
and Anek Janjaroon *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

A polyomino is a plane geometric figure obtained by joining one or more unit

squares called monominos. So the area of a polyomino is the number of
monominoes. This mathematical project aimed to find a normal formula of the
number of Convex Polyominos whose area is positive by applying the Tau
function and the Polyomino number theory. The result of this project is as
follows:

 (a) + 1 ; if a is a square number
 2

PLC (a) = 

  (a) ; if a is not a square number

2

where PLC (a) is a normal formula of the number of Convex Polyominos whose
area is a and  (a) is the number of factors of a .

Keywords: Polyomino, Monomino, Tau function, Polyomino number theory,
Square number

- 149 -

Attached-Screen Stickers for taking a golden ratio photo

Chutipa Imsakul, Nattawan Thongrit, Suwanan Pakwiset, Khawn Piasai *, Sukanya Hajisalah *
and Anek Janjaroon *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

The purposes of this mathematical project were to 1) create attached-screen
stickers for taking a golden ratio photo by applying the reciprocal rectangles
theorem 2) find the effectiveness of the stickers 3) study the satisfaction of the
users after using the camera with the stickers on its screen. To produce the sticker,
four points marked on a model of the sticker using an interactive application
called the GeoGebra. The reciprocal rectangles theorem and golden rectangles
were applied to locate the four points. Then the model was printed on a clear
sticker and stuck it on a camera screen. Using a convenience sampling method,
60 people were selected as users who would take a questionnaire after they had
tried a camera with the sticker on its screen. We found that the effectiveness of
the stickers is 91.67 percent which showed that the photos taken by using the
stickers are mostly in golden proportion and the satisfaction of the users was at
the “high” level (X̅ = 4.19, S.D. = 0.65)
Keywords: Stickers, Golden ratio photography, Reciprocal rectangles theorem,
Satisfaction

- 150 -

The relationship between lengths of neck and of waist

Tanespon Inkaew, Thanyaluk Nikrotanon, Pavarisa Kuppapong, Noppadon Wichitsongkram *,
Anek Janjaroon *, Khawn Piasai * and Sukanya Hajisalah *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]

The purpose of this mathematical project was to find the relationship between the
length of neck and the length of waist of a person. Using a convenience sampling
method, 100 people including 50 males and 50 females were selected as subjects
of the study. The subjects would give the information about their lengths of neck
and of waist through a google form. Then the data was analyzed to create a linear
regression equation using the least squares theory. The Microsoft excel was
employed to find percentage of error. The results of this project were as follows:

1 ) The relationship between the length of neck and the length of waist of
100 people is = 2.054 + 3.110 and the percentage of error is 6.360

2 ) The relationship between the length of neck and the length of waist of
females is = 2.296 + 0.052 and the percentage is error is 6.781

3 ) The relationship between the length of neck and the length of waist of
males is = 2.252 − 0.146 and the percentage of error is 5.984

where is the lenght of neck (inches), and is the lenght of waist (inches).
From this study, we found that, for each individual, the length of the two-round
neck is about the length of the waist.
Keywords: Relationship, Length of neck, Length of waist, Linear regression,
Least squares theory

- 151 -

The generator tool of the Archimedean Spiral

Natthasit Rungruangsaensuk, Panuwat Rajitpan, Leadphong Kriengkorakot,
Noppadon Wichitsongkram *, Khawn Piasai *, Sukanya Hajisalah * and Teerasak Chaladgarn *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]

The purposes of this mathematical project were to construct and to test the
efficiency of the generator tool of the Archimedean spiral that has a circular plate
and a motor attached to the pulley system in order to pull a pen. While the pulley
pulls the pen on a straight line away from the center of the circular plate, the plate
also rotate generating a spiral curve. The test of the efficiency of the generator
tool was split into two parts:
Part 1 – the efficiency test for the outward pulley: tested by considering whether
the spiral curve passed the points (0,4.5) , (−9,0) , (0,13.5) and (18,0) or not.
Part 2 – the efficiency test for the return pulley: tested by considering whether the
spiral curve passed the same points as Part 1 or not.
The efficiency test resulted that the generator tool has 90 percent efficiency for
both outward pulley and return pulley.
Keywords: Archimedean Spiral, Generator tool, Spiral curve

- 152 -

Magic triangles

Noreeya Dolrahman, Jantima Saroj and Nasra Mama, Khawn Piasai, Sukanya Hajisalah,
Anek Janjaroon and Noppadon Wichitsongkram *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The purpose of this mathematics project was to find a method of creating
magic triangles of order n . We firstly showed a proof by cases with considering
three vertices of a triangle as integers in the arranged sets of integers

k, k +1, k + 2 to find solutions for the magic triangles of order 5 where k is an

element of the set 3m + 1 m = 0, 1, 2, 3 and of order 6 where k is an element of
the set 3m + 1 m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 . After that, we further determined a method of

creating the magic triangles by categorizing the vertices of the magic triangles
into 3 cases. In the first case, all vertices are the number in the same set of
integers. In the second, two vertices are the last two integers in the same set and
the third vertex is the smallest integer in the next set. In the last case, one vertex
is in a set of integers and the others are the first two integers in the next set.
The aforementioned three cases were applied the basic idea to obtain a method
of creating magic triangles of order n where n is an even and odd number such
that n is greater than and equal to 5.
Keyword: Magic triangles order n , Proof by cases, Creating magic triangles

- 153 -

Relationships between a number of strands of rope and the c value

of the parabola x2 = 4cy obtained from rotating full glasses of

water

Piyawat Prakongpuak, Sadanun Kheawpumpuang, Sirikorn Pruengtammakul, Anek
Janjaroon, Khawn Piasai, Sukanya Hajisalah and Noppadon Wichitsongkram *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The purposes of this mathematical project were to 1) determine the relationships

between a number of strands of rope and the c value of the parabola x2 = 4cy

come from rotating two glasses with different shapes and 2) find the percent

errors of the c values. In this project, we studied two different shapes of glasses
called type I and type II. Each type of glasses was filled with full water and hung
with ropes. We rotated the glasses through rotating the ropes. For each type, the
numbers of strands of the ropes that made the spinning water like a parabola were
collected and the parabola was taken a photo. The parabola corresponding to each
number of the strands was derived an equation in the form of x2 = 4cy via the
Geogebra program. The values of c and the numbers of the strands were further
analyzed to obtain the relationships between them through the process of
regression analysis. Finally, the percent errors of the values of c were calculated.
The results showed as follows:

1) For types I, the relationship between a number of strands of rope and

the c value represent with the equation
c= 1
0.01948x − 0.80928

with 17.44259% error of the c value.

