CTIF Final Narrative Report

Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies Final Narrative Report Cowater International Inc September 06, 2022 The Power of Commitment

The Power of Commitment GHD 455 Phillip Street Unit 100A Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3X2, Canada T +1 519 884 0510 | F +1 519 884 0525 | E [email protected] | ghd.com Last saved date September 06, 2022 File name 12557967-RPT-5-2022-09-06 Author Sachin Narang Mandate manager Dilshad Mondegarian Client name Cowater International Inc Mandate name Knowledge Transfer on the Application of WTE Technologies (Malaysia, Lao PDR, Indonesia) Document title Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies Final Narrative Report Revision version Rev 1 Mandate number 12557967 Document status Status Code Revision Author Reviewer Approved for issue Name Signature Name Signature Date S4 1 Sachin Narang Dilshad Mondegarian Dilshad Mondegarian 09/06/2022 © GHD 2022 This document is and shall remain the property of GHD. The document may only be used for the purpose for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the Terms of Engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use of this document in any form whatsoever is prohibited.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies i In Partnership with: Executive Summary Cowater International Inc (Cowater), together with the Canadian Trade and Investment Facility for Development (CTIF) team, Global Affairs Canada (GAC), Institute of Public Administration of Canada (IPAC), and the Government of Canada, have made a commitment to support sustainable trade and investment-related policy reforms and economic development initiatives internationally. This investment will help promote women’s empowerment and inclusive growth and have a high potential to reduce poverty in official development assistance (ODA) eligible developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region, specifically in Malaysia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), and Indonesia. In particular, the CTIF has engaged GHD to provide technical assistance to selected government and non-government beneficiaries in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Lao PDR to facilitate knowledge transfer and sharing of best practices related to the effective and contextually appropriate application of waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. The purpose of this report is to summarise all mandate activities delivered and results achieved. This report compares progress made in comparison with initial expected results and baseline. It includes specific activities and outcomes achieved in gender and social inclusion, as well as environmental and climate change. It also includes lessons learned of relevant CTIF mandates and a Story of Change to illustrate the change that has occurred as a result of this mandate. Overall, majority of the scope progressed has been executed based on the original work plan, however, some key changes have been identified and documented as per the table below. Task Task Overview/Summary Status Changes to the Original Work Plan 1. Mandate Management Includes overall management including progress meetings, progress and midterm reports, schedule management, etc. Complete – Completed as per the original work plan 2. Desk Study Includes research, reporting and presentation of: – Current state of solid waste management (SWM) and WTE management in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Lao PDR. – New and traditional WTE technologies. – Legislative scan and conduct of other jurisdictions. – Adopted best practices of SWM and WTE technologies; and – Environmental and social safeguards. Complete – Completed as per the original work plan with minor updates to the research areas requiring focus based on preferences provided by mandate stakeholders. 3. Preparation of Training Materials Toolkit Includes undertaking of the following: – A training needs assessment for determining the current knowledge and understanding. – Selectively determining and producing the training modules content. Complete – Completed as per the original work plan, along with further initiative taken to develop a training needs survey for a deeper understanding of the nominated participant preferences and ideas prior to the training delivery.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies ii In Partnership with: Task Task Overview/Summary Status Changes to the Original Work Plan – Assessing and selecting the appropriate training module format (e.g., computer-based training vs. instructor-led training). 4. Delivery of Training of Trainers Course on WTE Technologies Includes delivery of the training module content as per Task 3 with added focus on the following: – Incorporation of different methods of training to increase participation including small focus groups, case study discussions, small group assignments, delivery of paper-based hand-outs for individual and e-learning modules. – A capsule on gender awareness with the objective of ensuring at least 40% of the participants will be women and include women during the virtual training to create a welcoming and comfortable environment. – Translation of training modules to Laotian, Bahasa Indonesia, and Bahasa Malaysia. Complete – Total number of nominated participants for the training changed from 44 to 57, a 30% increase. – Furthermore, the training delivery was planned to be delivered to all participants virtually, however the work plan was modified to deliver the training while a number of participants, if not all, were present at a central venue / meeting room. 5. WTE Facility Site Visits Included site visits to the following three sites: – Surabaya, Indonesia, Benowo Waste to Energy Facility – Selangor Malaysia, Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill – Khammouane Province, Lao PDR, Khammouane Cement Co Limited (KCL) SCG Cement Plant. Completed – An additional in-person site visit to the existing Khammouane Cement Factory was also conducted for the Lao PDR based participants. Originally only the Indonesia and Malaysia site visits were allowed for. – Similar to Task 4, the total number of participants increased from 44 to 50, a 14% increase (Indonesia – 18, Malaysia – 16, Lao PDR – 16). 6. Final Narrative Report on Mandate Includes a final narrative report detailing the mandate activities and results achieved. The report also covers key items such as gender and social inclusion, environment, and climate change, as well as lessons learned, recommendations to CTIF and the story of change. Completed – Completed as per the original work plan. From such executed activities, the participants involved have been equipped with the foundational knowledge for potential waste to energy adoption within selected areas. The participants have been equipped with the understanding of the required preliminary, technical, and enabling conditions for such adoption and developments. For example, the preliminary considerations include the overall waste strategy and known waste quantity and composition. Furthermore, key technical considerations include the technology assessment and the infrastructure and collection services. Enabling conditions to support then include the social, environmental, legal, and financial conditions that have also been observed to be critical for the success of a waste to energy development. Through the global and local context, as well as specific case studies, this was presented during the training delivery. Furthermore, the site visits were also

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies iii In Partnership with: observed to strongly support the training delivered. For example, all three facilities arranged for site visits were also observed to receive government support, which is a key enabler for new WTE adoption in a country. Throughout the mandate, key elements of gender and social inclusion, as well as environmental and climate change factors were embedded into the learnings of SWM and WTE. Overall, GHD applied gender mainstreaming across all tasks and activities for the mandate with the pursuit of not only meeting, however exceeding the mandate objectives and standards for the mandate. Women’s inequality in the management of waste including its adoption for energy generation is evident at various planning, development, and implementation level. This is despite women’s active involvement dealing with wastes and sanitation on a daily basis. Urgent actions by the government and nongovernmental agencies, donors, and corporate sectors are needed to empower women, providing opportunities for their involvement in WTE development and facilitating access to affordable and sustainable renewable energy. Not only for social causes, however improvements in female participation and gender equality have also been strongly linked to growth in economic and GDP growth. A key success for the mandate was leading through example for gender and social inclusion. Female participation achieved for the training delivery and site visits was 62% and 52% respectively, which was well above the minimum requirement of 40%. The other success for the mandate was the continual themes of gender and social inclusion brought into all tasks executed for the mandate including the desk study, training development and delivery, as well as the observations from the site visits. The environmental sustainability strategy adopted for the mandate was aimed at providing a vision, shared objective, and pathway to advance SWM and WTE technology across Malaysia, Indonesia, and Lao PDR regions. Similar to the gender and social inclusion objectives, the desk study completed also include key environmental sustainability research areas that were then presented during the training delivery and also questioned during the conducted site visits. One of the key messages through this knowledge transfer included the WTE capability gaps in implementation and enforcement that can be further improved, which can lead to a positive contribution to the overall environmental sustainability of current waste management and energy production practices. With this mandate, now over 58 key representatives with influence of WTE adoption have the foundational knowledge for successful adoption of SWM and WTE, where a system-based approach is highly recommended, encompassing all elements rather than individually looking at SWM or WTE, policies, financial and economic feasibility.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies iv In Partnership with: Contents 1. Project Title and Number 1 2. Introduction 1 2.1 Purpose of this report 1 2.2 Summary of Project Tasks 2 2.3 Scope and limitations 3 3. Acronyms 4 4. Contribution to Immediate Outcome(s) 4 4.1 Contribution to Immediate Outcomes 1120, 1210 4 4.2 Project Task Descriptions and Outcomes Achieved 5 4.2.1 Task 1: Project Management 5 4.2.1.1 Subtask 1.1: Kick-Off Meeting 5 4.2.1.2 Subtask 1.2: Inception Report 5 4.2.1.3 Subtask 1.3: Midterm Progress Report 6 4.2.1.4 Subtask 1.4: Monthly Progress Reports 6 4.2.1.5 Task 1 Status Summary 6 4.2.2 Task 2: Desk Study 7 4.2.2.1 Subtask 2.1: Research 7 4.2.2.2 Subtask 2.2: Report and PowerPoint Summary Presentation 8 4.2.2.3 Task 2 Status Summary 9 4.2.3 Task 3: Preparation of Training Materials Toolkit 10 4.2.3.1 Task 3 Status Summary 12 4.2.4 Task 4: Delivery of Training of Trainers Course on WTE Technologies 12 4.2.4.1 Training Participation 14 4.2.4.2 Task 4 Status Summary 16 4.2.5 Task 5: WTE Facility Site Visits 18 4.2.5.1 Malaysia Site Visit 18 4.2.5.2 Indonesia Site Visit 22 4.2.5.3 Lao PDR Site Visit 27 4.2.5.4 Task 5 Status Summary 30 4.2.6 Task 6: Final Narrative Report on Mandate 31 4.3 Mandate-Level Performance Measurement 31 5. Gender and Social Inclusion 34 6. Environment and Climate Change 37 7. Lessons Learned and Recommendations to CTIF 38 7.1 Risks and Mitigation 38 7.2 Challenges and Improvement Recommendations 40 8. Story of Change 41 9. References 45

