หนังสือเรียน ธรรมะภาคภาษาอังกฤษ Noble Eightfold Path

BC 2018

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วทิ ยาลัยสงฆร์ อ้ ยเอ็ด มหาวทิ ยาลยั มหาจุฬาลงกรณราชวิทยาลัย

Roi Et Buddhist College Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University

หลักสตู รพุทธศาสตรบัณฑิต ตารา
หมวดวิชาแกนพระพุทธศาสนา รหสั 000 261

Dhamma in English

Roi Et Buddhist College
Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University

Dhamma in English 000 261 Page |2

อริยมรรค มีองค์ ๘

The Noble Eightfold Paths

ผแู้ ตง่ PhraCoopothiseelacoon. Roi Et Buddhist College

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ISBN: 978-616-300-514-4

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กองวิชาการมหาวิทยาลยั มหาจุฬาลงกรณราชวทิ ยาลยั วทิ ยาลยั สงฆร์ อ้ ยเอด็

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Foreword

Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University Roi Et Buddhist College
Plan to develop faculty to do academic work. Assistant Professor And
teaching in the core subjects of Buddhism. Publish texts to be accepted and
shared. Develop books and textbooks to be unique, durable, interesting to
research. The content in the educational media and in various forms, both
printed and electronic media. Inventory System Development of personnel
and academic achievements on the academic stage of academic faculty.

This book is divided into 7 chapters, with the aim to learn the Buddhist
vocabulary. From the Sutras in the Tipitaka, such as Noble Trinity, Noble
Truth, Noble Eightfold Path, and 8 Noble Truths, which are popular in English
and important books of Buddhism, which the wise men have converted into
English. The content appears clearly in this book.

Thank you Have a valuable time to develop the content of this course
Dhamma in English. This is the property of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya
University. Roi Et Buddhist College is hoping that this English-language
textbook will provide the academic benefits of English to faculty, students,
and the public. Etc.

(Phra Sophonphatthanapandit)
(Assoc. Prof. Dr.)

Vice Rector of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University
Khon Kaen Campus

Dhamma in English 000 261 Page |4

Preface

The Dharma wheel, often used to represent the Noble

Eightfold Path The Noble Eightfold Path (Pali: ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko

maggo, Sanskrit: āryāṣṭāṅgamārga) is one of the

principal teachings of the Buddha, who described it as the way

leading to the cessation of suffering (dukkha) and the achievement

of self-awakening. Text

It is used to develop insight into the true nature of phenomena
(or reality) and to eradicate greed, hatred, and delusion. The Noble
Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths; the
first element of the Noble Eightfold Path is, in turn, an understanding
of the Four Noble Truths. It is also known as the Middle
Path or Middle Way.

All eight elements of the Path begin with the word "right",
which translates the word samyañc (in Sanskrit) or sammā (in Pāli).

These denote completion, togetherness, and coherence, and can also
suggest the senses of "perfect" or "ideal".[3] 'Samma' is also

translated as "wholesome", "wise" and "skillful".

In Buddhist symbolism, the Noble Eightfold Path is often
represented by means of the dharma wheel (dharma chakra), whose
eight spokes represent the eight elements of the path?

PhraCoopothiseelacoon
(Anan Pengchaiyamo)
October 2018

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Contents Pages

Title iii
iv
Foreword v
Preface 7
Contents 8
Chapter 1: The Noble Eightfold Paths 8
Introduction 9
10
The Buddhist tradition 10
Historical 13
Conclusion 13
Exercise 14
Chapter 2: Threefold Division 15
Threefold division 16
Practice 17
Conclusion 17
Exercise 18
Chapter 3: Wisdom 20
Wisdom 20
Right view 21
Right intention 23
Conclusion 23
Exercise 24
Chapter 4: Ethical Conduct 25
Ethical conduct 26
Right speech 27
Right action 27
Right livelihood 29
Conclusion 29
Exercise 30
Chapter 5: Concentration = Samãdi 31
Concentration 32
Right effort 33
Right mindfulness
Right concentration
Conclusion

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(Title Cont. Pages
Exercise 34

Chapter 6: Acquired Factors = Sammanta 35

Acquired factors = Rightness 35

Right knowledge = Sammãñãna or Right Insight

and right liberation =Sammãvimut or Deliverance 36

Conclusion 38

Exercise 39

Chapter 7: Cognitive psychology = Manomayitti 41
Cognitive psychology 42
Abnormal psychology 44
Social psychology 45
Developmental psychology 45
Educational psychology 46
Personality psychology 46
Conclusion 47
Exercise 48
References 49
Sources 51
Appendix: English- Thai Dictionary 54

เทียบอกั ษรโรมนั ที่ใช้เขียนบาลี 66

A Glossary of Pali and Buddhist Terms 66
About the Author 86

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Chapter 1:

The Noble Eightfold Paths

PhraCoopothiseelacoon
(Anan Pengchaiyamo)

Objectives of the Study

After studying this chapter, students will be expected to be able
1.To explain the meaning and The Noble Eightfold Paths.
2. To apply the teaching on the Noble Eightfold Paths to Buddhists
effectively.

Topics
• Introduction
• According to the Buddhist tradition
• What are the Noble Eightfold Paths?
• The Noble Eightfold Paths?
• Conclusion

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Introduction

The Dharma wheel, often used to represent the Noble Eightfold Path The Noble

Eightfold Path (Pali: ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo, Sanskrit: āryāṣṭāṅgamārga) is one of the
principal teachings of the Buddha, who described it as the way leading to the
cessation of suffering (dukkha) and the achievement of self-awakening.

It is used to develop insight into the true nature of phenomena (or
reality) and to eradicate greed, hatred, and delusion. The Noble Eightfold Path
is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths; the first element of the Noble
Eightfold Path is, in turn, an understanding of the Four Noble Truths. It is also
known as the Middle Path or Middle Way.

All eight elements of the Path begin with the word "right", which
translates the word samyañc (in Sanskrit) or sammā (in Pāli). These denote
completion, togetherness, and coherence, and can also suggest the senses of
"perfect" or "ideal".[3] 'Sammã' is also translated as "wholesome", "wise" and
"skillful".

In Buddhist symbolism, the Noble Eightfold Path is often represented
by means of the dharma wheel (dharma chakra), whose eight spokes represent
the eight elements of the path?

The Buddhist tradition

According to discourses found in both the Theravada school's Pali
canon, and some of the Āgamas in the Chinese Buddhist canon, the Noble
Eightfold Path was rediscovered by Gautama Buddha during his quest for
enlightenment.

The scriptures describe an ancient path which has been followed and
practiced by all the previous Buddha’s. The Noble Eightfold Path is a practice
said to lead its practitioner toward self-awakening and liberation. The path was
taught by the Buddha to his disciples so that they, too, could follow it.

In the same way I saw an ancient path, an ancient road, traveled by the
Rightly Self-Awakened Ones of former times. And what is that ancient path,
that ancient road, traveled by the Rightly Self-Awakened Ones of former
times? Just this noble eightfold path: right view, right aspiration, right speech,
right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right
concentration...I followed that path.

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Following it, I came to direct knowledge of aging & death, direct
knowledge of the origination of aging & death, direct knowledge of the
cessation of aging & death, direct knowledge of the path leading to the
cessation of aging & death...Knowing that directly, I have revealed it to
monks, nuns, male lay followers & female lay followers... (Nagara Sutta)

Additionally, some sources give alternate definitions for the Noble
Eightfold Path. The Ekottara Āgama in particular contains variant teachings
of basic doctrines such as the Noble Eightfold Path, which are different from
those found in the Pali Canon.

