Gujarati baalbharti

8. qa[ëX„$N_u dÅ

t gp¡, `L$X$p¡.

Apd sp¡ d_¡ q¾$L¡$V$_p¡ blº ip¡M. lp’dp„ R>¡ ! qa[ëX„$N A¡ A¡d_¡ d_ kÅ R>¡. b¸qV„$N
b¡V$ Oydphu_¡ Qp¡ÁNp-R>½$p dpfhp_u A_p¡Mu dÅ S> A¡d_¡ d_ Æh__p¡ Mfp¡ ëlphp¡ R>¡. A_¡
R>¡. A¡hy„ bp¸tgN_y„e R>¡. lp\dp„ bp¡g fdpX$sp„ A¡ ëlphp_u fpl Å¡hpdp„ s\p A¡ dþep `R>u
fdpX$sp„ L$p¡C AS>b Av$p\u Qpghy„, `R>u v$p¡X$u_¡ A¡dp„\u ^pfu dp¡S> _ d¡mhu iL$hp_p ip¡L$dp„
kpd¡ fdsp M¡gpX$u sfa kdkdphu_¡ bp¸tgN S> A¡d_y„ bpL$u_y„ Æh_ `kpf \pe R>¡.
L$fhu A_¡ `R>u ÅZ¡ L„$C L$ey¯ S> _\u A¡d
r_f`¡n cph¡ Å¡C fl¡hy„ A¡ b^p_u hps S> Äepf¡ buÅ¡ gOydsu_p¡ hN® R>¡-qa[ëX„$N
Sy>v$u R>¡. `Z q¾$L¡$V$_u Mfu dÅ sp¡ qa[ëX„$N â¡duAp¡_p¡. lº„ A¡ hN®dp„ Ry>„. d_¡ Myi L$fhp_u
L$fhpdp„ R>¡. v$p_s\u A¡L$ S>Z¡ L$l¡gy„ L¡$ qagk|a_¡ l„d¡ip„
qa[ëX„$N S> Nd¡ R>¡. b¸qV„$N L¡$ bp¸tgN _l].
q¾$L¡$V$dp„ d_¡ Ndsu hõsy dpÓ qa[ëX„$N L$v$pQ A¡_u hps Mfu `Z lp¡e ! L$pfZ Ap
S> R>¡. q¾$L¡$V$dp„ A_¡ Æh_dp„-M¡gpX$uAp¡_p b¡ dpephu k„kpf A_¡ A¡dp„ fdpsu Ap dpephu
dy¿e hN® S> lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ hN®_p M¡gpX$uAp¡_u q¾$L¡$V$_u fds rhi¡ tQs_ L$fhp_u S>¡hu sL$
_S>f kv$p b¡V$ D`f S> lp¡e R>¡. Qp¡ÁNp A_¡ qaëX$fp¡_¡ lp¡e R>¡ A¡hu L$p¡C_¡e _\u lp¡su.
R>½$p_p„ S> A¡ õhà_p„ Å¡sp lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡
Äepf¡ L$p¡CL$ ApDV$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ `p¡sp_p¡ `Z qa[ëX„$N-qa[ëX„$Ndp„e a¡f lp¡e R>¡. v$f
hpfp¡ Aphhp_u ApipA¡ A¡d_y„ l¥ey„ _pQu EW¡$ hMs¡ "A¡ bp¡g Apìep¡, A¡ L¡$Q Apìep¡' A¡d
R>¡ ; `Z L¸$àV$_ L$p¡C ÓuÅ_¡ b¡V$ `L$X$ph¡ R>¡, bp¡g¡bp¡g¡ ðpk AÝ^f \C S>sp¡ lp¡e sp¡ A¡hp
A¡V$g¡ A¡ `pR>p¡ vy$:M_p v$qfepdp„ X|$bu Åe õhcphhpmpA¡ qa[ëX„$N L$fhp L$fsp„ kfL$kdp„
v$p¡fX$p„ `f Qpghp_p¡ M¡g L$fhp S>hy„ h^y kpfy„.

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qa[ëX„$N_p¡ kpQp¡ Ap_„v$ d¡mhhp sdpfpdp„ L$p¡C rdÓ Å¡X¡$ S>Ns_u Akpfsp rhi¡ hpsp®gp`
L$fhp E`X$u S>sp¡.
Dv$pfsp_p¡ kv¹$NyZ lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡. fd_pfp¡ rbQpfp¡
\p¡X$u hpf¡ buÅAp¡_¡ Np¡W$hu L¸$àV$_
b¡Qpf f_ h^pf¡ gC Nep¡ sp¡e iy„ ; _ gC d|mõ\p_¡ `pR>p¡ Aphsp¡, Ðepf¡ d_¡ Np¡W$h¡gp¡ A¡
S>ÁepA¡ lº„ _ lp¢J A¡V$g¡ A¡_¡ _hpC gpNsu.
Nep¡ sp¡e iy„ ; A¡L$pv$ L¸$Q TX$àep¡ sp¡e iy„ ; rbQpfp¡ cgp¡ cp¡mp¡ dpZk ! A¡V$gy„ _ kdS>¡ L¡$
_ TX$àep¡ sp¡e iy„ ; A„s¡ sp¡ q¾$L¡$V$f dpÓ_¡ Ap S>Nsdp„ Äep„ ^fsuL„$`p¡_¡ gu^¡ eyN¡eyN¡ S>m
V¡$ÞV$ c¡Np L¡$ g„Q c¡Np S> \hp_y„ R>¡ _¡? Ðep„ õ\m A_¡ õ\m Ðep„ S>m \C Åe R>¡,
A¡hu õhõ\ ×rô$ fpM_pf S> qa[ëX„$N_u dÅ dp¡V$p„dp¡V$p„ _Nfp¡ A×íe \C Åe R>¡ Ðep„ dpfp
cp¡Nhu ÅZ¡ R>¡. A¡L$ S>dp_pdp„, _p_`Zdp„ S>¡hp¡ A¡L$ _pQuT dpZk k„Å¡Nphips `l¡gp„_u
Äepf¡ lº„ q¾$L¡$V$_p¡ M¡gpX$u lsp¡ Ðepf¡, dpf¡ “¡ S>ÁepA¡\u A×íe \C Åe A¡dp„ _hpC iu ?
L¸$àV$__¡ Ap A„N¡ OZp¡ dsc¡v$ \sp¡.
Nd¡ s¡d `Z A¡_u Å¡X¡$ hpV$pOpV$p¡_¡
"sd¡ Al] Ecp flp¡', k|fS>_p¡ sX$L$p¡ dp¢ `qfZpd¡ L„$V$pmu_¡ R>¡ëgp¡ v$ph Ap`hp_u ifs¡
D`f Aph¡ A_¡ bp¸g `Z h^pf¡ Aph¡ A¡hu A¡ d_¡ d¡v$p__¡ R>¡L$ R>¡X¡$ qa[ëX„$N_y„ L$pd kp¢`hp
qaëX$_p hQgp cpN_u A¡L$pv$ S>Áep bsphu_¡ L$b|g \sp¡, `Z s¡e bbX$sp¡ bbX$sp¡ ! kpQy„
L¸$àV$_ kpl¡b d_¡ L$l¡sp. `|R>p¡ sp¡ dpf¡ A_¡ L¸$àV$_p¡_¡ `l¡g¡\u g¡Zpv$¡Zu
S> _\u.
"A¡_p L$fsp„ sd¡ S> Al] Ecp flp¡
sp¡ ?' lº„ â¡d\u k|Q_ L$fsp¡, A_¡ Dv$pfsp\u L$p¡L$ hpf lº„ qa[ëX„$N L$fsp¡ lp¡J A_¡ A¡
Dd¡fsp¡, "d_¡ sp¡ Ðep„ kpd¡_u bpSy>A¡-R>¡L$ R>¡X¡$ L$fsp„ L$fsp„ L$p¡C Å¡X¡$hpmp qaëX$f_u l¸V$_¡ spL$u_¡
bpDÞX$fu `pk¡ Ecp¡ fpMip¡ sp¡e lº„ hp„^p¡ _rl L$p„L$fp dpfsp¡ lp¡J Ðep„ A¡L$pv$ bp¸g TX$`\u dpfu
gJ lp¢ ?' `pk¡\u `kpf \C Åe! lh¡ Aph¡ hMs¡ L¸$àV$_
M|b R>¡X$pC `X¡$. A¡ L$l¡: "sd¡ bp¸g fp¡¼ep¡
L¸$àV$_ rbQpfp¡ "_p, _p, sd¡ Al] S>
Ecp flp¡.' A¡d L$lu_¡ buÅ_¡ k|Q_pAp¡
Ap`hp S>sp¡ A¡V$g¡ lº„ d¡v$p__¡ `¡g¡ R>¡X¡$ Ec¡gp

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L¡$d _l] ?' `Z Ap_y„ sp¡ cpC, A¡hy„ R>¡ _¡ Aphu_¡ `Z bp¸g gC S>sp ; `Z lº„ sp¡ L$v$u
L¡$ bp¸g Aph¡ Ðepf¡ Ap`Zp S>¡hp rhQpfiug A¡_p¡ rhfp¡^ L$fsp¡ S> _rl ; cg¡_¡ A¡ rbQpfp
dpZk_y„ Ýep_ lp¡e buÅ rhQpfdp„. bp¸g fdhp_p¡ ëlphp¡ g¡, Ap`Z¡ k„Ly$rQs dp_k sp¡
Aph¡ Ðepf¡ A¡ rhQpfp¡_¡ dNS>_p A¡ rhje_p L$v$u fpMhy„ S> _rl. `Z Aph¡ hMs¡e `pR>p¡
Mp_pdp„ cfu v$¡hp, Mp_y„ b„^ L$fu, spmy„ L¸$àV$_ Aphu_¡ Op„V$p `pX$u S>sp¡ L¡$ "bp¸g sdpfu
dpfu _hu L|„$Qu ip¡^u, dNS>_y„ q¾$L¡$V$hpmy„ Mp_y„ `pk¡\u Nep¡ sp¡e sd¡ L¡$d _ fp¡¼ep¡ _¡ R>¡L$
DOpX$uA¡ Ðep„ ky^udp„ bp¸g kX$kX$pV$ `kpf `¡gp_¡ Aphu_¡ gC S>hp¡ `X$ép¡ ?'
\C `Z Nep¡ lp¡e. lh¡ sd¡ S> L$lp¡, Aphp
k„Å¡Np¡dp„ A¡ bp¸g fp¡L$hp¡ `Z L¡$d L$fu_¡ ? fds_¡ R>¡L$ A„s¡ A„v$fA„v$f A¡L$buÅ sfa
A_¡ bp¸g _ fp¡L$ep bpbs sp¡ W$uL$ `Z A¡ L$p„L$fp a¢L$u bp¸tgN_u â¡[¼V$k L$fsp„ L$fsp„ dpfp
bpDÞX$fuA¡ `lp¢Qu Nep `R>u S>¡ r_fp„s\u lº„ S>¡hp qa[ëX„$N-â¡duAp¡_p¡ b¸qV„$N L$fhp_p¡ hpfp¡
^ud¡ `Ng¡ A¡ g¡hp S>sp¡ s¡ Å¡C_¡ L¸$àV$_p¡_¡ Aphsp¡. lº„ aV$L$p gNphsp¡, kfk gNphsp¡, `Z
M|b Nyõkp¡ Aphsp¡. dpfu dpÞesp A¡hu R>¡ dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ sp¡ lº„ S>¡ Dv$pfsp buÅ b¸V¹$kd¡_p¡
L¡$ `pk¡\u `kpf \C Ne¡gp bp¸g `pR>m âÐe¡ fpMsp¡ s¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ qaëX$k® sfuL¡$ dpfp
v$p¡X$_pfp¡ dpZk Nydph¡gu sL$ `pR>m v$p¡X$“pf âÐe¡ _ fpMsp. A¡L$pv$ kfk aV$L$p¡ gNphu,
S>¡hp¡ d|fM gpN¡ R>¡. Ney„ s¡ cg¡ Ney„, lº„ b„ku^pfu L©$óZL$_¥ep_u S>¡d A¡L$ `N_u
c|sL$pm_¡ bv$g¡ Ap`Z¡ crhóe sfa ×[óV$ ApNm buÅ¡ `N fpMu, b¸V$_¡ V¡$L¡$ Av$p\u
fpMhu Å¡CA¡. lh¡\u Aph_pfp aV$L$pAp¡_p¡ Ecp¡ flu, NN_dp„ AÝ^f S>sp bp¸g_¡ _ufMu
Ap`Z¡ rhQpf L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡, g¡hpC Ne¡gp füp¡ lp¡J Ðep„ A¡ bp¸g_p¡ L¡$Q \C Åe !
Qp¡ÁNp_p¡ _rl, A¡hu cph_p lº„ fpMu iL$sp¡, d¢ S>¡ fd_pf_p k„¿epb„^ L¡$Q Nydphu A¡_u
L¸$àV$_p¡ _ fpMu iL$sp, _¡ A¡dp„ S> b^u b¸V¹$kd¡_ sfuL¡$_u tS>v$Nu A_¡L$ hpf g„bphu
D`pr^ Ecu \su. Ap`u lp¡e s¡ S> dpfp A¡ bp¸g_p¡ L¡$Q L$fu
g¡sp¡ ! dp_hÅs_y„ Ap rhðpkOpsu`Ï„ Å¡C
A“¡ Ap sp¡ W$uL$ `Z q¾$L¡$V$_u fds_u dpfy„ d_ `Z cp„Nu S>sy„ A_¡ lº„ b¸V$ gC_¡
A¡L$ dp¡V$u _bmpC A¡ R>¡ L¡$ A¡dp„ qaëX$fp¡_p V¡$ÞV$dp„ `pR>p¡ Aphsp¡ fl¡sp¡.
fpÄe_u lv$p¡ _½$u L$f¡gu _\u lp¡su. AdyL$ bp¸g
Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ Ap`Zu lv$dp„ R>¡ L¡$ buÅ L$p¡C Ap fus¡ R>ÁNp gNphu_¡ d¢ q¾$L¡$V$_p¡ S>¡
qaëX$f_u lv$dp„, A¡_¡ Ap`Z¡ fp¡L$hp¡ Å¡CA¡ L¡$ L„$C Ap_„v$ âpàs L$ep£ R>¡, L¡$ L$prsg bp¸tgN
buÅ L$p¡CA¡, A¡ L¡$d Mbf `X¡$ ? dpfp `|fsp¡ L$fu_¡ buÅ_¡ M¡fhu _p¿ep_p¡ vy$ô$ k„sp¡j `Z
sp¡ l„d¡ip„ A¡ âñ Ecp¡ fl¡sp¡ L¡$ bp¸g L$p¡_u S>¡ L„$C d¡mìep¡ R>¡ s¡_p L$fsp„ qaëX$f sfuL¡$ S>
lv$dp„ R>¡ ? OÏ„Mfy„ Ad¡ kp¥ Ap bpbsdp„ h^y rhiyÙ Ap_„v$ d¡mìep¡ R>¡. d_¡ sp¡ gpN¡
Dv$pf fl¡sp _¡ l„d¡ip„ Adpfpdp„_p¡ v$f¡L$ S>Z R>¡ L¡$ q¾$L¡$V$dp„ s¡dS> Æh_dp„ b¸V¹$kd¡_ sfuL¡$
A¡d S> L$l¡sp¡ L¡$ "bp¸g dpfu lv$dp„ _rl `Z AÝ^f ðpk¡ Æhhp L$fsp„ `Z r_fp„s¡ qa[ëX„$N
`¡gp Å¡X¡$_p_u lv$dp„ R>¡.' R>¡hV¡$ L¸$àV$_ Aphu_¡ L$fsp„ L$fsp„, fçep R>sp„ _rl fdhpdp„, f„Npep
A¡ bp¸g L$p¡Z¡ gC Aphhp¡ A¡ W$fphsp¡. Å¡L¡$ rh_p Å¡C iL$hpdp„ A¡L$ A_p¡Mu dÅ R>¡, A¡L$
OZu hpf L$p¡C DÐkplu cpCAp¡ dpfu lv$dp„ Ap¡f Ap_„v$ R>¡.

- bLy$g rÓ`pW$u

43

t õhpÝepe t

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `pW$dp„ L$ep iåvp¡ h`fpep R>¡ s¡ ip¡^p¡ : - ......................
- .......................
1) R>V$p - ...................... 2) h©rÑ - .......................
3) kpQu - ...................... 4) afL$ - .......................
5) hpV$pOpV$ - ...................... 6) L$dšfu
7) kudp - ...................... 8) Qphu

k. 2 A’® bv$ëep hNf hp¼e“¡ kL$pfpÐdL$ A’hp “L$pfpÐdL$ b“php¡.
1) ‘ep®hfZ iyÙ fl¡ sp¡ âv|$jZ ’sy„ “’u.
2) k|e®‘yÓ L$Z® Dv$pf qv$g“p¡ lsp¡.
3) Ap‘Zp¡ v$¡i õhs„Ó R>¡.
4) dlpcpfs Ap^yr“L$ L$’p “’u.

k. 3 _uQ¡_p ê$qY$âep¡Np¡_p A\® ip¡^p¡. iåv$L$p¡i“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fp¡.

1) l¥ey„ _pQu EW$hy„ 2) ëlphp¡ g¡hp¡

3) g¡Zpv$¡Zu _ lp¡hu 4) R>¡X$pC `X$hy„

5) d_ cp„Nu Ähy„ 6) M¡fhu _p„Mhy„

k. 4 q¾$L¡$V$ A¡ d¡v$p_u fds R>¡. Aphu d¡v$p_u fdsp¡_p Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p 10 _pd gMp¡.

k. 5 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ gMp¡. `R>u hp¼edp„ D`ep¡N L$fp¡.

v$p.s. L$v$ue - L$v$u `Z

Ap`Z¡ L$v$ue Apop_y„ Dëg„O_ _ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡.

1) ¼epf¡e 2) L$iue
3) L¡$hy„e 4) L¡$V$gy„e

k. 6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` ip¡^u_¡ rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) q¾$L¡$V$_u Mfu dÅ sp¡ .............
L$) f_ L$fhpdp„ R>¡.

M) bp¸tgN L$fhpdp„ R>¡.
N) qa[ëX„$N L$fhpdp„ R>¡.

2) bp¡g `pR>m v$p¡X$_pfp_¡ g¡ML$ ............. kp\¡ kfMph¡ R>¡.

L$) Nydph¡gu sL$ `pR>m v$p¡X$_pfp

M) Mp¡hpe¡gu hõsy `pR>m v$p¡X$_pfp

N) v$p¡X$õ`^p®dp„ Æshp dpV¡$ v$p¡X$_pfp

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3) g¡ML$_p dsp_ykpf Æh_dp„ A_¡ q¾$L¡$V$dp„ ............... Æhhy„ `X¡$ R>¡.
L$) ip„rs`|h®L$ M) AÝ^f ðpk¡ N) Ap_„v$`|h®L$

k. 7 rhQpfu“¡ gMuA¡.
1) qaëX$f_¡ Aphy„ tQs_ L$fhp_u sL$ dm¡
2) Ap Ås_u ×rô$ fpM_pf qa[ëX„$N_u dÅ cp¡Nhu ÅZ¡ R>¡
3) q¾$L¡$V$_u fds_u kp¥\u dp¡V$u _bmpC
4) L¸$àV$_ g¡ML$ D`f R>¡X$pC ‘X$hp“y„ L$pfZ

k. 8 ‘pW$ hp„Qu“¡ ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡.
1) q¾$L¡$V$_u Mfu dÅ ............... L$fhpdp„ R>¡.
2) .......... qaëX$fp¡_¡ hpf„hpf k|Q_p Ap`¡.
3) .......... dpZk_y„ Ýep_ AÞe rhQpfp¡dp„ S> lp¡e R>¡.
4) .......... k„kpfdp„ fdpsu ....... q¾$L¡$V$_u fds rhi¡_y„ tQs_ L$fhp_u
sL$ qaëX$fp¡_¡ dm¡ R>¡.

k. 9 i¡_u dÅ Aph¡ ? 2) bp¸gf sfuL¡$ .............
1) b¸V¹$kd¡_ sfuL¡$ .......... 4) L¸$àV$_ sfuL¡$ .............
3) qaëX$f sfuL¡$ ............. 6) Aç‘pef sfuL¡$..............
5) rhL¡$V$L$u`f sfuL¡$ ........

k. 10 _d|_pâdpZ¡ q¾$ep`v$_y„ ep¡Áe ê$` gMp¡.
v$p.s. lº„ â¡d\u k|Q_ L$fsp¡. (L$fhy„)
1) s¡ Dv$pfsp\u v$p_ ............... (Ap`hy„)
2) lº„ qa[ëX„$N .......... (L$fhy„) A_¡ (bbX$hy„) ...............
3) s¡ Qp¡½$p-R>½$p kfk ........... (aV$L$pfhy„)
4) s¡Ap¡_p¡ b¸qV„$N L$fhp_p¡ hpfp¡ R>¡ëg¡ ......... (Aphhy„)

k. 11 _d|_pâdpZ¡ b¡ iåv$p¡ Å¡X$u_¡ _hp¡ iåv$ b_php¡.