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies v In Partnership with: Table index Table 1 Project Title and Number 1 Table 2 Summary of Tasks and Changes to the Original Work Plan 2 Table 3 Mandate Management Status 6 Table 4 Desk Study Reports Contents and Structure 8 Table 5 Desk Study Status 10 Table 6 Training Delivery Module Outline 11 Table 7 Training Material Toolkit Status 12 Table 8 Training Delivery Dates 13 Table 9 Training Delivery Participant Numbers 14 Table 10 Response to the Material/Content of the Training Delivery 15 Table 11 Response to the Style of the Training Delivery 16 Table 12 Delivery of Training of Trainers Course on WTE Technologies Status 16 Table 13 Virtual vs. In-person Participation Breakdown 17 Table 14 Airfare, accommodation, land transport and venue / meeting room participant numbers allowed for in the revised budget 17 Table 15 Malaysia Site Visit Plants/Facilities Considered 18 Table 16 Malaysia Site Visit Executed Activities 21 Table 17 Malaysia Site Visit Participation Question Examples 22 Table 18 Indonesia Site Visit Plants/Facilities Considered 22 Table 19 Indonesia Site Visit Executed Activities 24 Table 20 Indonesia Site Visit Participation Question Examples 26 Table 21 Lao PDR Site Visit Executed Activities 28 Table 22 Task 5: Site Visits Completed 30 Table 23 Mandate-Level Performance Measurement Framework 31 Table 24 Identified Project Risks, Mitigation Measures and Completion Status 39 Table 25 Identified Mandate Challenges, GHD Implemented Actions and Improvement Recommendations 40 Table 26 Mandate Budgeted vs. Actual Fees 49 Table 27 Training Delivery Participating Institutions and Associated Number of Representatives 53 Table 28 Training Delivery Beneficiary Data 54 Table 29 Site Visit Participating Institutions and Associated Number of Representatives 59 Table 30 Site Visit Beneficiary Data 60 Table 31 Organisations participating in the Training Delivery and Site Visits 64 Figure index Figure 1 Training Delivery Timeline 13 Figure 2 Map Showing Proximity of Malaysia WTE Facilities to Beneficiaries and Participants 19 Figure 3 Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill Facility Overview 20

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies vi In Partnership with: Figure 4 Map Showing Proximity of Indonesian WTE Facilities to Beneficiaries and Participants 23 Figure 5 Benowo Waste to Energy Plant Overview 24 Figure 6 Map Showing Proximity of the Lao PDR Khammouane Cement Plant to Beneficiaries & Participants based in Vientiane 27 Figure 7 Overview of SCG Waste Management and Processing for Co-firing 28 Figure 8 Identified Challenges and Improvement Areas for Gender Equality and Inclusion in WTE 35 Figure 9 Overview of the Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures investigated and discussed during the Training Delivery 36 Figure 10 Overview of the Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures investigated and discussed during the Training Delivery 38 Figure 11 Participants visiting the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill 42 Figure 12 Kota Samarahan participating at the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill Site Visit 43 Figure 13 UTHM and UNRIKA representatives at the Benowo, Surabaya WTE Facility Site Visit 43 Attachments Attachment 1 Work Plan Schedule Attachment 2 Summary of Budgeted vs. Actual Fees and Expenses Attachment 3 List of Key Deliverables Attachment 4 Mandate Participant List