"Bhikkhus, it is through not realizing, throughout not penetrating the
Four Noble Truths that this long course of birth and death has been passed
through and undergone by me as well as by you. What are these four? They
are the noble truth of dukkha; the noble truth of the origin of dukkha; the noble
truth of the cessation of dukkha; and the noble truth of the way to the cessation
of dukkha. But now, bhikkhus, that these have been realized and penetrated,
cut off is the craving for existence, destroyed is that which leads to renewed
becoming, and there is no fresh becoming." DN 16 (with dukkha left
untranslated)

[Ven. Sariputta:] "Friends, just as the footprints of all legged animals
are encompassed by the footprint of the elephant, and the elephant's footprint
is reckoned the foremost among them in terms of size; in the same way, all
skillful qualities are gathered under the four noble truths. Under which four?
Under the noble truth of stress, under the noble truth of the origination of
stress, under the noble truth of the cessation of stress, and under the noble truth
of the path of practice leading to the cessation of stress." MN 28

Historical

According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially
have been as simple as the term "the middle way" In time, this short
description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.

Vetter and Bucknell both note that longer descriptions of "the path" can
be found, which can be condensed into the eightfold path. One of those longer
sequences, from the Cula Hatthipadopama-sutta, the "Lesser Discourse on the
Simile of the Elephant's Footprints", is as follows:

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 10

Dhammalsaddhalpabbajja: A layman hears a Buddha teach the
Dhamma, comes to have faith in him, and decides to take ordination as a
monk;

sila: He adopts the moral precepts;
indriyasamvara: He practices "guarding the six sense-doors";
sati-sampajanna: He practices mindfulness and self-possession
(actually described as mindfulness of the body, kayanussati);
jhana 1: He finds an isolated spot in which to meditate, purifies his mind
of the hindrances (warana), and attains the first rupa-jhana;
jhana 2: He attains the second jhana';
jhana 3: He attains the third jhana;
jhana 4: He attains the fourth jhana;
pubbenivasanussati-nana: he recollects his many former existences in
samsara;
sattanam cutupapata-nana: he observes the death and rebirth of beings
according to their karmas;
dsavakkhaya-nana: He brings about the destruction of the dsavas
(cankers), and attains a profound realization of (as opposed to mere knowledge
about) the four noble truths;
Vimutti: He perceives that he is now liberated, that he has done what
was to be done.

Conclusion

it is through not realizing, throughout not penetrating the Four Noble
Truths that this long course of birth and death has been passed through and
undergone by me as well as by you.

What are these four? They are the noble truth of dukkha; the noble truth
of the origin of dukkha; the noble truth of the cessation of dukkha; and
the noble truth of the way to the cessation of dukkha.

But now, bhikkhus, that these have been realized and penetrated, cut off
is the craving for existence, destroyed is that which leads to renewed
becoming, and there is no fresh becoming."

Under which four? Under the noble truth of stress, under the noble truth
of the origination of stress, under the noble truth of the cessation of stress, and
under the noble truth of the path of practice leading to the cessation of stress."

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Exercise (แปลเป็นไทย)

What is the meaning of 8-fold path?

Definition of Eightfold Path: the Buddhist teaching of the means of
attaining Nirvana through rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action,
livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation see four noble truths.

……คศวา……สามน……หาห…ม……มายา…ยข……ถอ…ึงง……กม…าร……รรบค…รม……รีอ…ลง……นุ ค…ิพแ์ ……ปพ…ดา……น…ค……ือต…ล……ออะ…ดไ……ถรงึ?…ค……คว…าว……มา…มศ……หรัท…ม……ธาาย…ทข……่ถีอ…ูกง……ตม…้อร……รงค…, ……มกอี…าง……รคแ…แ์ ก……ป้ไ…ขด……,: …คค……ำำ…พส……อูด…น,……ทก…าา……งรพ…ก……ุทรธะ…
…ทำ…, ก…ารด…ำร…งช…วี ติ อ…ย่,ู …คว…าม…พย…ายา…ม,…คว…าม…คิด,…แล…ะค…วา…มต…ั้งมัน่…, ด…หู ล…ักอ…ริย…สจั ส…่ี. …………

………………………………………………………………………………

What are the elements of the Eightfold Path?
The components of the Eightfold Path are divided among the

three forms of training as follows: correct action, correct speech, and correct
livelihood are part of the training in ethics; correct effort, correct
mindfulness, and correct concentration are included in the training in
concentration; and correct view and ...

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What are the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path?

This video covers The Four Noble Truths & The Eightfold Path of
Buddhism. The Four Noble Truths taught by The Buddha refer to: 1. ...
Magga, which is the path that leads to the cessation of suffering.
This path refers to the Buddhist practices of the Noble Eightfold Path that
include restraint, discipline, and mindfulness.

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What are the 4 Noble Truths and what do they mean?
Four Noble Truths. Word Origin. plural noun. the doctrines of Buddha: all
life is suffering, the cause of suffering is ignorant desire, this desire can be
destroyed, the means to this is the Eightfold Path.

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Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 12

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What does dukkha refer to in Buddhism?
Dukkha (/ˈduːkə/; Pāli; Sanskrit: duḥkha; Tibetan: སྡུག་བསྔལ་ sdug bsngal,

pr. "duk-ngel") is an important Buddhist concept, commonly translated

as "suffering", "pain", "unsatisfactoriness" or "stress". It refers to the

fundamental unsatisfactoriness and painfulness of mundane life.
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13 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

Chapter 2:

Threefold division

PhraCoopothiseelacoon
(Anan Pengchaiyamo)

Objectives of the Study

After studying this chapter, students will be expected to be able
1.To explain the meaning and Threefold division.
2. To apply the teaching on the Threefold division to Buddhists
effectively.

Topics
• What are the Threefold division?
• Threefold division?
• Practice or Activities
• Conclusion

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 14

Introduction

The Noble Eightfold Path is sometimes divided into three basic
divisions, as follows:

Division Eightfold Path factors Acquired factors

Wisdom (Sanskrit: prajñā, 1. Right view 9. Superior right
knowledge
Pāli: paññā) 2. Right intention
10. Superior right
liberation

Ethical conduct 3. Right speech
(Sanskrit: śīla, Pāli: sīla) 4. Right action
5. Right livelihood
Concentration (Sanskrit 6. Right effort
and Pāli: samādhi) 7. Right mindfulness
8. Right concentration

This presentation is called the "Three Higher Trainings" in Mahāyāna
Buddhism: higher moral discipline, higher concentration and higher wisdom.
"Higher" here refers to the fact that these trainings that lead to liberation and
enlightenment are engaged in with the motivation
of renunciation or bodhicitta.

Practice or Activities

According to the bhikkhu (monk) and scholar Walpola Rahula, the
divisions of the noble eightfold path "are to be developed more or less
simultaneously, as far as possible according to the capacity of each individual.

They are all linked together and each helps the cultivation of the
others." Bhikkhu Bodhi explains that "with a certain degree of progress all
eight factors can be present simultaneously, each supporting the others.
However, until that point is reached, some sequence in the unfolding of the
path is inevitable."

According to the discourses in the Pali and Chinese canons, right view,
right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, and
right mindfulness are used as the support and requisite conditions for the
practice of right concentration. Understanding of the right view is the
preliminary role, and is also the forerunner of the entire Noble Eightfold Path.

15 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

The practitioner should first try to understand the concepts of right
view. Once right view has been understood, it will inspire and encourage the
arising of right intention within the practitioner. Right intention will lead to
the arising of right speech. Right speech will lead to the arising of right action.

