WOVEN FABRIC DESIGN AND STRUCTURE

94 PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design

Tutorial 3A

Complete the table below based on types of fabrics given.

Weave Sketch Weave No.of Min. No.of
Repeat, R Shift, S Harness

Plain 1/1

Twill 5/2

Sateen
5/2

PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design 95

Tutorial 3B

Match the following term in the basic weave design

Weave Repeat indicates the minimum number of warp and
warp Repeat, Ro weft threads for a given weave.
The shift of two weft threads with respect to
Weft Repeat, Ry each other and the count is made in the
horizontal direction.
Shift The shift of two warp threads with respect to
Vertical Shift, So each other and the count is made in vertical
Horizontal Shift, direction.
Sy The distance from a painted square on one
horizontal space to the corresponding painted
square on the next horizontal space
the minimal number of warp threads after
which the movements of warp threads repeat.
the minimal number of weft threads after
which the movements of warp threads repeat.

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Tutorial 3C

Write the number of Repeat and Shift based on given fabric weave

Weave Repeat, R Shift, S

10 Warp Vertical
9 Repeat Shift
8
7 Weft Horizontal
6 Repeat Shift
5
4
3
2
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Tutorial 3D

Match the following parameters to the weave

Parameters Weave
R ≥ 3; So = Sy = ±1 Plain
Ro = 2; Ry = 2; Sy = So = 1 Twill
1 ˂ S ˂ (R-1) Sateen

98 PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design

Tutorial 3E

Draw the following weave diagrams and indicates the warp face twill or weft face
twill

Please Tick ( / )

Weave Diagram Warp Face Weft Face

Twill Twill

1/3↗

4/1↖

2/1↗

3/1↗

PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design 99

Tutorial 3F

Based on given fabric structure, identify which structure is possible and not
possible to weave. Give a reason, why did this happen?

Weave Please Tick ( / ) Reason
Diagram Possible Not Possible

100 PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design

Tutorial 3G

Please tick the possible number of shifts based on the given sateen weave repeat.

Please Tick ( / )
Repeat, R

01234567
7
5

PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design 101

Tutorial 3H

Please circle the correct answer
1. Select the weave which repeats on two picks.
A. 2/1 Twill weave
B. 2/2 basket weave
C. Warp rib
D. Weft rib

2. Select the weaves which can be woven with only two healds
I 2/1 Twill weave
II 2/2 basket weave
III Warp rib
IV Weft rib

A. I, II, III
B. I, III, IV
C. II, III, IV
D. I, II, IV

3. For weaving a plain-woven fabric with six healds and skip draft
A. Minimum 6 cams are needed
B. Minimum 4 cams are needed
C. Minimum 3 cams are needed
D. Minimum 2 cams are needed

4. The angle of twill line does not depend on
A. Ends per inch
B. Picks per inch
C. Move number
D. Yarn count

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5. The weave, that produces fabrics with maximum degree of smoothness
and close packing of threads is

A. 7 end Satin
B. 2/2 Basket
C. 2/1 Twill
D. Plain

6. Number of heald frame required for weaving an 8-end sateen fabric is
A. 2
B. 4
C. 8
D. 10

7. Regular sateen weave cannot be made with repeat size of
A. 5 × 5
B. 6 × 6
C. 7 × 7
D. 9 × 9

8. Choose the combination of correct statements
I A twill can be formed with the minimum repeat size of 4 × 4
II A regular satin can be formed with minimum repeat size of 5 × 5
III Satin fabrics are smoother than plain woven fabrics
IV If same yarns are used then maximum possible values of epi and ppi will be

higher for plain weave than that of twill weave

A. I, III
B. II, III, IV
C. II, III
D. III, IV
E. II, IV

4CHAPTER PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design 103

SPECIAL WEAVE DESIGN

4.1 Compound and Complex Weave

Complex and compound weaves are complicated weave using special loom and some of it
needs an extra yarn to produce it. There are many types of weave designs involve such as
jacquard weave, dobby weave, double weave, pique weave, etc. Complex weave consists of
weave that uses shedding system involving large number of harness. It is mainly come from
dobby or jacquard system where it can construct a structure of large weave design. Dobby
system can control eight to thirty-two harness while jacquard can control individual warp
yarns. The complex weave design is combining two or more basic weaves to produce a
complete weave and background.