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 1 In Partnership with: 1. Project Title and Number The project title is based on the Contract, and GHD’s internal assigned mandate number is as noted in Table 1. Table 1 Project Title and Number Project Title and Number Title Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies (Malaysia, Lao PDR, Indonesia) Number 12257967 2. Introduction 2.1 Purpose of this report The Canadian Trade and Investment Facility for Development (CTIF) has engaged GHD to provide technical assistance to selected government and non-government beneficiaries in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) to facilitate knowledge transfer and sharing of best practices related to the effective and contextually appropriate application of waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. Cowater International (Cowater), together with the CTIF team, Global Affairs Canada (GAC), Institute of Public Administration of Canada (IPAC), and the Government of Canada, have made a commitment to support sustainable trade and investment-related policy reforms and economic development initiatives internationally. This investment will help promote women’s empowerment and inclusive growth and have a high potential to reduce poverty in official development assistance (ODA) eligible developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region, specifically in Malaysia, Lao PDR, and Indonesia. This investment will also equip government and non-government beneficiaries based in these regions with the knowledge and adopted best practices related to the effective and contextually appropriate application of WTE technologies. The purpose of this report is to summarise all mandate activities delivered and results achieved. This report will compare progress made in comparison with initial expected results and baseline. It will also include specific activities and outcomes achieved in gender and social inclusion, as well as environmental and climate change. It will also include lessons learned of relevance to future CTIF mandates and include a Story of Change to illustrate the change that has happened/occurred as a result of this mandate.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 2 In Partnership with: 2.2 Summary of Project Tasks Given the importance of stakeholder engagement for this mandate, a strong emphasis has been placed on effective communication, seamless and collaborative teamwork, structured work processes, and comprehensive mandate management. The approach to mandate delivery has been task/activity driven based on scope, schedule, budget, and quality, while the sum of these mandate components and tasks meets the mandate objectives. Overall, majority of the scope progressed has been executed based on the original work plan, however some key changes have been identified and documented as per Table 2 below. Table 2 Summary of Tasks and Changes to the Original Work Plan Task Task Overview/Summary Status Changes to the Original Work Plan 1. Mandate Management Includes overall management including progress meetings, progress and midterm reports, schedule management etc. Complete – Completed as per the original work plan 2. Desk Study Includes research, reporting and presentation of: – The current state of SWM and WTE management in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Lao PDR. – New and traditional WTE technologies. – The legislative scan and conduct of other jurisdictions. – Adopted best practices of SWM and WTE technologies; and – Environmental and social safeguards. Complete – Completed as per the original work plan with minor updates to the research areas requiring focus based on preferences provided by mandate stakeholders. 3. Preparation of Training Materials Toolkit Includes undertaking of the following: – A training needs assessment for determining the current knowledge and understanding. – Selectively determining and producing the training modules content. – Assessing and selecting the appropriate training module format (e.g., computer-based training vs. instructor-led training). Complete – Completed as per the original work plan, along with further initiative taken to develop the training needs survey for a deeper understanding of the nominated participant preferences and ideas. 4. Delivery of Training of Trainers Course on WTE Technologies This will include delivery of the training module content as per Task 3 with added focus on the following: – Incorporation of different methods of training to increase participation including small focus groups, case study discussions, small group assignments, delivery of paper-based hand-outs for individual and e-learning modules. Complete – Total number of nominated participants for the training has changed from 44 to 58, a 32% increase. – Furthermore, the training delivery was planned to be delivered to all participants virtually, however the work plan was modified to deliver the training while a number of participants, if not all, were present at a central venue / meeting room.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 3 In Partnership with: Task Task Overview/Summary Status Changes to the Original Work Plan – A capsule on gender awareness with the objective of ensuring at least 40% of the participants will be women and include women during the virtual training to create a welcoming and comfortable environment. – Translation of training modules to Laotian, Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia. 5. WTE Facility Site Visits Included site visits to the following three sites: – Surabaya, Indonesia, Benowo Waste to Energy Facility – Selangor Malaysia, Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill – Khammouane Province, Lao PDr, Khammouane Cement Co Limited (KCL) SCG Cement Plant. Completed – An additional in-person site visit to the existing Khammouane Cement Factory was also conducted for the Lao PDR based participants. Originally only the Indonesia and Malaysia site visits were allowed for. – Similar to Task 4, the total number of participants increased from 44 to 50, a 14% increase (Indonesia – 18, Malaysia – 16, Lao PDR – 16). 6. Final Narrative Report on Mandate Includes a final narrative report detailing the mandate activities and results achieved. The report also covers key items such as gender and social inclusion, environment and climate change, as well as lessons learned and recommendations to CTIF and the story of change. Completed – Completed as per the original work plan. 2.3 Scope and limitations This report has been prepared by GHD for Cowater International Inc and may only be used and relied on by Cowater International Inc for the purpose agreed between GHD and Cowater International Inc. GHD otherwise disclaims responsibility to any person other than Cowater International Inc arising in connection with this report. GHD also excludes implied warranties and conditions, to the extent legally permissible. The services undertaken by GHD in connection with preparing this report were limited to those specifically detailed in the report and are subject to the scope limitations set out in the report. The opinions, conclusions and any recommendations in this report are based on conditions encountered and information reviewed at the date of preparation of the report. GHD has no responsibility or obligation to update this report to account for events or changes occurring subsequent to the date that the report was prepared. The opinions, conclusions and any recommendations in this report are based on assumptions made by GHD described in this report. GHD disclaims liability arising from any of the assumptions being incorrect.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 4 In Partnership with: 3. Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CAD Canadian dollars CSO Civil society organisations CTIF Canadian Trade and Investment Facility for Development ESF Environment and Social Framework IPAC Institute of Public Administration of Canada GAC Government of Canada GBA+ Gender-based Analysis Plus GDP Gross Domestic Product HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene KCL Khammouane Cement Co., Ltd. LCA Life cycle assessment LPM Lembaga Pengabdian Masyarakat MDA Ministries, departments, or agencies MSW Municipal Solid Waste MW Megawatts NUoL National University of Laos ODA Official development assistance PDR People’s Democratic Republic PMF Performance Measurement Framework PSO Private sector organisations RDF Refuse Derived Fuel SCG Siam Cement Group SES Social and Environmental Standards SWM Solid Waste Management TNB Tenaga Nasional Berhad Tpd Tonnes of solid waste per day Tpy Tonnes of solid waste per year TQ Technical Query UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNRIKA Universitas Riau Kepulauan UTHM University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia WTE Waste to energy 4. Contribution to Immediate Outcome(s) This section provides descriptions of each of the tasks/activities conducted and the outcomes achieved for each. Furthermore, this section will also include a review of the targets achieved in relation to the mandate-level output indicators established at the inception of the mandate. 4.1 Contribution to Immediate Outcomes 1120, 1210 This CTIF Mandate was designed to contribute towards CTIF Immediate Outcomes 1120 and 1210: • CTIF Immediate Outcome 1120: Increased ability of national and local governments to plan, develop, implement and measure policies, legislation and regulations supporting climate-smart and gender and socially inclusive trade and investment.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 5 In Partnership with: • CTIF Immediate Outcome 1210: Increased capacity of CSOs and private sector organisations (PSOs) to engage with government institutions on climate-smart and gender and socially inclusive trade, infrastructure, and investment issues. From the executed activities the participants involved have been equipped with the foundational knowledge for potential waste to energy adoption within selected areas. The participants have been equipped with the understanding of the required preliminary, technical and enabling conditions for such adoption and developments. For example, the preliminary considerations include the overall waste strategy and known waste quantity and composition. Furthermore, key technical considerations include the technology assessment and the infrastructure and collection services. Enabling conditions to support then include the social, environmental, legal and financial conditions that have also been observed to be critical for the success of a waste to energy development. Through the global and local context, as well as specific case studies, this was presented during the training delivery. Furthermore, the site visits were also observed to strongly support the training delivered. For example, all three facilities arranged for site visits were also observed to receive government support, which is a key enabler for new WTE adoption in a country. Women’s inequality in the management of waste including its adoption for energy generation is evident at various planning, development and implementation level. This is despite women’s active involvement dealing with wastes and sanitation on a daily basis. Urgent actions by the government and non-governmental agencies, donors, and corporate sectors are needed to empower women, providing opportunities for their involvement in WTE development and facilitating access to affordable and sustainable renewable energy. A key success for the mandate was leading through example for gender and social inclusion. Across the mandate the female participation was greater than 62% and 52% for the training delivery and site visits respectively, where the original mandate required a minimum of 40%. Not only for social causes, improvements in female participation and gender equality have also been strongly linked to growth in economic and GDP growth. With this mandate, now over 50 key representatives with influence of WTE adoption have the foundational knowledge for successful adoption of SWM and WTE, where a system-based approach is highly recommended, encompassing all elements rather than individually looking at SWM or WTE, policies, financial and economic feasibility. 4.2 Project Task Descriptions and Outcomes Achieved 4.2.1 Task 1: Project Management 4.2.1.1 Subtask 1.1: Kick-Off Meeting A kick-off meeting was held on the 6th October 2021, with the following items presented and discussed. – Introductions, stakeholder mapping and GHD organisation charts. – Project methodology and key issues/assumptions. – Planned project schedule and deliverables. – Meetings and progress updates requirements. – Reporting requirements. The kick-off meeting record and presentation slides were subsequently issued post the meeting on the 7 th October 2021. 4.2.1.2 Subtask 1.2: Inception Report An inception report was completed, which included the following key mandate items based on the inception report template provided by CTIF.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 6 In Partnership with: – Introduction to the mandate. – Context and background to the mandate. – Approach, methodology and the work plan. – Approach to achieving the Mandate’s objective. – Planned mandate management activities. – The mandate-level performance measurement framework for the mandate. – Preliminary beneficiary contact data. A draft inception report was completed and issued for review by CTIF and all beneficiary stakeholders on the 15th October 2021. Subsequently, the report was updated, and a final version was issued two (2) weeks later on the 29th October 2021. 4.2.1.3 Subtask 1.3: Midterm Progress Report A draft midterm progress report was completed and issued for review by CTIF and all beneficiary stakeholders on the 26th April 2022, which included details of completed deliverables and activities, their respective results in comparison to the original work plan, baseline indicators and targets completed to the date submitted. Subsequently, the report was updated, and a final version was issued approximately two and a half weeks later on the 13th May 2022. 4.2.1.4 Subtask 1.4: Monthly Progress Reports A monthly progress meeting has been held on the fourth Wednesday of each month from October 2021 to August 2022, and subsequently a monthly report along with the mandate progress tracker has been issued each month to capture the following. – Schedule and deliverable status overview. – Monthly reporting following the template provided by CTIF, which included the following: • Key activities or deliverables completed for the month. • Key activities or deliverables planned but not accomplished, with brief explanations. • Key activities or deliverables planned for the next month. • Issues, risks, warnings of which CTIF should be aware or that may impact mandate delivery. – Key discussion points during the monthly progress meeting. – Key agreements and action items for each stakeholder as required. 4.2.1.5 Task 1 Status Summary The status of each of the above items are summarised within Table 3 below. Table 3 Mandate Management Status Subtask No. # Subtask Deliverable Documentation Due Date % Progress Completion Date 1.1 Kick off Meeting Kick off Meeting Record 08-Oct-21 100% 7-Oct-21 1.2 Inception Report Draft Inception Report 15-Oct-21 100% 15-Oct-21 Final Inception Report 29-Oct-21 100% 29-Oct-21 1.3 Midterm Progress Report Draft Midterm Progress Report 15-Apr-22 100% 22-Apr-22 Final Midterm Progress Report 29-Apr-22 100$ 13-May-22 1.4 October 2021 Monthly Report 27-Oct-21 100% 27-Oct-21