Right action will lead to the arising of right livelihood. Right livelihood
will lead to the arising of right effort. Right effort will lead to the arising of
right mindfulness. The practitioner must make the right effort to abandon the
wrong view and to enter into the right view. Right mindfulness is used to
constantly remain in the right view. This will help the practitioner restrain
greed, hatred and delusion.

Once these support and requisite conditions have been established, a
practitioner can then practice right concentration more easily. During the
practice of right concentration, one will need to use right effort and right
mindfulness to aid concentration practice.

In the state of concentration, one will need to investigate and verify his
or her understanding of right view. This will then result in the arising of right
knowledge, which will eliminate greed, hatred and delusion. The last and final
factor to arise is right liberation.

Conclusion

"Three Higher Trainings" in Mahāyāna Buddhism: higher moral
discipline, higher concentration and higher wisdom. "Higher" here refers to
the fact that these trainings that lead to liberation and enlightenment are
engaged in with the motivation of renunciation or bodhicitta.

They are all linked together and each helps the cultivation of the
others." Bhikkhu Bodhi explains that "with a certain degree of progress all
eight factors can be present simultaneously, each supporting the others.
However, until that point is reached, some sequence in the unfolding of the
path is inevitable."

Right action will lead to the arising of right livelihood. Right livelihood
will lead to the arising of right effort. Right effort will lead to the arising of
right mindfulness. The practitioner must make the right effort to abandon
the wrong view and to enter into the right view. Right mindfulness is used to
constantly remain in the right view. This will help the practitioner restrain
greed, hatred and delusion.

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 16

แบบฝึกหัด ๒
Exercise แปลเปน็ ไทย

What are examples of training?

Examples of Training in the Workplace. Systems training is an example of

workplace training. ... The type of training you'll be expected to complete in

your job depends on your workplace, but for most employees, training is an

integral part of the job from the time of hire to the time you retire.
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How many types of training are there?

There are a number of different types of training we can use to engage an

employee. These types are usually used in all steps in a training process

(orientation, in-house, mentorship, and external training).
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What are the objectives of training?

Training is concerned with increasing the knowledge and skills of employees

for doing specific jobs, and development involves the growth of employees

in all aspects. ADVERTISEMENTS: Whereas training increases job skills,

development shapes attitudes of employees.
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What is the need for training and development?

A training program allows you to strengthen those skills that each

employee needs to improve. A development program brings all employees to

a higher level so they all have similar skills and knowledge. This helps reduce

any weak links within the company who rely heavily on others to complete

basic work tasks.
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17 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

Chapter 3:

Wisdom

PhraCoopothiseelacoon
(Anan Pengchaiyamo)

Objectives of the Study

After studying this chapter, students will be expected to be
able

1.To explain the meaning and The Wisdom.
2. To apply the teaching on the Wisdom to Buddhists
effectively.

Topics
• Introduction about the Wisdom.
• What are the Wisdom?
• The Wisdom?
• Conclusion

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 18

Introduction

"Wisdom" (prajñā / paññā), sometimes translated as "discernment" at
its preparatory role, provides the sense of direction with its conceptual
understanding of reality. It is designed to awaken the faculty of penetrative
understanding to see things as they really are.

At a later stage, when the mind has been refined by training in moral
discipline and concentration, and with the gradual arising of right knowledge,
it will arrive at a superior right view and right intention.

Right view

Right view (samyag-dṛṣṭi / sammā-diṭṭhi) can also be translated as
"right perspective", "right outlook" or "right understanding".

According to Paul Fuller, right-view is a way of seeing which
transcends all views. It is a detached way of seeing, different from the attitude
of holding to any view, wrong or right.

According to contemporary Theravada Buddhism, it is the right way of
looking at life, nature, and the world as they really are for us. It is to understand
how our reality works. It acts as the reasoning with which someone starts
practicing the path.

It explains the reasons for our human existence, suffering, sickness,
aging, and death, the existence of greed, hatred, and delusion. Right view gives
direction and efficacy to the other seven path factors.

It begins with concepts and propositional knowledge, but through the
practice of right concentration, it gradually becomes transmuted into wisdom,
which can eradicate the fetters of the mind.

An understanding of right view will inspire the person to lead a virtuous
life in line with right view. In the Pāli and Chinese canons, it is explained thus:

And what is right view? Knowledge with reference to suffering,
knowledge with reference to the origination of suffering, knowledge with
reference to the cessation of suffering, knowledge with reference to the way
of practice leading to the cessation of suffering: This is called right view.

19 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

There are two types of right view:

1. View with taints: this view is mundane. Having this type of view will
bring merit and will support the favorable existence of the sentient being
in the realm of samsara.

2. View without taints: this view is supramundane. It is a factor of the
path and will lead the holder of this view toward self-awakening and
liberation from the realm of samsara.

Right view has many facets; its elementary form is suitable for lay
followers, while the other form, which requires deeper understanding, is
suitable for monastics. Usually, it involves understanding the following
reality:

1. Moral law of karma: Every action (by way of body, speech, and mind)
will have karmic results (a.k.a. reaction). Wholesome and
unwholesome actions will produce results and effects that correspond
with the nature of that action. It is the right view about the moral process
of the world.

2. The three characteristics: everything that arises will cease
(impermanence). Mental and body phenomena are impermanent, source
of suffering and not-self.

3. Suffering: Birth, aging, sickness, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain,
grief, distress, and despair are suffering. Not being able to obtain what
one wants is also suffering.

The arising of craving is the proximate cause of the arising of suffering
and the cessation of craving is the proximate cause of the cessation of the
suffering. The quality of ignorance is the root cause of the arising of suffering,
and the elimination of this quality is the root cause of the cessation of
suffering. The way leading to the cessation of suffering is the noble eightfold
path. This type of right view is explained in terms of Four Noble Truths.

Right view for monastics is explained in detail in the Sammādiṭṭhi
Sutta ("Right View Discourse"), in which Ven. Sariputta instructs that right
view can alternately be attained by the thorough understanding of the
unwholesome and the wholesome, the four nutriments, the twelve nidanas or
the three taints.

"Wrong view" arising from ignorance (avijja), is the precondition for
wrong intention, wrong speech, wrong action, wrong livelihood, wrong effort,
wrong mindfulness and wrong concentration. The practitioner should use right

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 20

effort to abandon the wrong view and to enter into right view. Right
mindfulness is used to constantly remain in right view.

The purpose of right view is to clear one's path of the majority of
confusion, misunderstanding, and deluded thinking. It is a means to gain right
understanding of reality. Right view should be held with a flexible, open
mind, without clinging to that view as a dogmatic position. In this way, right
view becomes a route to liberation rather than an obstacle.

Right intention

Right intention (samyak-saṃkalpa / sammā sankappa) can also be
known as "right thought", "right resolve", "right conception", "right
aspiration" or "the exertion of our own will to change".

In this factor, the practitioner should constantly aspire to rid themselves
of whatever qualities they know to be wrong and immoral. Correct
understanding of right view will help the practitioner to discern the differences
between right intention and wrong intention. In the Chinese and Pali Canon,
it is explained thus: And what is right resolve? Being resolved on renunciation,
on freedom from ill will, on harmlessness: This is called right resolve.

It means the renunciation of the worldly things and an accordant greater
commitment to the spiritual path; good will; and a commitment to non-
violence, or harmlessness, towards other living beings.

Conclusion

"Wisdom" (prajñā / paññā), sometimes translated as "discernment" at
its preparatory role, provides the sense of direction with its conceptual
understanding of reality. It is designed to awaken the faculty of penetrative
understanding to see things as they really are.