A) v$p.s. d_k¹ + h©rÑ = d_p¡h©rÑ$
1) fS>k¹ + NyZ = .................... 2) d_k¹ + lf = ......................
3) s`k¹ + h_ = ..................... 4) d_k¹ + v$ip = ....................

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b) v$p.s. r_f¹ + fh = _ufh
1) r_f¹ + fp¡Nu = ...............
2) r_f¹ + fS> = ................
3) r_f¹ + fk = ................
4) r_f¹ + ê$` = ................

(epv$ fpMp¡ : `l¡gp iåv$_p¡ A„Ðepnf A_¡ `R>u_p iåv$_p¡ â\dpnf b„_¡ "f' Aphsp lp¡e
Ðepf¡ s¡_p\u b_sp _hp iåv$_p¡ â\d Anf v$uO® b_¡ R>¡.)
t dl¡ÞÖtkl ^p¡_u_p _¡s©Ðhdp„ d¡mh¡gp "hëX®$L$`'_u dprlsu d¡mhu_¡ 6\u 7 hp¼ep¡dp„ gMp¡.
t q¾$L¡$V$_u fds rhi¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ 7\u 8 hp¼ep¡dp„ L$lp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t fpóV²$ue fds "lp¡L$u' A“¡ âpv¡riL$ fds "L$åbX$u' (lºsysysy) _p r_edp¡ rhi¡ r_edphgu
b“php¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ .... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡$

v$u‘p drgL$

Æh__u _p_u _p_u sL$guap¡_u kpd¡ lpf dp_u g¡hp_¡ bv$g¡ Æh_dp„ _hu iê$Aps
L$fhu Å¡CA¡. Nd¡ s¡ `qf[õ\rs lp¡e sp¡ `Z s¡dp„\u dpN® L$pY$u iL$pe R>¡, k`_p Å¡C
iL$pe R>¡. Ap hp¼e_¡ kp\®L$ L$f_pf R>¡, qfep¡ `¡fpAp¡rg[ç‘L$ (ipfuqfL$ fus¡ And lp¡e
s¡hp A¡Õg¡V$) 2016dp„ Tmlmsu kamsp d¡mh_pf â\d cpfsue _pfu v$u`p drgL$.
45 hj}e v$u‘p drgL$ b¡ v$uL$fuAp¡_u dpsp R>¡ `¡fpàg¡rS>L$ (gL$hpN°õs) bÞep bpv$
s¡Ap¡A¡ õ`p¡V®$¹khyd_ sfuL¡$ _hp¡ Qugp¡ Qpsep£. 36 hj®¡ s¡dZ¡ fds_p n¡Ódp„ âh¡i L$ep£.
L$fp¡X$fÄSy>_u Np„W$ \hp_¡ gu^¡ 17 hj®dp„ 31 hpf iõÓq¾$ep L$fphu Q|¼ep„ R>¡. 183
V$p„L$pAp¡“u r_ip_u s¡d_p ifuf `f R>¡.
s¡dZ¡ 17000 qL$du_p¡ âhpk bpCL$ `f L$ep£ R>¡. i|Þe Ap¡[¼kS>_dp„ rldpgedp„ 18000
auV$ ky^u s¡Ap¡ `lp¢Ãep„ lsp„. B.k. 2016dp„ qfep¡-X$u-Å_¡fp¡dp„ \e¡gu `¡fpAp¡rg[ç`L$dp„
Np¡mpa¢L$dp„ s¡dZ¡ fS>s Q„ÖL$ d¡mìep¡ R>¡. Ap Ähg„s kamsp v$f¡L$ cpfsue dpV¡$ â¡fZpê$`
R>¡.
L$p¡Z L$l¡ R>¡ cpfs fdsNdsdp„ `pR>m R>¡? Å¡ ipfuqfL$ And ìe[¼s Ap KQpCA¡
`lp¢Qu iL¡$ sp¡ Ýe¡e_¡ hf¡gp, spgudbÙ A_¡ kdr`®s knd sp¡ iy„ _ L$fu iL¡$?

46

t AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s t

v$X$p¡, f]N, X$ui A“¡ hp¡gubp¡g S>¡hu fdsp¡ iê$Apsdp„ fdpX$u s¡d“u râe fds rhi¡ ‘|R>hy„.
fpóV²$ue fds A“¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue fds rhi¡ QQp® L$fhu. q¾$L¡$V$ gNcN b^p S> bpmL$p¡“u râe fds
lp¡hp’u rhÛp’}Ap¡ QQp®dp„ kq¾$e cpN g¡i¡. Ap lpõeL©$rs lp¡hp’u s¡“p AÝep‘“dp„ rhÛp’}Ap¡
‘Z S>ê$f Ap“„qv$s ’i¡. “p“p âñp¡ ‘|R>u rhÛp’}Ap¡“u ApL$g“i[¼s“u L$kp¡V$u L$fhu. q¾$L¡$V$“u
fds“p dy¿e ‘pkp bp¸tgN, b¸qV„$N, qaëX$]N, rhL¡$V$qL$‘]N rhi¡“u dprlsu rhÛp’}Ap¡ ‘pk¡’u S>
L$Y$phhu. Ap fds“u gp¡L$râesp“u QQp® kp’¡ v$f¡L$“p ìe[¼sNs fk“u dprlsu ÅZhp“p¡ âeГ
L$fhp¡. gp¡L$râe q¾$L¡$V$fp¡, s¡d“p Üpfp õ’pr‘s rh¾$dp¡ rhi¡ ‘Z QQp® L$fu iL$pe. q¾$L¡$V$“u fdsdp„
M¡gqv$gu“u cph“p“u AphíeL$sp D‘f âL$pi ‘pX$hp¡.

rhL¡$V$ L$u`f
qaëX$f

b¸V¹$kd¡_ Ap¸_ õV²$pCL$

b¸V¹$kd¡_ bp¸gf
Ap¸a õV²$pCL$

A¸ç`pef

lkp¡, lku iL$pe s¡V$gy„ lÆ kde R>¡ S>fp,
gp¡ lku, ‘Z lkhp kdu “ b“phip¡ tS>v$Nu.

47

t D‘¾$d t

dlp“ycphp¡“p qL$õkp

rhðrh¿eps rQÓL$pf ‘pågp¡ r‘L$pkp¡A¡ rdÓp¡“¡ S>dhp dpV¡$ Of¡ bp¡gpìep lsp. “S>f
a¡fhu“¡ A¡L$ rdÓ¡ khpg L$ep£, ""v$p¡õs, spfy„ A¡L¡$e rQÓ L¡$d Ap Ap¡fX$pdp„ “’u ? ‘p¡sp“p„ S>
rQÓp¡ ‘k„v$ “’u.''

r‘L$pkp¡A¡ A¡L$v$d W$phLy„$ dp¡Yy„$ fpMu S>hpb Apàep¡. "rQÓp¡ Nd¡ sp¡ R>¡ ‘Z A¡V$gp„ b^p„
dp¢Op„ R>¡ L¡$ d“¡ ‘fhX$sp„ “’u.'

***

õhpdu rhh¡L$p“„v$“¡ õhv$¡i, õh^d® A“¡ õhh” dpV¡$ M|b Np¥fh lsy„. Ad¡qfL$p Nep
Ðepf¡ ‘Z ‘f„‘fpNs cNhp„ h”p¡ ‘l¡ep¯ lsp„.
A¡L$ cpjZdp„ s¡Ap¡ Nep, Ðepf¡ cNhp„ L$‘X$p„ kp’¡ ‘Ndp„ rhv$¡iu ‘NfMp„ ‘l¡ep¯ lsp„.
Ap Å¡C“¡ A¡L$ ‘fv$¡iu drlgpA¡ dl¡Ï„ dpey¯. ""v$¡iu hõÓp¡ ‘l¡fhp“p¡ ApN°l fpMp¡ R>p¡ sp¡ ‘R>u
rhv$¡iu ‘NfMp„ ip dpV¡$? g¡idpÓ d|„Tphp“¡ bv$g¡ õhpdu rhh¡L$p“„v$¡ dd®h¡^L$ S>hpb Apàep¡,
""A„N°¡Å¡“¡ cpfsdp„ s¡d“y„ õ’p“ bsphu v$¡hp dpV¡$.''

***

rhðrh¿eps Ad¡qfL$“ g¡ML$ dpL®$ V¹$h¡C““y„ A¡L$ kph “p“L$X$p Npddp„ cpjZ lsy„. s¡Ap¡
khpf¡ v$pY$u L$fphhp dpV¡$ ‘lp¢Qu Nep.
hpm„v$¡ hpsQus“u iê$Aps L$fu gu^p bpv$ ’p¡X$u bX$pi dpfu. ApS>¡ Ap‘Zp Npddp„ dpL®$
V¹$h¡C““y„ cpjZ R>¡. sd¡ V$p„L$Z¡ Apìep¡ R>p¡, sp¡ qV$qL$V$ Mfuv$u ? dpL®$ V¹$h¡C“¡ “p ‘pX$u. sp¡ hpm„v$¡
L$üy„, ""b^u qV$qL$V$ h¡QpC NC R>¡. lh¡ sdpf¡ Ecp flu“¡ kp„cmhy„ ‘X$i¡.'' dpL®$ V¹$h¡C“ dp¡Yy„$
bNpX$u“¡ bp¡ëep, ""v$f hMs¡ Ap dpZk cpjZ Ap‘sp¡ lp¡e Ðepf¡ dpf¡ Ecp fl¡hp“p¡ S> hpfp¡
Aph¡ R>¡.''

***

ApTpv$u ‘|h£ “pdp„qL$s ^pfpip”u dp¡sugpg “l¡fy ‘f rQX$pC“¡ A¡L$ Þepep^ui¡ khpg L$ep£,
""d“¡ kdÅ¡ R>p¡ iy„ sd¡, rdõV$f “l¡fy ?''
‘|f¡‘|fp rhh¡L$ kp’¡ dp¡sugpgÆA¡ S>hpb Apàep¡, ""lº„ sp¡ Ap‘ “pdv$pfîu“¡ kÄS>“ kdSy>„
Ry>„. Ap‘“¡ ep¡Áe “ gpNsy„ lp¡e sp¡ dpfp¡ Arcâpe bv$gu “pMy„.''

48

9. h©np¡

t Qpgp¡ NpCA¡
h©n rhi¡“u L$p¡C A¡L$ L$rhsp.

L$p¡CL$ fps¡ hfksp„ hpv$m¡ ^p¡hpe R>¡ h©np¡
khpf¡ b„^ hjp® _¡ Sy>Ap¡ ! sX$L$pe R>¡ h©np¡
R|>`p¡ Aakp¡k sp¡ R>¡ kp¥ küp L$fsu ^fp-dp_¡
_\u v$fL$pf \psu sp¡e¡ dp¡V$p„ \pe R>¡ h©np¡
S>fp kfMy„ `uhpX$éy„ `pZu iy„ Apv$d_p bÃQp„A¡ !
Æh_ ApMy„ A_N®m ApifpAp¡ ‘pe R>¡ h©np¡
lh¡ kdÄep¡, Mf¡Mf sy„ hk„sp¡_p¡ S> R>¡ `ep®e
sy„ Äep„ `Z lp¡e, spfu Qp¡sfa v$¡Mpe R>¡ h©np¡
‘h“ lmh¡L$’u hpC füp¡ R>¡ Qp„v$“u kp’¡
“ufh“¡ L$p“dp„ ApR>p õhf¡ k„cmpe R>¡ h©np¡
cg¡_¡ M|b S>„Nu lp¡ A¡ L$v$dp„ kp¥ qv$ipA¡\u
d|„Ny„ v$¡_pf_p Mp¡mpdp„ L¡$hp„ dpe R>¡ h©np¡ !
il¡f lº„ `pR>p¡ Aphy„, Npd R>p¡X$u, Äep„ rhQpfp¡dp„ ;
sfs dpfu _S>f kpd¡\u Ap¡Tg \pe R>¡ h©np¡.

- ip¡rcs v$¡kpC

49

t õhpÝepe t

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h`fpe¡gp iåvp¡$ ip¡^p¡. dp_h - .......................
1) qv$gNufu - ...................... 2) kdp_ - .......................
3) Arsie - ...................... 4) d|L$ - .......................
5) A×íe - ...................... 6) ip„s - .......................
7) dp¡Vy„$ - ...................... 8)

k. 2 Dv$plfZ dyS>b q¾$ep`v$_y„ ê$` bv$gp¡. A) v$p.s. ^p¡hy„ - ^p¡hpe

1) Å¡hy„ 2) Mphy„ 3) Nphy„ 4) g¡hy„

5) v$¡hy„ 6) L$l¡hy„ 7) `uhy„ 8) buhy„

b) v$p.s. v$¡Mhy„ - v$¡Mpe

1) kp„cmhy„ 2) Ap`hy„ 3) hp„Qhy„ 4) _pQhy„

5) L$fhy„ 6) gMh„y 7) b¡khy„ 8) sfhy„

L$) v$p.s. `uhy„ - `uhX$phhy„

1) Mphy„ 2) Nphy„ 3) g¡hy„ 4) v$¡hy„ 5) Å¡hy„

k. 3 _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡_p¡ hp¼edp„ D`ep¡N L$fp¡.

1) Aakp¡k 2) v$fL$pf 3) Qp¡sfa 4) hk„s
8) Mp¡mp¡
5) Qp„v$_u 6) õhf 7) Ap¡Tg

k. 4 iåv$L$p¡i_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu_¡ _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡_p A¡L$ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ `ep®e hpQu iåv$p¡ gMp¡.

v$p. s. fps - fprÓ, fS>_u, r_ip, rhcphfu, eprd_u

1) h©n 2) ^fp 3) `pZu 4) `h_ 5) õhf

k. 5 "Ap`Ï„ Of b_phhp `„MuAp¡_p„ Of _ sp¡X$pe' Ap rhje D`f hN®dp„ k„hpv$ fS|> L$fp¡.

k. 6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` ip¡^u `„[¼s `|Z® L$fp¡. M) R>gL$pe R>¡ h©np¡
1) khpf¡ b„^ hjp®_¡ Sy>Ap¡ ...... M) spfu Qp¡sfa v$¡Mpe R>¡ h©np¡
L$) sX$L$pe R>¡ h©np¡
N) dgL$pe R>¡ h©np¡
2) sy„ Äep„ `Z lp¡e ...............
L$) spfu A¡L$ sfa \C Åe R>¡ h©np¡
N) spfu A„v$f ENu Åe R>¡ h©np¡

50

3) sfs dpfu _S>f kpd¡\u ..............
L$) `kpf \pe R>¡ h©np¡ M) v$p¡X$u Åe R>¡ h©np¡
N) Ap¡Tg \pe R>¡ h©np¡

k. 7 _uQ¡_p A\® v$ip®hsu L$pìe`„[¼s gMp¡.
1) h©np¡_p L$`php\u ^fsu_¡ kl_ L$fhy„ `X¡$ R>¡.
2) \p¡Xy„$ k]Q_ L$fu DR>¡f¡gp„ h©np¡ Ap`Zp `f A_¡L$ D`L$pfp¡ L$f¡ R>¡.
3) rhipm L$v$ ^fphsp„ h©np¡ ‘©Õhu_p Mp¡mpdp„ buS>ê$`¡ kdpC Åe R>¡.

k. 8 kdÆ“¡ gMuA¡.
1) h©np¡“¡ ‘pZu ‘uhX$ph“pf .............................
.............................
2) hk„sp¡“p¡ ‘ep®e
.............................
3) h©np¡“¡ ^p¡“pf
.............................
4) h©np¡“y„ L$v$

k. 9 L$pìe_p Ap^pf¡ h©np¡_p k„v$c£ S>hpb gMp¡.
1) hfksp„ hpv$m¡ - .................. 2) ApR>p õhf¡ - .................
3) k|fS>_p sp`¡ - .................. 4) `©Õhu_p Mp¡m¡ - .................
5) ApMy„ Æh_ - .................. 6) _S>f kpd¡\u - .................
(k„cmpe, ^p¡hpe, ApifpAp¡ `pe, Ap¡Tg \pe, kdpe, sX$L$pe)

k. 10 "il¡fdp„\u Ap¡R>p„ \sp„ S>sp„ h©np¡' rhje D`f 5\u 7 hp¼ep¡ gMp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t Apk`pk\u D`gå^ `p„v$X$p„ c¡Np„ L$fu ky„v$f L$p¡gpS>hL®$ L$fu ApL$j®L$ L©$rs s¥epf L$fp¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ .... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡$

Ap h©n sZp¡ k„v$¡ip¡
Æh_dp„ Dspfu g¡Å¡

Tugu_¡ sp` S>Ns_p

R>p„ep¡ buÅ_¡ v$¡Å¡ ! .......... Ap h©n

r_S>_y„ _p L$p¡C `fpey„

iusm \C h©n R>hpey„
dpfy„ dpfy„ R>p¡X$u_¡ .....

S>N bpN kÅhu v$¡Å¡ ! ..... Ap h©n

X$pmu Å¡ fM¡ L$`pi¡

afu Dv$pf \C L$p¡mpi¡

Ü¡jp¡_¡ v$a_phu_¡ kl¡Å¡ ...... Ap h©n
Op Dv$pf \C_¡

51

t AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s t

iê$Apsdp„ Ap`¡gu k|Q“p dyS>b L$pìe_y„ kd|ldp„ Np_ L$fpìep `R>u âõsys L$pìe S>¡ NTg
R>¡ s¡ iuMhp rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ sÐ`f L$fhp. âõsys L$rhsp_¡ NTg_p õhê$`¡ â\d hpf S> `qfQe
L$fphhp_p¡ lp¡hp\u v$f¡L¡$ v$f¡L$ guV$u_¡ kfm cpjpdp„ kdÅhhu. Ap`¡gp õhpÝepep¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡
S>ê$fu dprlsu L$pìe kdÅhsu hMs¡ Ahíe Ap`hu.
L$pìedp„ Aphsp iåv$p¡_p A¡L$ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ kdp_p\} iåv$p¡ S>ê$f Ap`hp. s¡ ip¡^hp dpV¡$
iåv$L$p¡i rhi¡ rhõs©s kdS> Ap`u s¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp dpV¡$_u â¡fZp Ap`hu. h©np¡_p dlÒh
rhi¡ kpd|rlL$ QQp® L$fhu. s¡_p apev$pAp¡ S>Zphhp. s¡_p¡ _pi \hp\u Ecp \_pfp k„L$V$\u
AhNs L$fhp. h©ÿppfp¡`Z dpV¡$ â¡fZp Ap`hu.

Å¡ Qplp¡ S>Nsdp„ Ad_, sp¡ L$fp¡ h©nv$¡hsp_¡ _d_

A¡L$buÅ“u dv$v$ L$fuA¡,
Æh“ Apkp“ b“phuA¡.