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 7 In Partnership with: Subtask No. # Subtask Deliverable Documentation Due Date % Progress Completion Date Monthly Progress Reports November 2021 Monthly Report 24-Nov-21 100% 24-Nov-21 December 2021 Monthly Report 22-Dec-21 100% 22-Dec-21 January 2022 Monthly Report 26-Jan-22 100% 26-Jan-22 February 2022 Monthly Report 23-Feb-22 100% 23-Feb-22 March 2022 Monthly Report 23-Mar-22 100% 28-Mar-22 April 2022 Monthly Report 27-Apr-22 100% 05-May-22 May 2022 Monthly Report 25-May-22 100% 26-May-22 June 2022 Monthly Report 22-Jun-22 100% 24-May-22 July 2022 Monthly Report 27-Jul-22 100% 27-Jul-22 August 2022 Monthly Report 24-Aug-22 0% Pending This task to date has been executed as per the original work plan and as anticipated, the monthly meetings and reporting is ongoing and will continue till the completion of the mandate. 4.2.2 Task 2: Desk Study Once the project kick-off was completed, the project commenced with a desk study focussing on the global and local contexts of waste to energy adoption and development. This task was completed with a research stage followed by a report and presentation stage as per sections 4.2.2.1and 4.2.2.2 respectively. 4.2.2.1 Subtask 2.1: Research GHD utilised a global team with a strong knowledge and understanding of SWM and WTE. During the research phase, GHD conducted research focused on content related to local matters, such as the current state of SWM and WTE technologies in Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR. These include current rules, regulations, practices, and constraints. GHD’s focus during the research stage was also placed on current practices and barriers regarding deployment of small scale WTE technology within Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR. The team also completed a high-level legislative scan of SWM and WTE adoption and development across Asia. GHD also executed a thorough investigation of new and traditional WTE technologies, including how they function, their technology readiness, approaches to investigating their effectiveness, such as the LCAs, and conditions necessary for their effective deployment. The team also reviewed SWM and WTE practices and adoption in global regions outside Asia within Canada, USA, Australia and the European Union. The review of both the local and global contexts for SWM and WTE adoption proved to be a successful approach in achieving valuable insights on the topic, particularly in understanding the various constraints and success factors that have been encountered across many jurisdictions over time. Using the research and with a greater understanding and appreciation of the local and global context, the GHD team also developed case studies, which focussed on the following cities: – Toronto, Canada. – Singapore. – Can Tho, Vietnam. Case studies focussing on these locations were identified based on the following: – Sufficient data available. – Offered insights into constraints faced and how they have been or planned to be overcome.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 8 In Partnership with: – Included examples of comparable implementation that can also be reviewed and learnt from. – Offered diversity in legislative backgrounds, infrastructure, and other related areas. Areas of matching ability with the participating countries were also focussed on. – Offered measurable results in areas such as number of WTE plants developed, recycling rates achieved within the city, social and environmental benefits achieved etc. The Desk Study also incorporated consideration of Environmental and Social Safeguards, in particular those of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) flowing from its Safeguard Policy Statement, which aims to avoid, minimize and/or compensate for adverse mandate impacts on the environment and affected people. The ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement focuses on three key areas: the environment, involuntary resettlement, and Indigenous Peoples. There are also a number of examples of other donor requirements/frameworks considered by the mandate including the Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) by the World Bank (effective to all new World Bank investment mandates financed from October 2019), and the UNDP’s Social and Environmental Standards (SES), which mainstream social and environmental sustainability in all UNDP programmes. Each of these policies aim to avoid, minimize and/or compensate for adverse mandate impacts on the environment and affected people. This is also noted within the desk study report. A key resource in assessing the environmental and social risks of WTE technologies was ADB’s indicative WTE Business Models and the typical risks associated with them. GHD then was able to develop an overview of the typical environmental and social safeguards to be considered in WTE developments. Gender diversity and women empowerment is a key focus area for the mandate, and subsequently was also a key research area for the desk study. As an example, GHD was able to identify key challenges and improvement areas in this area based on the local and global context review undertaken. The team was also able to review frameworks such as the Gender-based Analysis Plus framework and its key benefits in WTE mandates. GHD worked closely with key project stakeholders such as CTIF, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Universitas Riau Kepulauan (UNRIKA), National University of Laos (NUoL) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in understanding any preferred research areas. Examples of such preferences raised include: – Case study focus within Asia. – Cover review of the WTE mandates planned for the site visits e.g., the Benowo, Surabaya WTE Plant and the Ladang Tanah Merah Waste Facility. Such research area preferences were acknowledged and executed as best as possible during the research stage. 4.2.2.2 Subtask 2.2: Report and PowerPoint Summary Presentation Following the research stage, GHD completed a draft report and presentation. The report provided a full description of the findings from the research stage while the PowerPoint Presentation provided a summary of the findings. The full report included the following headings as per Table 4. Table 4 Desk Study Reports Contents and Structure Section Number # Section Sub-sections 1 Introduction Purpose of this Report Scope and Limitations 2 Introduction to WTE WTE Inputs WTE Outputs Key Highlights 3 Global SWM and WTE Context Global WTE Policies

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 9 In Partnership with: Section Number # Section Sub-sections (Including Canada, USA, Australia and the European Union) Global Waste Source Separation & Collection Processes (Including Canada, USA, Australia and the European Union) Global WTE Technologies (Including Thermal Conversion, Biological Conversion, Landfill Gas to Energy, Chemical Conversion, Ancillary Technologies) LCA of Relevant Technologies 4 Local SWM and WTE Context Malaysia (Including WTE Regulations, Practices and Constraints and Solution Analysis and Recommendations) Indonesia (Including WTE Regulations, Practices and Constraints and Solution Analysis and Recommendations) Lao PDR (Including WTE Regulations, Practices and Constraints and Solution Analysis and Recommendations) Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR Analysis Summary WTE Case Studies (Including Toronto in Canada, Singapore and Can Tho in Vietnam) Local WTE Technology Adoption Overview Guided Approach to WTE Technology Selection Environmental and Social Safeguards Women’s Empowerment and Poverty Reduction Dimensions 5 Conclusions and Lessons Learned Not Applicable 6 References Not Applicable With the application of the research completed as per 4.2.2.1, GHD was able to structure the report such that the main body included the global and local context review as the two main headings. Furthermore, GHD was able to use the learnings from the global context review and apply this to the local context, including identification of a number of constraints, and a solution analysis with key recommendations for the three local regions focussed on for this study (Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR). Environmental and social reviews, including women empowerment/gender diversity were also covered and embedded throughout the report as a core theme for the desk study. A draft version of the report was submitted, followed by submission of the final version once all the comments from participating stakeholders were addressed and incorporated accordingly. GHD also developed and presented a desk study presentation that included the key summary points from each of the sections of the desk study report. 4.2.2.3 Task 2 Status Summary The status of each of the above items are summarised within Table 5 below.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 10 In Partnership with: Table 5 Desk Study Status Subtask No. # Subtask Deliverable Documentation Due Date % Progress Completion Date 2.1 Research Part of Desk Study Report 22-Dec-21 100% 22-Dec-21 2.2 Report and Power Point Summary Presentation Draft Desk Study Report 22-Dec-21 100% 22-Dec-21 Final Desk Study Report 21-Jan-22 100% 25-Jan-22 Desk Study Presentation 21-Jan-22 100% 25-Jan-22 This task is complete and was executed as per the original work plan, although there were minor updates to the research areas requiring focus based on preferences provided by project stakeholders, and in particular beneficiary stakeholder preferences. The desk study report and summary presentation were also made as interactive as possible based on CTIF’s request and to improve the overall engagement of the deliverable. 4.2.3 Task 3: Preparation of Training Materials Toolkit The GHD project team developed training materials to aid the mandate team in delivering an effective training program to the trainers. GHD first undertook a training needs assessment with the mandate stakeholders, with particular focus on understanding training needs and preferences from the beneficiary training participants. This training needs assessment was conducted in two stages: 1. Training Needs Assessment Meeting - held on the 9th of February 2022. The key findings from the meeting included the following: – Focus should be on a few topics with sufficient duration to allow absorption of the training material, rather than a larger number of topics/modules with limited time allowed for each. – Investigate the potential of providing a training room with the required facilities (microphones, laptops, etc.) to the participants within each region. – A short survey should be generated for the participants to complete, which will provide further information on the preferences for the training material as well as the training logistics. 2. Training Needs Assessment Survey – issued to the beneficiaries on the 10th of February 2022. The survey was issued in four different languages (English, Indonesian, Malaysian and Laotian) to allow all beneficiary participants to submit their responses to the survey without letting language be a barrier. The key findings of the survey include the following: – The top three topic preferences include: WTE challenges in the local country, WTE case studies in Asia (e.g., Japan), and global WTE technologies available and used in the industry. – Note: Environmental, social and gender topics were not included in the survey as it is already considered valuable and requiring coverage regardless of the survey results. – Participants are less interested in the Life Cycle Assessment topic. – WIFI connection reliability appears to vary for some participants. – The training delivery requires simultaneous interpretation to the local language for each country. – Majority of participants are comfortable with either in person or virtual organised training delivery, however with further discussion with the beneficiaries it was found that some participants strongly preferred in person training delivery. The training needs assessment meeting and survey laid the foundation for the GHD project team to design the training material by building upon the content prepared and gathered for the report. GHD commenced development of the training material with first identifying the learning objectives. GHD also leveraged support from the GHD Business School internally with expertise in gaining and understanding training needs, followed by execution of the training development and delivery.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 11 In Partnership with: Subsequently, a total of eight modules had been developed as per the module outline shown in Table 6. Table 6 Training Delivery Module Outline Module No. # Module Topic Learning Objectives (Outcomes) Presenter(s) Duration (hrs) 1 Summit Commencement and Participant Introductions – The session will commence with a short opening ceremony with welcome speeches from key stakeholders. – All participants will get to know the training conductors and CTIF personnel with the intent that all participants feel welcomed and comfortable with the training modules and agenda for the day. – All GHD and CTIF staff will get to know the participant’s backgrounds, key drivers and outcomes they wish to achieve from this module. – All 0.5 2 Waste to Energy Introduction – Participants will be able to broadly define what WTE encompasses and list multiple examples of WTE inputs and WTE outputs – Tej Gidda – Dilshad Mondegarian 0.5 3 Environmental and Social Safeguards – Participants will be able to understand what an environmental and social safeguard framework is, and why it is important. – Participants will be able to explain likely environmental and social impacts from WTE development, and typical mitigation measures to consider. – Sonia Chirgwin 0.5 4 WTE and Gender – Why does it matter? – Participants will be able to understand why gender matters in development of mandates. – Participants will be able to discuss opportunities, challenges and focus areas to improve gender equity in WTE. – Participants will be able to relate to the Gender Based Analysis Plus (GBA+) framework. – Sonia Chirgwin 0.5 5 WTE Technology and Global Context – Participants will be able to explain the various WTE technologies, relate to a few examples where specific WTE technology has been adopted, and how policies in some regions have impacted the technology used in those particular regions. – Tej Gidda – Dilshad Mondegarian 1.5 6 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Participants will be able to explain what a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is, how it relates to waste management, and why it is important. – Participants will be able to interpret a LCA analysis completed for different baseline scenarios and WTE technologies. – Dilshad Mondegarian 0.75 7 Local WTE Context and Case Study Analysis – Participants will be able to express the current WTE practices as well as the technical, economic and social constraints experienced within the local region. – Participants will be able to interpret these constraints and apply recommendations using learnings from other WTE case study examples. – Sonia Chirgwin – Nas Qamaruz Zaman – Sachin Narang 2.0 8 Summit Survey and Feedback – Participants will be able to reflect on their learnings and provide feedback on the content, learning style and outcomes. – Dilshad Mondegarian – Sachin Narang 0.25