Compound weave is a construction with more than two sets of warp yarns or weft yarns which
are manipulated to create the weave design. It has a specific structure which needs special
methods and special weaving machine with special mechanism to produce the woven fabric.
The warp yarns or weft yarn system are arranged in different position to create two or more
layers. To produce different warp layers, at least two or more warp beams are needed with
different tension for each layer. There are some structures produce loops or some are cut at
the top to produce piles. Due to the used of two or more layers of yarn system, the thickness
and weight of the woven fabric become greater than usual fabric. At least a dobby shedding
system with special mechanism such as for slay motion, let off motion, multi-color weft
selection and cutting pile are needed to produce these types of fabrics.

4.1.1 Back Warp Weave

It is one of the double weave types which has two warp systems and one weft system. The
reason is to increase the fabric weight and to improve the warmth properties of the fabric. In
fact, there are a few methods that can be used to improve both properties such as using

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coarser yarns, but the result is less attractive on its appearance. The use of two warp systems
means that there are two layers of fabric consist of face warp or face side fabric and back
warp or back side fabric which is interlaced together using weft yarn in a certain point.
Therefore, the face warp is at the face of the fabric while the back warp is at the underside of
the face fabric.

The production of the fabric requires two set of warp yarn by means of two warp beams and
one set weft yarn in the weaving machine. The construction of the back-warp weave design
is shown in figure 4.1. Choose the face side fabric using a warp face weave as the base weave
of the weave design. An example of twill 4/1 (repeat size 5 X 5) is used as the face side fabric
or the base weave of the design, A. The warp yarn is mark using Arabic digits. Then, determine
a weave as the back-side fabric, by determining the position of the weft yarn as shown in B.
The weft yarn number 1 is determined by its interlaced position to stitch the face warp and
to a suitable back warp weave (Roman digits to mark the warp yarns). Weft yarn number 1 is
interlaced above warp yarn 1 and below warp yarns 2, 3, 4 and 5. To stitch the two warp
systems, the suitable warp yarn for back side fabric is number III because it is in the middle of
long float of the fabric. Therefore, an example of twill 1/4 is suitable to be used as the back
warp with repeat size of 5 X 5, C.

Warp face twill 1/4 Weft face Twill 4/1

5 Weft yarn 5
4 number 1 4
3 3
2 2345 2
1 A 1

1 I II III IV V
C

5 Face side fabric Back side fabric
4
3 I 2 II V
2 IV
1 III
II
1 I
3 III 4 IV 5 V

PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design 105

Weft yarn
number 1

1 2345
I II III IV V

D
Figure 4.1 Construction of back warp weave design

Combine both face warp and the back warp in warp direction alternately, D. At the below of
the combined weave is the cross section of weft yarn interlacement number 1 and the right-
hand side is the longitudinal section of warp yarns number 1 and I. Figure 4.2 is the weaving
plan with divided shaft is suitable for this type of design.

10 X X
9X
8X X
7X
6X X
5X
4X X
3X
2X X
1X
XXXX

XXX X

XX XX

X XXX

XXXX

12345

5
4
3
2
1

Figure 4.2 Weaving plan for back warp weave design

4.1.2 Back Weft Weave

The system of constructing back weft weave is to increase either the thickness or the fabric
weight same as the warp back weave. The weft back fabric has picks per inch greater than
ends per inch. It uses two systems of weft and one system of warp yarn whereas the weft
yarn is arranged in two layers. To gain two weft layers, the weft yarns are arranged where the
face weft yarns are at the upper layer while the weft back yarns at the back-side layer. The

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warp yarn will be interlaced with both weft systems, and it requires that the warp yarns able
to be flexible to gain more bending throughout the layers. Another important part is to
determine the stitching point of the warp yarn during the interlacement between both weft
layers.
Figure 4.3 shows the construction of weft back weave. It begins by selecting a weft faced
weave as the faced side fabric and an example of a weft faced twill 1/4 is used with the weft
yarn mark in Arabic digits, A. Then, identify the stitching point of warp yarn throughout the
middle of the long float on the back-side weave, B. Determine the warp face weave at the
back-side fabric and an example of twill 4/1 is used where the weft yarns is mark in Roman
digits, C. The face and back weave are joined alternately, D. The cross section of weft yarns 1
and I is at E and the longitudinal section on the right-hand side is at F. The weaving plan using
straight draft is shown at figure 4.4.