D‘f“y„ rQÓ Å¡C sdpfp„ rdÓp¡ L¡$ Of“p„ kv$õep¡“¡ s¡dp„“u hpsp® L$lp¡.
52

10. kpvy$„ Æh_

t Q p gp ¡, h p sp ¡ L$ fu A¡.

dpZk“u S>ê$qfeps S>¡V$gu Ap¡R>u A¡V$gu Ap„V$uO|„V$u, QpgpL$u, R>mL$‘V$, R>¡sft‘X$u v|$f L$fp¡.
s¡“u õhs„Ósp h^pf¡. A“¡ S>¡V$gy„ V¡$Þi“ Ap¡Ry>„ fl¡ZuL$fZu, hs®Z|„L$, ìehlpf i¼e A¡V$gp„ kfm
A¡V$gu r“fp„s h^pf¡ A“¡ kyM h^pf¡. b“php¡. Ap^yr“L$ dp“hu dpV¡$ fp¡V$u L$dphp“u
hps S> A¡V$gu AV$‘V$u b“u NC R>¡, L¡$
‘f„sy S>ê$qfeps bpbsdp„ dep®v$p “½$u Æh““p buÅ dlÒh“p âñp¡ rhi¡ s¡ cpÁe¡ S>
L$fhp“y„ blº A^fy„ R>¡, L$pfZ L¡$ b^p dpV¡$ rhQpfu iL¡$ R>¡. s¡“u dp¡V$p cpN“u i[¼s ‘¥kp
s¡ A¡L$kfMu lp¡C iL$su “’u. Ap‘Z¡ Ðep„ L$dphpdp„ h¡X$apC Åe R>¡. ‘qfZpd¡ Ap‘Zp
dp¡V$fL$pf dp¡V$‘ A“¡ g¼Tfu NZpe R>¡, Äepf¡ eyNdp„ k¢L$X$p¡ A“¡ lÅfp¡ gM‘rsAp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„
IÁg¡ÞX$-Ad¡qfL$p S>¡hp v$¡ip¡dp„ s¡ kpdpÞe dS|>f kp¡¾¡$qV$k L¡$ A¡qfõV$p¡V$g cpÁe¡ S> A¡L$pv$ ‘¡v$p
L¡$ ¼gpL®$ dpV¡$ ‘Z S>ê$qfeps“u hõsy NZpe ’pe R>¡. ApCÞõV$pC“ S>¡hu L$p¡C rhc|rs S>Þd¡
R>¡. õ’m A“¡ L$pmdyS>b S>ê$qfeps“u ìep¿ep R>¡, ‘Z A¡ gM‘rsAp¡dp„’u S>Þdsu “’u.
rcÞ“-rcÞ“ ’i¡, A¡ S> fus¡ v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s Aphu ìe[¼sAp¡ ‘p¡sp“¡ S>¡“u S>ê$f “ lp¡e
âdpZ¡ ‘Z s¡ afsu fl¡i¡. s¡’u ‘p¡sp“u A¡hu hõsy õhuL$pfhp“p¡ CÞL$pf L$fsu lp¡e R>¡
S>ê$qfeps dpV¡$“u kpQu dep®v$p ìe[¼s ‘p¡s¡ S> A“¡ rb“S>ê$fu QuÅ¡ ‘pR>m L¡$ âñp¡ ‘pR>m
“½$u L$fu iL$i¡. A“¡ S>¡V$gp âdpZdp„ s¡ s¡“¡ ‘p¡sp“u tS>v$Nu bfbpv$ L$fsu “’u. ÐepN L¡$
Ap¡R>u L$fu iL$i¡ s¡V$gp âdpZdp„ s¡“¡ ‘p¡sp“¡ kpv$Nu A„v$f“u QuS> R>¡. s¡“p¡ v$¡Mph L$f“pfp
S> gpc ’i¡. ‘p¡sp“u Ås“¡ W$N¡ R>¡.

’p¸fp¡A¡ kyMu Æh“ Æhhp dpV¡$ L$üy„ R>¡
L¡$ Æh““¡ b“¡ A¡V$gy„ kpvy$„ b“php¡. A¡dp„’u

53

ApS>“p¡ dpZk ‘p¡sp“u tS>v$Nu“p¡ dp¡V$p¡ õ’pr“L$ kpdN°udp„’u s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡g
cpN rb“S>ê$fu hõsyAp¡ c¡Nu L$fhpdp„ h¡X$au Ó¡huk Qp¡fk duV$f“p n¡Óam“p dL$p““u qL„$ds
“pM¡ R>¡. ‘p¡sp“¡ ip“u S>ê$f R>¡ s¡“u Mbf s¡“¡ dpÓ v$p¡Y$¡L$ lÅf ê$r‘ep S> ’su lp¡e R>¡. s¡dp„
¼epf¡e ‘X$su “’u. dpZk“u ‘pep“u S>ê$qfepsp¡ fl¡hp“p Ap¡fX$p D‘fp„s fkp¡Xy„$, ÅS>ê$, õV$p¡fê$d
fp¡V$u, L$‘X$p„, dL$p““p¡ rhQpf L$fuA¡. S>¡hu kNhX$p¡ ‘Z lp¡e R>¡.

Mphp“u hps Aph¡ R>¡ Ðep„ dp¡V$pcpN¡ ‘„v$f¡L$ lÅf ê$q‘epdp„ sp¡ gNcN A¡L$
‘p¡sp“¡ A“yL|$m lp¡e A¡ Mphp“p bv$g¡ buÅ lÅf Qp¡fkduV$f S>¡hXy„$ dp¡Vy„$ dL$p“ b“phu
gp¡L$p¡-‘p¡sp“p’u QqX$epsp gp¡L$p¡ S>¡ Mpsp lp¡e iL$pe R>¡. s¡dp„ Qpf b¡X$ê$d, ÓZ bp’ê$d,
R>¡ s¡ Mphp“u L$p¡rii dpZk L$f¡ R>¡. ‘p¡sp“¡ A¡L$ b¡W$L$M„X$, fkp¡Xy„$ hN¡f¡ Aphu iL¡$ R>¡. ApS>¡
“ aphsy„ lp¡e sp¡ ‘Z X$pCt“N V¡$bg L¡$ qäS> L$v$pQ Ap qL„$dsdp„ h^pfp¡ ’ep¡ li¡.
hkph¡ R>¡.
‘f„sy dpZk kNhX$hpmy„ dL$p“ BÃR>sp¡
L$‘X$p„“u bpbsdp„ ‘Z buÅ dpZk“p¡ “’u, s¡“p ‘p¡sp“p ‘pX$p¡iu L$fsp„ L¡$ kNp„ L$fsp„
S> rhQpf dpZk L$f¡ R>¡. lº„ S>¡ ‘l¡fy„ Ry>„ s¡ h^pf¡ c‘L$pv$pf dL$p“ BÃR>¡ R>¡. A“¡ A¡ S>
buÅ“¡ L¡$hy„ gpNi¡ ? dpfp rhi¡ buÅ dpZkp¡ A¡“u b¡Q¡“u A“¡ vy$:M“y„ d|m L$pfZ R>¡.
iy„ ^pfi¡ ? A¡hp âñp¡ s¡“¡ kspìep L$f¡ R>¡.
kpfp Of“u õÓuAp¡ D“pmpdp„ rkÞ’¡qV$L$ ep“®“p„ Np„^uApîd Å¡C“¡ L$p¡C“¡ ‘Z “hpC gpN¡,
L$‘X$p„ ‘l¡f¡ R>¡ A“¡ OZuhpf QpdX$u“p Ah“hp L¡$ Aphp õ’m¡ Aphu [õ’rsdp„ flu“¡ cpfs“p¡
fp¡Np¡“p¡ cp¡N b“¡ R>¡. A„N°¡Å¡ Al]’u Nep ‘Z ‘fd‘yfyj v$¡i“p A“¡ vy$r“ep“p fpS>L$pfZdp„ L$C
hpfkpdp„ A¡d“p W„$X$p âv$¡i“p¡ ‘p¡ipL$ Ap‘Z“¡ fus¡ kq¾$e flu iL$sp¡ li¡ ? ApS>¡ A¡hu
Ap‘sp Nep. D“pmp“p Nfd qv$hkp¡dp„ ‘Z [õ’rsdp„ flu“¡ A¡L$ kpdpÞe Ap¸qakf A¡L$
L$p¡V$, ‘¡ÞV$, V$pC A“¡ “pCgp¡““p„ dp¡Å„“u N„v$u kpdpÞe Ap¸qak Qgphhp“y„ ‘Z cpÁe¡ S>
hpk Ap‘Z¡ R>p¡X$u iL$sp “’u. ‘k„v$ L$fi¡. Np„^u Nep A“¡ Np„^uhpv$uAp¡A¡
Np„^u“u kpv$Nu“y„ Mp¡rmey„ Ap¡Y$u fp¿ey„ ‘Z A„v$f
dL$p““u hps ‘Z A¡hu S> rhrQÓ R>¡. BÃR>pAp¡ kmhmsu flu, ‘qfZpd¡ kpv$Nu“p
v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s“p¡ õhcph rcÞ“ lp¡e R>¡ A¡ S> v$„c“p¡ S>Þd ’ep¡.
fus¡ s¡“u fl¡hp“u fus ‘Z rcÞ“ lp¡e R>¡.
R>sp„ dpZk ‘p¡sp“¡ A“yL|$m lp¡e A¡hy„ dL$p“ kpv$Nu“u hps blº k|ÿd R>¡. s¡ A¡L$
bp„^hp“¡ bv$g¡ ‘p¡sp“p ‘pX$p¡iu L¡$ kNp„ L$fsp„ ìe[¼sNs hps R>¡. s¡“p dpV¡$ L$p¡C kh®kpdpÞe
h^pf¡ kpfy„ dL$p“ bp„^hp“u L$p¡rii L$f¡ R>¡. r“ed b“phu iL$pe s¡d “’u. Np„^u dpV¡$ S>¡
dL$p“ b„^pìep ‘R>u s¡“¡ kÅh¡gy„ fpMhp dpV¡$ i¼e lp¡e A¡ buÅ dpV¡$ i¼e “ ‘Z lp¡e.
tS>v$Nu“p bpL$u“p qv$hkp¡ dpZk h¡X$au “pM¡ R>¡. A“¡ kpv$Nu A¡ sp¡ cpf Ap¡R>p¡ L$fhp“u hps
R>¡. v$f¡L¡$ ‘p¡s¡ s¡ Ap¡R>p¡ L$fhp¡ ‘X¡$ R>¡. dpÓ
’p¡X$p„ hfk ‘l¡gp„ A¡L$ kdpQpf hp„Ãep kpv$pC“p A„Qmp “uQ¡ A¡ cpf Y$p„L$u v$¡hp’u
lsp. Np„^u rhQpfkfZu’u âcprhs ’e¡g L$ip¡ a¡f ‘X$u iL$sp¡ “’u. S>¡ dpZk ‘p¡sp“u
rb°qV$i ApqL®$V¡$¼V$ gp¸fu b¸L$f¡ ky„v$f A“¡ V$L$pD BÃR>pAp¡ L$fsp„ ’p¡Xy„$ Ap¡Ry>„ õhuL$pf¡ R>¡ s¡ kpQp
dL$p“p¡ L¡$V$gu kõsu fus¡ b“phu iL$pe s¡ A’®dp„ kpv$u, kfm, kyMu tS>v$Nu rhsphu iL¡$
rÓh¡ÞÖddp„ bspìey„ lsy„. “prme¡fu“p„ ’X$ A“¡ R>¡. s¡“¡ v$„c L$fhp“u S>ê$f ‘X$su “’u.
f¡kp - ‘Õ’f, Q|“p¡, “rmep„, IV$p¡ A“¡ AÞe
- dp¡lçdv$ dp„L$X$

54

t õhpÝepe t

k.1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv ip¡^p¡.

1) kudp - ...................... 2) kde - .......................

3) d|mc|s - ...................... 4) QsyfpC - .......................

5) spL$ps - ...................... 6) v$¡MpX$p¡ - .......................

7) apev$p¡ - ...................... 8) ApTpv$u - .......................

k.2 A’® “ bv$gpe s¡ fus¡ hp¼ep¡“¡ bv$gp¡.

1) ârsL|$m k„Å¡Np¡dp„ lpf “ dp“¡ s¡ S> i|fhuf.

2) c|g“p¡ õhuL$pf L$fhp¡ A¡ r“Mpgksp R>¡.

3) kÐL$d®’u l„d¡ip„ gpc ’pe.

4) ‘e®V$“dp„ S>hp“u dpfu BÃR>p lsu.

k.3 “d|“p âdpZ¡ iåv$ b“php¡.

A) c‘L$p¡ - c‘L$pv$pf b) S>ê$fu - rb“S>ê$fu

1) dp¡cp¡ - 1) A“ychu -

2) Cdp“ - 2) D‘ÅD -

3) AZu - 3) kfL$pfu -

4) ‘pZu - 4) D‘ep¡Nu -

k.4 ‘pW$dp„ Aphsu dlp“ ìe[¼sAp¡“p„ “pd gMp¡.

k.5 sdpfp Ofdp„ S>¡ S>¡ fpQfQugy„ R>¡. s¡“p„ “pd gMu s¡ S>ê$fu R>¡ L¡$ rb“S>ê$fu s¡

s¡“u kpd¡ gMp¡.

k.6 "kpvy$„ Æh“ - h¥chu Æh“' Ap rhje D‘f hN®dp„ b¡ S|>’ b“phu

b„“¡ S|>’ ‘p¡s‘p¡sp“p rhQpfp¡ S>Zphu hpv$-rhhpv$ L$fp¡.

k.7 Qpgp¡ gMuA¡.

1) dpZk“u ‘pep“u S>ê$qfepsp¡.

2) ’p¸fp¡“p ds¡ Æh“dp„’u v|$f L$fhp“u bpbsp¡

3) hÃQ¡“u Mpgu S>Áepdp„ ‘pW$“p Ap^pf¡ ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡.

S>ê$qfeps Ap¡R>u h^pf¡

Ap¡Ry>„ r“fp„s h^pf¡

55

4) gp¸fu b¸L$f¡ Of b“phhp dpV¡$ hp‘f¡gu kpdN°u


5) dpZk ‘p¡sp“u BÃR>p L$fsp„ Ap¡Ry>„ õhuL$pf¡ sp¡ Aphu tS>v$Nu rhsphu iL¡$.

k. 8 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ‘k„v$ L$fu rh^p“ ‘|Z® L$fp¡.
1) Ap‘Z¡ Ðep„ dp¡V$fL$pf ...................
L$) dp¡V$‘ A“¡ gL$Tfu NZpe R>¡. M) Æh“ S>ê$qfeps“y„ kp^“ NZpe R>¡.
N) O¡fO¡f h‘fpsy„ kp^“ NZpe R>¡.

2) ‘p¡sp“¡ “ aphsy„ lp¡e sp¡ ‘Z X$pCt“N ...........
L$) V¡$bg A“¡ L$‘-fL$pbu Mfuv$¡ R>¡. M) V¡$bg A“¡ àg¡V$ hkph¡ R>¡.
N) V¡$bg L¡$ qäS> hkph¡ R>¡.

3) L$‘X$p„“u bpbsdp„ ‘Z .................
L$) ‘p¡sp“p dpZk“p¡ S> rhQpf L$f¡ R>¡. M) buÅ dpZkp¡“p¡ S> rhQpf L$f¡ R>¡.
N) dpÓ ‘p¡sp“p¡ S> rhQpf ’pe R>¡.

4) A„N°¡Å¡ Al]’u Nep ‘Z hpfkpdp„ ................
L$) W„$X$p âv$¡i“p¡ ‘p¡ipL$ Ap‘Z“¡ Ap‘sp Nep.
M) A¡d“p âv$¡i“p¡ Mp¡fpL$ Ap‘sp Nep. N) A¡d“p rhQpfp¡ Ap‘sp Nep.

k. 9 ApX$pAhmp iåv$p¡“¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hu A’®‘|Z® hp¼e b“php¡.
1) dpZk“u õhs„Ósp S>ê$qfeps A¡V$gu Ap¡R>u S>¡V$gu h^pf¡.
2) rcÞ“ õ’m A“¡ dyS>b$ S>ê$qfeps“u ’i¡ rcÞ“ ìep¿ep.
3) s¡“u i[¼s L$dphpdp„ ‘¥kp h¡X$apC dp¡V$p Åe cpN“u R>¡.
4) ÐepN A„v$f“u kpv$Nu L¡$ R>¡ QuS>.
5) hps A¡hu ‘Z rhrQÓ S> dL$p““u R>¡.

k. 10 L$p¡Z ?
1) Æh““¡ b“¡ A¡V$gy„ kpvy$„ b“php¡ A¡d L$l¡“pf .............
2) ky„v$f A“¡ V$L$pD dL$p““¡ kõsu fus¡ b“ph“pf ............
3) Np„^u“u kpv$Nu“y„ Mp¡rmey„ Ap¡Y$u fpM“pf ....................

56

k. 11 "kpvy$„ Æh“ DÃQ rhQpf' rhje D‘f 8’u 10 hp¼ep¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t dlpÐdp Np„^uÆ, rh“p¡bp cph¡, kfv$pf ‘V¡$g, fhuÞÖ“p’ V$pNp¡f, k„s d^f V¡$f¡kp“p ap¡V$p
gNpX$u s¡d“u “uQ¡ b¡-Qpf guV$uAp¡dp„ s¡d“p rhQpfp¡ gMu c]s‘ÓL$p¡ b“php¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ .... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡$

fГL$rZL$p

t âL©$rs“u Np¡v$dp„ S>hp dpV¡$ â’d ‘Ngy„ R>¡ kpv$pC.
t õhphg„b“ A“¡ kpv$Nu“p NyZp¡ dpZk“¡ kamsp“p riMf¡ ‘lp¢QpX¡$ R>¡.
t kpv$Nu d““¡ õhõ’ fpMhpdp„ dv$v$ê$‘ ’pe R>¡.
t k„sp¡j Ly$v$fsu v$p¡gs R>¡ Äepf¡ A¥ðe® L©$rÓd Nfubu R>¡.
t Ap‘Zu k„õL©$rs“p¡ Ap^pf kpv$pC A“¡ ÐepN ‘f fl¡gp¡ R>¡. s¡’u S> Ap‘Zu k„õL©$rs Ap‘Z“¡

k„‘|Z® krlóÏsp iuMhhp knd R>¡.
t kÐe“u i[¼s A“¡ kp¦v$e® kpv$pCdp„ R>¡.
t kpvy$„ Æh“ DÃQ-rhQpf A¡ S> Æh““p¡ dlpd„Ó.
t k„sp¡ju ìe[¼s kpv$Nu“y„ dlÒh kdS>¡ R>¡.
t kpv$pC A¡ kv¹$h©rÑ R>¡. kv¹$h©rÑ A¡V$g¡ kpfu h©rÑ. h©rÑ A¡V$g¡ d““y„ hgZ.

t AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s t

iê$Apsdp„ Ap`Zp Æh““u dy¿e S>ê$qfepsp¡ rhi¡ hps L$fu AphíeL$ A“¡ A“phíeL$ bpbsp¡
hÃQ¡“p¡ saphs kdÅhhp“p¡ âeГ L$fhp¡. A¡ fus¡ l¡syL$’“ õ‘óV$ L$fu rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ rhjeprcdyM
L$fhp.
gOyâñp¡“u klpe’u ‘pW$“p¡ ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk kp^hp¡. kpv$pC“y„ dlÒh kdÅhhy„. Ap‘Z“¡ kamsp
d¡mhhp kpv$pC L¡$V$gu S>ê$fu R>¡ s¡ kdÅhhp kpv$pC A‘“ph“pf Ap‘Zp dlp“ ‘yfyjp¡“¡ epv$
L$fphhp. s¡d“p„ Dv$plfZ D‘f’u bpmL$p¡“¡ â¡fZp Ap‘hu.