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 12 In Partnership with: Along with the identification of the appropriate content based on the training needs assessment and learning objectives, the flow of the training delivery was also considered and prioritised. The following points were key determinants for structuring the training delivery. – Upon completion of the briefings and introduction, the training commenced delivery of modules three and four pertaining to ‘Environmental and Social Safeguards’ and ‘WTE and Gender – Why does it matter?’ Respectively. This aligns with CTIF’s and GHD’s core values and for the mandate with delivery of such modules in the morning as conversely, on many occasions, such modules would typically be delivered towards the end. This sets the foundation and demonstrates the correct messaging at the commencement of the training. Following on from these two modules the training delivery was developed to embed elements of these two modules throughout the other modules to further enrich the training delivery. – After delivery of the two above mentioned modules, the technical components of SWM and WTE were discussed through modules five and six. This provided key concepts on the types of WTE, applicable policies and examples. – Module seven is then intended to focus on the local SWM and WTE context focussing on the current practices and examples of the observed technical, economic, and social constraints. This module also included other WTE case studies that have resulted in positive and measurable outcomes. With the learnings from modules one to seven, the participants were then assigned to be in groups to discuss and identify potential recommendations to improve SWM and WTE adoption within the local region. Each group’s findings were then further openly discussed to allow all participants to continue to not only learn from the presenters, however from each other. This module then concluded the formal training delivery with the last module being a survey that was shared to all participants to reflect and provide feedback on the training content, learning style and outcomes. Refer section 4.2.4.1 for an overview of the participation and survey results. The training and infographic materials were prepared by GHD in English. GHD submitted the English versions of the training modules to all mandate stakeholders for comments and feedback, which were reviewed and addressed accordingly. GHD subsequently issued the final version of all eight training modules as per Table 6. 4.2.3.1 Task 3 Status Summary The status of Task 3 and the preparation of the training material toolkit is summarised within Table 7 below. Table 7 Training Material Toolkit Status Task No. # Task Deliverable Documentation Due Date % Progress Completion Date 3 Preparation of the Training Material Toolkit Draft Training Material Toolkit 25-Feb-22 100% 04-Mar-22 Final Training Material Toolkit 25-Mar-22 100% 28-Mar-22 This task is complete and was executed as per the original work plan, along with further initiative taken to develop the training needs survey for a deeper understanding of the nominated participant preferences and ideas. 4.2.4 Task 4: Delivery of Training of Trainers Course on WTE Technologies GHD utilized the materials developed in Task 3 to deliver a training course on WTE Technologies. This course was utilized to build upon the participants’ knowledge and awareness of effective and appropriate policies, technologies and approaches available that will support growth and effective implementation of WTE technologies and also include a component on training the participants on how to train other stakeholders the content. The course included numerous opportunities for facilitated discussions between participants to bring attention to additional challenges, lessons learned, and best practices related to developing and implementing existing WTE programs/policies in the

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 13 In Partnership with: ASEAN region and in Canada, Australia, USA and the European Union. These discussions also allowed participants to better interpret and absorb the material presented and to position themselves within existing communities of practice. In order to facilitate these discussions and learning, GHD incorporated a combination of different methods to increase participation and allow the training program to be further stimulating and engaging. Such techniques include the following: – Visual tools including images and videos. – Group exercises. – Mentimeter polls. – Opportunities for open discussion/zoom chat. – A nominated presenter, facilitator and moderator for each module with the following role descriptions: • Presenter was the subject matter expert of the module and responsible for delivery of the training content. • Facilitator managed the group, introduces presenters, etc. • Moderator focussed on the chat, sharing links / resources and raising questions / comments from the chat for discussion. With reference to the modules and durations listed within Table 6, the following training timeline as per Figure 1 was executed for the delivery of the training for each region. Figure 1 Training Delivery Timeline As per Figure 1, the training day duration was set for a total of eight hours commencing at 9am and ending at 5pm. The timing was based on the local time of the region receiving the training. There were two 15-minute coffee breaks and an hour lunch break, which allowed 6.5 hours of training delivery for each region. The agreed and executed dates of the scheduled training for each region are as per Table 8. Such dates eventuated to ensure all required stakeholders could be present for the training sessions. Special consideration was given to participants and stakeholders fasting during the Ramadan. Hence, the Malaysian and Indonesian training sessions were moved to take place in May 2022. Table 8 Training Delivery Dates Country Date Scheduled for Delivery Lao PDR 29-Apr-2022 Malaysia 10-May-2022 Indonesia 25-May-2022 Timeline 9am – Start – Modules 1, 2 & 3 10:30am – Coffee Break 10:45am – Recommence – Modules 4, 5 & 6 12:30pm – Lunch 1:30pm – Recommence – Modules 6 & 7 3:00pm – Coffee Break 3:15pm – Recommence – Modules 7 & 8 5:00pm – Finish