2) For types II, the relationship between a number of strands of rope and

the c value represent with the equation
c= 1
0.005206x − 0.07979

with 14.65557% error of the c value.

Keyword: Relationship, Parabola, Glasses, Percentage errors, Rotating glass of
water

- 154 -

The frequencies and average of error of Thai musical notes in the
context of mathematics

Pontakorn Paosricharoen, Sutheekan Sridoungkaew, Supaporn Phokrajang, Khawn Piasai,
Sukanya Hajisalah, Anek Janjaroon and Khomsan Pakpoom *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The purposes of this mathematical project were to 1) find the frequencies of eight
Thai musical notes (C, D, E, F, G, A, B, high C) in an octave and 2) determine
the averages of percentage errors of the frequencies of the notes comparing to the
frequencies for the eight notes from 5 resources, including Mr. Singhon, Mr.
Sawit, Mr. Supapon, Mr. Arthit’s 1st form and Mr. Arthit’s 2nd form. We started
finding the frequency for each Thai musical note in one octave by looking for an
interval between two adjacent Thai musical notes, and then searched for the
frequency of each Thai musical note in an octave, respectively. To determine the
averages of percentage errors of the frequencies for the eight Thai musical notes,
we firstly calculated the percent errors for each notes, and then computed the
average of each resource. The results showed as follows:

1) In one octave, the frequency of C is 463.479 Hz, the frequency of D
is 511.722 Hz, the frequency of E is 564.987 Hz, the frequency of F is 623.796
Hz, the frequency of G is 688.727 Hz, the frequency of A is 760.416 Hz, the
frequency of B is 839.568 Hz and the frequency of high C is 926.958 Hz.

2) The averages of percentage errors of the frequencies of the eight
notes have shown as follows:

Mr. Singhon’s average of errors of Thai musical note is 0.19%
Mr. Sawit’s average of errors of Thai musical note is 0.36%
Mr. Supapon’s average of errors of Thai musical note is 1.06%
The 1st form of Mr. Arthit’s average of errors of Thai musical note is
0.4%
The 2nd form of Mr. Arthit’s average of errors of Thai musical note is
2.39%

Keywords: Thai musical notes, Frequencies, Average of errors

- 155 -

A study of the relationships between the angle and the illumination
area of the floodlight

Natchuda Thoopsanoi, Unyamanee Khunrong, Ramita Kalapakde, Khawn Piasai *,
Sukanya Hajisalah * and Anek Janjaroon *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

The objective of this mathematical project was to find the relationships between
the angle and the illumination area of the floodlight at the altitudes 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 5,
0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0 meter. For each altitude, the floodlight was adjusted at the
angles 90˚, 80˚, 70˚, 60˚, 50˚, 40˚, 30˚, 20˚ and 10˚ to the ground. We designed a
model of a dark room to use for collecting data of the lighting areas. A linear
regression analysis was employed to determine the relationships between the
angle and the illumination area of the floodlight for each altitude. The findings
revealed the relationships between the angle (X) and the illumination area (Y) of
the floodlight at the altitudes 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0 meter representing
by the equations Y = 1. 6975157 – 0. 4772642X , Y = 1. 8121234 – 0. 6644771X , Y =
1.8698675 – 0.715762X , Y = 2.1284548 – 0.9788442X , Y = 2.198344 – 1.1392182X , Y
= 2. 3607169 – 1. 3470707X , Y = 2. 2408559 – 1. 3488592X and Y = 2. 2561771 –
1.4421303X, respectively.
Keywords: Illumination area, Floodlight, Angle, Relationship, Linear
regression analysis

- 156 -

A Curve equations along a trajectory of a volleyball ball which is
generated from a service

Benjamaporn Pichairat, Kamonchanok Suanyot, Hiran himpinime and Khawn Piasai *
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The objective of this mathematical project was to find a curve equations along a
trajectory of a volleyball ball which was generated from a service. In which the
service. The serves investigated in this study were the ones that the ball was sent
was served from a position of a service to the 6 opposite positions of the players
within the volleyball court. This project two players (female) Two female
volleyball players volunteered as the servers in this project. were determined as
volunteers who were server from a position of a service. The two players were
asked to must serve the volleyball to fall within the 6 opposing players' positions
10 times. The serves were recorded videos. The video was recorded While the
player was serving. After that, Data from the video recorded was analyzed by
GeoGebra and Microsoft Excel was used The data from the videos were analyzed
via the Gegobra program and Microsoft Excel to calculated the average of the
coefficient A B and C of the curve equation and obtain the curve equation in each
position. The curve equations along a trajectory of a volleyball ball which was
generated from the service of the volleyball ball in each position were as follows:

Position 1: the curve equation is y = -0.062x2 + 0.398x + 2.431
Position 2: the curve equation is y = -0.134x2 + 0.559x + 2.265
Position 3: the curve equation is y = -0.084x2 + 0.563x + 1.891
Position 4: the curve equation is y = -0.068x2 + 0.624x + 1.565
Position 5: the curve equation is y = -0.044x2 + 0.428x + 1.739
Position 6: the curve equation is y = -0.047x2 + 0.351x + 1.987

Keywords: Curve Equations, Volleyball, GeoGebra

- 157 -

Mangosteen wound patch from aloe vera gel and mangosteen peel
extract for skin-wound healing

Adison Meoipun a, Supatida lulob a, Yaowapa Meamphan b, Sukhumaporn Krajangsang b,
Porntipha Vitheejongjaroen c, Malai Taweechotipatr c, Nuttapon Apiratikul a,* and
Kulvadee Dolsophon a,*
a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakarinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
b Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Srinakarinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
c Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakarinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Mangosteen wound patch was prepared by aloe vera gel and mangosteen peel
extract (α–mangostin : main compound). Extract can inhibit the inflammatory and
the growth of bacteria, which is the cause of pus. Aloe vera gel can maintain
moisture for the healing process of the wound. In this study, the optimization of
ingredients of washable wound patch was 6% aloe vera gel powder, 7% glycerol,
85% DI water, 1% sodium alginate, 1% gelatin and mangostin that can provide
the consistent physical properties of the patch. The patch (weight 2.33 g and
thickness 0.3 mm) can dissolve in water within 240 minutes. Mangosteen wound
patch exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus aureus, S. aureus
DSMT20654, Propionibacterium acnes NO.2 and P. acnes NO.47, with clear
zone values of 10.2, 10.3, 10.6 and 11.3 mm., respectively.
Keywords: Mangostin would patch, Mangostin extract, Aloe vera gel

- 158 -

Synthesis of UV-protecting bioplastic film from sugarcane bagasse
modified with ZnO nanoparticles