Figure 4.3 Construction of back weft weave

PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design 107

5X X X XXX
4X
3X X XX X X
2X
1X X XXX X

XXX X X

XX X XX

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

12345

Figure 4.4 Weaving plan of back weft weave

4.1.3 Pile Weaves

Pile weave is a structure composed of loops pile in a surface fabric that stand from the ground
structure. There are two different types of piles which are cut pile and loop pile. Cut pile is
the loops pile that is created on the face fabric, cut at the top part to produce cut pile either
in the weaving machine or using a cutting machine after weaving process. Loop pile fabric is
produced in the same manner, but the loops are left uncut to gain soft and absorbency
properties as used in terry towels. There are two categories of pile fabrics which depend on
the different types of methods and construction using different kind of system. The followings
are the categories for pile fabrics:

i. Weft piles weave
The weft piles fabrics also known as velveteen composed of two weft systems and one
warp system. Due to two weft system, a weft selection device is needed if the colour of
the weft pile yarn different from the weft ground. To identify weft piles weave is through
the high numbers of weft yarns compare to warp yarns. The construction of weft piles

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is different from warp piles which it doesn’t have loops as in warp piles weave. The weft
piles normally have long floats of weft which is cut piles or uncut piles. There are several
types of velveteen fabric such as plain velveteens, weft plushes, corded velveteen and
figured velveteen.

b. Warp piles weave
The warp piles weave consists of two warp system and one weft system which the loop
piles running across the warp side. Two warp system consists of piles warp and ground
warp which the loop piles is produced using two different methods. The first method
used two different warp yarns supplied from two weaver’s beam. The loops are either
cut known as velvet or uncut pile. This kind of structures are used in towels
manufacturing. The second method is known as wire pile method whereas a wire is
inserted during weft insertion. The wire inserted when the pile warp is in shedding
motion and pulls out from the loop’s fabric after several revolutions of the main shaft.
There are two types wires which are plain wires for loop formation and bladed wire for
cut piles. This method is used to manufacture upholstery and carpeting in form of loops
pile. In form of cut piles or velvet it is used to produce apparel wear, curtaining and
upholsteries.

4.1.3.1 Plain Velveteen

Plain velveteen is the type of weft piles weave with short piles protruding equally in a same
length on the fabric surface. The construction of the fabric consists of ground weave which
normally used plain weave but for heavier fabrics mostly use twill 1/2 or 2/2. The pile weft
mostly based either plain, simple twill, sateen or sateen derivative. The weave design of the
plain velveteen is described in figure 4.5. A plain weave is used as the ground weave which
denoted as G1 and G2, A. The pile weft which twill 1/3 is used and marked as P1, P2, P3 and
P4, B. Combine both ground weave and pile weave alternately, C. Therefore, according to the
weave pile weft have long float where it will be cut to create the cut piles. The cross section
in one repeat of the weave design is shown in D. E shows the cross section after the piles
being cut.

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Figure 4.5 The construction of plain velveteen

4.1.3.2 Terry Toweling Weave

Terry towelling weave comes from the French word “tirer” meaning of “to pull out” which
refers to the pile. It is known as Turk Fabric, Turkish Towelling or Turkish Terry where the
name of Turkish came from its origin. Generally, it is a weave that produces loops which
stands erect on one side of the surface or both sides of the fabric. Due to its uniform loops, it
has a soft structure with low density per unit. The products from terry towels are categories
of towels (such as bath towels, hand towels and face towels), bathrobe, bed covers, bathmats
and dress. There are two types of loops which are sheared pile loops on one side fabric to

110 PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design

gain smooth cut velvet appearance which give a luxurious velvet feels. Another one is uncut
loops either at one side or both sides which the properties are good absorbency, wet ability,
hygroscopicity and heat conductivity.