"cp¥rsL$ kd©qÙ' L$fsp„ "Ap„sqfL$ kd©qÙ'“y„ dlÒh A“¡L$NÏ„ d|ëehp“ R>¡.

cp¥rsL$ kd©qÙ“p¡ Arsf¡L$ - D‘pr^Ap¡ L$fph¡ A“¡L$

57

t L©$v$„s t

“uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡ hp„Qp¡.
1) `yg `f Qpgsy„ dpZk _ÆL$ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ v$¡Mpsy„.
2) s¡Ap¡ _p_`Zdp„ kp\¡ fd¡gp.
3) s¡Z¡ âñ `|R>hp_y„ V$pýey„.
4) Aph_pf cpC sdpfp L$pL$p_p v$uL$fp lsp.
5) i¡W$ `pR>p Aphu r_fp„s¡ b¡W$p.
D`f_p„ hp¼ep¡dp„ f¡Mp„qL$s L$f¡gp iåv$p¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ rhQpfp¡.
L$p¡Cdp„ s¡ q¾$ep`v$ sfuL¡$ R>¡. sp¡ L$p¡Cdp„ k„op sfuL¡$.
L$p¡Cdp„ rhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ R>¡ sp¡ L$p¡Cdp„ q¾$eprhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ `Z R>¡.$
l epv$ fpMp¡ : 1) L©$v$„s q¾$ep`v$ sfuL¡$ Aphu iL¡$.
2 ) q¾$ep`v$_¡ S>¡d L$sp® A_¡ L$d® lp¡e s¡d L©$v$„s_¡ `Z L$sp® A_¡ L$d® lp¡C iL¡$.
3) L©$v$„s k„op A_¡ rhi¡jZê$`¡ Aphu iL¡$.
4) L©$v$„s q¾$eprhi¡jZ ê$`¡ lp¡C iL¡$.

l L$rhspdp„ epv$ fpMp¡.
L©$v$„sp¡_u AS>b gugp q¾$ep`v$ S>¡d hs£ s¡,
L©$v$„sp¡ sp¡ q¾$ep`v$ S>¡d L$sp® L$d® ^pf¡ R>¡.
hmu k„op, rhi¡jZ_p„ õhê$`p¡ gC cd¡ R>¡ s¡,
q¾$ep_u h©qÙ L$fhp_¡ L$v$u Aphu QX¡$ R>¡ s¡.

1) hs®dp“ L©$v$„s - "s' âÐee

t q¾$ep‘v$ sfuL¡$ - Äepf¡ kyM Aphsy„ Ðepf¡ d“ “pQsy„.
k„op sfuL¡$ - Ndsp„“p¡ L$fuA¡ Nygpg
rhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ - s“¡ Ndsp„ b^p„ L$pep£ lº„ L$fy„.
q¾$eprhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ - “d“ L$fsp„ lº„ dp„Ny„ Ry>„, d“¡ kv¹$byqÙ A¡hu v$¡.

2) c|s L©$v$„s - "e', "e¡g', "A¡g' âÐee
q¾$ep‘v$ sfuL¡$ - Apìep, lõep, “pÃep, fçep, fX$ép
k„op sfuL¡$ - "Ne¡gy„ epv$ gphu“¡ D‘pr^dp„ ‘X$p¡ ip“¡ ?
Ney„ ‘pRy>„ “rl Aph¡ “rl Ap hps iy„ dp“¡ ?'

rhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ - "c¡Np„ ’e¡gp„ rhÑ“¡ ÐepNu S>hy„ L$p¡“¡ Nd¡ ?
g¡ kp’dp„ A¡ ‘p¡V$gp„ “p L$p¡Z ‘pX¡$ R>¡ s“¡ ?'

58

q¾$eprhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ - ‘X$ép ‘X$ép ‘g„Ndp„ kfu rhQpf “]v$dp„
bÞep¡ rhQpf d|s® “¡ R>bu dmu R>¡ õhà“dp„

3) crhóe L©$v$„s - "“pf' âÐee
q¾$ep‘v$ sfuL¡$ - Aph“pf lsp¡ A¡hy„ dp“u“¡ ÅNsu flu,

âcps¡ b„kfu hpNu L$p¡C ¼ep„e lsy„ “l]
k„op sfuL¡$ - "cg¡ iõÓp¡ N°lu lp’¡ Al] gX$“pf Aph¡ R>¡,

rhr^“u h¾$sp L¡$hu “d“ L$f“pf aph¡ R>¡.
rhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ - fX$“pfp fqaL$p¡“¡ L$lº„ Ry>„ Aphhp“p¡ Ry>„.

gX$“pfp rhfp¡^u“¡ L$lº„, “p c|ghp“p¡ Ry>„.
q¾$eprhi¡jZ sfuL¡ - crhóeL©$v$„s Aphsy„ “’u.

4) k„b„^L$ c|sL©$v$„s - "C' L¡$ "C_¡' âÐee
k„b„^L$ c|sL©$v$„sp¡ dpÓ q¾$eprhi¡jZp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ q¾$ep`v$, k„op L¡$ rhi¡jZ

sfuL¡$ Aphu iL¡$ _rl.
Aphu, lku, “pQu, fdu A„s¡ b^p Qpgu Nep.
Aphu L$l¡ L¡$ Aphu“¡ sp¡e¡ ‘X¡$ R>¡ a¡f “p
"C'“¡ A“¡ C âÐeep¡ k„b„^L$p¡“p Ap¡mMp¡.
fpMp¡ kdS> sp¡ A¡V$gu A¡ R>¡ q¾$eprhi¡jZp¡.

5) rhÝe’® L©$v$„s - "hy„' L¡$ "hp_y„' âÐee
q¾$ep‘v$ sfuL¡$ - “ buhy„ L$p¡C’u cpC.
k„op sfuL¡$ - dpfp S>hp’u Ap S>Ns“p¡ cpf iy„ OV$i¡ ?

“¡ Aphhp’u rhð L¡$fp¡ cpf iy„ h^i¡ ?
rhi¡jZ L¡$ q¾$eprhi¡jZ sfuL¡ rhÝe’® L©$v$„s Aphsy„ “’u.

59

t õhpÝepe t

k. 1 L©$v$„s_p âL$pfp¡_y„ hN}L$fZ L$fp¡.: fdpX$sp¡, Aph¡g, S>_pf, gMhu, MpC_¡, hNpX$_pf,
afsp¡, hp„Qhp_u, bsph¡gy„, dmu_¡, M¡g_pfp, Å¡C_¡.

k. 2 _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡dp„\u L©$v$„s ip¡^u s¡_u _uQ¡ guV$u v$p¡fp¡. s¡_p¡ âL$pf S>Zphp¡.

1) dp¡f_¡ _pQsp¡ Å¡C_¡ d_¡ Ap_„v$ \sp¡.

2). Nyapdp„ S>_pf_p„ `Ngp„ v$¡Mpe R>¡ `pR>p„ Aph_pf_p„ _rl.

3). sdpf¡ S>¡ gMhy„ lp¡e s¡ gMp¡. 4) ApS>¡ dl¡dp_p¡ Aphhp_p R>¡.

5). sm¡gu `|fuAp¡ L$pQu R>¡. 6) sdpf¡ ¼ep„ S>hp_y„ R>¡ ?

7). bQph¡gp `¥kp crhóedp„ L$pddp„ Aphi¡.

8) kfL$kdp„ Å¡L$f b^p„_¡ lkphsp¡, dÅ L$fphsp¡.

9). Nfubp¡_¡ dv$v$ $Lf“pf L$p¡CL$ sp¡ lp¡e S> R>¡. 10) bpNdp„ b¡khp_p bp„L$X$p OZp R>¡.

rQÓhpsp®

60

11. OX$sf

t Qpgp¡ hp„QuA¡.

rhÛp rh“e’u ip¡c¡ R>¡
hky^¥h Ly$Vy$„bL$d¹
rinZ n¡Ó“u âNrs A¡ v$¡i“u DÞ“rs
QpqfÔe A¡ DÑd Of¡Ï„ R>¡.
kÐe A¡ S> ‘fd¡ðf

S>hp_¡ ipmpdp„ d_ \_N_¡ dp¡f \C_¡ ;
S>sp r_Ðe¡ âus¡ v$ãsf cfu kÄS> \C_¡ ;

dm¡gp k„õL$pfp¡ kcf cfu dp_ue ddsp ;
Dd¡fpsp„ A¡dp„ r_sr_s _hp„ cph - ndsp.
cZu _p¡Mp-_p¡Mp rhje dmsu ×rô$ _hgu ;
A_¡ ep¡N¡-Ýep_¡ L$kfs L$fu, L$pe L$khu.
`R>u rQÑ¡ l¥e¡ d_ `f `X$u, cps Ddv$p ;
Mf¡ rhÛp kp¡l¡ rh_ecf ìehlpf L$fsp„ !
rhh¡L$ Ap_„v$¡ kdfk \i¡ Æh_-gugp ;
kdpS>¡ Q]^¡gp r_ed, cfhp„ d|ëe _hgp„.
c|„kpep c¡v$p¡ kp¥ ùv$e S>Nb„^yÐh cS>iy„ ;
`iy, `„Mu h©np¡ klºe-kl-A[õsÐh fQiy„.

DR>¡ep¯ dp bp`¡ `Z Ahf,
sy„, su\® hfv$p ;
V$L$u fl¡ spfu dp„ !
OX$sfâ\p, d„NgL$\p !

- âsp`tkl l. fpW$p¡X$

61

t õhpÝepe t

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv ip¡^p¡. - .......................
1) l„d¡ip„ - ...................... 2) _S>f - .......................
3) ApQfZ - ...................... 4) ìepepd - .......................
5) î¡óW$ - ...................... 6) TpX$ - .......................
7) dphsf - ...................... 8) lepsu

k. 2 L$pìedp„\u âpkey¼s iåv$ ip¡^u_¡ gMp¡.

k. 3 "sf' âÐee gNphu cphhpQL$ _pd b_php¡ `R>u s¡_p¡ hp¼edp„ D`ep¡N L$fp¡.

v$p.s. OX$hy„ - OX$sf

Æh“dp„ cZsf“u S>¡d OX$sf“u ‘Z AphíeL$sp R>¡.

1) QZhy„ - 2) cZhy„ -

3) L$mhy„ - 4) _X$hy„ -

5) S>X$hy„ - 6) Nmhy„ -

k. 4 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ L©$v$„s b_php¡. (A) v$p.s. \hy„ - \C_¡

1) S>hy„ - 2) `|R>hy„ -

3) gMhy„ - 4) Å¡hy„ -

(b) Ap`¡gp q¾$ep`v$_p L©$v$„s A_¡ rhi¡jZ_y„ ê$` gMp¡.

v$p.s. Q]^hy„ - Q]^¡gy„ - Q]^¡gp r_ed
(q¾$ep`v$) (L©$v$„s) (rhi¡jZ)

1) kp„cmhy„ - 2) hp„Qhy„ -
3) fQhy„ - 4) cS>hy„ -

k. 5 Å¡X$Zu ky^pfp¡. 3) b_^ysh
1) k„kL$pf$ 2) hehlpf 6) ApÐdrhõhpk
4) A„^kf^p 5) kp¦_v$fe

k. 6 Ap`¡gp iåv$_p Anfp¡dp„\u A_¡L$ iåv$p¡ b_php¡.

1) _pNv$d_ 2) õdfZi[¼s

t sd¡ L$f¡gp„ kpfp„ L$pep£ rhi¡ hN®dp„ L$lp¡. lh¡ `R>u S>¡ L$fhp_p R>p¡ s¡_p rhi¡ ‘Z L$lp¡.

k. 7 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` ip¡^u `„[¼s `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) S>hp_¡ ipmpdp„ d_ .........

L$) \_N_¡ dp¡f \C_¡

M) \_N_¡ v$ãsf gC_¡

62

N) dpfy„ L$l¡ fp¡S> S>CA¡.
2) Dd¡fpsp„ A¡dp„ r_sr_s .........

L$) _hp„ op_ Ndsp„
M) _hp cph ndsp
N) _hp„ `„Mu `iyAp¡
3) Mf¡ rhÛp kp¡l¡ .........
L$) r_ed`|h®L$ L$pd L$fsp„
M) r_Ðe v$asf sfa ×[óV$ L$fsp„
N) rh_ecf ìehlpf L$fsp„
k.8 ApL©$rs ‘|Z® L$fp¡.

1) Æh“gugp kdfk ’hp S>ê$fu

2) kl A[õsÐh fQ“pf

3) L$pep L$khp dpV¡$ Ap L$fhy„ ‘X¡$

k. 9 hp¼ep¡ hp„Qp¡ A_¡ L$p¦kdp„ Ap`¡gp iåv$_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu âñ b_php¡.
1) `iy, `„Mu A_¡ h©np¡ kp\¡ kl A[õsÐh fQiy„. (L$p¡_u)
2) ipmpdp„ S>hp dpV¡$ d_ \_N_¡ R>¡. (¼ep„?)
3) ep¡N, Ýep_ A_¡ L$kfs\u L$pep L$kpe R>¡ ? (iy„?)
4) Sy>v$pSy>v$p rhjep¡ cZhp\u _hu ×rô$ âpàs \pe R>¡. (L¡$hu?)
5) ipmp A¡ buSy>„ su\® R>¡ ? (L$p¡Z?)

k.10 _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡_¡ crhóeL$pmdp„ a¡fhp¡ :
Dv$p. ep¡N, Ýep_ A_¡ L$kfs\u L$pep L$kpe R>¡.
S>hpb : ep¡N, Ýep_ A_¡ L$kfs\u L$pep L$kpi¡.
1) îÙpmyAp¡ cNhp__¡ cS>¡ R>¡.
2) Ad¡ bpmL$p¡_y„ OX$sf L$fuA¡ R>uA¡.
3) sd¡ rh_e\u bp¡gp¡ R>p¡.
4) ipmpdp„ d_ dp¡f_u S>¡d \_N_¡ R>¡.

63

t sdpfu ipmpdp„ \su Sy>v$uSy>v$u âh©rÑAp¡ S>Zphsp¡ Al¡hpg gMp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t sdpfp rinL¡$ sd_¡ Ap`¡gu rQÌudp„ S>¡_y„ _pd R>¡. s¡_p kpfp NyZp¡ sd_¡ Ap`¡gp L$pNmdp„
gMp¡ A_¡ s¡ rdÓ_u `uW$ D`f Qp¢V$pX$p¡. v$f¡L$ bpmL$_y„ Ap L$pe® \C Nep `R>u v$f¡L$ bpmL$
ApNm Aphu K^p Ecp fl¡i¡ A_¡ s¡_p NyZp¡_y„ hp„Q_ hN®_p b^p rhÛp\}Ap¡ kd|ldp„ L$fi¡.
R>¡ëg¡ v$f¡L$ rhÛp\} `p¡sp_u `uW$ D`f gM¡gp `p¡sp_p NyZ_u rQÌu L$pY$u_¡ `p¡sp_u âp¡S>¡¼V$
byL$dp„ Qp¢V$pX$i¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ .... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡$

Ap`Z¡ cfp¡k¡ - âl¹gpv `pf¡M$

Ap`Z¡ cfp¡k¡ Ap`Z¡ lpguA¡,
lp¡ c¡fy dpfp, Ap`Z¡ cfp¡k¡ Ap`Z¡ lpguA¡...

bm_¡ bplºdp„ cfu, l¥epdp„ lpd ^fu,
kpNf dp¡Tpf¡ TyL$phuA¡ ;
Ap`Zp hlpZ_p„ kY$ _¡ kyL$p__¡
Ap`Z¡ S> lp\¡ k„cpmuA¡.
L$p¡Z f¡ Xy$bpX¡$ hmu L$p¡Z f¡ DNpf¡,
L$p¡Z gC Åe kpd¡ `pf ?
A¡_p¡ L$fh¥ep¡ L$p¡' Ap`Zu blpf _l],
Ap`Z¡ S> Ap`Z¡ R>CA¡.

l p¡ c¡fy dpf p, Ap`Z¡ cfp¡k¡ Ap`Z¡ lpguA¡.

t AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s t

iê$Apsdp„ Ap`¡gp kyrhQpfp¡_y„ hp„Q_ L$fpìep `R>u Aphp kyrhQpfp¡dp„ Ry>`pe¡gp„ d|ëep¡ bpbs
kq¾$e QQp® L$fhu. kv¹$NyZp¡ Mugh¡ s¡hp _p_p _p_p âk„Np¡ A“¡ hpsp® L$l¡hp A_¡ kycprjsp¡_¡
kd|ldp„ NhX$phhp„. bpmL$p¡_¡ âñp¡ `|R>u Sy>v$pSy>v$p k„õL$pfd|ëep¡_p _pd_u epv$u b_phfphu L$pmp
`pqV$ep„ D`f _p¢^hu. Ðepf`R>u v$f¡L$ d|ëe rhi¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_p d„sìe ÅZhp. s¡_p S>s_ A_¡
k„h^®_ L$fhp â¡fZp Ap`hu.

õhpÝepep¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu S>ê$fu op_ A_¡ S>hpb gMhp_u kdS> Ap`hu. cZsf\u S>¡d
rirns \hpe s¡d OX$sf\u v$urns \hpe s¡ õ`óV$ L$fu _p_p _p_p âñp¡ Üpfp L$pìe_p¡ ¾$rdL$
rhL$pk kp^hp¡.

S>¡ kÐe bsph¡ A_¡ A¡_p¡ Adg `Z L$fph¡ s¡ S> kpQy„ rinZ.

64

12. `p„Q QdQu duWy„$

t Qpgp¡ lkuA¡.

frhhpf_p¡ qv$hk lsp¡. bÅf cfphp_u bpmL$p¡_¡ fõspdp„ kfk dÅ_u hpsp® L$l¡hp_u
lsu. Of dpV¡$ S>ê$fu QuÅ¡ gphhp_u lsu. gpgQ Ap`u.
Of“p kps¡e bpmL$p¡_¡ bÅf Å¡hp S>hp_u BÃR>p
`Z lsu. s¡\u v$pv$uA¡ v$pv$p_¡ L$üy„ L¡$, ""sd¡ hpsp®_y„ _pd `X$sp„ bpmL$p¡_p¡ DÐkpl h^u
R>p¡L$fp„Ap¡_¡ gC ÅAp¡.'' v$pv$p_¡ \ey„ L¡$ Aphu Nep¡ A_¡ b^p lp¢i¡lp„¡i¡ bÅf Å¡hp Qpgu
cuX$cpX$hpmu S>Áepdp„ lº„ A¡L$gp¡ b^p bpmL$p¡_¡ _uL$þep. v$pdyA¡ hpsp® L$l¡hp_u iê$Aps L$fu.
L¡$hu fus¡ gC ÅJ? v$pv$u_¡ `Z v$pv$p_u hps
kpQu gpNu. s¡\u s¡dZ¡ v$pdy_¡ kp\¡ gC S>hp_y„ A¡L$ hMs Nusp_p v$pv$pA¡ s¡_¡ b|d `pX$u_¡
k|Q_ L$ey¯. v$pv$p_¡ s¡ k|Q_ Ndu Ney„. s¡\u bp¡gphu A_¡ L$üy„, ""khpf\u dpfy„ dp\y„ vy$:M¡
v$pv$p s¥epf \C Nep. v$pdyA¡ bÅfdp„ Qpgu_¡ R>¡. sy„ dpfp dpV¡$ v$hp gC Aphui?''
S>hp L$üy„ Ðepf¡ kMs sp`dp„ b¡ qL$gp¡duV$f
Qpghp_y„ bpmL$p¡_¡ L„$V$pmpS>“L$ gpÁey„ s¡\u v$pdyA¡ Nusp v$hp g¡hp _uL$mu NC. fõspdp„
duW$pC_u vy$L$p_ Å¡C_¡ s¡_¡ duW$pC Mphp_y„
d_ \ey„. Ðep„S> s¡_u bl¡_`Zu Aphu. Nusp