Pimchompu Sakorn, Pornpawee Kochhirun and Sucheewin Chotchatchawankul *
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Sugarcane bagasse is a waste material from sugar industry which can be extracted
for cellulose and transformed to bioplastic. This project aims to synthesize
cellulose carbonate film from sugarcane bagasse and its modification with zinc
oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for UV-protection property. Cellulose was
extracted from sugarcane by acid-alkali treatment followed by carbonation under
20 bar CO2 with DBU in DMSO. The slurry product was added ZnO NPs
synthesized via a precipitation method from Zn(NO3)2 and NaOH and regenerated
to cellulose carbonate film with water. The signal around 1645 cm-1 in FTIR
spectra indicates the presence of C=O which could belongs to a carbonate group
in the structure. UV-protection property of film was analyzed by UV-Vis
spectrometry. It showed that cellulose carbonate film from sugarcane bagasse
with ZnO NPs have lower transmittance than the film without ZnO NPs.
Keywords: Bioplastic, Cellulose, Cellulose carbonate, Sugarcane bagasse, Zinc
Oxide nanoparticles

- 159 -

Production and characterization of bioplastics from dragon fruit
(Hylocereus undatus) mucilage

Kamonpan Anglong, Chuttarin Boonkuea and Panarat Arunrattiyakorn *
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Mucilage polysaccharide of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) was extracted, and
its molecular weight was determined by Gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
Mucilage film-forming dispersions were prepared under different percentage of
mucilage (2%, 3% and 4%) and glycerol plasticizer (30% and 40% based on
mucilage’s weight). The properties including thickness, tensile strength (TS) and
percentage elongation at break (EB) of mucilage films were measured. The
results showed that the average molecular weight of mucilage is 3.9 × 103 kDa.
The highest percentage of mucilage and glycerol is 4% and 40%, respectively,
causing the highest of film thickness (0.19 mm) while the lowest percentage of
mucilage (2%) and glycerol (30%) presents the lowest of film thickness (0.08
mm). These indicated that the thickness of the films is influenced by the
increasing of the percentage of mucilage and glycerol. The tensile strength values
of films with 30% glycerol were higher than those of 40% glycerol while the
percentages elongation at break with 40% glycerol were higher than those of 30%
glycerol. However, the film from mucilage polysaccharide of dragon fruit can
develop to utilize in some applications to replace the synthetic plastic.
Keywords: Bioplastic, Polysaccharide, Dragon fruit mucilage, Plasticizer

- 160 -

Development of colorimetric-agar based device coupled with
using PEDD optical detector

Kamonnat Phuriwat, Wanatsanan Taweearamrueng, and Thitirat Mantim *
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Paper-based analytical device (PAD) was successfully developed and widely
used in many applications because of its small size, portable and low
consumption of sample and reagent. A colorimetric detection on PAD devices
was carried out by using the scanner, digital camera, smartphone, and optical
device. In previous work, we developed the PAD coupled with a paired emitter-
detector diodes (PEDD) detector for colorimetric detection of total phenolic
compounds based on folin-ciocalteu reaction. However, the developed PAD-
PEDD detector has a limit of detection time. The detector can be used to detect
color intensity on the PAD device while the paper is moist. After 2 minutes, the
PEDD detector cannot detect any change on the PAD because the dried PAD is
opaque. Therefore, in this work, we designed and developed an agar-based
analytical device coupled with the PEDD detector for colorimetric detection.
The circular hydrophobic pattern with 1.3 centimeters-inner diameter was
fabricated on filter paper using an inking stamp filled with permanent ink then
cut out the middle part of the circle. The circular hole of paper was covered
using a transparent sticker sheet that used as a detection zone. Agar solution of
0.5% w/v was chosen for the agar-based device because this concentration can
easily pipet and it provides a fast setting time of agar. The volume of 0.5% w/v
agar solution at 140 L was used because it is suitable for the full covering of
the detection zone. The developed agar-based device will be used for
colorimetric detection of the food colorant concentration. Furthermore, the
devices will be developed for the determination of total phenolic compounds in
tea samples.

Keywords: Agar-based analytical device, Paired emitter-detector diodes,
Colorimetric detection

- 161 -

The synthesis of tannic acid-immobilized cellulose fiber from
coconut husk for heavy metal ion adsorption

Kotchaporn Taksitta, Prapasiri Sujarit and Kriangsak Songsrirote *
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

A cellulose fiber from coconut husk was modified with tannic acid and applied
as an adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions including copper, lead, and
cadmium in wastewater. To improve ion adsorption efficiency of cellulose fiber
from biomass, epichlorohydrin was used as crosslinking agent to connect between
cellulose and tannic acid molecules. Several parameters were studied to obtain
optimum conditions for heavy metal ion adsorption that are amount of tannic acid,
pH of aqueous solution, and contact time. Under optimum condition at which 6.0
g of tannic acid, pH 3.0 of the solution, and 30 minutes of contact time were
applied, metal ion removals were found to be 77.46%, 74.68%, and 61.66% for
Cu( II) , Cd( II) , and Pb( II) , respectively. Moreover, chemical and physical
properties of the synthesized modified cellulose fiber were elucidated using
fourier transform infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy,
respectively.
Keywords: Cellulose, Coconut husk, Metal ion adsorption, Tannic acid

- 162 -

Formulation of rice noodles incorporated with extracts of Caesalpinia
sappan heartwoods, mangosteen peels and green tea leaves to
reduce the amount of bacteria and slowing the digestion rate of
starch digesting enzymes

Chutimon Phatphaeo, Julalux Laikhong and Suchao Donpudsa *
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Extracts of Caesalpinia sappan heartwoods, mangosteen peels and green tea leaves
were incorporated into rice flours with the purpose to formulate rice noodles with
reducing amount of bacteria and slow digestibility. Drop plate method was carried
out to evaluate their total amount of bacteria. Upon incorporation of 2%, 4% and
8% of extracts, the greatest reduction in amount of bacteria was observed in 8%
Caesalpinia sappan rice noodles in 6–48 hr. In vitro digestion studies of these noodle
were carried out to evaluate their digestibility under simulated gastrointestinal
conditions. The greatest reduction in digestibility was observed in 8% green tea
rice noodles (75.2%) after 30 min while there was no significant change on the
texture properties of the rice noodles incorporated with different levels of
extracts, excepted hardness value. Overall, the results showed that incorporating
extracts of Caesalpinia sappan heartwoods, mangosteen peels and green tea leaves
in rice noodle are a promising way to reduce amount of bacteria and mitigate the
digestibility of starch in rice noodle. This study showed a viable way to produce
rice noodle with reducing amount of bacteria and low glycemic index (GI)
suitable for people with postprandial hyperglycemia.
Keywords: Rice noodle, Caesalpinia sappan, Mangosteen, Green tea