The construction of the weave needs two systems of warp yarns and one system of weft yarn.
To form the structure, three types of yarn are needed consist of pile warp, ground warp and
weft. The pile warp is used to form the loop which is held by the ground structure result from
interlacement between ground warp and weft yarns. To gain a good absorbency, pleasing
hand and texture the pile warps mostly come from 100 percent cotton (carded or combed)
with low count and twist. However, the ground yarns commonly from cotton/polyester blend
which is ply with twist to gain a good strength property due to highest tension during weaving
from. The weft yarn come from 100% cotton carded yarn, but other types of yarns such as
rayon, viscose, polyester are used for different kinds of purpose.

The structure of weave terry towel is either 2, 3, 4, 5 or more pick terry weaves (figure 4.5)

with 3-pick terry towelling as the basic and common type which the pile presence on both

sides. The 2-pick terry usually formed one side loops with most are sheared into cut pile, but

the stability of loops is very poor. Meanwhile, 5-picks and more terry towels are rarely

produced due to the slow production as it need twice for beating process per pile. The

numbers of pick in a repeat determine the name of the terry towel. The loose pick, L and the

fast pick, F determined the picks position during the loop formation and the beating as shown

in figure 4.6.

F3 F4 F5 F5
L2 F3 F4 F4
L1 L2 L3 F3
L1 L2 L2
PGPG F1 L1
PGPG
PGPP PGPG

(A) 3-pick terry (B) 4-pick terry (C) 5-pick terry (D) 6-pick terry

P - Pile warp
G - Ground warp
F - Fast pick
L - Loose pick

Figure 4.5 Types of terry towel weaves (Jitendra & Swadesh, 2017)

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The two systems of warp need two weaver’s beams with difference tension during weaving.
The terry weaving machine will set different warp tension which ground warp has high tension
while the pile warp has a very low tension. A special mechanism for slay motion on the
weaving machine as shown in figure 4.6 of 3 picks structure are inserted in variable distance
from the fabric fell. The broken line of CC, DD and EE are the first, second and third picks in
the repeats group. Line EE is the fabric fell and on the right side is the new group of three
picks with the last pick is ready to beat up towards the true fabric feel. The pile yarns of P1
and P2 with the ground yarns of G1 and G2 being described by coloured line according to
sequence of the weave design. The G1 and G2 has high tension while the P1 and P2 is low
tension come from two different weaver’s beam. When pick number 16 and 17 are inserted,
the first and second strokes of reed are short reaching at the false fell but when it came to
the pick number 18, the stroke become normal reaching at the true fabric fell. As the picks
number 16, 17 and 18 are beaten to the fabric fell, the P1 and P2 moving forward producing
face and back loops while the G1 and G2 with high tension fasten the picks and pile yarns.

Figure 4.6 Structure of 3-picks terry towel, pile on both sides (Adanur, 2001)

Figure 4.7 shows the weave construction of 3 pick terry towelling with two system of warp
(pile warps and ground warps) and one system of weft according to the basic Turkish
towelling. The loop presence on both side of fabric and it is the most common type of terry
towelling weave. First, select the front side and back side pile warps weave and common
weave is a rib 2/1, A. Then select the ground warp weave with the same weave structure of

112 PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design

rib 2/1. B. The loop warps are marked by Arabic digits while the ground warps are marked by
Roman digits. Combine it alternately as shown in C and to show the structure more clearly,
expand to two warp repeats and three weft repeats. The interlacing of the weave is show on
the longitudinal section at D showing the structure of pile, P1 and P2 and ground warps, G1
and G2.

The weaving plan of the 3-pick terry towel is shown in figure 4. Four heald shaft with divided

draft is much preferable to be used. The red shade is the pile warps and mark at Arabic digit

consists of number 1 and 2. The orange shade is the ground warps which marked using Roman

digits of number I and II.