65

c|gu NC L¡$ s¡ v$hp g¡hp _uL$mu R>¡. b„_¡ "Nusp duWy„$ “p„Msp c|gu S>i¡ A“¡ duW$p hNf“p¡
bl¡_`ZuAp¡A¡ hpsp¡_p sX$pL$p dpep¯, duW$pC k„cpf MpC“¡ s¡“u bl¡“‘ZuAp¡ s¡“¡ MuS>hi¡.
Mp^u Ðep„ kp„S> `X$u NC A_¡ Nusp Of¡ Aphu. A¡“p L$fsp„ lº„ S> duWy„$ “p„Mu v$J.' Apd Nusp“p
`Z v$pv$p_u v$hp gu^p hNf S> ! s¡\u v$pv$pA¡ v$pv$u, v$pv$p, bl¡“, cpC A“¡ r‘sp b^pA¡
Nyõk¡ \C_¡ s¡_¡ L$üy„ L¡$, ""Nusp ! sy„ ¼epf¡ S> ‘p„Q‘p„Q QdQu duWy„$ k„cpfdp„ “p„Mu v$u^y„.
dp¡V$u \Ci ?'' Mf¡Mf c|gL$Zu Nusp `p¡s¡ Apòe® sp¡ A¡ hps“y„ lsy„ L¡$ c|gL$Zu Nusp“¡
ip dpV¡$ blpf NC lsu s¡ S> c|gu NC lsu. k„cpfdp„ duWy„$ “p„Mhp“u hps epv$ lsu. s¡’u
s¡Z¡ ‘Z ‘p„Q QdQu duWy„$ “p„¿ey„.
Mf¡Mf Nusp A¡hu _¡ A¡hu S> c|gL$Zu
flu. `R>u s¡ spf `f\u L$`X$p„ g¡hp_p„ lp¡e L¡$ s¡ v$frdep“ s¡“u dçdu ‘pR>u Aphu
_p_u bl¡__¡ _põsp_p¡ X$åbp¡ Ap`hp_p¡ lp¡e ! NC. s¡dZ¡ A¡L$ dp¡V$p hpkZdp„ k„cpf cep£
s¡Z¡ NfbX$ L$f¡gu S> lp¡e. A¡L$ hMs sp¡ CõÓu A“¡ v$uL$fu“¡ âhpk¡ dp¡L$gu. âhpk“p õ’m¡
L$fsp„ s¡_p r`sp_y„ Mduk bpmu _p¿ey„ lsy„. R>p¡L$fp„Ap¡A¡ M|b Ap“„v$ L$ep¤, fçep, O|çep,
dÅ L$fu. L$L$X$u“¡ c|M gpNsp b^p„ S>dhp
A¡L$ hMs ipmpA¡\u Of¡ Aphu s¡Z¡ b¡W$p„. ’pmu ‘ufkpC Nep ‘R>u b^p„A¡ S>dhp“u
dçdu_¡ L$üy„ L¡$, ""dpfp hN®_p b^p„ S> iê$Aps L$fu. Äep„ ‘l¡gu QdQu dp¢dp„ d|L$u L¡$
rhÛp\}Ap¡ rinL$ kp\¡ âhpk¡ S>hp_p R>¡. dpV¡$ "bp‘ f¡ ! ce„L$f ! Mpfy„ Mpfy„ Ek S>¡hy„ !'
sy„ Adpfp b^p dpV¡$ k„cpf b_phu Ap`S>¡.'' A¡d v$f¡L$ bp¡ghp gpÁep. NuspA¡ ‘Z QpMu
Å¡ep¡ s¡“¡ ‘Z blºS> rhrQÓ gpÁey„. s¡“¡ âñ
buÅ qv$hk¡ khpf¡ s¡_u dçdu hl¡gu ’ep¡ L¡$ Ap NfbX$ L¡$hu fus¡ ’C ?
EW$u_¡ k„cpf b_phhp gpNu. v$pm bpau, s¡dp„
b^p„ ipL$cpÆ, L$p¡`fy„, b^p s¡Å_p dkpgp âhpk¡’u Of¡ Aphu NuspA¡ bfpX$u“¡ ‘|R¹>ey„
_p„¿ep. \p¡X$uhpfdp„ k„cpf_u kyN„^ Aphhp L¡$, iy„ sdpfpdp„’u L$p¡CA¡ duWy„$ “p„¿ey„ lsy„ ?
dp„X$u. lÆ ky^u k|s¡gu Nusp_¡ dçduA¡ DW$pX$u v$pv$u, v$pv$p, bl¡“, cpC, ‘à‘p b^p„ S> A¡L$
A_¡ L$üy„ L¡$, ""lº„ d„qv$f¡ ÅJ Ry>„, \p¡X$uhpf `R>u kp’¡ bp¡gu EW$ép„ L¡$, "lp, d¢ “p„¿ey„ lsy„.'
k„cpfdp„ `p„Q QdQu duWy„$ _pMu v$¡S>¡. Å¡S>¡ Nusp blº vy$:Mu ’C NC b^p„A¡ L$üy„ L¡$, "sy„
c|gu _ S>su lp¢ ? A_¡ lh¡ EW$ _¡ S>gv$u L$v$pQ c|gu S>Ci A¡d kdÆ“¡ Ad¡ “p„¿ey„
s¥epf \C Å.'' lsy„.' Nusp“u Ap„Mdp„ Ap„ky Aphu Nep„. s¡“u
dçduA¡ s¡“p Ap„ky g|R¹>ep„ A“¡ kdÅìey„ L¡$,
Nusp_u dçdu sp¡ d„qv$f¡ S>hp _uL$mu "epv$ L$fpìep hNf sy„ L$p¡C L$pd L$fu iL¡$ A¡hp¡
NC. s¡dZ¡ Nusp_¡ `p„Q QdQu duWy„$ _p„Mhp_y„ L$p¡C“¡ rhðpk S> “’u. lh¡ sy„ hQ“ Ap‘
L$üy„ lsy„ s¡ Ap¡kfudp„ b¡W¡$gp Nusp_p v$pv$pA¡, L¡$, "sy„ v$f¡L$ L$pd L$pmÆ’u L$fui. sy„ S>hpbv$pf
fkp¡X$pdp„ L$pd L$fsp„ v$pv$uA¡, r_ipm¡ S>hp s¥epf b“ui. ‘R>u Ad¡ b^p„ spfp L$pddp„ rhðpk
\su bl¡_¡, v$psZ L$fsp„ s¡_p cpCA¡ s¡d S> fpMuiy„.' NuspA¡ dp’y„ lgpìey„. lh¡ s¡ A¡L$
L$`X$p„_¡ CõÓu L$fsp„ s¡_p r`spA¡ `Z kp„cmu S>hpbv$pf ìe[¼s b“u NC.
lsu. Of_p„ b^p„S> Nusp_p c|gL$Zp õhcph\u
`qfrQs lsp„. ‘R>u A¡L$ qv$hk s¡Z¡ s¡“p rdÓp¡“¡ Of¡
bp¡gphu S>dpX$ép„. b^p„ s¡“u dçdu“p lp’“u
b^p„“¡ s¡“p c|gL$Zp õhcph“p¡ ‘qfQe õhpqv$óV$ fkp¡C S>du M|b Myi ’ep„.
’C Nep¡ lsp¡. R>sp„ b^p„ S> Nusp“¡ M|bS>
Qplsp„ lsp„. s¡’u s¡Ap¡A¡ A¡d rhQpey¯ L¡$,

66

hpsp® ‘|fu ’C A“¡ b^p„ bÅfdp„ Aphu âkÞ“ rQÑ¡ Myi ’sp„ ’sp„ Of¡ ‘pR>p„
‘lp¢Ãep„. bÅfdp„ dmsu b^u hõsyAp¡dp„’u Apìep„.
L„$CL$ Mfuv$hpdp„ díNyg b“u Nep„. ‘R>u M|bS>
- ky^p d|rs®

t õhpÝepe t

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

1) âgp¡c_$ - ...................... 2) ^Ni - .......................
sëgu“$ - .......................
3) cfp¡kp¡ - ...................... 4) kyhpk - .......................
_hpC - .......................
5) d_ - ...................... 6)

7) dykpafu - ...................... 8)

k. 2 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ iåv$ b_php¡. v$p. s. L„$V$pmp¡ - L„$V$pmpS>_L$

1) vy$:M 2) `uX$p 3) k„sp¡j

4) Apòe® 5) A`dp_ 6) ce

k. 3 A’® bv$ëep hNf hp¼e“¡ “L$pfpÐdL$ b“php¡.
1) S>hpbv$pf rinL$ DÑd rinZ Ap‘u iL¡$.
2) L$pe® DÐkpl’u L$fuA¡ sp¡ v$u‘u EW¡$.
3) Ap‘Z¡ ‘qfrQsp¡“p¡ S> rhðpk L$fhp¡.
4) âp’®“p L$fhp’u d“ âkß ’pe R>¡.

k. 4 Å¡X$Zu ky^pfp¡. 3) `furQs 4) ApkQfe$
1) õhpv$uõV$ 2) ìe¼su

k. 5 iåv$_u A„spnfu `|fu L$fp¡.
1) diNyg - gsp - ...... - ..... - ..... - .....
2) duW$pC - ..... - ..... - ..... - ..... - .....
3) âhpk - ..... - ..... - ..... - ..... - .....
4) rinL$ - ..... - ..... - ..... - ..... - .....

k„cpjZ

t sd¡ gu^¡gu dp¡g_u dygpL$ps rhi¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ fS|>Aps L$fp¡.

k. 6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` ip¡^u rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡. N) aV$L$X$u _p„Mu
1) k„cpfdp„ b^pA¡ `p„Q QdQu ..........
L$) duWy„$ _p„¿ey„ M) dfQy„ _p„¿ey„

67

2) frhhpf_u AW$hpqX$L$ bÅfdp„ v$pv$p kp\¡ .........

L$) _h bpmL$p¡ Nep„ M) kps bpmL$p¡ Nep„ N) `p„Q bpmL$p¡ Nep„

3) Nusp_p¡ õhcph ....... L$) kpfp¡ lsp¡ M) dmsphX$p¡ lsp¡ N) c|gL$Zp¡ lsp¡

4) NuspA¡ âhpkdp„ gC S>hp dpV¡$............ L$) ’¡‘gp b“phhp L$üy„

M) k„cpf b“phhp L$üy„ N) BX$gu b“phhp L$üy„

k. 7 gMsp„ ’CA¡.

1)
k„cpfdp„ duWy„$
“pM“pf

2) k„cpfdp„ dçduA¡
“pM¡gu QuÅ¡

3) dçduA¡ Nusp ‘pk¡ dpN¡gy„ hQ“

k. 8 _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡ L$p¡Z bp¡g¡ R>¡ ? L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?

1) ""sd¡ R>p¡L$fpAp¡_¡ gC ÅAp¡.'' 2) ""Nusp ! sy„ ¼epf¡ dp¡V$u \Ci ?''

3) ""lº„ d„qv$f¡ ÅJ Ry>„.'' 4) ""iy„ sdpfpdp„\u L$p¡CA¡ duWy„$ _p„¿ey„ lsy„ ?''

k. 9 _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡_¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hp¡.
1) b^p„_¡ k„cpf Mpfp¡ gpÁep¡. 2) Nusp A¡L$ S>hpbv$pf ìe[¼s b_u NC.
3) R>p¡L$fpAp¡ bÅf¡ S>hp _uL$þep. 4) Nusp“u dçduA¡ k„cpf b“pìep¡ R>¡.

k.10 ep¡Áe rhfpdrQŒ d|L$p¡.

1) khpf\u dpfy„ dp\y„ vy$:M¡ R>¡ sy„ dpfp dpV¡$ v$hp gC Aphui

2) Nusp sy„ ¼epf¡ dp¡V$u \Ci 3) Å¡S>¡ c|gu _ S>su lp¢

k.11 f¡Mp„qL$s iåv$p¡ Ap¡mMp¡. 2) frhhpf¡ bÅf cfphp_u lsu.
1) Nusp c|gL$Zu lsu.

68

3) sy„ ¼epf¡ dp¡V$u \Ci ? 4) v$pv$p Nusp D`f Nyõk¡ \ep.

t sdpfu ipmp“p„ `e®V$_dp„ sd¡ L¡$hu fus¡ Ap_„v$ L$ep£ ? s¡ sdpfp rdÓ_¡ `Ó gMu S>Zphp¡.

t âL$ë` t

t _uQ¡_p dyØp_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu k„cpf b_phhp_u fus gMp¡.

1) kpdN°u 2) fus 3) Ýep_dp„ fpMhp_u bpbsp¡

_p¢^ : D`f dyS>b k„cpf b_phu Ofdp„ BX$gu kp\¡ `ufkp¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ .... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡$

lk_QpQp

lk_QpQpA¡ v$fÆ `pk¡ `¸ÞV$ kuhX$pìey„. `¸ÞV$ dp¡Vy„$ \ey„. v$fÆ_¡ `pRy>„ Apàey„. lk_QpQp
õhcph¡ c|gL$Zp. v$fÆ_¡ `¸ÞV$ b¡ Ap„Nm Ap¡Ry>„ L$fphhp_y„ L$l¡sp„ c|gu Nep. QpQu_¡ \ey„
gph lº„ v$fÆ_¡ L$lu Aphy„. s¡ v$fÆ_¡ L$lu Apìep. lk_QpQp_p v$uL$fp_¡ \ey„ gph, lº„ `Z
v$fÆ_¡ b¡ Ap„Nm `¸ÞV$ Ap¡Ry>„ L$fhp_y„ L$lu Aphy„. s¡ `Z L$lu Apìep¡. lk_QpQp_u hlº
ipL$ g¡hp NC s¡_¡ `Z \ey„, "gph, lº„ `Z v$fÆcpC_¡ L$l¡su Aphy„. s¡ `Z v$fÆ_¡ L$lu
Aphu. R>¡ëg¡ lk_QpQp_¡ epv$ Apìey„ s¡ `Z b¡ Ap„Nm `¸ÞV$ Ap¡Ry>„ L$fhp_y„ L$lu Apìep.
buS>¡ qv$hk¡ `¸ÞV$ lk_QpQpA¡ `l¡ey¯. Ðepf¡ `¸ÞV$-bfdp¡X$p¡ (gp„bu QÍ$u) b_u Ney„ lsy„.

t AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s t

iê$Apsdp„ c|gL$Zp âp¡a¡kf rhi¡“p fd|Æ V|$QL$p L$l¡hp. rhÛp’}Ap¡ ‘pk¡’u ‘Z A¡hp V|$QL$pAp¡
L$l¡hX$phhp. Ap fus¡ hN®“y„ hpsphfZ Ap“„v$v$peL$ b“phhy„. ‘R>u ‘pW$“u ‘|h®c|rdL$pdp„ Ap‘¡gp
rhjehõsy“¡ Ap^pf¡ âñp¡Ñf“u dv$v$’u d|m rhjehõsy sfa v$p¡fu S>hp. c|gL$Zp õhcph“¡ gu^¡
L¡$hu L¡$hu sL$guap¡ Ecu ’pe s¡“p D‘f rhõs©s QQp® L$fhu. Al] Nusp“p c|gL$Zp õhcph’u
‘qfrQs Of“p b^p gp¡L$p¡A¡ kpfu cph“p’u L$f¡gy„ L$pe® ‘Z L¡$V$gu dykubs “p¡sf¡ R>¡. A¡“p„
Dv$plfZ Üpfp hN®“p rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ A¡hp L$p¡C ’e¡gp A“ych rhi¡ hps L$fhp â¡qfs L$fhp. Mf¡Mf
Å¡sp Ap L$p¡C lpõeL©$rs “’u. Apdp„’u Ap‘Z¡ kÅN fl¡hp“p¡, epv$i[¼s“p¡ kpQu qv$ipdp„ D‘ep¡N
L$fhp“p¡ bp¡^ N°lZ L$fhp“p¡ R>¡. kp’¡ kp’¡ b¡S>hpbv$pfu cep® hs®“’u l„d¡ip„ v|$f fl¡hp“p¡ r“Z®e
L$fhp“p¡ R>¡.

"Qp¡L$kpC'_p¡ NyZ L$pe®dp„ \su NfbX$_¡ AV$L$ph¡ R>¡.

69

t D‘¾$d t

hp„Qp¡, rhQpfp¡ A_¡ _½$u L$fp¡.

rdrlf, k„S>e A_¡ ^°yh ÓZ rdÓp¡ R>¡.
s¡Ap¡dp„\u A¡L$ aC kp\¡, A¡L$ L$pL$p kp\¡ A_¡ A¡L$ `à`p kp\¡ d¡v$p_dp„ Åe R>¡.
v$f¡L$¡ Nygpbu, `ump A_¡ ka¡v$ f„N“p V$u-iV®$ `l¡ep¯ R>¡. ÓZ¡e_u `pk¡ A¡L$-A¡L$
fds_y„ kp^_ R>¡. bp¡g, b¡V$ A_¡ õV$ç`.

t ApV$gu dprlsu D`f\u sdpf¡ ip¡^hp_y„ R>¡ L¡$
- ÓZ¡ rdÓp¡dp„\u L$p¡Z L$p¡_u kp\¡ Apìey„ lsy„ ?
- L$p¡Z¡ ¼ep f„N_y„ V$u-iV®$ `l¡ey¯ lsy„ ?
- L$p¡_u `pk¡ ¼ey„ fds_y„ kp^_ lsy„ ?

t S>hpb kl¡gpC\u ip¡^u iL$pe s¡ dpV¡$ _uQ¡ L¡$V$guL$ QphuAp¡ Ap`u R>¡.
- rdrlf¡ `umy„ V$u-iV®$ `l¡e®y„ _\u s¡ s¡_p L$pL$p kp\¡ Apìep¡ R>¡.
- S>¡ aC kp\¡ Apìep¡ R>¡ s¡_u `pk¡ b¡V$ R>¡.
- S>¡_u `pk¡ õV$ç` R>¡ s¡Z¡ ka¡v$ V$u iV®$ `l¡e®y„ R>¡.
- S>¡Z¡ `umy„ V$u iV®$ `l¡e®y„ R>¡ s¡ L$pL$p kp\¡ _\u Apìep¡ A_¡ s¡ ^°yh
`Z _\u.

t S>hpb ip¡^u _uQ¡_p¡ L$p¡W$p¡ `|Z® L$fp¡.

rdÓp¡ V$u-iV®$ L$p¡_u kp\¡ Apìep ? L$ey„ kp^_ R>¡ ?

rdrlf
k„S>e
^°yh

70

13. h¡mp

t L$lp¡.
1) sd¡ Qp¡’p ^p¡fZdp„ ¼ep hj£ lsp„ ?
2) v$kdp ^p¡fZdp„ ¼ep hj£ Aphip¡ ?
3) lpgdp„ L¡$V$gp hj®“p R>p¡ ?

Åe R>¡ h¡mp, Åe R>¡ h¡mp
Åe R>¡ h¡mp R|>V$u,
`m_u `pR>m `m_u kp„L$m
A¡L$ _ L$X$u s|V$u ... Åe ...

fps _¡ qv$hk A¡L$buÅ_u
`pR>m L$f¡ v$p¡X$,
g¡i Q|L¡$ _p sp¡e L$v$ue¡
dmsp„ Å¡X$pÅ¡X$ ;
A¡L$d¡L$_p sgkpV¡$ `Z
¼ep„e _ S>fu ÓyV$u ...... Åe .....

71

Åe R>¡ h¡mp, Aphsu L$v$u
`Z _ `pR>u A¡L$,
ApS>_p aŸg_u ApS> dpZu gp¡
d_ cfu_¡ çl¢L$ !

`m_u cusf ipðsu_u
fM¡ dm¡ S>X$ubyË$u ! Åe ...

Åe R>¡ h¡mp, Åe R>¡ h¡mp,
Åe R>¡ h¡mp R|>V$u,
dp¡L$mp¡ d¡ëep¡ L$pm - MÅ“p¡.
AphX¡$ sp¡ ëep¡ g|„V$u ! ... Åe ...

t õhpÝepe t

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$ ip¡^p¡. Mpdu - .......................
1) kde - ...................... 2) kyN„^ - .......................
3) `yó` - ...................... 4) Myëgp¡ - .......................
5) c„X$pf - ...................... 6) L$v$pQ - .......................
7) nZ - ...................... 8)

k. 2 L$rhspdp„ CL$pfpÞs iåv$p¡ L¡$V$gp R>¡ ? s¡ NZp¡ A“¡ s¡“u epv$u b“php¡.

k. 3 A) L$pìedp„\u âpkhpmp iåv$p¡ ip¡^u_¡ gMp¡.
b) L$pìedp„_p Å¡X$iåv$p¡ gMp¡ s¡dp„ sd_¡ AphX$sp buÅ `Z Dd¡fp¡.

k. 4 fps `R>u qv$hk, qv$hk `R>u fps - kdeQ¾$

s¡d riepmp¡ `R>u D_pmp¡ A¡ ....................
1) `pZu_u hfpm ... hpv$mp„ ... hfkpv$ .......................
2) IXy$ - Cem ... L$p¡i¡V$p¡ ... `s„rNey„ .......................
3) bu - h_õ`rs ... aŸg ... am .......................

k. 5 "sp¡e' A¡V$g¡ "sp¡ `Z' A_¡ "sp¡e' A¡V$g¡ "`pZu'

Apd A¡L$S> iåv$_p Sy>v$pSy>v$p k„v$c®¡ Sy>v$p A\® \pe R>¡. s¡hu fus¡ _uQ¡_p
iåv$p¡_p Sy>v$pSy>v$p A\® gMp¡.