- 163 -

Increase of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in germinated
brown rice with a solution related to the GABA pathway

Jakkree Chumkaew, Raviroj Piboonanun and Supakan Ratanakon *
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

This research aimed to study the effect of monosodium glutamate and rosemary
extract on GABA accumulation in germinated brown rice from Khao Dawk Mali
105. First, the 3 × 3 full factorial arrangements in CRD was used: 3 levels of
concentration of monosodium glutamate (1%, 2% and 3% monosodium
glutamate/sodium acetate buffer pH5) and 3 levels of steeping time (24, 48 and
72 h). The non-germinated brown rice serves as a control. The best condition in
the first study is further studied by adding 5 levels of concentration of rosemary
extract (1%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% rosemary extract/water). From the analysis of
GABA in germinated brown rice by spectrophotometric method the result
showed that the suitable condition to increase GABA in germinated brown rice
from Khao Dawk Mali 105 is 3% monosodium glutamate/sodium acetate buffer
pH5, 72 hours for steeping time and 1% rosemary extract/water. The GABA
content in germinated brown rice increases from 12.73±0.80 to 32.50±2.32
mg/100 g.
Keywords: Gamma-aminobutyric acid, Germinated brown rice, Monosodium
glutamate, Rosemary extract, Khao Dawk Mali 105

- 164 -

Study of tetracycline adsorption by using magnetic nanoparticles
(MNPs) MFe2O4 with UV-spectrophotometry

Pawinee Kitpromphon, Tinnapat Paewwat, Nanticha Limchoowong * and
Itthipol Sungwienwong *
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected]

This study describes the preparation, characterization, and application of Fe3O4
magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and add metals (M) in magnetic nanoparticles
(MNPs) MFe2O4 (M = Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Co2+) as an adsorbent of tetracycline
antibiotics contained in cow's milk which may be caused by residues left from
the use of antibiotics by farmers. In the work, we determined the suitable pH for
tetracycline adsorption and compared the adsorption values of Fe3O4 MNPs and
MFe2O4 MNPs at 1 minute and 5 minutes analyzing by UV-spectrophotometry
at wavelength 276 nm compared to standard curve with correlation coefficient
of 0.9985. The results showed that Fe3O4 MNPs and MFe2O4 MNPs at 5
minutes have higher tetracycline adsorption values. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles
(Fe3O4 MNPs) without the addition of other metals provide the best adsorption
at 35.99%, magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) MFe2O4 with zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni)
metal additives, respectively. Copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) metals have no
magnetic properties. This experiment confirmed the structure of MFe2O4 MNPs
using FTIR.
Keywords: Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles, Tetracyclines, UV-Vis Spectroscopy

- 165 -

Development of learning media on the rate of chemical reactions
and projectile through STEM education.

Thanchanok Oraseesaengkul, Nannapat Nuallaong, and Chatchadaporn Pinthong *
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

This study was using STEM activities to integrate the rate of chemical reactions
and projectile topics for secondary school chemistry teaching. This article
guides teachers on how to create an environment of science, technology,
engineering and mathematic (STEM) and how to prepare a small experiments
for determining the rate of chemical reactions and projectile between Metal and
Hydrochloric acid for high school students. This approach provides teachers to
produce workstations that are saving cost, quick and straightforward that
provide a real experience for small groups of students. The small experiment is
activities related to STEM that develop participation and develop attitudes
towards science and technology. These activities allow students to search for
concepts of the rate of chemical reactions and projectile and encourages STEM.
These activities started with offering knowledge through an inquiry-based
process until the student could construct the knowledge on their own. After that,
the teacher starts a problem situation and allowed each group of students to
create a product adopted from the experimental results via integrating STEM
knowledge to modify their creative produce (product or production).
Keyword: STEM, The rate of chemical reactions, Projectile

- 166 -

A shallot extract-modified magnetic adsorbent for the removal of
methylene blue, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr2O72- ions from aqueous solution

Sopanat Phantong, Kritsadee Lemparn and Ngamjit Praingam *
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

This research aimed to study the adsorption activity of modified magnetic
adsorbents, which were synthesized by combining shallot extract and Fe3O4
magnetic particles. The synthesized magnetic adsorbents were investigated by IR
spectroscopy. Parameters such as adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, temperature,
and removal of methylene blue, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr2O72- ions were studied using
UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Significantly, shallot extract improved %removals
of methylene blue, Cd2+, and Pb2+, however, Cr2O72- ions showed better %removal
with bare magnetic adsorbents. Significantly, modified magnetic adsorbents can
be easily separated from aqueous solutions by applying an external magnet. The
optimum conditions are pH 4-8, a dosage of 20 mg, and a contact time of 15-60
min for methylene blue and Cd2+. The Pb2+ was adsorbed immediately while Cd2+
was the slowest adsorbate. The removals of methylene blue, Cd2+ , Pb2+ , and
Cr2O72- fitted both Langmuir and Freundlich models and were found to follow
the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting a chemisorption process.
Adsorption thermodynamics study suggested that the adsorption reactions were
spontaneous, exothermic and thermodynamically favorable.
Keyword: Shallot Extract, Magnetic Adsorbent, Methylene Blue, Cd2+, Pb2+,
Cr2O72-

- 167 -

Enzymatic responses and histopathological alteration of the giant
freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879)

Thanawut Kumprasert, Noppasin Pakkarat and Wuttipong Tongbai *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The presence and location of Cholinesterase (ChE) in the adult giant freshwater
prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, was tested for by means of substrate preference
and inhibitor sensitivity in order to identify a potential biomarker for
organophosphate pesticide detection. The results revealed that the gill and muscle
mainly possessed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in both males and females, but
with the highest AChE activity in the female muscle. In the hepatopancreas, the
main ChE type was Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) both in males and females.
The effects of chlorpyrifos (organophosphate pesticide) exposure on M.
rosenbergii were investigated for 96 hours. The LC50 value for chlorpyrifos was
37.984 µg/L. Adult female M. rosenbergii were exposed to 40 µg/L for 96 hours.
Chlorpyrifos exposure led to enzymatic responses and histopathological
alteration in M. rosenbergii as follows: it decreased AChE and Glutathione-S-
Transferase (GST) activity, but enhanced Lipid peroxidation (LPO) production.
Furthermore, it had no effect on the Catalase (CAT) activity level when compared
to the control group. The histopathological alteration caused by chlorpyrifos
exposure, in the gill and hepatopancreas of M. rosenbergii, was typically
infiltration of haematocytes, swelling of the secondary lamella and necrosis,
whereas in muscle there were no apparent changes.
Keywords: Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Chlorpyrifos, Histopathological alteration,
Cholinesterase, Glutathione-S-Transferase, Lipid peroxidation, Catalase