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 14 In Partnership with: Furthermore, the participants for each of the training sessions were also confirmed. The numbers and percentages, for male and female participants for each training session that attended are shown as per Table 9. Table 9 Training Delivery Participant Numbers Country Males % Male Females % Females Lao PDR 7 33% 14 67% Malaysia 8 38% 13 62% Indonesia 7 50% 9 50% Total 22 38% 36 62% To promote gender diversity a key objective of the mandate was to ensure that the female participation rate is at least 40%. As per Table 9 it can be observed that the female percentage participation rate was 62%, and hence overall the objective was met and further improved upon for the mandate. However, the following should be noted with respect to the training nominations: – In December 2021, GHD worked with the beneficiaries to develop the training participant nominations and together were able to achieve a 50% female participation rate across the three regions and all regions individually were also able to achieve a female participation rate of greater than 40%. Subsequently in April 2022, further changes to the training participant nominations were made that have increased the number of participants and also slightly reduced the female participation rate to below 50%. The beneficiaries were also advised to increase the number of nominated female participants to strive and lead in gender diversity in these regions. The results of further working with the beneficiaries resulted in the female participation results shown within Table 9, with a female participation rate of approximately 62%. – The nominations for the training delivery to the Malaysia region also includes three nominated ASEAN representatives. The female participation rate from ASEAN was 100%. Originally, the training delivery was planned to be delivered entirely via a virtual forum with all participants participating virtually. However, based on the training needs assessment completed as per section 4.2.3, one of the key preferences identified was to allow the participants group together at one venue / meeting room for greater peer engagement during the training session. This was accommodated as the plan was revised to allow for the beneficiary participants to group together at a central venue while GHD and CTIF personnel joined the training virtually. 4.2.4.1 Training Participation Interaction during the training participation was highly encouraged and the participation and discussion from the participants was very positive during all three training sessions. Generally, out of the modules delivered across the three training sessions (refer Table 6) the two modules that gained the greatest interest and discussion included the following: – Module 5: WTE Technology and Global Context. – Module 7: Local WTE Context and Case Study Analysis. For module 5, an overview of the many different WTE technologies were presented from technologies that are available and very mature, to other technologies that are not so mature and/or widely used. Multiple questions were raised on the appropriateness of technology for specific scenarios. For example, one of the questions raised included the technology suitable for processing approximately 400 tonnes per day, which was responded to with multiple technologies such as incineration/combustion and anaerobic digestion, however it was also conveyed that it is important to understand the composition and make-up of the waste being treated as well as the quantity. Furthermore, during this module participants were also requested to review a case study of WTE adoption in the city of Toronto. The participants were allocated into groups to review the key aspects of the case study that were applicable to their

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 15 In Partnership with: country, and if there were any aspects that were not applicable. Some of the common discussions and learnings from this case study across the three training sessions included the following: – Although not to the same extent, however the high waste generation in Canada and Toronto is also applicable to Malaysia, Indonesia, and Lao PDR countries. – The city of Toronto has positive policies and community participation for waste management, which was advised by multiple participants as an improvement opportunity for Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR. – Although commonly used in Toronto, anaerobic digestion is not as commonly used in Asia. This particular item was also raised as a question, which was responded with Singapore as one of the known locations with a mixed waste processing facility currently in development that processes a proportion of the waste using anaerobic digestion technology. Module 7 also gained good interest from the participants, largely due to the local focus in which participants were able to further contribute their own background and experiences for WTE adoption within the country. The module focussed on the local context and identified barriers hindering the adoption of WTE and also looked at additional case studies in Asia including Singapore, Tokyo, Japan and Can Tho, Vietnam. As part of this module, and to close out the training the participants were requested to develop their high-level recommendations to improve WTE adoption in their region. Examples of some of the recommendations from the participants are listed below: – Legislative and policy improvements to further enable WTE developments. – Greater law enforcement for illegal waste management practices, such as illegal dumping of waste. – Adoption of offshore landfills that reduce the land usage impact, such as with the offshore landfills used in Singapore and Tokyo as per the presented case studies. – Adoption of incineration/combustion technology that not only generates energy, however, also significantly reduces the volume of waste, similar to the technology used in Singapore and Tokyo as per the presented case studies. This was also raised as a question to understand the possible volume of waste reduction that can be achieved with incineration technology, with the response stating up to approximately 90 to 95%. – Adoption of black soldier fly as countries such as Malaysia are experiencing shortages in importing the chicken feed from overseas. – Adoption of public private partnerships with both the private sector involved with government support for WTE initiatives and activities. – Improve community involvement and awareness of WTE practices and adoption. – Improve local waste management and separation to further enable WTE adoption and reduce waste preprocessing, which also further improves the CAPEX of the potential WTE facility. – Similar to above, follow and improve adoption of the waste management hierarchy i.e., first prioritise waste minimisation, followed by waste recycling, then waste to energy adoption, and lastly utilisation of landfill, which should be the least preferred waste management mechanism used. – Improve feed-in tariff fees for WTE facilities to improve the economic viability of a WTE facility. At the completion of the training the participants were also requested to complete a survey to provide feedback on their experience for the day. Out of a total of 58 participants, 41 responded and completed the survey. One of the key questions of the survey was if the training content and style was able to meet expectations. The results of these questions are shown within Table 10 and Table 11 below. Table 10 Response to the Material/Content of the Training Delivery Response Lao PDR Malaysia Indonesia Total Exceeded Expectations 2 4 3 9 Met Expectations 13 11 8 32