Pile warp Ground warp
(Rib 2/1) (Rib 1/2)

3 3
2 2
1 1

12 I II

A B

12 O

11 O

10 O

9O

8O

7O

6O

5O

4O

3O

2O

1 G1 O G2
1 I 2 II 1 I 2 II P1 P2

CD
Figure 4.7 Construction of 3-picks terry towel

PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design 113

4X X
3X XX
2X
1X X
XX
123

3
2
1

1 I 2 II
Figure 4.8 Weaving plan of 3-picks terry towel

4.1.4 Jacquard Weaves

Jacquard fabric is a large weave design created through a loom equipped with jacquard
shedding system as shown in figure 4.9. Each single warp yarn is lifted and lowered through
harness cord instead of heald shaft which facilitate the warp yarn according to the desire
design and size. The maximum size of the weave design depends on the maximum warp yarn
that can be lifted the width of the loom.

Figure 4.9 Jacquard fabric
Designing a jacquard weave begins by selecting a design and then choosing the right weave
structure suitable with the selected design. It is a complex weave where the design is

114 PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design

combination of different type of weave structures. In traditional way of designing a jacquard
design, it is usually prepared using freehand which is only limited through a craftmanship.
Nowadays, the designing is mostly done by a computer programming system which is simplify
the process. The drawing of the design is scanned through a computer and the inserting of
the weave structure and editing can be done. The created design from jacquard design
software is then integrated with an electronic jacquard machine. However, to understand the
designing process, the punched card system is used which is almost the same used in the
computer system.

Preparation for designing jacquard:
i. Calculation of the repeats.

Warp repeat, Rx = warp density X width of the design

(The numbers of hook or harness must equal or more than the total number of warp
repeat)

Weft repeat, Ry = weft density X length of the design

(One weft yarn equal to one punched paper card)

ii. Select the design paper.
An example of a design paper is shown in figure 4.10. The characteristics of the design
paper is on its count which the ratio between the vertical square with the horizontal
in every block. To maintain the right figures, shape and dimension of the design, the
ratio of the vertical square with the horizontal must equal with the ratio of warp
density with the weft density according to the actual fabric.

The calculation of the design paper count,

A ÷ B = Px ÷ Py A – Number of vertical squares in the block
(equal to the number of hooks in short row of Jacquard machine)

B – Number of horizontal squares in the block

Px – Warp density of the actual fabric.

Py – Weft density of the actual fabric.

PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design 115

Figure 4.10 Example of design paper

iii. Calculation of the number of blocks

Horizontal direction,

M = Rx ÷ A

M – Number of blocks in horizontal direction
Rx = Warp repeat of the Jacquard weave
A – Number of vertical squares in the block

Vertical direction,

N = Ry ÷ B

N – Number of blocks in vertical direction
Ry - Weft repeat of the Jacquard weave
B – Number of horizontal squares in the block

Therefore,

The total number of blocks = M X N

116 PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design

Example of design paper,

8 X 10 design paper

30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18

N 17

16
15
14
13
12
11
10

9
8
7
6

B5

4
3
2
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

AM

Figure 4.11 A design paper

Total number of squares in 1 block = 8 X 10 = 80 squares
Total number of blocks = M X N = 3 X 3 = 9 blocks

PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design 117

Constructing Jacquard design:
a. Select or create a design.

Figure 4.12 Example of a pattern

b. Calculate a design paper as mentioned before suitable with the selected design.
The calculation considers the densities of the yarns of the actual fabric and
assuming that the number of hooks in the short row Jacquard machine is 8.
Transfer the design into the design paper using tracing paper or scan it from a
computer (figure 4.13).

Figure 4.13 Transfer to a design paper

c. An 8 X 8 design paper with 64 squares in 1 block was created suitable with the size
and the shape of the design as shown in figure 4.14. There are 24 vertical blocks
and 14 horizontal blocks which the total number of blocks is 336. The square at
the outline of the design is marked different from the square of the design body.