- 168 -

Accumulation of heavy metals in Chromolaena odorata (L.) King &
Robins. grown in nutrient solution under PEG-stimulated drought
stress

Nuttamon Gongseng, Chanaradee Srirueang and Kongkeat Jampasri *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the accumulation efficiency of
Cd and Zn in Chromolaena odorata under drought stress induced by 5% w/v
polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and (2) investigate the effect of drought stress
applied on plant growth, leaf chlorophyll content and photochemical efficiency.
Plants were grown for 15 days in artificially contaminated nutrient solution of
Cd and Zn (0, 5, 10, 20 mg/l) with PEG. The results indicated that heavy metal
accumulation in C. odorata was not affected by PEG, while a TF value < 1 was
caused by either PEG or contaminants. Cd and Zn had accumulated mainly in
the roots of C. odorata and the highest concentrations (4273.7 mg/kg Cd,
2135.4 mg/kg Zn) were found in the 20 mg/l treatment. The presence of PEG
did not affect the total amount of chlorophyll and photochemical efficiency,
while water stress induced by PEG caused a decrease in water content in the
plant tissues after 15 days of exposure. The experiment pointed out that
C. odorata was a better accumulator of Cd than Zn, confirming that C. odorata is
a suitable for heavy metals remediation in the combination of low drought stress.
Keywords: Accumulation, Heavy metals, Chromolaena odorata, Phytoremediation,
Drought stress

- 169 -

Diversity of pteridophytes along Bua Chaek Yai Nature Trail in
Khao Nan National Park, Tha Sala District, Nakhon Si Thammarat
Province

Nutnicha Phuymat, Atitayapohn Botnok and Apirada Sathapattayanon *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Diversity of pteridophytes along Bua Chaek Yai Nature Trail in Khao Nan
National Park, Tha Sala District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, was explored in
June 2019 at 80 - 438 meters above sea level (MASL). A total of 36 specimens
were collected. In total, 18 families, 2 subfamilies, 24 genera, 33 species and 3
varieties of pteridophytes were identified. Among these, 2 families, 2 genera and 3
species were lycophytes, while 16 families, 2 subfamilies, 22 genera, 30 species
and 3 varieties were monilophytes. The most common family was Polypodiaceae
with 6 species. According to habitat type, plant can be classified into 3 groups:
terrestrials (22 species), epiphytes (7 species) and lithophytes (2 species), although
2 species were found in more than one habitat type. The first record of a lycophyte,
namely Selaginella griffithii Spring ex Veitch, from Nakhon Si Thammarat
Province was reported. Full descriptions of all species, including their ecological
data, distribution, local name and photographs are provided. All dried specimens
were deposited at Srinakharinwirot University.
Keywords: Diversity, Khao Nan National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat,
Pteridophytes

- 170 -

Molecular identification of a partial complementary DNA of toll
interacting protein (TOLLIP) in fresh water prawn
Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Arisa Nochai, Chayanee Hawpetch and Parin Chaivisuthangkura *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is an economically important
shrimp species for aquaculture in Thailand. However, viral infections in M.
rosenbergii post larvae has caused serious problems for shrimp industry.
Therefore, understanding of the role of shrimp innate immunity is imperative. In
this study, the partial complementary DNA (cDNA) of toll interacting protein
(TOLLIP) of fresh water prawn was isolated by using rapid amplification of
cDNA ends (RACE) technique. The partially isolated TOLLIP cDNA
(MrTOLLIP) including stop codon at the 3 end was 750 bp encoding 250 amino
acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of TOLLIP showed 72% identities with
TOLLIP of kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicus) and white leg shrimp (P.
vannamei) and also revealed 70% identities with that of the Chinese mitten crab
(Eriocheir sinensis). Tissue expression analysis of MrTOLLIP gene was
investigated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using elongation factor 1 alpha as a
reference gene. The results demonstrated that the MrTOLLIP expression was
observed in muscle, hepatopancreas, intestine, heart and stomach tissues and the
highest expression was shown in gill tissues. Further study on full-length isolation
of MrTOLLIP cDNA should be performed in the future.
Key words: Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Fresh water prawn, RACE, TOLLIP

- 171 -

The role of 7,8 - dihydro - 8α – 20 - hydroxyecdysone (DHECD)
on growth and photosynthesis in Khao Yipun DOA1

Chanisara Kosasaeng, Thada Sukprasong and Sukhumaporn Saeng-ngam *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Accordance with the expansion of the Japanese restaurant industry, demand of
Japanese rice DOA 1 has been drastically increased. Due to the rapid changes of
global climate, however, affect to decrease the growth rate of the Japanese rice,
result in decreased of rice production. There was reported to the ability of 7, 8 -
dihydro - 8α - 20 - hydroxyecdysone (DHECD) to increase the growth rate and
drought stress tolerance mechanisms of plants. In the present study, polyethylene
glycol (PEG6000) was used as a drought stress and we investigated the role of
DHECD on growth rate and physiological changes in Japanese rice DOA 1 under
drought stress conditions. The completely randomized design (CRD) with three
replications was used for 25 days of all experiments. Rice seedlings were grown
in nutrient solution, while the WP No.2 was served as control. 1 µM DHECD was
sprayed on the plants while the control plants were treated with distilled water.
After every 5 days, plants were harvested for growth measurements, including
the total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, photosynthetic efficiency, total
soluble sugar and proline content were also analyzed. The results found that shoot
and root growth, total chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic efficiency were
increased by 1 µM DHECD. Moreover, the higher levels of total soluble sugar
and proline content were significantly affected by DHECD compared with
control, which contributes to the plant's adaptation to avoid drought stress. Thus,
the findings demonstrated the ability of DHECD can promote the growth of the
Japanese rice DOA 1 in the presence of drought.