1) a¡f 2) lgLy„ 3) _p¡V$

4) W$fhy„ 5) L$p„W$p¡ 6) hpV$

7) bpSy> 8) hpf 9) L$pτ

72

k. 6 Å¡ kde \„cu Åe, OqX$epm AV$L$u Åe A_¡ k|fS> _ EN¡ sp¡ ...
Ap rhi¡ ÓZ S|>\dp„ hN®dp„ QQp® L$fp¡.

k. 7 L$pìe`„[¼s `|Z® L$fp¡. 2) `m_u cusf ........
1) g¡i Q|L¡$ _p sp¡e ....... 4) dp¡L$mp¡ d¡ëep¡ ........
3) ApS>_p aŸg_u ............
5) fps _¡ qv$hk ............

k. 8 gMp¡ Å¡CA¡.
1) $LhreÓuA¡ L$üy„ R>¡ L¡$.....................
(A) d“ cfu“¡ dpZu gp¡ .............
(b) AphX¡$ sp¡ g|„V$u gp¡................
2) L$hreÓu“y„ “pd ................
3) Lrhsp“p¡ rhje...............

k. 9 _uQ¡_p A\® v$ip®hsu `„[¼s L$pìedp„\u ip¡^u gMp¡.
1) fps `R>u qv$hk A_¡ qv$hk `R>u fps Apd Q¾$ Qpgsy„ fl¡ R>¡.
2) hs®dp_dp„ S> Æh_ Æhu g¡hy„.
3) kde_p MÅ_p_¡ g|„V$sp iuMu g¡hp_y„ R>¡.

k.10 L$p¦kdp„ Ap`¡gp iåv$_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu_¡ _uQ¡“p A^p¡f¡rMs iåv$p¡ DÑf Aph¡
A¡ fus¡ âñp¡ b“php¡.
(i¡_p¡, ¼ep„\u, ¼epf¡, L$p¡Z¡, ¼ep„)
1) L$hreÓuA¡ L$pìedp„ kde_y„ sÒhop_ kdÅìey„ R>¡.
2) M¡gpX$uAp¡ q¾$L¡$V$ fdhp d¡v$p_ `f Åe R>¡.

3) b^pA¡ kde_p¡ kvy$`ep¡N L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡.

4) lº„ Ap Adv$phpv$\u gpìep¡ Ry>„.

5) fp¡S> khpf¡ ìepepd L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡.

k.11 kdekf L$pe® L$fhp_p apev$p S>Zphp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t ipmp_p hprj®L$p¡Ðkh dpV¡$ hpguAp¡_¡ k|Q_p Ap`hp_u R>¡.
sdpfp hN®rinL$_u dv$v$\u s¡ k|Q_p s¥epf L$fp¡ `R>u _p¡V$ukbp¡X®$ `f Qp¢V$pX$p¡.

73

lº„ hp„Qy„ .... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡$

`„v$f S> rdr_V$

OZp gp¡L$p¡ b|dp¡ dpf¡ R>¡ L¡$, Ad_¡ kde dmsp¡ _\u `Z dp¡V$p„ dp¡V$p„ L$pd L$f_pfp
A_¡L$ dpZkp¡ sp¡ _Æhp„ v$¡Mpsp„ L$pdp¡ L$fhp_u aºfkv$ d¡mhu iL¡$ R>¡. S>¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p L$pd_u
A_¡ kde_u rhQpf`|h®L$_u ep¡S>_p L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ dyS>b Qpghp_u V¡$h `pX¡$ R>¡ s¡Ap¡
OZu D`pr^dp„\u bQu Åe R>¡.

`„v$f rdr_V$ S>¡V$gp V|$„L$p kdedp„ dpZk iy„ iy„ L$fu iL¡$ s¡_p„ Dv$plfZp¡ Ap`Z¡ Å¡CA¡.

15 rdr_V$dp„ ...

t kpdpÞe TX$`¡ khp qL$gp¡duV$f Qpgu iL$pe, Äepf¡ kpeL$g D`f
3 qL$gp¡duV$f_y„ A„sf L$p`u iL$pe.

t kpdpÞe `yõsL$_p„ `p„Q `p_p„ hp„Qu iL$pe.

t Of_p„ Ap¡fX$p_u kapC L$fu iL$pe.

t `p¡sp_p„ L$`X$p„ ^p¡C iL$pe.

t ipL$cpÆ ky^pfu iL$pe.

t fp¡S>_u X$pefu gMu iL$pe.

t ifuf_¡ s„vy$fõs fpMhp Apk_p¡ L¡$ ìepepd L$fu iL$pe.

t d__¡ õhõ\ fpMhp âp\®_p, Ýep_ L¡$ tQs_ L$fu iL$pe.

- fOy_p\Æ _peL$

t AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s t

iê$Apsdp„ ‘|R>¡gp âñp¡_p Ap^pf¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ s¡d_p `p¡sp_p rhi¡ âñp¡ `|R>u_¡ kde_p Q¾$_u
dprlsu Ap`u "h¡mp' L$rhsp_p AÝep`_ dpV¡$ rhjeprcdyM L$fhp.

S>¡d fps `R>u qv$hk A_¡ qv$hk `R>u fps_y„ kdeQ¾$ kss afsy„ fl¡ R>¡ A¡ kdÅhu
hs®dp_dp„ Ap_„v$\u Æhhp_u hps L$fu R>¡. c|sL$pm_u epv$ L¡$ crhóe_u L$p¡C `Z Apip A`¡np
fp¿ep hNf `pZu_p f¡gp_u S>¡d `kpf \sp kde_u qL„$ds ÅZhu A_¡ dpZhu.

kdeQ¾$_u kdS> Ap`hp kp\¡ õhpÝepep¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ S>gQ¾$, F>syQ¾$, Æh“Q¾$
A_¡ h_õ`rsQ¾$_u `Z kdS> Ap`hu.

fp¡S> khpf¡ A¡L$ _hp¡ rhQpf d_yóe_u fpl Å¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

74

14. `rhÓ Ap„ky

t L$lp¡ Å¡CA¡.

l hfkpv$_p Npfpdp„ sdpfp¡ `N `X$u Nep¡. sp¡ Npfp¡ v|$f L$fhp sd¡ iy„ L$fip¡ ?
l Of_¡ kpa fpMhp iy„ iy„ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡ ?
l sdpfp Ap„NZp_¡ kpa k|\fy„ fpMhp iy„ L$fip¡ ?
l sdpfp `qfkf_¡ õhÃR> fpMhp sd¡ sdpfy„ ep¡Nv$p_ L¡$hu L¡$hu fus¡ Ap`ip¡ ?
l sdpfp„ L$`X$p„ D`f L$p¡C X$pO `X$u Nep„ lp¡e sp¡ sd¡ iy„ L$fip¡ ?
l s¡hu S> fus¡ d__¡ õhÃR>, kpa fpMhp, `rhÓ fpMhp sd¡ iy„ iy„ L$fu iL$p¡ ?

_p¢^ : kp_¡ NyfyÆ rgrMs d|m dfpW$u A_¡ s¡_p _V$hf v$h¡A¡ L$f¡gp NyS>fpsu A_yhpv$
"íepd_u dp' `yõsL$dp„\u âõsys âk„N g¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. sd¡ R>¡ëgp„ ÓZ hj®\u Ap `yõsL$_p
A¡L$ A¡L$ âk„N iuMu füp„ R>p¡, sp¡ Ap âk„N iuMsp„ `l¡gp„ ApNm iuMu Ne¡gp b^p âk„Np¡_¡
epv$ L$fu gp¡.

_p_`Z\u b¡ hMs õ_p_ L$fhp_u d_¡ Oku_¡ ifuf Qp¡mu Apàey„. h^¡gp `pZu_¡ lº„
V¡$h `X$u R>¡. íepd¡ iê$ L$ey¯ : k„ÝepL$pm¡ lº„ ifuf D`f f¡X$hp gpÁep¡. `pZu `|fy„ \ey„ A_¡
fdhp S>sp¡. g„NX$u, k„spL|$L$X$u hN¡f¡ ÅsÅs_u lº„ dp_¡ b|d dpfhp gpÁep¡.
fdsp¡ Ad¡ fdsp lsp. fdu_¡ Apìep¡ A¡V$g¡
lº„ _plhp_p¡. dp d_¡ `pZu E_y„ L$fu_¡ Ap`su. ""dp ! dpfy„ ifuf g|R>u Ap`, b^y„ `pZu
dp sp„bpLy„$X$udp„ `pZu gphu Ap`su A_¡ dpfy„ \C füy„. d_¡ V$pY$ hpe R>¡. S>gv$u dpfy„ ifuf
ifuf Qp¡msu. b¡ hMs õ_p_ L$fhp_u `Ùrs g|R>u Ap`.'' lº„ bfpX$p `pX$hp gpÁep¡. dpfp
blº kpfu. fpÓ¡ k|sp„ `l¡gp„ õ_p_ L$ey¯ lp¡e _p_`Zdp„ V$p¸h¡g, `„rQep„ hN¡f¡ Adpfp Npddp„
sp¡ ifuf õhÃR>, r_d®m A_¡ lgLy„$ gpN¡ R>¡. blº Apìep„ _ lsp„. Of_p dp¡V$p `yfyjp¡ ^p¡rsey„
KOsp„ `l¡gp„ Ap`Z¡ âp\®_p L$fuA¡ R>uA¡ s¡ r_Qp¡hu_¡ s¡_p hX¡$ S> ifuf g|R>sp, A¡L$pv$
d__y„ õ_p_. ifuf A_¡ d_ õhÃR> lp¡e sp¡ S|>_p¡ L$L$X$p¡ R>p¡L$fp„_p„ ifuf g|R>hp_¡ dpV¡$ lp¡e.
KO L¡$hu OkOkpV$ Aph¡ ? k„ÝepL$pm¡ dp `p¡sp_p kpëgp_p R>¡X$p hX¡$ ¼epf¡L$
¼epf¡L$ dpfy„ ifuf g|R>su.
A¡L$ qv$hk l„d¡i âdpZ¡ lº„ fdu_¡ O¡f
Apìep¡. `l¡fZ L$pY$éy„, Qp¡V$gu_¡ s¡g_u Ap„Nmu dp Aphu, s¡Z¡ dpfy„ ifuf kpëgp_p R>¡X$p
gNpX$u A_¡ _phrZep D`f S>C_¡ b¡W$p¡. hsu g|R¹>ey„ A_¡ L$üy„ : ""Å, v$¡h_p„ aŸg Dspfu
_plhp_¡ dpV¡$ A¡L$ dp¡V$p¡ `\fp¡ lsp¡. _plhp_y„ _pM.''
`pZu rNgp¡X$u_p MpdZpdp„ S>sy„ lsy„. k„ÝepL$pm_y„
õ_p_ ; A¡_¡ blº `pZu Å¡Csy„ _\u. dpA¡ d¢ L$üy„, ""dpfp„ srmep„ cu_p„ R>¡, A¡_¡
dpV$u Qp¢V$i¡, dpfp„ srmep„ g|R>u _pM.''

""srmep„ cu_p„ R>¡ s¡\u iy„ \ey„ ? ip_p

75

hX¡$ g|Ry>„?'' dpA¡ L$üy„. L¡$V$gp ÅN©s fluA¡ R>uA¡ ? d„qv$f_¡ f„NphuA¡
""spfp¡ R>¡X$p¡ _phrZep R>uA¡, `f„sy v$¡h_u Mbf g¡sp _\u. d_ d¡gy„
\pe R>¡ s¡\u fX$uA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ L$p¡C qv$hk ?
D`f `p\f, A¡_u D`f lº„ `p¡sp_p d_ r_d®m _\u A¡d ÅZu_¡ fX$_pfp
`N d|L$ui. s¡_p D`f `N sp¡ L$p¡C cpÁehp_ hufgp. s¡ `rhÓ Ap„ky Ap
g|R>u _pMui A_¡ `R>u L|$v$L$p¡ S>Nsdp„ v$¡Mpsp„ _\u. `l¡fhp_y„ _ lp¡e, Mphp_y„
dpfui. d_¡ cu_p `N¡ dpV$u _ lp¡e, `funpdp„ _p`pk \hpe L¡$ L$p¡C dfu
Qp¢V¡$ A¡ _\u Ndsy„. `p\f _¡ Ney„ sp¡ Aphu_¡ b^p„ fX¡$ R>¡. Aphu buÆ
spfp¡ R>¡X$p¡.'' lº„ lW$ `L$X$u_¡ kh® hpsp¡_¡ dpV¡$ Ap„ky_p lp¡S> Ap„Mp¡dp„ cf¡gp
bp¡ëep¡. lp¡e R>¡. `f„sy lº„ lÆ iyÙ, r_ó`p` \sp¡
_\u A¡d kdÅsp„ L$p¡C sfaX¡$ R>¡ Mfy„ L¡$ ?
""sy„ sp¡ sv¹$_ lW$ugp¡ lÆ dpfy„ d_ d¡gdp„ f„Npe¡gy„ R>¡ A¡d d_dp„
R>¡, íepd. A¡L¡$L$ d|Mp®C gphu_¡ L¡$V$gp„_¡ vy$:M \pe R>¡ ? dufp„bpCA¡
¼ep„\u iuMu gph¡ R>¡, L$p¡_¡ Npey„ R>¡ L¡$,

Mbf ? lp„, g¡ `N d|L$.'' dpA¡ `p¡sp_p¡ R>¡X$p¡ ""A„kyh_ S>g k]Q k]Q â¡db¡rg bp¡C.''
_phrZep D`f `p\ep£. d¢ dpfp `N s¡_u D`f Ap„kyê$`u `pZu ‘pC `pC_¡, â¡d_u,
d|¼ep, bfpbf Qp¡¿Mp L$ep® A_¡ L|$v$L$p¡ dpep£. Cðfc[¼s_u h¡g d¢ ER>¡fu R>¡. Ap dufp„bpC_y„
dp_p¡ kpëgp¡ cu_p¡ \ep¡, s¡_u d_¡ `fhp _ QfZ lº„ L¡$V$gue hpf NZNZsp¡ lp¡J Ry>„.
lsu. A¡_¡ \p¡X$p¡ S> s¡ hMs¡ bv$ghp_p¡ lsp¡? Ap„ky\u R>gp¡R>g cf¡gp ùv$edp„ S> c[¼sê$`u
`Z bpmL$_p `N_¡ dpV$u Qp¢V¡$ _rl, s¡_u L$dm_p¡ S>Þd \pe R>¡ !
lp¢i `|fu \pe A¡V$gp dpV¡$ s¡Z¡ `p¡sp_p¡ kpëgp¡
cu_p¡ L$ep¤ s¡ bpmL$ dpV¡$ iy„ _ L$f¡, iy„ L$óV$ - kp“¡ NyfyÆ
kl_ _ L$f¡, iy„ _ Ap`¡ ? _V$hf v$h¡ (Ay“hpv$L$)

lº„ Ofdp„ Nep¡ _¡ v$¡h_p„ aŸg Dspfhp
gpÁep¡. dp Apfsu gC_¡ Aphu _¡ bp¡gu,
""íepd, `N_¡ dpV$u gpN¡ _rl A¡V$gp dpV¡$
QuhV$ fpM¡ R>¡, s¡ S> âdpZ¡ d__¡ d¡g _
gpN¡ s¡V$gp dpV¡$ QuhV$ fpMS>¡. v$¡h_¡ âp\®_p
L$f L¡$ iyÙ byqÙ Ap`¡.''

rdÓp¡ ! L¡$V$gp ky„v$f iåv$ ! Ap`Zp„
ifuf A_¡ Ap`Zp„ L$`X$p„_¡ õhÃR> fpMhp dpV¡$
L¡$V$gu ^d`R>pX$ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡ ! L¡$V$gu L$pmÆ
gCA¡ R>uA¡ ! L$`X$p„ õhÃR> fl¡ dpV¡$ ^p¡bu
R>¡, b|V$ õhÃR> fl¡ dpV¡$ `p¡rgi L$f“pfp R>¡.
ifuf¡ gNpX$hp_¡ kyMX$_p¡ kpby R>¡. ifuf_¡ s\p
L$`X$p„_¡ d¡g “ gpN¡ s¡V$gp dpV¡$ klº“p âeГp¡
R>¡. ‘f„sy d““¡ õhÃR> fpMhp dpV¡$ Ap`Z¡

76

t õhpÝepe t

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `pW$dp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$ ip¡^p¡.

1) kpX$u - ...................... 2) Qp¡L$kpC - .......................

3) A½$g - ...................... 4) Nfd - .......................

5) Q„v$_$ - ...................... 6) `ph_ - .......................

7) kÅN - ...................... 8) _kubv$pf - .......................

k. 2 _d|_p âdpZ¡ iåv$ b_php¡. s¡_p¡ hp¼edp„ D`ep¡N L$fp¡.
v$p.s. `rhÓ - `rhÓsp
1) d„qv$fp¡_p hpsphfZdp„ `rhÓsp_p¡ A_ych \pe R>¡.
1) õhÃR> 2) r_d®m 3) _uX$f 4) ky„v$f

k. 3 _d|_p âdpZ¡ iåv$ b_php¡. v$p. s. cpÁe - cpÁehp_
1) bm 2) QpqfÔe 3) ^_ 4) Ly$m 5) NyZ 6) âop

k. 4 A’® bv$ëep hNf hp¼e“¡ “L$pfpÐdL$ b“php¡.
1) rhÛp’}Ap¡ “p‘pk ’pe sp¡ s¡d“u a¡f‘funp g¡hpe R>¡.
2) Qp¡f-g|„V$pfpAp¡ ‘p‘ L$f¡ R>¡.
3) N„Np “v$u ‘rhÓ R>¡.
4) ìe[¼s“p S>Þd hMs¡ Myiu ’pe R>¡.

k. 5 _uQ¡_p âÐee gNpX$u_¡ cphhpQL$ _pd b_php¡.
1) "ApC' 2) "`Z'
d|M® - d|Mp®C _p_y„ - _p_`Z
Qsyf - ............... dp¡Vy„$ - .............
gyÃQy„ - ............... OfXy„$ - .............
_bmy„ - ............... cp¡my„$ - .............
dS>b|s - ............... ipτ - .............

k. 6 t sd¡ L$C L$C fdsp¡ fdp¡ R>p¡ ? s¡_p rhi¡ hN®dp„ hpsp¡ L$fp¡.

t Ofdp„ sdpfp dçdu_¡ L$ep„ L$ep„ L$pdp¡dp„ dv$v$ L$fp¡ R>p¡ ? s¡ hN®dp„ L$lp¡.

k. 7 hp¼e ‘|Z® L$fp¡ :-
1) d__y„ õ_p_ L$fhp Ap`Z¡ ....................................
2) Of_p dp¡V$p `yfyjp¡ “püp `R>u ....................................
3) g¡ML$_p `N¡ dpV$u _ Qp¢V¡$ s¡ dpV¡$ dpA¡ ....................................
4) Ap„ky’u R>gp¡R>g cf¡gp ùv$edp„ S> ....................................

77

k. 8 `pW$_p Ap^pf¡ _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hp¡.
1) _phrZep `f S>C_¡ b¡W$p¡.
2) lº„ fdu_¡ O¡f Apìep¡.
3) dpA¡ ifuf g|R>u Apàey„.
4) `l¡fZ L$pY$éy„.
5) Qp¡V$gu_¡ s¡g_u Ap„Nmu gNpX$u.

k. 9 (A) _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡ L$p¡Z bp¡g¡ R>¡ ? L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1) ""Å, v$¡h_p„ aŸg Dspfu _pM.''
2) ""d_¡ cu_p `N¡ dpV$u Qp¢V¡$ A¡ _\u Ndsy„.''
3) ""d__¡ d¡g _ gpN¡ s¡V$gp dpV¡$ QuhV$ fpMS>¡.''
4) ""dpfy„ ifuf g|R>u Ap`.''

(b) ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fp¡.
1) Cðfc[¼s_u h¡g .......... ê$`u `pZu\u DR>f¡ R>¡.

L$) N„NpS>m M) Ap„ky N) `fk¡hp O) Mpsf
2) dp sp„bpLy„$X$udp„ ............. gphu Ap`su.