The practitioner should use right effort to abandon the wrong view and
to enter into right view. Right mindfulness is used to constantly remain in right
view.

The purpose of right view is to clear one's path of the majority of
confusion, misunderstanding, and deluded thinking. It is a means to gain right
understanding of reality.

And what is right resolve? Being resolved on renunciation, on freedom
from ill will, on harmlessness: This is called right resolve.

21 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

Exercise

What is a wisdom tooth for?

Wisdom teeth are the third and final set of molars that most people get in

their late teens or early twenties. Sometimes these teeth can be a valuable asset

to the mouth when healthy and properly aligned, but more often, they are

misaligned and require removal.
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What is an example of wisdom?

Wisdom is the ability to know what is true or right, common sense or the

collection of one's knowledge. An example of wisdom is the quote "The best

mind altering drug is truth."
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What is the difference between wisdom and knowledge in the Bible?

It's being aware of something, and having information. Knowledge is really

about facts and ideas that we acquire through study, research, investigation,

observation, or experience. Wisdom is the ability to discern and judge which

aspects of that knowledge are true, right, lasting, and applicable to your life.
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What is the difference between wisdom understanding and knowledge?

What about the differences between knowledge, wisdom,

and understanding? ... Wisdom is the quality of having a good judgement

based on knowledge. It is popularly known as the ability to discern.

If knowledge is power, wisdom is your choice to use or apply that power.
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Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 22

23 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

Chapter 4:

Ethical conduct

PhraCoopothiseelacoon
(Anan Pengchaiyamo)

Objectives of the Study

After studying this chapter, students will be expected to be
able

1.To explain the meaning and The Ethical Conduct.
2. To apply the teaching on the Ethical Conduct to Buddhists
effectively.

Topics
• Introduction about the Ethical Conduct.
• What are the Ethical Conduct?
• The Ethical Conduct?
• Conclusion.

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 24

Introduction

Main article: Buddhist ethics

For the mind to be unified in concentration, it is necessary to refrain
from unwholesome deeds of body and speech to prevent the faculties of bodily
action and speech from becoming tools of the defilements. Ethical conduct
(Śīla / Sīla) is used primarily to facilitate mental purification.

Right speech

Right speech (samyag-vāc / sammā-vācā), deals with the way in which
a Buddhist practitioner would best make use of their words. In the Pali Canon,
it is explained thus:

And what is right speech? Abstaining from lying, from divisive speech,
from abusive speech, and from idle chatter: This is called right speech.

The Samaññaphala Sutta, Kevatta Sutta and Cunda Kammaraputta
Sutta elaborate:

Abandoning false speech... He speaks the truth, holds to the truth, and
is firm, reliable, no deceiver of the world...

Abandoning divisive speech... What he has heard here he does not tell
there to break those people apart from these people here...Thus reconciling
those who have broken apart or cementing those who are united, he loves
concord, delights in concord, enjoys concord, and speaks things that create
concord...

Abandoning abusive speech... He speaks words that are soothing to the
ear, that are affectionate, that go to the heart, that are polite, appealing and
pleasing to people at large...

Abandoning idle chatter... He speaks in season, speaks what is factual,
what is in accordance with the goal, the Dhamma, and the Vinaya. He speaks
words worth treasuring, seasonable, reasonable, circumscribed, and connected
with the goal...

The Abhaya Sutta elaborates:

In the case of words that the Tathagata knows to be unfactual, untrue,
unbeneficial, unendearing and disagreeable to others, he does not say them.

25 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

In the case of words that the Tathagata knows to be factual, true, yet
unbeneficial, unendearing and disagreeable to others, he does not say them.

In the case of words that the Tathagata knows to be factual, true,
beneficial, yet unendearing and disagreeable to others, he has a sense of the
proper time for saying them.

In the case of words that the Tathagata knows to be unfactual, untrue,
unbeneficial, yet endearing and agreeable to others, he does not say them.

In the case of words that the Tathagata knows to be factual, true, but
unbeneficial, yet endearing and agreeable to others, he does not say them.

In the case of words that the Tathagata knows to be factual, true,
beneficial, and endearing and agreeable to others, he has a sense of the proper
time for saying them. Why is that? Because the Tathagata has sympathy for
living beings.

In every case, if it is not true, beneficial nor timely, one is not to say it.
The Buddha followed this, for example, when asked questions of a
purely metaphysical nature, unrelated to the goal, path or discipline that he
taught.

When asked a question such as "Is the universe eternal?” the Buddha
dismissed the topic with the response: "It does not further." (Or: "The personal
possibilities (goals) assigned you are not furthered by an answer to an ultimate
question about the universe's fate.")

Right action

Right action (samyak-karmānta / sammā-kammanta) can also be
translated as "right conduct". As such, the practitioner should train oneself to
be morally upright in one's activities, not acting in ways that would be corrupt
or bring harm to oneself or to others. In the Chinese and Pali Canon, it is
explained as:

And what is right action? Abstaining from taking life, from stealing,
and from illicit sex [or sexual misconduct]. This is called right action.
Saccavibhanga Sutta

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 26

And what, monks, is right action? Abstaining from taking life,
abstaining from stealing, abstaining from unchastity: This, monks, is called
right action. Maggavibhanga Sutta

For the lay follower, the Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta elaborates:

And how is one made pure in three ways by bodily action? There is the
case where a certain person, abandoning the taking of life, abstains from the
taking of life. He dwells with his... knife laid down, scrupulous, merciful, and
compassionate for the welfare of all living beings.

Abandoning the taking of what is not given, he abstains from taking
what is not given. He does not take, in the manner of a thief, things in a village
or a wilderness that belong to others and have not been given by them.

Abandoning sensual misconduct, he abstains from sensual misconduct.
He does not get sexually involved with those who are protected by their
mothers, their fathers, their brothers, their sisters, their relatives, or their
Dhamma; those with husbands, those who entail punishments, or even those
crowned with flowers by another man. This is how one is made pure in three
ways by bodily action.

For the monastic, the Samaññaphala Sutta adds:

Abandoning uncelibacy, he lives a celibate life, aloof, refraining from
the sexual act that is the villager's way.

Right livelihood

Right livelihood (samyag-ājīva / sammā-ājīva). This means that
practitioners ought not to engage in trades or occupations which, either
directly or indirectly, result in harm for other living beings. In the Chinese and
Pali Canon, it is explained thus:

And what is right livelihood? There is the case where a disciple of the
noble ones, having abandoned dishonest livelihood, keeps his life going with
right livelihood: This is called right livelihood.

More concretely today interpretations include "work and career need to
be integrated into life as a Buddhist," it is also an ethical livelihood, "wealth
obtained through rightful means" (Bhikku Basnagoda Rahula) that means
being honest and ethical in business dealings, not to cheat, lie or steal.

27 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

As people are spending most of their time at work, it’s important to
assess how our work affects our mind and heart. So important questions
include "How can work become meaningful? How can it be a support, not a
hindrance, to spiritual practice — a place to deepen our awareness and
kindness?"

The five types of businesses that should not be undertaken:

1. Business in weapons: trading in all kinds of weapons and instruments
for killing.

2. Business in human beings: slave trading, prostitution, or the buying and
selling of children or adults.

3. Business in meat: "meat" refers to the bodies of beings after they are
killed. This includes breeding animals for slaughter.

4. Business in intoxicants: manufacturing or selling intoxicating
drinks or addictive drugs.

5. Business in poison: producing or trading in any kind of poison or a toxic
product designed to kill.

Conclusion

When asked a question such as "Is the universe eternal?” the Buddha
dismissed the topic with the response: "It does not further." (Or: "The
personal possibilities (goals) assigned you are not furthered by an answer to
an ultimate question about the universe's fate.")