Keywords: Brassinosteroid, Drought stress, Rice

- 172 -

Effects of 7,8-dihydro-8α-20-hydroxyecdysone (DHECD) on shoot
growth and physiological responses of arabica coffee (Coffea
arabica L.) under drought stress

Chayanee Thamjindakul, Hathaichanok Konmun and Sukhumaporn Seang-ngam *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is an important cash crops in Thailand. They
grow well on land affected by the cold climate limited growth. Nevertheless,
drought in many areas of Thailand result in decreased crop productivity. The aim
of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effect of 7,8 -dihydro-8 α-2 0 -
hydroxyecdysone (DHECD) on shoot growth and some types of physiological
responses in arabica coffee under drought stress. The present study is divided into
two parts with a completely randomized design. In the first experiment, plants
were sprayed with the different concentration of DHECD (0, 1, 10 and 100 μM)
for 45 days. Plants were harvested every 5 days for shoot growth measurements.
In the second part of the experiment, 1, 10 and 100 μM of DHECD were sprayed
on the plants while plants sprayed with distilled water were served as the control.
Plant samples were collected every 5 day for the determination of photosynthetic
efficiency and some types of physiological responses in the presence of drought.
The shoot growth was not significantly affected by DHECD compared with
control, while photosynthetic efficiency and secondary metabolite were increased
by 1 μM DHECD. However, reduction of free radical content and lipid
peroxidation were observed at the end of experiment. Thus, the results indicated
that changes in physiological responses and photosynthetic efficiency in plant
affected by the concentrations of 1 μM DHECD with drought.

Keywords: Arabica coffee, Brassinosteroid mimic, Drought stress, Photosynthetic
efficiency, Plant hormone

- 173 -

Anatomical characteristics and genetic diversity of Suaeda maritima
in Bangkok, Samut Prakan, Samut Songkhram and Samut Sakhon
provinces

Kotchakorn Thongchan a, Apiprat Jaengsawang a, Thanachanok Pruethipanpisoot a,
Ongkarn Vanijajiva b and Anitthan Srinual a,*
a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
b Department of Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakhon Rajabhat
University, Bangkok, 10220
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Seablite (Suaeda maritima) is a halophyte plant species frequently distributed in
coastal areas. In central region of Thailand, seablite is found in Bangkok, Samut
Prakan, Samut Songkhram and Samut Sakhon provinces. Individuals of the
species exhibit varieties of leaf morphologies; there are four colours in leaf
morphology. The morphological differentiation is not yet understood. This study
interesting in the investigation of anatomical characteristics and genetic diversity to
fulfil the anatomical and genetic diversity database. The leaf specimens were
investigated by leaf epidermal peeling method and were stained with 2% (w/v)
safranin in 70% ethanol. The transverse sections of leave were examined using
paraffin method, then were double stained with 2% (w/v) safranin in 70% ethanol
and 1% (w/v) fast green in 95% ethanol. The genetic diversity was assessed using
SCoT primers. The results revealed the shared common anatomical characteristics
among different plants with different morphologies and localities such as
paracytic stomata, leaf shape, the position of stomata, papillae and starch grain in
storage parenchyma. However, these plants may show distinct quantitative
anatomical characteristics such as stomatal index or palisade tissue thickness. In
analysis of molecular variance informed that SCoT primers 1-9, 11-26 and 28-30
are valuable for further analysis.

Keywords: Anatomical characteristic, Genetic diversity, SCoT primer, Suaeda
maritima

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Enhancement of biogas production from dry and wet vegetable
wastes by acid pretreatment

Puttipan Seelinjee, Supawit worawut and Wuttipong Tongbai *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Biomass is a renewable energy source developed from living or recently living
plant and animal materials, which can be used as fuel. Overcoming the
recalcitrance (resistance of plant cell walls to deconstruction) of lignocellulosic
biomass is a key step in the production of fuel. The main goal of pretreatment is
to destroy this recalcitrance, to separate the cellulose from the matrix polymers
and makes it more accessible for enzymatic hydrolysis. The acid pretreatment
process is the most employed technique used to disrupt the lignocellulosic matrix.
Thus, this study concerned about the effect of acid pretreatment on lignocellulosic
biomass conversion of dry and wet vegetable wastes. An optimal condition of
pretreatment was evaluated based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
The conditions were optimized for oxalic, citric, acetic and hydrochloric acids.
The models from RSM could predict the condition that gave the highest sugar
yield. Hydrochloric acid exhibited the highest effectiveness, followed by oxalic,
citric and acetic acids. For the wet vegetable, the optimal condition was using
1.11% (w/v) hydrochloric acid at 136.03oC for 53.37 min and the predicted yield
of sugar was 30.55 mg. The condition was adapted for biogas production. A result
showed that pretreated vegetable gave higher gas production than non-pretreated
vegetable. The result here suggested the requirement of optimization study before
choosing acid pretreatment to different types of lignocellulosic biomass.

Keywords: Acid pretreatment, Biogas, Biomass, Lignocellulose, Response
Surface Methodology

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Molecular isolation of a partial complementary DNA of interferon
regulatory factors (IRF) of fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium
rosenbergii)

Phakamard Poothong, Pornpawit Tabchum and Parin Chaivisuthangkura *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is one of the most important
shrimp species in Thailand. Although fresh water prawn culture is a source of
major profit industry to the country, shrimp mortality from viral infection is still
a serious threat. The foundation of knowledge of shrimp innate immunity is
required. In this research, a partial complementary DNA (cDNA) of interferon
regulatory factors (IRF) of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (MrIRF) was identified
by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique and the obtained
sequence was characterized. The partial cDNA sequence of MrIRF was 387 bp
in length encoding 129 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of MrIRF
showed 85% identities with IRF of kuruma shrimp (P. japonicus), 80% identities
with IRF of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), and 78% identities with IRF8 of
swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Tissue expression analysis of MrIRF
gene was examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using elongation factor 1 alpha
as a reference gene. The results revealed that the MrIRF expression was
predominantly found in hepatopancreas and intestine tissues. Relatively low
expression of MrIRF was observed in gill, heart, muscle and stomach tissues.
Further study on full-length isolation of MrTOLLIP cDNA should be performed
in the future.
Key words: Fresh water prawn, IRF, RACE PCR, Expression

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Effect of electron beam on physiological responses in rice RD43
(Oryza sativa cv. RD43)

Panujaras Yayuen, Chanikarn Leekliang and Sukhumaporn Saeng-ngam *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

Oryza sativa cv. RD43 is a hybrid cultivar from Oryza sativa cv. SPR89111 and
O. sativa cv. SPRLR85163, which give rise to exceptional characteristics. It has
moderate level in resistance of blast disease and brown planthopper. Rice RD43
has lower glycemic index compared to other cultivars which has been broadly
used for diabetes and obese patients. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was
to study the effect of electron beam radiation on O. sativa cv. RD43. The
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) were used in this experiment. The
treatments of the electron beam radiation dose were 100, 200 and 300 gray. The
results showed that survival rate of rice RD43 was decreased when it received the
higher dose of electron beam radiation. Median lethal dose (LD50) of electron
beam radiation was 174.49 gray. The dose of electron beam radiation at 100 and
200 gray induced shoot and root length higher than the control. The dose of
electron beam radiation at 200 gray slightly increased the chlorophyll a content
and the total soluble sugar. While, the dose of electron beam at 100 gray induced
an abnormal appearance such as albino and yellow-albino in leaf sheath. The
results revealed that the dose of electron beam affected some physiological
responses such as shoot and root length, pigment content, total soluble sugar and
phenotype of O. sativa cv. RD43.
Keywords: Electron beam radiation, Mutation, Oryza sativa cv. RD43