118 PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

12345678

8• Outline
7• squares
6•
5•
4•
3•
2•
1•

1 2 3 45678

8

Figure 4.14 8 X 8 design paper with 14 X 24 blocks

d. Choose the type of weave for the design and the ground. The warp overlaps for
ground marked by dot while the design is black squares. Normally, the weave design
has the warp repeat which is equals or the least common multiple of the squares in
vertical and horizontal direction of each block. The ground in this example use twill
1/7 and the design use plain weave. The warp repeats for twill 1/7 for the ground is
equal to the number of vertical squares in each block. In the design, the warp repeat
of plain weave has the least multiple of 4 times in vertical square where it has 8
squares in the block.

e. The design is ready to be convert into a punched card as the warp overlaps has been
marks whereas it is the point of lifting of each warp yarn in the repeat. The mark point
either dot or black squares in the design papers equal to the hole on the punch card
which means that the warp yarn is lifted. The numbers of cards are equal to the
horizontal square of the design paper which is 8 X 14 = 112. The first card is the
number 1 of the horizontal square in the design paper. The method to read a card is
from left to right where the hole is located according the marks (dot or black square)
in the design paper.

PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design 119

f. Example of 17th horizontal square for card number 17th.The design paper involve area
is shown in figure 4.15 A and it is divided into 3 parts of B1, B2 and B3. Therefore, the
punch card for number 17th is shown in figure 4.16. The method used to punch the
card is to read the 17th horizontal square from left to right. The first block until block
number 12 the hole is only on the first square. The 13th block is punch on square
number 1, 4, 5 and 7 while 14th block are 1, 3, 5 and 6 and for 15th block are 1 and 7.
The block for number 17, 18 and 19 is punched on square number 2, 4, 6 and 8. The
rest for block number 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24, the square is punched on number 1 only.

17th horizontal
square

A: 17th horizontal square of design paper

17th horizontal
square

B1: Design paper for block number 1 to 8 on 17th horizontal square

120 PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design

B2: Design paper for block number 9 to 16 on 17th horizontal square

B3: Design paper for block number 17 to 24 on 17th horizontal square
Figure 4.15 Fraction of design paper involve for 17th horizontal square

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

1ooooooooo o o o o o o o • • • o o o o o

2••••••••• • • • • • • • o o o • • • • •

3••••••••• • • • • o • o • • • • • • • •

17 4 • • • • • • • • • • • • o• • • ooo • • • • •
5 • • • • • • • • • • • • oo • o• • • • • • • •

6••••••••• • • • • o • • o o o • • • • •

7••••••••• • • • o • o o • • • • • • • •

8••••••••• • • • • • • • o o o • • • • •

Figure 4.16 Card number seventeen of seventeen horizontal square

PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design 121

Tutorial 4A

Please tick ( / ) the correct of base weave for back warp weave and back weft weave

No. Weave Back Warp Weave Back Weft Weave
1. Twill 3/1
2. Twill 1/3
3. Sateen 5/2
4. Satin 5/2

5.

6.

7.

8.

122 PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design

Tutorial 4B

1. Construct a complete back warp weave with the cross-sectional warp and weft view
and it’s weaving plan using 2/4 twill as a base. Please arrange the lifting plan on the
right position.

2. Construct a back-weft weave, complete with the cross-sectional warp and weft
view. Draw a weaving plan using sateen 5/2 as a base.

3. Construct back weft weave using twill 1/3 as the base weave complete with weaving
plan.

4. Construct a back-weft weave using sateen 5/3 as a base. Complete the answer with
the diagram of weaving plan, warp cross sectional view and weft cross sectional
view.

5. Construct a back-warp weave using twill 4/2 as a base. Complete the answer with
the diagram of weaving plan, warp cross sectional view and weft cross sectional
view.
Based on given figure, construct the weaving plan with group draft method for terry
towel weave using the ground and loop pattern given

PSP eBook | Woven Fabric Structure and Design vii

Bibliography

Adanur, S. (2001). Handbook of Weaving. Technomic Pub. Co. Inc. Lancater, PA, USA,
p315-319.

Amanda B. G. & Katherine T. (2011). Textile Design: Principles, Advances and
Applications. Woodhead Publishing Series.

Egle K. & Agne S. (2005). The Influence of Woven Fabric Structure on the Woven
Fabric Strength. Materials Science (Medžiagotyra). 12(2).

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