And how is one made pure in three ways by bodily action? There is the
case where a certain person, abandoning the taking of life, abstains from the
taking of life. He dwells with his... knife laid down, scrupulous, merciful, and
compassionate for the welfare of all living beings.

As people are spending most of their time at work, it’s important to
assess how our work affects our mind and heart. So important questions
include "How can work become meaningful? How can it be a support, not a
hindrance, to spiritual practice a place to deepen our awareness and
kindness?"

Exercise

What is ethical work conduct?

Good ethical conduct in the workplace indicates that employees take pride in
their company's ethical standards and have respect for other employees,
customers, suppliers and partners. ... At a minimum, companies usually expect
employees to comply with applicable local laws and government regulations.

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 28

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What is the purpose of ethical conduct?

A code of ethics is usually established by a professional order as a way to protect

the public and the reputation of the professionals. Indeed, people who breach their

code of ethics incur disciplinary actions that can range from a warning or

reprimand to dismissal or expulsion from their professional order.

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What are the five codes of ethics?

The revised Code establishes a conceptual framework for all professional

accountants to ensure compliance with the five fundamental principles of ethics:

• Integrity.

• Objectivity.

• Professional Competence and Due Care.

• Confidentiality.

• Professional Behavior.

• …………………………………………………………………………
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What is a code of conduct and why is it important?

Why Code of Conduct is Important? Code of conduct is a central guide and

reference for employees in supporting day-to-day decision making. A well

written code clarifies organization's mission, values and principles, linking

them with standards of professional conduct.
• …………………………………………………………………………

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29 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

Chapter 5

Concentration

PhraCoopothiseelacoon
(Anan Pengchaiyamo)

Objectives of the Study

After studying this chapter, students will be expected to be
able

1.To explain the meaning and The Concentration.
2. To apply the teaching on the Concentration to Buddhists
effectively.

Topics
• Introduction about the Concentration.
• What are the Concentration?
• The Concentration: Right Effort, Mindfulness &
Concentration?
• Conclusion

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 30

Introduction

Concentration ("samadhi") is achieved through concentrating the
attention on a single meditation object. This brings the calm and collectedness
needed to develop true wisdom by direct experience.

Right effort

Right effort (samyag-vyāyāma / sammā-vāyāma) can also be translated
as "right endeavor" or "right diligence". In this factor, the practitioners should
make a persisting effort to abandon all the wrong and harmful thoughts, words,
and deeds.

The practitioner should instead be persisting in giving rise to what
would be good and useful to themselves and others in their thoughts, words,
and deeds, without a thought for the difficulty or weariness involved. In both
the Chinese and the Pali Canon, it is explained thus:

And what, monks, is right effort?

(i) There is the case where a monk generates desire, endeavors, activates
persistence, upholds and exerts his intent for the sake of the non-arising of
evil, unskillful qualities that have not yet arisen.

(ii) He generates desire, endeavors, activates persistence, upholds and
exerts his intent for the sake of the abandonment of evil, unskillful qualities
that have arisen.

(iii) He generates desire, endeavors, activates persistence, upholds and
exerts his intent for the sake of the arising of skillful qualities that have not yet
arisen.

(iv) He generates desire, endeavors, activates persistence, upholds and
exerts his intent for the maintenance, non-confusion, increase, plenitude,
development, and culmination of skillful qualities that have arisen:

This, monks, is called right effort.

Although the above instruction is given to the male monastic order, it is
also meant for the female monastic order and can be practiced by lay followers
of both genders.

The above four phases of right effort mean to:

31 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

1. Prevent the unwholesome that has not yet arisen in oneself.
2. Let go of the unwholesome that has arisen in oneself.
3. Bring up the wholesome that has not yet arisen in oneself.
4. Maintain the wholesome that has arisen in oneself.

Right mindfulness

Main article: Mindfulness (Buddhism)

Right mindfulness (samyak-smṛti / sammā-sati), also translated as
"right memory", "right awareness" or "right attention". Here, practitioners
should constantly keep their minds alert to phenomena that affect the body and
mind. They should be mindful and deliberate, making sure not to act or speak
due to inattention or forgetfulness. In the Pali Canon, it is explained thus:

And what, monks, is right mindfulness?

(i) There is the case where a monk remains focused on the body in and
of itself—ardent, aware, and mindful—putting away greed and distress with
reference to the world.

(ii) He remains focused on feelings in and of themselves—ardent,
aware, and mindful—putting away greed and distress with reference to the
world.

(iii) He remains focused on the mind in and of itself—ardent, aware,
and mindful—putting away greed and distress with reference to the world.

(iv) He remains focused on mental qualities (dhammesu) in and of
themselves—ardent, aware, and mindful—putting away greed and distress
with reference to the world.

This, monks, is called right mindfulness.

Although the above instruction is given to the male monastic order, it is
also meant for the female monastic order and can be practiced by lay followers
from both genders.

Bhikkhu Bodhi, a monk of the Theravada tradition, further explains the
concept of mindfulness as follows:

The mind is deliberately kept at the level of bare attention, a detached
observation of what is happening within us and around us in the present

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 32

moment. In the practice of right mindfulness, the mind is trained to remain in
the present, open, quiet, and alert, contemplating the present event. All
judgments and interpretations have to be suspended, or if they occur, just
registered and dropped.

The Maha Satipatthana Sutta also teaches that by mindfully observing
these phenomena, we begin to discern its arising and subsiding and the Three
Characteristics of Dharma in direct experience, which leads to the arising of
insight and the qualities of dispassion, non-clinging, and release.

Right concentration

Right concentration (samyak-samādhi / sammā-samādhi), as its
Sanskrit and Pali names indicate, is the practice of concentration (samadhi). It
is also known as right meditation. [Citation needed] As such, the practitioner
concentrates on an object of attention until reaching full concentration and a
state of meditative absorption (jhana). Traditionally, the practice
of samadhi can be developed through mindfulness of breathing (anapanasati),
through visual objects (kasina), and through repetition of phrases (mantra).
Jhana is used to suppress the five hindrances in order to enter into Samadhi.

Jhana is an instrument used for developing wisdom by cultivating
insight and using it to examine true nature of phenomena with direct cognition.
This leads to cutting off the defilements, realizing the dhamma and, finally,
self-awakening.

During the practice of right concentration, the practitioner will need to
investigate and verify their right view. In the process right knowledge will
arise, followed by right liberation. In the Pali Canon, it is explained thus:

And what is right concentration?

(i) Herein a monk aloof from sense desires, aloof from unwholesome
thoughts, attains to and abides in the first meditative absorption [jhana], which
is detachment-born and accompanied by applied thought, sustained
thought, joy, and bliss.

(ii) By allaying applied and sustained thought he attains to, and abides
in the second jhana, which is inner tranquility, which is unification (of the
mind), devoid of applied and sustained thought, and which has joy and bliss.

33 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

(iii) By detachment from joy he dwells in equanimity, mindful, and with
clear comprehension and enjoys bliss in body, and attains to and abides in the
third jhana, which the noble ones [ariyas] call "dwelling in equanimity,
mindfulness, and bliss".

(iv) By giving up of bliss and suffering, by the disappearance already
of joy and sorrow, he attains to, and abides in the fourth jhana, which is neither
suffering nor bliss, and which is the purity of equanimity mindfulness.

This is called right concentration.

Although this instruction is given to the male monastic order, it is also
meant for the female monastic order and can be practiced by lay followers
from both genders.