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 16 In Partnership with: Response Lao PDR Malaysia Indonesia Total Did Not Meet Expectations 0 0 0 0 Total 15 15 11 41 The results show that out of 41 participants who responded to the survey, 78% reviewed the training material/content to have met expectations and the remainder 22% reviewed the training material/content to have exceeded expectations. Table 11 Response to the Style of the Training Delivery Response Lao PDR Malaysia Indonesia Total Exceeded Expectations 0 3 3 6 Met Expectations 14 12 8 34 Did Not Meet Expectations 1 0 0 1 Total 15 15 11 41 The results show that out of 41 participants who responded to the survey, 83% reviewed the training style to have met expectations, 15% reviewed the training style to have exceeded expectations. The remainder 2% (1 participant) reviewed the training style to not have met expectations. 4.2.4.2 Task 4 Status Summary The status of Task 4 and the delivery of the training is summarised within Table 12 below. Table 12 Delivery of Training of Trainers Course on WTE Technologies Status Task No. # Task Deliverable Documentation / Activity Due Date % Progress Completion Date 4 Delivery of Training of Trainers Course on WTE Technologies Lao PDR Training Delivery 29-Apr-2022 100% 29-Apr-2022 Malaysia Training Delivery 10-May-2022 100% 10-May-2022 Indonesia Training Delivery 25-May-2022 100% 25-May-2022 The Lao PDR, Malaysia and Indonesia Training Delivery sessions were executed as per the schedule planned. Translation of all the training material content was also completed and simultaneous interpretation was also organised for the days of the training delivery. The noted changes to the original work plan are documented below: 1. Originally a total of 44 participants were allowed for (14 for each country / region and an additional two from ASEAN), however this increased to 58 participants (21 for Lao PDR, 18 for Malaysia, 16 planned for Indonesia, and three from ASEAN who have attended the Malaysia training session). The total increased number is greater than the original mandate. It should also be noted that prior to the delivery of the Indonesia training session, two members who were confirmed to be attending were not able to attend on the day. Hence the number of Indonesian based participants reduced from 18 to 16. 2. Originally the training delivery was planned to be delivered to all participants virtually, however the plan was revised to deliver the training while a number of participants, if not all, were present at a central venue / meeting room. This was executed for all three training sessions. Table 13 below provides the breakdown of participants who participated virtually and in person.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 17 In Partnership with: Table 13 Virtual vs. In-person Participation Breakdown Country Virtual % Virtual In-person % In-person Lao PDR 0 100% 21 0% Malaysia 9 43% 12 57% Indonesia 2 13% 14 87% Total 11 19% 47 81% 3. To further enrich the training delivery GHD developed tools such as custom zoom backgrounds for all online presenters and participants to use. This was successfully utilised for all three training sessions. 4. GHD also developed CTIF completion certificates for all three training sessions. For all three training sessions the certificates were signed and issued for all participants that attended. The above changes were based on the request and preference of the beneficiary stakeholders targeted for the training delivery. The list of participants who attended the training are included within Attachment 4, which includes a total number of 58 participants who participated in the training delivery. Based on feedback from the beneficiaries, the revised budget submitted on the 16th March 2022 allowed for the following number of participants to attend the training in person accounting for airfares, accommodation, land transport (if required) and the venue / meeting room booking as per Table 14. Table 14 Airfare, accommodation, land transport and venue / meeting room participant numbers allowed for in the revised budget Country Participant airfares allowed for (pax) Participant accommodation allowed for (pax) Participant land transport allowed for (pax) Participant venue / meeting room booking (pax) Lao PDR 0 0 14 to 16 14 to 16 Malaysia 8 8 14 to 16 14 to 16 Indonesia 3 3 14 to 16 14 to 16 With the execution of all three training sessions, no major costs have exceeded the budget, except for flight arrangements made for the Malaysian participants. Although flights were only booked for three participants, instead of eight, the delay in confirmation of the participant nominations and the subsequent confirmation of participants that required flights, caused increased airfares above the budgeted amount. The general key findings of the training delivery are summarised below: - The participation and interaction from the participants was overall positive. - As per above, participants were most interested and interactive with the local context (within Asia) of WTE followed by the technology components of WTE. - The audio and visuals from the venue locations were well organised with no major issues. The rehearsal sessions scheduled for each location were very useful. - As per Table 9, female participation was very positive with an overall participation rate of 62% (mandate objective was set at a minimum of 40%). - Initially the training was planned to be entirely virtual, however with organisation of the venue, 81% of participants attended in person to further enrich the training experience as per Table 13. - The beneficiary focal points were very crucial in facilitating the training and engaging the audience to be interactive.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 18 In Partnership with: 4.2.5 Task 5: WTE Facility Site Visits The spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19) made the scheduling and coordination of the site visits challenging due to unpredictable events, disruptions, and consequences. The health and safety of our people, and the clients and communities we work with, remains our number one priority and GHD is taking all prudent measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the community. From the commencement of the mandate both the in-person vs. virtual site visits were explored, with close monitoring of travel restrictions around South-east Asia. Initially the two planned site visits were at the following locations. – Surabaya, Indonesia WTE facility. – Kajang, Malaysia WTE facility. Confirmation of the site visit applications for the Malaysia and Indonesia site visits were then achieved. For the Malaysia site visit the Ladang Tanah Merah site visit was initially evaluated as preferred over the Kajang site visit based on the technology used and location of the site, however application to visit this site was unsuccessful. Following these developments, a site visit application to the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill was then successful. Similarly, the site visit application to the Surabaya, Indonesia WTE facility was also successful. In-person travel was budgeted for should Cowater and CTIF require, however this needed to be continually monitored to understand travel restrictions, vaccination requirements and any quarantine measures. Although, initially the Lao PDR site visit was not planned, additional budget and approval to visit the Khammouane Cement plant, located within the Khammouane Province, was successfully achieved. GHD’s Digital Team has developed smart solutions to help with business continuity. Hands-free headsets could have been utilized to live stream site walks and can be easily recorded via Microsoft Teams (GHD preference) and distributed as training material for participants to refer back to in the future. However, given in-person travel to the destinations required became feasible, this option was no longer required. Based on feedback from the beneficiaries the following was provisioned for based on the revised budget issued on the 16th March 2022. – In-person site visits for a maximum of 16 Malaysian based participants to the WTE facility in Malaysia was budgeted for. The application for the Ladang Tanah Merah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia site visit was not successful, and hence visit to the Kajang WTE facility and the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill were further explored. Out of these approval to visit the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill was achieved. – In-person site visits for a maximum of 17 Indonesian based participants to the Surabaya WTE facility in Indonesia was budgeted for. – In-person site visits for a maximum of 16 Lao PDR based participants to the Khammouane Cement plant located within the Khammouane Province was also budgeted for. – As in person site visits were provisioned for all three locations, additional meeting costs (venue and equipment) for virtual site visits and training were no longer allowed for. 4.2.5.1 Malaysia Site Visit Site Visit Location Review Table 15 provides a summary of key information pertaining to WTE facilities in Malaysia considered for site visit purposes. Table 15 Malaysia Site Visit Plants/Facilities Considered Malaysia WTE Plants Bukit Tagar Sanitary [7], [8] Landfill (New location and application successful) Ladang Tanah Merah[5] (Revised location, however application unsuccessful) Kajang, Malaysia[6] (Previously Planned) Land Area 280 (including landfill) 4 11

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 19 In Partnership with: Malaysia WTE Plants Bukit Tagar Sanitary [7], [8] Landfill (New location and application successful) Ladang Tanah Merah[5] (Revised location, however application unsuccessful) Kajang, Malaysia[6] (Previously Planned) Waste, processing capacity (tons/day) 2700 600 1,100 Planned/Completed Launch Date 2005 End 2021/Start 2022 2009 Power Generation Capacity 10.4 20-25 8 Location Selangor Negri Sembilan Semenyih Technology Landfill gas Solid Waste Modular Advanced Recovery and Treatment (SMART) Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) Figure 2 shows proximity of Malaysian WTE facilities to nearby beneficiaries and participants. Figure 2 Map Showing Proximity of Malaysia WTE Facilities to Beneficiaries and Participants Initially, the Ladang Tanah Merah was preferred based on the following justification: – New technology. – Close proximity to both Kuala Lumpur and UTHM. The application to conduct the site visit at the Ladang Tanah Merah site, however, was unsuccessful. As an alternative the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill was put forward with the site visit application approved. Although the site is an older plant, in comparison to the other two plants, from review it appeared to consist of all elements that can offer sound learnings from a site experience. Justification for this site visit was as follows: – Incorporates WTE concepts. – With the landfill the site visit may allow learnings in SWM as well as WTE. – Close proximity to both Kuala Lumpur and UTHM. – Unable to get approval to conduct the site visit at the other two plants considered. Selangor, Malaysia Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill WTE Facility Overview Kajang Kuala Lumpur Ladang Tanah Merah UTHM Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 20 In Partnership with: Figure 3 shows an overview of the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill facility observed during the site visit. The waste that is collected is used in the landfill where leachate and gas is collected. The landfill consists of a full HDPE membrane liner, leachate collection and treatment systems. A landfill gas management system is also adopted for treating and managing landfill gas collected by way of flaring and generating green energy from gas engines fuelled by methane produced by solid waste treated in the landfill. Green energy produced through the gas engines is supplied to the national grid via Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) under the feed-in tariff scheme. The leachate management system consists of multiple equipment for the effective treatment of leachate from the landfill inclusive of sequential batch reactors, aerators, chemical storage and dosing system, balancing tanks, sludge thickener and a dissolved air flotation plant. From this process both treated effluent and dried sludge is produced. The treated effluent is used for irrigation for nearby plantations while the dried sludge is transferred back to the landfill. As can be observed, this process improves the overall efficiency and waste management of the plant. Site Visit Executed Activities Table 16 provides an overview of the executed activities completed for the site visit. Waste Reception Area Sanitary & Landfill Gas Collection Landfill Gas Plant (12 MW) Leachate Treatment Treated Effluent used for Irrigation Dried Sludge to Landfill Waste to Landfill Energy Distribution Figure 3 Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill Facility Overview