L$) `pZu M) aŸg N) Apfsu O) âkpv$
3) ""A„kyh_ S>g k]Q k]Q â¡db¡rg bp¡C'' `„[¼s L$p¡Z¡ gM¡gu R>¡ ?

L$) _ftkl¡ M) íepd_u dpA¡ N) dufp„bpCA¡ O) g¡ML¡$

k. 10 (A) _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡dp„ guV$u v$p¡f¡gp iåv$p¡ “pd, kh®“pd, rhi¡jZ L¡$ q¾$ep‘v$ R>¡ s¡ Ap¡mMp¡.
1) d_ d¡gy„ \pe R>¡ s¡\u fX$uA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ L$p¡C qv$hk ?
2) s¡Z¡ íepd_y„ ifuf kpëgp_p R>¡X$p\u g|R>u Apàey„.
3) spfp¡ R>¡X$p¡ _phrZep D`f `p\f.
4) sy„ sp¡ sv¹$_ lW$ugp¡ R>¡, íepd.

(b) t `pW$dp„ Aphsp iåv$âep¡N (ê$qY$âep¡N) ip¡^u_¡ gMp¡.
t íepd_u dpA¡ i¡_u QuhV$ fpMhp_y„ L$üy„ s¡ rhi¡ 4\u 5 hp¼ep¡ sdpfp
iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.
t âõsys L©$rsdp„ L¡$hp„ Ap„ky_¡ `rhÓ L$üp„ R>¡ s¡ bpbs sdpfp rhQpfp¡ S>Zphp¡.

78

t âL$ë‘ t

t sdpfu d_`k„v$ fds rhi¡ krQÓ dprlsu gM¡gy„ c]s`ÓL$ s¥epf L$fp¡.

t S>¡_p\u d_ `rhÓ A_¡ iyÙ \pe s¡hp„ L$pep£_u epv$u b_phu_¡ QpV®$ s¥epf L$fp¡. hN®dp„ gNpX$p¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ .... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡$

õhs„Ósp A_¡ kudp
bpmL$_¡ õhs„Ósp Ap`hpdp„ s¡_u i[¼sAp¡ Mug¡, s¡_p¡ kdsp¡g rhL$pk \pe A¡ l¡sy

Ap`Zu kdn lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡.
bpmL$_¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C hõsy Ap`uA¡ _l], L$p¡C L$pd L$fsp„ s¡_¡ AV$L$phuA¡, L$p¡C hps_u
s¡_¡ _p `pX$uA¡, Ðepf¡ s¡_p¡ V|„$L$p¡ kÃQpC cf¡gp¡ Mygpkp¡ Ap`Z¡ Ap`u iL$uA¡. bpmL$_¡
klpe Ap`u_¡ `fphg„bu`Zpdp„\u s¡_¡ õhphg„bu`Zp sfa gC S>CA¡, sp¡ s¡_p âÐe¡ kpQp¡
â¡d v$ip®ìep¡ NZpe. bpmL$_¡ A¡hu õhs„Ósp _ Ap`uA¡ L¡$ A¡ _p_p¡ kfMp¡ kfdyMÐepf
b_¡ A_¡ buÅ L$p¡C_p¡ rhQpf S> _ L$f¡.
õhs„Ósp\u bpmL$ `p¡sp_u A„v$f_p„ kpfp„ sÒhp¡_¡ rhL$kph¡ R>¡, A_¡ `qfZpd¡ `p¡sp_p„
dpbp` âkÞ_sp A_ych¡ R>¡, s¡dp„ s¡d_p¡ `|f¡`|fp¡ V¡$L$p¡ R>¡, s¡ bpmL$ Sy>A¡ R>¡. kp\¡
kp\¡ s¡_¡ A¡hp¡ rhðpk `Z lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ `p¡s¡ L$p¡C c|g L$fi¡ sp¡ s¡_¡ fp¡L$_pf L$p¡CL$ R>¡.
Aphu gpNZu bpmL$_¡ S> _rl, Ap`Z_¡ klº_¡ L¡$V$gu b^u kgpdsu Ap`¡ R>¡ ! khpf¡
OqX$epm_y„ A¡gpd® hpNi¡, Ap`Z_¡ S>NpX$i¡ A_¡ Ap`Z¡ kdekf `lp¢Qu iL$iy„ - A¡hu
Äepf¡ Mpsfu lp¡e Ðepf¡ Ap`Z¡ L¡$hp„ r_fp„s¡ KOu S>C iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ ! A¡ S> âdpZ¡
bpmL$_¡ `Z S>NpX$_pf L$p¡CL$ lp¡e, s¡_¡ c|gp¡dp„\u bQph_pf L$p¡CL$ lp¡e, sp¡ r_fp„s¡ s¡_p
` f Ap ^pf fp Mu_¡ A ¡ L¡$V$g y„ r_c®e b_u iL¡$ R >¡ ! L ¡$V$gu k gpdsu A_ych u iL¡$ R>¡ !

- Qy_ucpC ipl

t AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s t

iê$Apsdp„ Ap`¡gp âñp¡ `|R>u_¡ âÐe¡L$ rhÛp\}Ap¡ `pk¡\u s¡d_p d„sìep¡ ÅZu g¡hp.
s¡_p D`f\u âõsys L©$rs_p AÝep`_ dpV¡$ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ rhjeprcdyM L$fhp. ApNm_p
^p¡fZp¡dp„ iuMu Ne¡gp âk„Np¡_u epv$ A`phhu. "íepdQu ApC' `yõsL$_p¡ ¿epg Ap`hp¡.
_p_p _p_p âñp¡, fp¡S>bfp¡S>_u OV$_pAp¡, õhÃR>sp Arcep__p dyØpAp¡ rhi¡ QQp® L$fu_¡
âõsys `pW$_p¡ ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk kp^hp¡. õhpÝepep¡dp„ Ap`¡gu rhrh^sp_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu S>ê$fu
dpN®v$i®_ `pW$_p AÝep`_ hMs¡ S>ê$f Ap`hy„. "`rhÓ Ap„ky' iuj®L$_u e\p\®sp rinL¡$
M|bS> kfm cpjpdp„ kdÅhhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡. `pW$dp„\u dmsp¡ k„v$¡ip¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡ ky^u
kfmsp\u `lp¢Q¡ s¡ fus¡ AÝep`_ L$fphsu hMs¡ L$pmÆ fpMhu.

‘„qX$sp¡ Ap„Æ “pM¡ R>¡ Äepf¡ k„sp¡ dp„Æ “pM¡ R>¡.

79

t D‘¾$d t

_uQ¡_p iåv$Qp¡fkdp„ Ap`Zp v$¡i_p„ fdshufp¡_p„ _pd ApX$p„, Ecp„, Óp„kp„ Ry>`pe¡gp„ R>¡ s¡ ip¡^p¡. _pd
ip¡^hp dpV¡$ Qphu_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fp¡.

L¡$ kp r_ ep rd Tp® k lp L$ n

Mp¡ r_ C S> d¡$ _u O rg dp Z

N ep D$ fp `p tk d f â bp

d _¡ ey L$ ÞÖ nu$ h Öp L$p f

_u l v$u f¡ kp fp L$ tb i gu

`¡ hp rh d¡ fu L$p¡ d h ` L$

Æ g Ny R> Mp h _p¡ _$ vy$ L$p¡

r` rd ëMp tk O> Qu _ rc L$p¡ V$

Qu s dp$ kp¥ L$u gp$ `u A Z fp

rh ð _p \ Ap _„ v$ V$u D rh

Qphu : 6) L$p„õe Q„ÖL$ Æs_pf drlgp Ly$õsubpS>
7) A¡L$ drlgp bp¡¼kf
1) A¡L$ drlgp V¡$r_k M¡gpX$u 8) fpCag i|V$f
2) b¡X$rdÞV$_ M¡gpX$u 9) c|s`|h® b¡X$rdÞV$_ Q¡[ç`e_
3) A¡L$ `yfyj bp¡¼kf 10) cpfs_p¡ lpg_p¡ gp¡L$râe q¾$L¡$V$f
4) ãgpIN iuM
5) isf„S>_p¡ rhS>¡sp

80

15. dpfy„ QL$X$p¡m$

t Q pg p¡ d ¡m p_p ¡ d p_k â hpk L $fuA¡.
Qff Qff dpfy„ QL$X$p¡m Qpg¡,

QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q] QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q] spg¡,
ApS>¡ fp¡L$X$p _¡ D^pf L$pg¡. Qff Qff

Ap¡ gpg a¢V$phpmp ! Ap¡ kp¡dpcpC_p kpmp !
Ap¡ L$fk_L$pL$p L$pmp ! Ap¡ c|fu b„X$uhpmp !
dpfy„ QL$X$p¡m Qpg¡, QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q], QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q]. Qff Qff
AÝ^f `Ý^f, lhpdp„ kÝ^f, A¡_p¡ l]QL$p¡ lpg¡,
_p_p„ dp¡V$p„, kpfp„ Mp¡V$p„, b¡ku A„v$f çlpg¡ ;
Af¡ b¡ `¥kpdp„ bbgp¡ Å¡_¡ Apkdp_dp„ cpm¡.
QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q] spg¡. Qff Qff
QL$X$p¡m QY¡$, KQ¡ _uQ¡, Æhsf A¡hy„ QX$sy„ `X$sy„,
OX$udp„ D`f ... OX$udp„ _uQ¡ ... cpÁe A¡hy„ kp¥_y„ afsy„;
vy$:M c|gu_¡ kyM\u T|gp¡ _kub_u OV$dpm¡,
QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q] QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q] Qpg¡,
ApS>¡ fp¡L$X$p _¡ D^pf L$pg¡. Qff Qff

- Arh_pi ìepk

81

t õhpÝepe t

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$rhspdp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡. - .......................
1) _Nv$ - ...................... 2) fpsp - .......................
3) hpv$mu - ...................... 4) `pOX$u - .......................
5) hpefp¡ - ...................... 6) Tygp¡ - .......................
7) sL$v$uf - ...................... 8) ApL$pi

k. 2 iåv$p¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu hp¼e b_php¡.

1) QL$X$p¡m 2) _kub 3) Æhsf 4) kyM

k. 3 "kp¡dpcpC_p kpmp' : kpmp-`Ð_u_p cpC.
Ap âdpZ¡ _uQ¡_u ìe[¼sAp¡ hÃQ¡ ip¡ k„b„^ R>¡ ? s¡ gMp¡.
1) `rs_p dp¡V$p cpC - ....................................
2) ‘Гu“p r‘sp - ....................................
3) ‘rs“u bl¡“ - .............................................
4) ‘rs“u bl¡““p ‘rs - ....................................

5) ‘Гu“u bl¡“ - ............................................

6) ‘Гu“u bl¡““p ‘rs - ...................................

k. 4 A’® bv$gpe “rl s¡hu fus¡ hp¼e b“php¡.

1) ^„^pdp„ ‘X$su ’pe Ðepf¡ “pku‘pk ’hy„ “rl.

2) hp¼ep¡ Mfp„ lp¡e sp¡ ky^pfu“¡ afu gMp¡ “rl.

3) ipL$cpÆ fp¡L$X$p’u S> Mfuv$pe R>¡.

4) Apfk“p¡ ‘Õ’f gukp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
k. 5 âpkhpmp iåv$p¡ gMp¡. v$p.s. Qpg¡ - spg¡

1) kpmp 2) AÝ^f 3) lpg¡ 4) ‘X$sy„
t sd¡ Å¡e¡gp d¡mp_y„ hZ®_ dp¥rML$ fus¡ fS|> L$fp¡.

82

k. 6 gMu“¡ bsphp¡.
A) QL$X$p¡mdp„ b¡khp Aph“pf

b) l]QL$pdp„ l]Q“pf

L$) .................... c|gu“¡; .................. ’u T|gp¡.
X$) QL$X$p¡m“u kfMpdZu ..............................

k. 7 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu Mpgu S>Áep `|fp¡.
1) dpfy„ QL$X$p¡m ............ ............. Qpg¡ R>¡.
L$) Qff Qff M) aff aff N) QpL$X$ QpL$X$
2) dpfy„ QL$X$p¡m lhpdp„ .............. fl¡ R>¡.
L$) AÝ^f M) kÝ^f N) `Ý^f
3) QL$X$p¡m_u S>¡d ........ `Z QX¡$ _¡ `X¡$ R>¡.
L$) QZsf M) cZsf N) Æhsf
4) b¡ `¥kpdp„ QL$X$p¡mdp„ b¡khp\u ........... v$¡Mpe R>¡.
L$) Apkdp_ M) ^fsu N) `pspm
k. 8 _uQ¡_p A\® bsphsu `„[¼sAp¡ gMp¡.
1) _p_p„ dp¡V$p„ kp¥ L$p¡C QL$X$p¡mdp„ b¡ku dÅ dpZ¡ R>¡.
2) QL$X$p¡m_u S>¡d Æh_ `Z ¼epf¡L$ D`f QX$sy„ v$¡Mpe sp¡ ¼epf¡L$ `X$sy„ v$¡Mpe R>¡.
k. 9 "d¡mp_u dp¡S>' rhi¡ 8\u 10 guV$u_p¡ r_b„^ aL$fp `pX$u_¡ gMp¡.

t âL$ë` t

t QL$X$p¡m_y„ ky„v$f rQÓ v$p¡fu s¡dp„ f„N `|fp¡.

83

lº„ hp„Qy„ .... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡$

gp-‘fhp !

$Lp¡'L$ qv$“ Cv$ A“¡ L$p¡'L$ qv$“ fp¡Å,

ER>m¡ “¡ ‘X¡$ “uQ¡ tS>v$Nu“p„ dp¡Å„.

L$p„C Aakp¡k “l], L$p„C “l] qaL$f,
L$p¡C QuS> sZu “l] tS>v$Nudp„ rS>L$f.
Aph¡ “¡ Åe A¡“p h¡W$hp lp bp¡Å?
L$p¡'L$ qv$“ Cv$ A“¡ L$p¡'L$ qv$“ fp¡Å.

dp“ dm¡, dm¡ ^“-^p“, dm¡ kÑp,
‘p“ Qphu buÆ ‘m¡ Mphp ‘X¡$ MÑp.
hpl cpM¡ L$p¡C ê$X$u Ap„M¡ h¡j cpmu,
Apl “pL¡$ L$p¡C c„|X$u dp¢Y¡$ d¡i Y$pmu.
fpd dpfp¡ ê$v$¡ lk¡, f„N “l] v|$Å:
L$p¡'L$ qv$“ Cv$ A“¡ L$p¡'L$ qv$“ fp¡Å.

lpëep L$f¡ vy$r“ep“u hZTpf Np„X$u

L$p¡Z b¡Wy„$ fl¡ A¡“u kpd¡ duV$ dp„X$u ?

v|$^ dm¡ hpV$dp„ L¡$ dm¡ T¡f ‘uhp,

Ap‘Zp sp¡ r’f bm¡ Apsdp“p v$uhp.

gp„bu gp„bu g¡MZ¡ Ðep„ “p¢^phu iu epv$u !

b¡e L$p¡f¡ Ap‘u S>hu dybpfL$bpv$u :

O¡gp„ cg¡ O|Oh¡ Ap tS>v$Nu“p„ dp¡Å„,

Aphp¡ sd¡ Cv$, A“¡ Aphp¡ sd¡ fp¡Å !

t A Ý e p‘ “ k „L¡$s t - dL$f„v$ v$h¡

i ê$Aps dp„ Ap `¡gp d ¡mp_p rQÓ_y„ bpfuL$pC\u r_funZ L$fhp L$l¡hy„ `R>u bpmL$p¡_¡ d¡mp_p

dp_rkL$ âhpk¡ gC S>hp rinL¡$ rQÓ_y„ hZ®_ L$fsp„ hp¼ep¡ bp¡gsp S>C s¡ s¡ õ\m¡ gC S>hp

Ðep„ iy„ iy„ lp¡e s¡_y„ hZ®_ L$fhy„. bpmL$p¡_¡ s¡_u A_yc|rs L$fhp L$l¡hy„.

Ðepf`R>u âõsys L©$rs_y„ gebÙ kd|lNp_ L$fphu hN®dp„ Ap_„v$v$peL$ hpsphfZ r_rd®s L$fhy„.
L$pìe M|bS> kfm cpjpdp„ lp¡hp\u bpmL$p¡ õhe„ AÝee_ L$fu s¡ kdS>¡ s¡hp âeÐ_p¡ L$fu
iL$pe. QL$X$p¡m_u dp_hÆh_ kp\¡ L$f¡gu kfMpdZu_¡ kfm cpjpdp„ kdÅhhu. Ap QL$X$p¡m_p
Nus S>¡hp„ buÅ„ ÅZusp„ DÅZu_p„ Nusp¡_p¡ k„v$c® Ap`u rhi¡j op_ Ap`hy„. Ap L$pìe Ap`Z_¡
kv$pe Ap_„v$dp„ fl¡hp_u ky„v$f iuM Ap`¡ R>¡.

dp“hu“y„ Æh“ A¡V$g¡ [õds A“¡ Ap„ky hÃQ¡“y„ gp¡gL$ !

84

16. A¡L$dpÓ hufgp¡

t Qpgp¡ v$¡i_u kyfnp_u hpsp¡ L$fuA¡.

kyfnp dpV¡$_u ÓZ k¡_pAp¡ - hpeyv$m, _p¥L$pv$m, c|rdv$m - ÓZ¡e v$m rhi¡_u âp\rdL$
dprlsu - fpóV²$ue sl¡hpfp¡_p qv$hk¡ ÓZ¡e v$mp¡_u c|rdL$p - fpóV²$`rs_p lõs¡ A`psp ip¥e®
`yfõL$pfp¡ - ip¥e® `yfõL$pf d¡mh_pf syL$pfpd Ap¢bm¡ A_¡ k„v$u` DÞ“u q¾$óZ_

L¡$fm_p A¡_p®Ly$gddp„ 1951_u s¡Ap¡ blºrh^ ìe[¼sÐh_p õhpdu lsp. A¡L$
`l¡gu ÅÞeyApfu _¡ kp¡dhpf¡ _pef kpQp v$¡iâ¡du k¥r_L$ D`fp„s s¡Ap¡ ep¡N_p
`qfhpfdp„ _ugL$p„s__p¡ S>Þd \ep¡ lsp¡. ip¡Mu_, âhpk-â¡du A_¡ L$Zp®V$L$u k„Nus_p
QplL$ lsp. A¡L$v$d d©vy$cpju, k„r_óW$, kp¥_u
"A¡_S>¡'_p lºgpdZp _pd¡ ÅZusp v$fL$pf L$f_pfp A_¡ hufp¡_p huf A¡hp lsp
\e¡gp _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef¡ cpfsue "A¡_S>¡'. s¡Ap¡ `yZ¡ [õ\s Apd} BÞV¡$rgS>Þk
gíL$fdp„ b¡_d|_ rkqÙ d¡mhu R>¡, S>¡ õL|$g_p ârinL$ lsp. b¡ v$peL$p_u gíL$fu
ApS> ky^u sp¡ _ c|sp¡ _ crhóers L$pfqL$v$}dp„ OZu S>hpbv$pfu kamsp`|h®L$ r_cphu
R>¡. ÅZu lsu.