According to the Pali and Chinese canon, right concentration is
dependent on the development of preceding path factors:

The Blessed One said: "Now what, monks, is noble right concentration
with its supports and requisite conditions? Any singleness of mind equipped
with these seven factors right view, right resolve, right speech, right action,
right livelihood, right effort, and right mindfulness is called noble right
concentration with its supports and requisite conditions. Maha-cattarisaka
Sutta

Conclusion

Concentration ("samadhi") is achieved through concentrating the
attention on a single meditation object.

The practitioner should instead be persisting in giving rise to what
would be good and useful to themselves and others in their thoughts, words,
and deeds, without a thought for the difficulty or weariness involved.

Right mindfulness (samyak-smṛti / sammā-sati), also translated as
"right memory", "right awareness" or "right attention".

Although the above instruction is given to the male monastic order, it
is also meant for the female monastic order and can be practiced by lay
followers from both genders.

Jhana is an instrument used for developing wisdom by cultivating
insight and using it to examine true nature of phenomena with direct
cognition. This leads to cutting off the defilements, realizing the Dhamma
and, finally, self-awakening.

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 34

The Blessed One said: "Now what, monks, is noble right concentration
with its supports and requisite conditions? these seven factors right view,
right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, and right
mindfulness is called noble right concentration

Exercise

What is a concentration in science?
Concentration Definition. In chemistry, concentration refers to the amount
of a substance per defined space. Another definition is that concentration is
the ratio of solute in a solution to either solvent or total
solution. Concentration usually is expressed in terms of mass per unit
volume.

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What is the meaning of concentration in English?
Definition of concentration for English Language Learners. : the ability to
give your attention or thought to a single object or activity : the ability to
concentrate. : the act of giving your attention to a single object or activity. : a
large amount of something in one place.

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What is concentration of a solution?
Grams per liter (g/L.) Simply the mass of a solute in grams dissolved in a
given volume of solution. Usually used for solutions made from solid solutes
and liquid solvents, like our sugar and vinegar example. Molarity (M.) The
number of moles of a solute divided by the volume of the solution.

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35 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

Chapter 6:

Acquired factors

PhraCoopothiseelacoon
(Anan Pengchaiyamo)

Objectives of the Study

After studying this chapter, students will be expected to be
able

1.To explain the meaning and The Acquired factors.
2. To apply the teaching on the Acquired factors to Buddhists
effectively.

Topics
• Introduction about the Acquired factors.
• What are the Acquired factors?
• The Acquired factors: Right Knowledge & right liberation
• Conclusion

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 36

Introduction

In the Mahācattārīsaka Sutta which appears in the Chinese and Pali

canons, the Buddha explains that cultivation of the noble eightfold path leads

to the development of two further factors, which are right knowledge, or
insight (sammā-ñāṇa), and right liberation, or release (sammā-vimutti). These
two factors fall under the category of wisdom (paññā).

What is a synonym for righteousness? Synonyms of righteousness.

character, decency, goodness, honesty, integrity, morality, probity, rectitude,

rightness, uprightness, virtue, virtuousness. Words Related to righteousness.

high-mindedness, honor, incorruptibility, irreproachability,

irreproachableness, right-mindedness, scrupulosity, scrupulousness.

Where there is righteousness in the heart, there is beauty in the
character. When there is beauty in the character, there is harmony in the home.
When there is harmony in the home, there is order in the nation. When there
is order in the nation, there is peace in the world.
(https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/a_p_j_abdul_kalam_717808)

When there is peace in the home? “If there is righteousness in the
heart, there will be beauty in the character. If there is beauty in the
character, there will be harmony in the home. If there is harmony in
the home, there will be order in the nations. When there is order in the
nations, there will peace in the world.”

Right knowledge and right liberation

Right knowledge is seeing things as they really are by direct experience,
not as they appear to be, nor as the practitioner wants them to be, but as they
truly are. A result of Right Knowledge is the tenth factor - Right liberation.

These two factors are the end result of correctly practicing the noble
eightfold path, which arise during the practice of right concentration. The first
to arise is right knowledge: this is where deep insight into the ultimate reality
arises. The last to arise is right liberation: this is where self-awakening occurs
and the practitioner has reached the pinnacle of their practice.

Jainism emphasises that ratnatraya (triple gems of Jainism) the
right faith (Samyak Darshana), right knowledge (Samyak Gyana)
and right conduct (Samyak Charitra) constitutes the path to liberation. These

37 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

are known as the triple gems (or jewels) of Jainism and hence also known as
Ratnatraya.

What are the four main teachings of Buddhism? The Basic Teachings
of Buddha which are core to Buddhism are: The Three Universal Truths;
The Four Noble Truths; and. The Noble Eightfold Path.

What does nirvana mean in Buddhism? Nirvana is a place of perfect
peace and happiness, like heaven. In Hinduism and Buddhism, nirvana is the
highest state that someone can attain, a state of enlightenment, meaning a
person's individual desires and suffering go away.

How do you achieve nirvana? Achieving nirvana requires
determination, and a whole lifetime of dedication. In Buddhism, the Noble
Eightfold Path, which contains the principles discussed here, is the way to the
cessation of suffering. The Fat Buddha or Laughing Buddha is also called
Budai or Milefo in Chinese, or Hotei in Japanese.

How do you achieve enlightenment? Here are six ways to becoming
more enlightened:

Accept there is no escape from yourself. You cannot escape: not
through drugs, sex, alcohol or junk food. ...

Find your true identity. ...
Consciously reduce your attachment to material comforts. ...
Be the love you're seeking. ...
Stop Resisting. ...
Create your life how you want it.
The four stages of enlightenment in Theravada Buddhism are the four
progressive stages culminating in full enlightenment as an Arahant.
These four stages are Sotapanna, Sakadagami, Anāgāmi, and Arahant.
What are the three universal truths? These teachings are summed up by
the Three Universal Truths, the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path,
which together are known as the Dharma. The Three Universal Truths: 1.
Everything is impermanent and changing 2. Impermanence leads to suffering,
making life imperfect 3.
What are examples of states’ rights? Powers held only by
the states include the issuing of licenses (like driver’s licenses or marriages
licenses), the creation of local governments, the ability to ratify amendments
to the constitution, and regulating intrastate commerce, or commerce within
state lines.
What does it mean to be delivered from something? If you promise to
get an A and then you do, you delivered on your promise. Religious people
ask God to deliver them from sin. Politicians often have to deliver meaning
give speeches. In just about every case, deliver refers to something positive
that's being moved, fulfilled, rescued, or carried out.

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 38

What is the biblical definition of deliverance? Definition of
deliverance. 1: the act of delivering someone or something: the state of being
delivered; especially: liberation, rescue. 2: something delivered; especially: an
opinion or decision (such as the verdict of a jury) expressed publicly.

Which word means a person who runs or delivers messages? A courier
is a person you trust with delivering important messages or packages. ...
Couriers are clearly on important business; they're jogging. The word comes
from a Latin word, currere, meaning “to run.” Nowadays, you might see
couriers on bicycles, however, weaving in and out of traffic
to deliver your messages on time.

A person who rescues you from harm or danger. Synonyms: rescuer,
savior, saviour Types: christ, messiah. any expected deliverer. Type of:
benefactor, helper. a person who helps people or institutions (especially with
financial help)

liberation. Liberation means the setting free of someone or
something. Wild animals raised in captivity are often unprepared for
their liberation when they are released back into the wild. You'll
notice right off the bat that liberation is related to the noun liberty as in
"liberty and justice for all."

What does self-liberation mean? the act or process of freeing someone
or something from another's control: the act of liberating someone or
something.: the removal of traditional social or sexual rules, attitudes, etc.