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Species diversity of herpetofauna at the headquarters area in
Khao Nan National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province

Nopdanai Kumsa-ard, Apirada Sathapattayanon * and Chattraphas Pongcharoen *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected], [email protected]

A study of species diversity of herpetofauna at Khao Nan National Park, Nakhon
Si Thammarat Province was carried out from June to July 2019. The field survey
was conducted in the national park’s headquarters and adjacent areas using the
direct count method during the day and night. A total of 52 species of
herpetofauna were recorded, 16 species of amphibians and 36 species of reptiles.
For amphibians, the highest species diversity belonged to family Ranidae and
Dicroglossidae. The lowest species diversity belonged to family Megophryidae
and Rhacophoridae. For reptiles, the highest species diversity belonged to family
Gekkonidae. The lowest species diversity belonged to family Trionychidae,
Typhlopidae, Xenopeltidae, Pythonidae, Pareidae, and Elapidae. Relative
abundance of all herpetofauna was classified into 3 groups: common, moderately
common and rare. Limnonectes blythii, Chalcorana eschatia, Odorrana hosii,
Sylvirana nigrovittata, Polypedates leucomystax, and Gekko tokehos were
examples of common species. Limnonectes macrognathus, Calotes emma emma,
Cyrtodactylus peguensis, Dixonius siamensis, Lycodon subcinctus, and
Calloselasma rhodostoma were examples of moderately common species.
Megophrys aceras, Ingerophrynus parvus, Pulchrana glandulosa, Dogania
subplana, Lygosoma herberti, and Trimeresurus venustus were examples of rare
species. The differences in relative abundance are probably affected by
population, microhabitat and behavior of each species during different seasons.
Moreover, this study reported the first record of the Elegant Bronzeback,
Dendrelaphis formosus, from Nakon Si Thammarat Province.

Keywords: Herpetofauna, Khao Nan National Park, Relative abundance,
Species diversity

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The improvement of aseptic techniques for in vitro culture of
Petunia hybrid L. without using autoclave and laminar air flow

Phavinee Junkeaw and Rakchanok Koto *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

One of the major problems of plant tissue culture is expensive equipment
especially an autoclave and laminar air flow. The objective of this research was
to study the in vitro culture of Petunia hybrid L. without using autoclave and
laminar air flow. A commercial drinking water was used instead as autoclaved
water and ultrasonic wave (0, 1, 2 and 3 min exposure periods) was used to
increase efficacy in surface sterilization step. Aseptic explants were cultured on
semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine
at 3 mg/l and sterilized by Clorox® at 0.025% per bottle. The results indicated
that using an ultrasonic bath for 3 min gave a 90% aseptic rate but the explants
could not be regenerated. Then, to improve the regeneration efficiency, we
evaluated the effect of dextrose and sucrose proportion in non-autoclaved MS
medium. After 4 weeks culturing, the result showed that non-autoclaved MS
medium supplemented with 10 g/l of dextrose and 20 g/l of sucrose gave 93%
aseptic rate and shoot buds were induced. Last, the culturing of a petunia in
modified aquarium tank was cleaned with 70% ethyl alcohol as well as using the
laminar air flow cabinet was not found to be contaminated.
Keywords: Aquarium tank, Low-cost plant tissue culture technique, Non-
autoclaved culture medium, Petunia

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Potential of brassinosteroid mimics on growth and yield of cherry
tomato ‘CH154’ under water deficit condition

Kannika Panpanya and Sukhumaporn Saeng-ngam *
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of brassinosteroid
mimics (7,8 – dihydro - 8α – 20 – hydroxyecdysone, DHECD) on growth and the
yield of cherry tomato ‘154’ (Solanum lycopersicum “CH154”) under water
deficit conditions. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized
design (CRD) with four replications for 90 days. There were four treatments
consisted of: (1) stressed control plants and (2) unstressed control plants without
DHECD sprayed, (3) stressed plant and (4) unstressed plant with 1 μM DHECD
sprayed. Plant samples were harvested for yield measurements, including the total
chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, chlorophyll fluorescence, total soluble
sugar and proline content were analyzed. The results reveal that drought stress,
DHECD treated plants showed increased significantly in the relative water
content, which was 1-fold higher compared to stressed control plants without the
spraying of DHECD after 10 days of exposure. The chlorophyll content was
significantly higher by 1.2 and 1.5 fold in stressed plant and unstressed plants
sprayed with DHECD, respectively when compared to controls at 20 days of
experiment. A significant increase was also observed in the total soluble sugar
and proline content of stressed plant with DHECD by 1.3 and 2.2-folds,
respectively at 25 days of experiment. Moreover, the increasing of total soluble
sugar content was found in stressed plants with DHECD by 1.7-folds, but
decreased 1.6-fold in proline content compared to control. Meanwhile, no
significant differences were found in the chlorophyll fluorescence and yield of
tomato plants with DHECD. Cherry tomato plants under water deficit conditions,
the results revealed that, physiological and yield responses are stimulated by
DHECD.

Keywords: Tomato, Brassinosteroid mimics, Water deficit, Chlorophyll

- 180 -

Study of sheet resistance of transporting-material layers and
efficiency of low-cost perovskite solar cell using carbon film as
cathode electrode

Naphatsorn Kwansri, Pannaporn Uttamacha, Penprapar Sawangwong and Anusit Thongnum *
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

This research focused on a low-cost perovskite solar cell using carbon film as
cathode electrode. The structure of perovskite solar cell composed of FTO
electrode/mesoporous-TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/carbon black-electrode. The mixed
solutions of CH3NH3I and PbI2 in DMF and DMSO were used to prepare the
perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 layer as a light absorbed layer. The transporting
material layers such as mesoporous-TiO2 and CH3NH3PbI3, were prepared using
spin coating technique. The sheet resistance of mesoporous-TiO2, CH3NH3PbI3,
FTO electrode and carbon black electrode was characterized by four-point-
probe technique. The sheet resistance values were of 13.55 / (FTO), 883.06
/ (TiO2), 1526.70 / (CH3NH3PbI3) and 2.96 / (carbon black). An
efficiency of perovskite solar cell was characterized by the solar simulator. The
highest efficiency was of 2.16%, and it reduced to 0.99% under the duration of
672 hours.
Keywords: Perovskite solar cell, Sheet resistance, Transporting-material layer,
Solar cell stability