_ugL$p„s__p¡ gíL$f kp\¡_p¡ â¡d 1983dp„ L$_®g _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef
blº _p_u Jdf¡ iê$ \C Nep¡ lsp¡. rdTp¡fddp„ bmhpMp¡fp¡ kpd¡ A¡V$gp blpvy$fu`|h®L$
L$pTpLy$V$d_u k¥r_L$ õL|$gdp„ cZsf. dp¡r_V$f gX$ép L¡$ Ap Aârsd hufsp bv$g L$urs®Q¾$
b_u_¡ ipmp R>p¡X$u `R>u 1967_p S|>_dp„ A¡_pes \ey„ lsy„.
_¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¸L¡$X¡$dudp„ Nep. Ap_¡ gu^¡
hufsp, riõs A_¡ ip¥e®_p `pW$ M|b ÅZhp, v$k¡L$ hj® bpv$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ 1993dp„ s¡Ap¡
kdS>hp A_¡ iuMhp dþep A¡d L$l¡hp_u S>ê$f _pNpg¡ÞX$dp„ afS> bÅhsp lsp. kiõÓ _pN
_ `X¡$. bmhpMp¡fp¡ kpd¡_u gX$sdp„ s¡Ap¡ AN°¡kf lsp.
lp, 16du dfpW$p gpCV$ BÞaÞV²$u_¡ _pNpg¡ÞX$dp„
Å¡sÅ¡spdp„ A¡L$hukdy„ hj® b¡ku Ney„. dp¡bpCg L$pDÞV$f BÞõeyS>®Þku Ap¡`f¡iÞkdp„
X$p¡¼V$f, hL$ug, A¡[ÞS>r_ef, q¾$L¡$V$f L¡$ b¡ÞL$f
S>¡hu L$pfqL$v$} L¡$ â¡d_p¡ rhQpf L$ep® hNf
_ugL$p„s_ `p¡sp_p dpN£ S> ApNm hÝep.
1971_p S|>_dp„ 16du dfpW$p gpCV$ BÞaÞV²$udp„
Å¡X$pC Nep. Ap f¡rS>d¡ÞV$ A_¡ dfpW$pAp¡_p A¡L$
A¡L$ NyZ_p â¡ddp„ `X$u Nep _ugL$p„s_. Ap
õ_¡ldpÓ ip[åv$L$ L¡$ v$¡MpX$p¡ _lp¡sp¡, Mfp qv$g_p¡
lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ `p¡sp_p A¡L$_p A¡L$ v$uL$fp_y„ _pd
fp¿ey„ lsy„ "rihpÆ'.

_ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef Av$_p
k¥r_L$dp„\u L$_®g_p lp¡Øp ky^u `lp¢Ãep `Z

85

s¥_ps L$fpC lsu. Ap kde¡ L$_®g _pef_u v$u^p, lºdgp dpV¡$ s¥epf L$fu v$u^p A_¡ ApN¡L|$Q
bv$gu A_¡ bY$su A¡L$v$d lp\h¢sdp„ lsu, iê$ L$fu v$u^u.
`Z A¡_p¡ rhQpf kyÙp„ L$ep£ _l]. 1993_u
20du qX$k¡çbf¡ khpf¡ bfpbf 8.40 L$gpL¡$ ^pfZp blpf_p Ap ârs-Ap¾$dZ\u
dp¡L$p¡ey„Ndpqfep_u fp¡X$ `f L$_®g _pef `p¡sp_p vy$íd_p¡ A¡L$v$d fOhpep \C Nep A_¡ Æh
S>hp_p¡ kp\¡ cprhìe|l_u QQp® L$fu füp lsp. bQphhp dpV¡$ _pkcpN L$fhp dp„X$ép, `f„sy
A¡ kde¡ A¡L$ kp¡ S>¡V$gp kiõÓ bmhpMp¡fp¡A¡ dfpW$p BÞaÞV²$uA¡ S>gv$u\u A¡d_p¡ L¡$X$p¡ _
Ap¡tQsp¡ lºdgp¡ L$fu v$u^p¡. d|¼ep¡. lsp¡Ðkpl \e¡gp vy$íd_p¡ v$¡Mpsp b„^
\ep A_¡ dfpW$p BÞaÞV²$uA¡ r_fp„s_p¡ ðpk
AÅZu ^fsu A_¡ i[¼sipmu bmhpMp¡fp¡ gu^p¡, Ðepf¡ bmhpMp¡fp¡ `f_p lºdgp_u AN°-
R>sp„ L$_®g _pef g¡idpÓ ìer\s L¡$ Qrgs _ lfp¡m_u apeqf„N `p¡rTi_ `pk¡\u L$_®g _pef
\ep. vy$íd_p¡_p A„^p^|„^ Np¡mubpf_¡ gu^¡ A¡L$ d©sphõ\pdp„ dmu Apìep.
Sy>r_ef Ap¸qakf A_¡ s¡f S>hp_ OV$_põ\m¡
S> iluv$ \C Nep. Myv$ L$_®g _pef_¡ N„cuf `p¡sp_p kp\u S>hp_p¡_p Æh A_¡ v$¡i_u
CÅAp¡ \C lsu. Apbê$ bQphhp dpV¡$ A_Þe `fp¾$d bÅhu_¡
A¡L$ huf ilpv$s_¡ hep£ lsp¡. L$_®g _pef_u
Ap b^p_u g¡idpÓ `fhp L$ep® hNf kdep¡rQs rlçds hNf cpfs¡ dp¡V$u k„¿epdp„
L$_®g _pef¡ `p¡sp_p gpÞk _peL$_¡ lºL$d L$ep£ S>hp_p¡ Nydphhp_p¡ hpfp¡ Apìep¡ lp¡s.
L¡$ dpfp Mcp `f QX$u_¡ vy$íd_p¡ `f N°¡_¡X$p¡ a¢L$hp
dp„X$p¡. S>fp L$ë`_p L$fu Sy>Ap¡... bv$gu-bY$su Ap DÐL©$ô$ i|fps_ s\p Akp^pfZ
lp\h¢sdp„ R>¡, gp¡lu sfõep kiõÓ vy$íd_p¡_p„ v$¡iâ¡d bv$g L$_®g _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_
^pX$p„ kpd¡ R>¡, Qp¥v$ kp\uAp¡_u gpi _S>f¡ `X¡$ _pef_¡ dfZp¡Ñf Aip¡L$Q¾$ A¡_pes L$fpep¡
R>¡, Myv$ gp¡lugylpZ R>¡ R>sp„ Aphp¡ Ap¡X®$f ? lsp¡. L$urs®Q¾$ A_¡ Aip¡L$Q¾$ A¡hp b„_¡
A¡ kde¡ s¡dZ¡ `Ð_u d„Sy> L¡$ `yÓ rihpÆ_p¡ A¡hp¸X®$k d¡mh_pfp A¡L$ dpÓ cpfsue gíL$fu
`mcf `Z rhQpf L$ep£ _l] lp¡e ? Ar^L$pfu A¡V$g¡ Ap`Zp L$_®g _pef. b¡spguk
hj® dfhp_u Jdf _\u. `Z kpQp¡ k¥r_L$
L$_®g _pef_p Ap L$ë`_psus A_¡ Å¡fv$pf ilpv$s dpV¡$ õ\m, kde, k„Å¡N, kNp L¡$
hmsp lºdgp\u vy$íd_p¡ A¡L$v$d õså^ \C Nep, Jdf_p¡ ¼ep„ rhQpf L$f¡ R>¡ ?
Æh bQphhp R|>V$pR>hpep rhM¡fpC Nep. iÓyA¡
L$f¡gu nrZL$ `uR>¡lW$_p¡ L$_®g¡ `|f¡`|fp¡ gpc gC ANrZs kgpd Aphp `yfyjp¡Ñd iluv$
gu^p¡. s¡dZ¡ `p¡sp_p k¥r_L$p¡_¡ ìeh[õ\s Np¡W$hu L$_®g _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef_¡.

- âaºg ipl

t õhpÝepe t

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `pW$dp„ h`fpe¡gp iåvp¡$ ip¡^p¡.
1) â¿eps - ...................... 2) dpd|gu - .......................
3) kamsp - ...................... 4) r_fyÐkpl - .......................
5) v$„c - ...................... 6) lºdgp¡ - .......................
7) AQp_L$ - ...................... 8) dykpafu - .......................

86

k. 2 ê$qY$âep¡N A_¡ s¡_p A\®_u Å¡X$u b_php¡. A\®
ê$qY$âep¡Np¡ A) Dsphm\u NcfpC Ähy„
Ap) brgv$p_ Ap`hy„
1) lp\h¢sdp„ lp¡hy„ B) lpf dp_u `pR>m Mku Ähy„
2) L¡$X$p¡ _ d|L$hp¡ C) OÏ„ _ÆL$ lp¡hy„
3) fOhpep \hy„ D) `uR>p¡ _ R>p¡X$hp¡
4) ilpv$s_¡ hfhy„
5) `uR>¡lW$ L$fhu

k. 3 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ "sy„' âÐee gNphu _hp¡ iåv$ b_php¡. `R>u s¡ iåv$_p¡ hp¼edp„ D`ep¡N L$fp¡.

v$p. s. ÅZhy„ - ÅZusy„.

s¡Ap¡ ÅZusu k„õ\pdp„ Å¡X$pep.

1) Ap¡mMhy„ - 2) dp“hy„ -

3) Ndhy„ - 4) `lp¢Qhy„ -

k. 4 "...Mp¡f A¡V$g¡ "..._u V¡$hhpmy„.' s¡ _pd_p A„s¡ Aph¡ R>¡.

Dv$p. sfuL¡$ bmhpMp¡f. _uQ¡_p iåv$_¡ "...Mp¡f' gNphu iåv$ b_php¡.

1) dõsu - 2) TOX$p -

3) b„X$ - 4) lºdgp -

5) O|kZ - 6) “L$g -

k. 5 _d|_p âdpZ¡ iåv$ b_php¡. v$p.s. Sy>hp_u - cfSy>hp_u

1) KO - 2) riepm¡ -

3) D_pm¡ - 4) Qp¡dpk¡ -

t "Ap`Zp fpóV²$ÝhS> rÓf„Np_y„ dlÒh' A\hp sd¡ rÓf„Np_u ip_ L¡$hu fus¡ Åmhip¡?

s¡_p rhi¡ sdpfp rhQpfp¡ S>Zphp¡.

k. 6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu A^|fp„ rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef¡ cpfsue gíL$fdp„ ................

L$) b¡_d|_ rkqÙ d¡mhu R>¡.

M) AqÜsue kamsp d¡mhu R>¡.

N) Ac|s`|h® _pd_p d¡mhu R>¡.

2) "A¡“S>¡' Av$_p k¥r_L$dp„\u ................

L$) g¡ãV¡$_ÞV$ S>_fg_p lp¡Øp ky^u `lp¢Ãep.

M) L$_®g_p lp¡Øp ky^u `lp¢Ãep.

N) rb°N¡qX$ef_p lp¡Øp ky^u `lp¢Ãep.

87

3) rdTp¡fddp„ bmhpMp¡fp¡ kpd¡ blpvy$fu`|h®L$ gX$hp_¡ gu^¡ s¡d_¡ ................

L$) `Úîu_p¡ BëL$pb A¡_pes \ep¡.

M) Aip¡L$Q¾$ A¡hp¸X®$ A¡_pes \ep¡.

N) L$urs®Q¾$ A¡_pes \ep¡ lsp¡.

4) L$_®g _pef¡ `p¡sp_p gpÞk _peL$_¡ lºL$d L$ep£ L¡$ ................
L$) vy$íd_p¡ `f N°¡_¡X$p¡ a¢L$hp dp„X$p¡.

M) vy$íd_p¡ `f s|V$u `X$p¡.

N) vy$íd_p¡ `f apef]N L$fhp dp„X$p¡.

k. 7 rhQpfu“¡ gMuA¡.

1) vy$íd_p¡ õså^ ’hp“y„ L$pfZ ....................................
2) L$_®g _pef d©sphõ’pdp„ dmu Apìep“y„ õ’m ....................................

3) A¡_S>¡ >S¡ õL|$g_p ârinL$ lsp s¡“y„ “pd ....................................
4) _ugL$p„s“_y„ S>Þd õ’m ....................................

k. 8 L$lp¡ L$p¡Z ?
1) A¡_S>¡_p lºgpdZp _pd¡ ÅZusp \ep -
2) _ugL$p„s__p¡ `yÓ -

3) _ugL$p„s__u `Ð_u -

4) S>hp_p¡ kp\¡ cprhìe|l_u QQp®_p kde¡ Ap¡tQsp¡ lºdgp¡ L$f_pf -

k. 9 _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef_p k„v$c£ ep¡Áe kpg gMp¡.

1) s¡d_p¡ S>Þd \ep¡ -
2) s¡Ap¡ dfpW$p gpCV$ BÞaÞV²$udp„ Å¡X$pep -

3) s¡d_¡ L$urs®Q¾$ A¡_pes \ep¡ -
4) s¡Ap¡ _pNpg¡ÞX$dp„ afS> bÅhsp lsp -

5) s¡Ap¡ _¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¸L¡$X¡$dudp„ âh¡íep -

k. 10 (A) b¡ iåv$p¡_¡ c¡Np L$fu k„r^ L$fp¡. 2) rhÛp + Aæepk
Dv$p. sfuL¡$ d©s + Ahõ\p = d©sphõ\p 4) cpjp + A„sf

1) qL$ip¡f + Ahõ\p

3) `yõsL$ + Apge

5) gpc + Agpc 6) hps + AphfZ

88

(b) b¡ iåv$p¡_p ê$`dp„ gMp¡.
v$p.s. kdep¡rQs - kde + DrQs

1) `fp¡`L$pf - 2) `yfyjp¡Ñd -

3) Ap_„v$p¡rd® - 4) rhÛp¡`pk_p -

5) khp£v$e - 6) dfZp¡Ñf

k. 11 `pW$dp„ Aphsp L¡$V$gpL$ rhi¡j iåv$p¡ _uQ¡ Apàep R>¡. s¡d_y„ _pd, kh®_pd, rhi¡jZ
A_¡ q¾$ep`v$dp„ hN}L$fZ L$fp¡.

cpfsue, rkÙ, cZsf, R>p¡X$u, s¡dZ¡, b¡_d|_, gíL$f, fp¿ey„, ip¡Mu_,
s¡Ap¡, d©vy$cpju, r_cphu, `lp¢Ãep„, L$fpC, A¡_p¡, Ap¡tQsp¡, N„cuf, `p¡sp_p.

k. 12 "_ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef blºrh^ ìe[¼sÐh_p õhpdu lsp.' Ap hp¼e_¡ e\p\®
L$fsp„ s¡d_pdp„ fl¡gp AÞe NyZp¡ s¡dS> s¡d_p ip¡M_¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ ìe¼s L$fp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t Ap`Zp v$¡i_p iluv$p¡_u sõhufp¡ c¡Nu L$fu A¡L$ L$pX®$`¡`fdp„ Qp¢V$pX$p¡ s¡_u _uQ¡ s¡d_p„
_pd gMp¡. s¡dp„\u S>¡d_¡ S>¡d_¡ `yfõL$pf L¡$ A¡hp¸X®$ dþep lp¡e s¡_p¡ `Z Dëg¡M L$fp¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ .... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡$

_¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¸L¡$X¡$du_¡ Ap¡mMp¡

b¡_d|_ ip¥e® bv$g A`psp L$urs®Q¾$ A_¡ Aip¡L$Q¾$ S>¡hp båb¡ A¡hp¸X®$¹k d¡mh_pfp
cpfs_p A¡L$dpÓ gíL$fu hufgp L$_®g _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef _¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¸L¡$X¡$dudp„
Nep lp¡hp_y„ Ap`Z¡ D`fp¡¼s `pW$dp„ ÅÎey„.

Ap _¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¸L¡$X¡$du (A¡_X$uA¡) A¡V$g¡ L¡$ fpô²$ue fnp AL$pv$du_p¡ dyÖpg¡M "k¡hp
`fdp¡ ^d®:' R>¡. gíL$f_u ÓZ¡e k¡hp - lhpC v$m, _p¥L$pv$m A_¡ `pev$m_p S>hp_p¡_¡
k„ey¼s spgud Ap`_pfu rhð_u Ap A¡L$dpÓ A¸L¡$X¡$du `yZ¡_p MX$L$hpkgp _ÆL$ Aph¡gu
R>¡. `p¡s`p¡sp_u k¡hpdp„ Å¡X$psp ANpD_u spguddp„ S>sp„ `|h£ ÓZ¡e `p„M_p Dd¡v$hpfp¡ A¡_.
X$u.A¡.dp„ k„ey¼s spgud d¡mh¡ R>¡.

7015 A¡¼fdp„ `\fpe¡gp A¡L¡$X¡$du_p L¡$ç`k_p S>Þd_u hps fkâv$ R>¡. buÅ rhðeyÙ
v$frdep_ `|h® ApqäL$p_p kyv$p__¡ ApTpv$ L$fhp dpV¡$ cpfsue S>hp_p¡A¡ Ap`¡gp brgv$p_
âÐe¡ Apcpf_u gpNZu ìe¼s L$fhp kyv$p_ kfL$pf¡ A¡L$ gpM X$p¡gf_u c¡V$ 1941dp„ cpfs_p
Nh_®f S>_fg gp¡X®$ gu_hu\Np¡_¡ Ap`u lsu. A¡ fL$ddp„\u b_¡gu _¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¸L¡$X¡$du_y„
Dv¹$OpV$_ 1955_u 16du ÅÞeyApfuA¡ sÐL$pgu_ hX$pâ^p_ S>hplfgpg _¡lfyA¡ L$ey¯ lsy„.

89

A¡_.X$u.A¡.dp„ Å¡X$php BÃRy>L$ Dd¡v$hpfp¡_u `k„v$Nu ey.`u.A¡k.ku. (eyr_e_ `[ågL$ krh®k
L$rdi_)_u g¡rMs `funp Üpfp \pe R>¡. Ðepfbpv$ ipfuqfL$-kpdprS>L$ L$p¥iëe D`fp„s dp_k
ipõÓue `funp A_¡ V$udhL®$ S>¡hp dpdgp_p kdph¡i krls_p rhõs©s BÞV$fìey bpv$ A„rsd
`k„v$Nu \pe R>¡. v$2 hj£ gNcN 4.2 gpM rhÛp\} g¡rMs `funpdp„ b¡k¡ R>¡. Apdp„\u
dpÓ 6100 BÞV$fìey ky^u `lp¢Q¡ R>¡. Apdp„\u lhpCv$m dpV¡$ 70, _p¥L$pv$m dpV¡$ 42 A“¡
`pev$m dpV¡$ 208 Dd¡v$hpf ÅÞeyApfu A_¡ Sy>gpCdp„ iê$ \sp„ kÓdp„ Aæepk L$f¡ R>¡.
Al]\u kamsp`|h®L$ ApNm h^_pfp Dd¡v$hpfp¡_¡ `p¡s`p¡sp_u `k„v$Nu_u gíL$fu `p„Mdp„ A¡L$
hj®_u spgud dpV¡$ dp¡L$gpe R>¡.
A¡_.X$u.A¡._y„ dlÒh iåv$dp„ hZ®hhy„ dyíL¡$g R>¡. lpg_u gíL$f_u ÓZ¡e `p„M_p hX$p
A¡_.X$u.A¡._p c|s`|h® rhÛp\} R>¡. Al]_p rhÛp\}Ap¡ õhs„Ósp bpv$ dp¡V$pcpN_p dlÒh_p
eyÙdp„ gX$u Q|¼ep R>¡. Ap A¸L¡$X¡$du_p hufgpdp„ ÓZ `fdhufQ¾$ rhS>¡sp A_¡ _h Aip¡L$Q¾$
rhS>¡sp R>¡.

_¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¸L¡$X¡$du_u h^y rhNs dpV¡$ Sy>Ap¡
h¡bkpCV$ : nda.nic.in

- âaºg ipl

t AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s t

v$¡i_u kyfnp bpbs_u hpsp¡ L$ep® `R>u âõsys kÐeOV$_p rhi¡ cphhplu A_¡ Sy>õkpey¼s fus¡
hpsp® L$l¡hu. S>ê$f gpN¡ Ðep„ rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ v$¡iv$pT DÐ`Þ_ L$fhp L¡$ ÅN©s L$fhp â¡fZp Ap`hu.
AÐepf ky^udp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡ S>¡-S>¡ i|fhufp¡ rhi¡ cZu Nep R>¡ s¡d_p rhi¡_u hpsp¡ epv$ L$fphu
rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ `Z v$¡ic[¼s_u gpNZu S>NpX$hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡. bpmL$p¡dp„ gíL$fdp„ Å¡X$php“p„ rhQpfp¡
Aph¡ s¡hp âeГ L$fhp„. ^p¡fZ 6dp„ cZu Ne¡g `fdhufQ¾$ rhS>¡sp - Ap`Zp huf`yfyjp¡_u epv$
A`phhu.

""L$p¡C A¡d L$l¡ L¡$, ""lº„ dp¡s’u X$fsp¡ “’u
sp¡ A¡ S|>Wy„$ bp¡g¡ R>¡ L$p„ sp¡ A¡ NyfMp¡ R>¡.''

- qaëX$ dpi®g S>“fg dpZL¡$ip

90