Conclusion

The Buddha explains that cultivation of the noble eightfold path leads
to the development of two further factors, which are right knowledge, or
insight (sammā-ñāṇa), and right liberation, or release (sammā-vimutti).
These two factors fall under the category of wisdom (paññā).

Synonyms of righteousness. character, decency, goodness, honesty,
integrity, morality, probity, rectitude, rightness, uprightness, virtue,
virtuousness. Words Related to righteousness. high-mindedness, honor,
incorruptibility, irreproachability, irreproachableness, right-mindedness,
scrupulosity, scrupulousness.

Right knowledge is seeing things as they really are by direct
experience, not as they appear to be, nor as the practitioner wants them to
be, but as they truly are. A result of Right Knowledge is the tenth factor -
Right liberation.

Liberation means the setting free of someone or something. Wild
animals raised in captivity are often unprepared for their liberation when they

39 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

are released back into the wild. You'll notice right off the bat
that liberation is related to the noun liberty as in "liberty and justice for all."

The act or process of freeing someone or something from another's
control: the act of liberating someone or something.: the removal of
traditional social or sexual rules, attitudes, etc.

Exercise

What is social liberation?
Description: Social liberation is defined, for the purposes of this class, as all
efforts to effect real and lasting change in the social systems that constrict and
restrict, via systemic and institutional oppression, all of our lives.

…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
What is liberation in Hinduism?
The ultimate goal of Hinduism is Moksha or liberation (total freedom). This
is the personal and direct realization of one's true self, which liberates one's
from the cycles of rebirth, or Samsara. This realization is termed Nirvikalpa
Samadhi and is the totally transcendent culmination of yoga.

…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
What does be sexually liberated mean?
Sexual liberation means more sex outside marriage (pre-marital,
extramarital), particularly for women. Today, most young women
are sexually active outside marriage. Their grandmothers mostly reserved
intercourse until after marriage.

…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
What is the sign used for Buddhism?
Among the earliest and most common symbols of Buddhism are the stupa
(and the relics therein), the Dharmachakra or Dharma wheel, the Bodhi Tree
(and the distinctively shaped leaves of this tree) and the lotus flower.

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 40

…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

41 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

Chapter 7:

Cognitive psychology

Phracoopothiseelacoon
(Anan Pengchaiyamo)

Objectives of the Study

After studying this chapter, students will be expected to be able
1.To explain the meaning and The Cognitive psychology.
2. To apply the teaching on the Cognitive psychology to Buddhists
effectively.

Topics
• Introduction about the Cognitive psychology.
• What are the Cognitive psychology?
• The Cognitive psychology?
• Conclusion

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 42

Introduction

In the essay "Buddhism Meets Western Science", Gay Watson explains:

Buddhism has always been concerned with feelings, emotions,
sensations, and cognition. The Buddha points both to cognitive and emotional
causes of suffering. The emotional cause is desire and its negative opposite,
aversion.

The cognitive cause is ignorance of the way things truly occur, or
of three marks of existence: that all things are unsatisfactory, impermanent,
and without essential self.

The noble eightfold path is, from this psychological viewpoint, an
attempt to change patterns of thought and behavior. It is for this reason that
the first element of the path is right understanding (sammā-diṭṭhi), which is
how one's mind views the world.

Under the wisdom (paññā) subdivision of the noble eightfold path, this
worldview is intimately connected with the second element, right thought
(sammā-saṅkappa), which concerns the patterns of thought and intention that
controls one's actions.

Cognitive Psychology

These elements can be seen at work, for example, in the opening verses
of the Dhammapada: The noble eightfold path is also the fourth noble truth.

All experience is preceded by mind,
Led by mind, Made by mind.
Speak or act with a corrupted mind,
and suffering follows
as the wagon wheel follows the hoof of the ox.

All experience is preceded by mind,
Led by mind, Made by mind.
Speak or act with a peaceful mind,

43 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

and happiness follows
Like a never-departing shadow.

Thus, by altering one's distorted worldview, bringing out "tranquil
perception" in the place of "perception polluted", one is able to ease suffering.
Watson points this out from a psychological standpoint:

Research has shown that repeated action, learning, and memory can
actually change the nervous system physically, altering both synaptic strength
and connections. Such changes may be brought about by cultivated change in
emotion and action; they will, in turn, change subsequent experience.

Medical Definition of cognitive psychology.: a branch
of psychology concerned with mental processes (as perception, thinking,
learning, and memory) especially with respect to the internal events occurring
between sensory stimulation and the overt expression of behavior — compare
behaviorism.

The psychological definition of attention is "a state of focused
awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information". A key function
of attention is to identify irrelevant data and filter it out, enabling significant
data to be distributed to the other mental processes. For example, the human
brain may simultaneously receive auditory, visual, olfactory, taste,
and tactile information. The brain is able to handle only a small subset of this
information, and this is accomplished through the attentional processes.

Attention can be divided into two major attentional systems: exogenous
control and endogenous control Exogenous control works from bottom-up and
is responsible for orienting reflex, and pop-out effects. Endogenous control
works top-down and is the more deliberate attentional system, responsible for
divided attention and conscious processing.

One major focal point relating to attention within the field of cognitive
psychology is the concept of divided attention. A number of early studies dealt
with the ability of a person wearing headphones to discern meaningful
conversation when presented with different messages into each ear; this is
known as the dichotic listening task.

Key findings involved an increased understanding of the mind's ability
to both focus on one message, while still being somewhat aware of
information being taken in from the ear not being consciously attended to.
E.g., participants (wearing earphones) may be told that they will be hearing
separate messages in each ear and that they are expected to attend only to
information related to basketball.

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 44

When the experiment starts, the message about basketball will be
presented to the left ear and non-relevant information will be presented to the
right ear. At some point the message related to basketball will switch to the
right ear and the non-relevant information to the left ear.

When this happens, the listener is usually able to repeat the entire
message at the end, having attended to the left or right ear only when it was
appropriate. The ability to attend to one conversation in the face of many is
known as the cocktail party effect.

Other major findings include that participants can't comprehend both
passages, when shadowing one passage, they can't report content of the
unattended message, they can shadow a message better if the pitches in each
ear are different.

However, while deep processing doesn't occur, early sensory
processing does. Subjects did notice if the pitch of the unattended message
changed or if it ceased altogether, and some even oriented to the unattended
message if their name was mentioned.

Abnormal psychology

Following the cognitive revolution, and as a result of many of the
principle discoveries to come out of the field of cognitive psychology, the
discipline of cognitive therapy evolved.

Aaron T. Beck is generally regarded as the father of cognitive
therapy.[27] His work in the areas of recognition and treatment of depression
has gained worldwide recognition.

In his 1987 book titled Cognitive Therapy of Depression, Beck puts
forth three salient points with regard to his reasoning for the treatment of
depression by means of therapy or therapy and antidepressants versus using a
pharmacological-only approach:

1. Despite the prevalent use of antidepressants, the fact remains that not
all patients respond to them. Beck cites (in 1987) that only 60 to 65% of
patients respond to antidepressants, and recent meta-analyses (a statistical
breakdown of multiple studies) show very similar numbers.

2. Many of those who do respond to antidepressants end up not taking
their medications, for various reasons. They may develop side-effects or have
some form of personal objection to taking the drugs.

3. Beck posits that the use of psychotropic drugs may lead to an
eventual breakdown in the individual's coping mechanisms. His theory is that

45 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

the person essentially becomes reliant on the medication as a means of
improving mood and fails to practice those coping techniques typically
practiced by healthy individuals to alleviate the effects of depressive
symptoms.