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The Study of Wettability of Graphene Oxide Based Titanium
Dioxide Nanocomposites

Puttimeth Jamplanin, Monthon Saethang, Wanichanun Samsee and Areeya Aeimbhu *
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

The aim of this project is to investigate the effect of graphene oxide content on
the morphology and wettability of graphene oxide / titanium dioxide
nanocomposites. The morphology and wettability were studied using field
emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and contact angle analyzer
(CAA), respectively. FESEM results showed a homogeneous dispersion of
graphene oxide nanoparticles in titanium dioxide nanoparticles under colloidal
blending method. The contact angle of nanocomposites is in a range of
67.0° – 79.8°.
Keywords: Titanium Dioxide, Graphene Oxide, Wettability

- 182 -

The study of GO/TiO2 composites physical properties

Julalak Jampatet, Wilailux Sae-Tang, Areeya Aeimbhu and Wichuda Boonyaratgalin *
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

This project studied the physical properties of graphene oxide/titanium dioxide
composites (GO/TiO2). The GO/ TiO2 composites were prepared using a simple
colloidal blending method, the concentration of GO at the ratio of 1, 3, 5, 7 and
10 by wt%. The morphology, the distribution of elemental analysis and the
atomic arrangement in molecules of GO/TiO2 composites were studied using
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer
(EDX/EDS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. The porosity
characteristics were measured through N2 absorption analysis (BET) using
Surface area and Porosity Analyzer. It was observed that 7% GO/TiO2 composite
had highest specific surface area and pore volume. The degradation performance
of 7% GO/TiO2 on methylene blue were studied compare with pure TiO2. The
results demonstrated that 7% GO/TiO2 composite showed much better photolytic
performance than pure TiO2. As the concentration of GO increases, the
morphology changes accordingly. The specific surface area increases and
GO/TiO2 composite is more efficient as a photocatalysis than pure TiO2.
Keywords: Titanium dioxide, Graphene oxide, Composites, Photocatalysis

- 183 -

The study of infrared protection efficiency of the weave pattern
and weave pattern with copper fibers combination

Kritsagon Mongkolsawat, Nattawat Yansan, Napassorn Hothong and Pongkaew Udomsamuthirun *
Department of Physic, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

This research aims to study the thermal attenuation efficiency of different
patterned weave fabric and study temperature attenuation efficiency of weave
fabric mixed with copper fibers using range of different ratios from copper fibers
to natural fibers, which will be divided into 2 parts as follows: Part 1 is the study
of the design pattern of the weave fabric that does not blend copper fibers. When
the data obtained from thermal imaging cameras were analyzed for results in the
Smart View 4.3 program, it was found that the SP6 weave fabric (Weave pattern
3-3 consisting of 3 warps and 3 wefts) has the highest temperature attenuation
efficiency at 50.00% and SP1 weave fabric has the lowest attenuation temperature
at 29.61%. However, when considering various factors, the results showed that
SP3 weave fabric (Weave pattern 2-2 consisting of 2 warps and 2 wefts) was the
most suitable to be combined with metal fibers. Part 2 is the study of weave fabric
mixed with copper fibers. With a different ratio of copper fibers to natural fibers
when analyzing data such as part 1, it is found that SPM1 fabrics (Weave pattern
with Copper fiber combination 1:1) with the highest ratio of copper to natural
fibers The most effective attenuation is 60.75% and the SPM5 fabric has the least
attenuation of 46.67%. When we use fabric types SP1, SP3, SP6, and SPM1-5 to
test the absorption by UV/VIS Spectrophotometer we found that the fabric
absorbed radiation in the visible light range (400 - 700 nm) rather than the infrared
range (700 - 1400 nm). When tested with the visible light range, weave fabric has
an average absorption value of 0.2184. Noted that the infrared range is divided
into 2 sub-regions; Near-Infrared: NIR (700 - 900 nm) and Far-infrared: FIR
(900 - 1400 nm). Researchers found that every type of weave fabric has more
absorption from FIR than NIR with average absorption of 0.1422 and 0.1297
respectively.

Keywords: Copper fiber, Fabrics on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness,
Infrared, Weave pattern, Weave pattern with Copper fiber combination

- 184 -

The Study on Energy Gap of Graphene Oxide / Titanium Dioxide
Composites

Nattawadee Chureekran, Sirikamol Deesin and Wichuda Boonyaratgalin *
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

This purpose of this project is to study the energy gap of Graphene
oxide/titanium dioxide (GO/TiO2) nanocomposites. The colloidal blending
method was used to prepare the mixture of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% GO/TiO2
by weight. The energy gap of GO/TiO2 composites was estimated from defuse
reflectance UV-Vis spectra. From the reflection spectra of the GO/TiO2
composites, their energy gap was determined by indirect allowed transition.
The Kubelka-Mouk theory and Tauc relation were used to plot the graph of the
square product of the absorption coefficient and energy versus energy, and
extending the straight segment of the graph touching the E axis given band gap.
The energy gap of the composites was a range between 3.22 to 2.92, with an
increase in GO content from 0 to 10% by wt.
Keywords: Graphene oxide, Titanium dioxide, Absorption

- 185 -

The study on object temperature covered with canvas fabric
cloaked by Pu-SnO2 sol-gel through block screen printing

Sulapon Suwannaphucn, Aungkhana Yano and Pongkaew Udomsamuthirun *
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110
* Project Advisor Email: [email protected]

In this work, polyurethane (PU) was synthesized into sol-gel formation and mixed
with different precursor concentration of tin(IV) oxide (SnO2) [9.4, 11.0, 12.6,
14.2, 15.7, 17.1, 18.5, and 19.9 wt.%] then concealed canvas fabric by block
screen printing. The analysis of morphology with scanning electron microscope
(SEM) indicated that high concentration of SnO2 was formed to be thickness film.
The analysis of elemental with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) identified
that most Sn was found in high concentration. The ultraviolet-visible
spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) represented about light absorb ability that
wavelength 400 nm had downward trend in high concentration, but wavelength
800 nm had stable trend between absorbance value 0.05-0.09. When increased
concentration of SnO2, the band gap energy (Eg) became downward trend. To
examine the efficiency in reducing temperature, covered heat object with this
material, measured average temperature by thermal camera and found that 15.7
wt.% had the lowest temperature. The result suggests that 15.7 wt.% has the most
efficiency in reducing temperature.
Keywords: Canvas fabric, Polyurethane, Sol-gel, Tin(IV) oxide

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