By failing to do so, once the patient is weaned off of the antidepressants,
they often are unable to cope with normal levels of depressed mood and feel
driven to reinstate use of the antidepressants.

Social psychology

Many facets of modern social psychology have roots in research done
within the field of cognitive psychology. Social cognition is a specific sub-set
of social psychology that concentrates on processes that have been of
particular focus within cognitive psychology, specifically applied to human
interactions.

Gordon B. Moskowitz defines social cognition as "... the study of the
mental processes involved in perceiving, attending to, remembering, thinking
about, and making sense of the people in our social world".

The development of multiple social information processing (SIP)
models has been influential in studies involving aggressive and anti-social
behavior. Kenneth Dodge's SIP model is one of, if not the most, empirically
supported models relating to aggression.

Among his research, Dodge posits that children who possess a greater
ability to process social information more often display higher levels of
socially acceptable behavior.

His model asserts that there are five steps that an individual proceeds
through when evaluating interactions with other individuals and that how the
person interprets cues is key to their reactionary process.

Developmental psychology

Many of the prominent names in the field of developmental psychology
base their understanding of development on cognitive models. One of the
major paradigms of developmental psychology, the Theory of Mind (ToM),
deals specifically with the ability of an individual to effectively understand
and attribute cognition to those around them.

This concept typically becomes fully apparent in children between the
ages of 4 and 6. Essentially, before the child develops ToM, they are unable

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 46

to understand that those around them can have different thoughts, ideas, or
feelings than themselves.

The development of ToM is a matter of metacognition, or thinking
about one's thoughts. The child must be able to recognize that they have their
own thoughts and in turn, that others possess thoughts of their own.

One of the foremost minds with regard to developmental psychology,
Jean Piaget, focused much of his attention on cognitive development from
birth through adulthood. Though there have been considerable challenges to
parts of his stages of cognitive development, they remain a staple in the realm
of education.

Piaget's concepts and ideas predated the cognitive revolution but
inspired a wealth of research in the field of cognitive psychology and many of
his principles have been blended with modern theory to synthesize the
predominant views of today.

Educational psychology

Modern theories of education have applied many concepts that are focal
points of cognitive psychology. Some of the most prominent concepts include:

• Metacognition: Metacognition is a broad concept encompassing all
manners of one's thoughts and knowledge about their own thinking. A key
area of educational focus in this realm is related to self-monitoring, which
relates highly to how well students are able to evaluate their personal
knowledge and apply strategies to improve knowledge in areas in which
they are lacking.

• Declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge: Declarative
knowledge is a person’s 'encyclopedic' knowledge base, whereas
procedural knowledge is specific knowledge relating to performing
particular tasks. The application of these cognitive paradigms to education
attempts to augment a student's ability to integrate declarative knowledge
into newly learned procedures in an effort to facilitate accelerated learning.

• Knowledge organization: Applications of cognitive psychology's
understanding of how knowledge is organized in the brain has been a major
focus within the field of education in recent years. The hierarchical method
of organizing information and how that maps well onto the brain's memory
are concepts that have proven extremely beneficial in classrooms.

Personality psychology

47 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

Cognitive therapeutic approaches have received considerable attention
in the treatment of personality disorders in recent years. The approach focuses
on the formation of what it believes to be faulty schemata, centralized on
judgmental biases and general cognitive errors.

The line between cognitive psychology and cognitive science can be
blurry. The differentiation between the two is best understood in terms of
cognitive psychology's relationship to applied psychology, and the
understanding of psychological phenomena.

Cognitive psychologists are often heavily involved in running
psychological experiments involving human participants, with the goal of
gathering information related to how the human mind takes in, processes, and
acts upon inputs received from the outside world.

The information gained in this area is then often used in the applied
field of clinical psychology.

Cognitive science is better understood as predominantly concerned with
gathering data through research. Cognitive science envelopes a much broader
scope, which has links to philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, neuroscience,
and particularly with artificial intelligence. It could be said that cognitive
science provides the database of information that fuels the theory from which
cognitive psychologists operate.

Cognitive scientists' research sometimes involves non-human subjects,
allowing them to delve into areas which would come under ethical scrutiny if
performed on human participants. I.e., they may do research implanting
devices in the brains of rats to track the firing of neurons while the rat performs
a particular task. Cognitive science is highly involved in the area of artificial
intelligence and its application to the understanding of mental processes.

Conclusion

The Buddha points both to cognitive and emotional causes of suffering.
The emotional cause is desire and its negative opposite, aversion.

The noble eightfold path, this worldview is intimately connected with
the second element, right thought (sammā-saṅkappa), which concerns the
patterns of thought and intention that controls one's actions.

Such changes may be brought about by cultivated change in emotion
and action; they will, in turn, change subsequent experience.

Dhamma in English 000 261 P a g e | 48

The psychological definition of attention is "a state of focused
awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information". A key function
of attention is to identify irrelevant data and filter it out, enabling significant
data to be distributed to the other mental processes.

Attention can be divided into two major attentional systems: exogenous
control and endogenous control Exogenous control works from bottom-up and
is responsible for orienting reflex, and pop-out effects.

However, while deep processing doesn't occur, early sensory
processing does. Subjects did notice if the pitch of the unattended message
changed or if it ceased altogether, and some even oriented to the unattended
message if their name was mentioned.

By failing to do so, once the patient is weaned off of the antidepressants,
they often are unable to cope with normal levels of depressed mood and feel
driven to reinstate use of the antidepressants.

His model asserts that there are five steps that individual proceeds
through when evaluating interactions with other individuals and that how the
person interprets cues is key to their reactionary process

This concept typically becomes fully apparent in children between the
ages of 4 and 6. Essentially, before the child develops ToM, they are unable
to understand that those around them can have different thoughts, ideas, or
feelings than themselves.

Declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge: Declarative
knowledge are a person’s 'encyclopedic' knowledge base, whereas procedural
knowledge is specific knowledge relating to performing particular tasks.

Cognitive psychologists are often heavily involved in running
psychological experiments involving human participants, with the goal of
gathering information related to how the human mind takes in, processes, and
acts upon inputs received from the outside world.

Cognitive science is better understood as predominantly concerned with
gathering data through research. Cognitive science envelopes a much broader
scope, which has links to philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, neuroscience,
and particularly with artificial intelligence.

49 | P a g e Dhamma in English 000 261

Exercise

What is the cognitive theory in psychology?
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the

way people process information. ... Cognitive psychologists’ study internal
processes that include perception, attention, language, memory, and thinking.

…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
How does cognitive psychology explain human behavior?

Introduction to the cognitive approach in psychology. Explanation and
evaluation of this approach. The cognitive approach in psychology is a
relatively modern approach to human behaviour that focuses on how we think.
It assumes that our thought processes affect the way in which we behave.

…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

References

1. ^ Brekke, Torkel. "The Religious Motivation of the Early Buddhists."
Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec.,
1999), p. 860

2. ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu. "Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta". Access to
Insight. Retrieved 6 May 2008.

3. ^ See, for instance, Allan (2008).
4. ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu. "Nagara Sutta". Access to Insight. Retrieved 6

May 2008.
5. ^ "Samyukta Agama, sutra no. 287, Taisho vol 2, page 80". Cbeta.

Retrieved 27 October 2008.
6. ^ Sujato Bhikku. "About the EA". Ekottara.googlepages.com.

Retrieved on 2010-09-23.
7. ^ a b c Vetter 1988.
8. ^ Bucknell 1984.
9. ^ Bucknell 1984, p. 11-12.