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 21 In Partnership with: Table 16 Malaysia Site Visit Executed Activities # Activity Activity Outline 1 Arrival Arrival at the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill. 2 Greetings and Introduction Greetings and Introductions with the Berjaya EnviroParks Sdn Bhd Team. 3 Opening Remarks and Presentations Opening remarks and presentation from Peter Wong (Berjaya EnviroParks), Sachin Narang (GHD), Dr. Jamal Gawi (CTIF), Dr. Seow Ta Wee (UTHM), Ir. Muhammad Fadly Bin Ahmad Usul (Department of National SWM) and Mr. Muhammad Jaafar (Department of National SWM). 4 Site Visit Site Visit to the Gas Engine System, Landfill Area and Leachate Treatment System. 5 Lunch Lunch provided by Berjaya EnviroParks. 6 Video Presentation Video presentation of the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill including opportunity for questions and final remarks. 7 Departure Goodbyes and departure from the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill. Site Visit Key Technical/Asset Observations Below includes key technical/asset observations from the site visit. – The WTE facility has a 12 MW generation capacity (it was advised the capacity of the plant was increased by 1.5 MW only a couple of months ago). – The advised capacity factor of the plant is advised to be approximately 75% to 80%. The guaranteed required contractual capacity factor is approximately 35% to 40% per year, hence the plant is exceeding contractual obligations. – The total area of the facility is approximately 700 acres. Approximately 120 acres is used for Phase 1, 2 and 3. There is also a 1000-acre buffer zone between the landfill area comprising undeveloped land surrounding the landfill footprint. – The sustainability of the facility is further optimised with the leachate system treated with the resulting water used for nearby palm oil plantation irrigation and the sludge returned to the landfill area. – There is limited waste management and separation completed at the plant and the plant uses household waste. – Most of the waste collected is municipal solid waste largely from Kuala Lumpur. There is minimal industrial waste used. Site Visit Key Economic/Financial Observations The plant has a feed-in tariff power supply agreement with TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad). It was advised that the economic feasibility of the plant is a success with the plant generating revenue from both the tipping fees and the feed-in tariff. There is limited waste management processing and separation completed at the plant, which assists with optimising CAPEX and OPEX costs. Similar to the site visit based in Indonesia as per section 4.2.5.2, limited information/data was made available with respect to economic/financial aspects of the facility, however once again it appears revenue streams from tipping fees and feed-in tariffs have been established. Site Visit Key Environmental/Social Observations The plant has been observed to be performing well with environmental monitoring and regulations, meeting and exceeding required standards in areas such as effluent management, leachate quality testing, surface water and groundwater quality monitoring, ambient air quality and noise levels. The plant has received multiple environmental awards including the CDL Outstanding Singapore Environmental Achievement Award in 2013, however no evidence of an international environmental certificate was found, which is also an improvement opportunity from an environmental point of view.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 22 In Partnership with: It was advised that the mandate has improved employment and inclusion with surrounding communities, however significant evidence of this is limited. From observation, there is also room for improvement with gender equality and inclusion. Site Visit Key WTE Management and Development Challenges Below includes the key challenges encountered for WTE developments within the region. – Insufficient well trained and experienced operators. – The tender processing and management for such mandates has been experienced as quite exhaustive. – Public acceptance of WTE is low due to potential pollutants. – Further encouragement of recycling is required before utilising Waste to Energy. – It’s very difficult to get 1,500 acres of land for a landfill gas plant. Hence it is difficult to replicate this asset, particularly in high populated and urban areas. It was also advised that currently Malaysia is moving forward with WTE as it is proven. However “Waste to Material” is being explored for future developments. Site Visit Participation Table 17 shows an overview of selected questions that were raised by participants during the site visit and open discussion held with the Benowo representatives. Table 17 Malaysia Site Visit Participation Question Examples # Question Response 1 What is the local availability of expertise in WTE? It was advised that there are local experts are available, however there is some reliance on overseas experts. Furthermore, availability of well trained and experienced operators is also a challenge as per above. 2 What is the plan for 2025 and beyond? The response was there is approximately 2 to 3 GW of WTE mandates planned. 3 What is the approximate capacity of WTE Plants? The response was that it approximately 800 tonnes/day is required to reap the benefits for the plant. 4 Is there any initiatives for application of incineration technology? It was advised that this is also a technology that is being pursued in other areas of Malaysia with multiple mandates in progress and planned using such technology. Representatives from Kota Samarahan expressed the WTE demands given landfills have reached capacity in the area. Alternative to the site visit in Indonesia as per section 4.2.5.2, the duration allowed, and volume of questions was less, however there was greater exposure and more of the site made available to observe during the site visit. For this site visit, the access to the many areas including the gas engine system, landfill area and leachate system provided valuable exposure and allowed the participants to achieve a sound overall appreciation of the facility. 4.2.5.2 Indonesia Site Visit Site Visit Location Review Table 18 provides a summary of key information pertaining to the newly proposed and previously planned WTE facility in Indonesia for site visit purposes. Table 18 Indonesia Site Visit Plants/Facilities Considered Indonesia WTE Plant Info Surabaya Indonesia[3] (New Proposed Location and Application Successful) Bandung Indonesia[4] (Previously Planned Location) Land Area (Hectares) 37.4 78.1

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 23 In Partnership with: Indonesia WTE Plant Info Surabaya Indonesia[3] (New Proposed Location and Application Successful) Bandung Indonesia[4] (Previously Planned Location) Waste, processing capacity (tons/day) 1,600 1,820 Planned/Completed Launch Date June-21 Unknown Power Generation Capacity (MW) 11 20 Location Benowo Legok Nangka Technology Gasification and Landfill gas Unknown Figure 4 shows proximity of Indonesian WTE facilities to nearby beneficiaries and participants. Figure 4 Map Showing Proximity of Indonesian WTE Facilities to Beneficiaries and Participants Justification for the change in Indonesian WTE facility site visit location to Surabaya included the following: – New technology. – Located on the Java Island similar to Bandung and Jakarta. – Launch of site confirmed in June-21 based on desktop review. – Bandung Indonesia status and operation is unknown based on desktop study. Surabaya, Indonesia WTE Facility Overview The understanding of the facility was aligned with the desk study as shown in Figure 2 below. Bandung Surabaya Jakarta Batam

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 24 In Partnership with: During the site visit, further in-depth understanding of the process and technology of the gasification plant was also achieved. The process commences with waste delivered to the waste storage pit area, in which a pre-treatment feeder exists to transport the waste to the pre-treatment area. A gasification feeding hopper is then used to transport the waste to the gasification area. This is where the waste is then gasified in the primary and secondary gasification chambers where the generated heat is used by the boiler to produce steam. A slag removal system also exists to collect the slag produced from the gasification chambers. The steam is fed to the steam turbine generator for the production of electricity. A cooling tower is also used for the supply of cooling water to condense the steam to condensate in the steam turbine condenser. Other ancillary equipment such as the bag filter for air pollution, control room, pump houses and the boiler chimney for exhaust gases. Site Visit Executed Activities Table 19 provides an overview of the executed activities completed for the site visit. Table 19 Indonesia Site Visit Executed Activities # Activity Activity Outline 1 Arrival Arrival at the Benowo Surabaya Waste to Energy Facility. 2 Greetings and Introduction Greetings and Introductions with the Benowo Surabaya Waste to Energy team. Waste Weighing Area Waste Reception Area Wastewater Treatment Pre-conditioning Facility Sanitary & Landfill Gas Collection Gasification Plant (9 MW) Landfill Gas Plant (2 MW) Energy Distribution Figure 5 Benowo Waste to Energy Plant Overview

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 25 In Partnership with: # Activity Activity Outline 3 Opening Remarks and Presentations Opening remarks and presentation from Muis and Ali (Benowo), Edwin Agung Wibowo (UNRIKA), Dr. Seow Ta Wee (UTHM), Sachin Narang (GHD). 4 Open Discussion Open discussion and questions on many areas of the Waste to Energy Facility. 5 Site Visit Completed a site visit to the lobby/admin area, Gas Engine units and the Control Room 6 Departure Goodbyes and departure from the Benowo Surabaya Waste to Energy Facility. Site Visit Key Technical/Asset Observations Below includes key technical/asset observations from the site visit. – The plant can process approximately 1,500 tonnes per day. 1,000 tonnes is supplied to the gasification plant and 500 tonnes supplied to landfill. From the 1,000 tonnes the residue produced is approximately 5%. – The total area utilised for the plant is 34.7 hectares. – A contract is established between the Surabaya government and PT. Sumber Organik for 20 years (until 2032). – The history of the plant began in 2012: • The plant was initially built by the government of Surabaya in cooperation with PT. Sumber Organik. • It was initially constructed as a landfill gas plant with a 600 tonne per day waste processing capacity and ability to generate 2 MW worth of electricity. – In 2015: • Plans to process waste with an additional gasification plant also commenced. – By 2021: • The landfill gas and gasification plant was inaugurated by president Joko Widodo. • The gasification plant is able to process 1000 tonnes per day and generate 9 MW of electricity. – Together with the landfill gas and gasification plant the plant can process approximately 1,500 tonnes and produce approximately 11 MW of electricity. It was advised that the 9 MW produced from the gasification plant is used to power approximately 500 houses within the region. Site Visit Key Economic/Financial Observations There was limited economic/financial information that the site-based representatives were open to share, however the following data/information was advised: – 1,200 IDR per MW is received. For the landfill gas plant they are able to sell approximately 1.5 of the 2MW. – 400,000 IDR per tonne of waste is received as tipping fees. – The plant is fully supported by the local government. If there are license issues, then the local government supports the facility. Although the available information is limited, it appears the plant benefits from the two main sources of revenue, which are typical for WTE facilities. However, it remains unknown on the source of revenue from the 9MW produced from the gasification plant. Support from the local government is also observed to be crucial for this plant given it is the first WTE facility operational within the country, not taking into consideration existing small pilot plants. Site Visit Key Environmental/Social Observations From the open discussions held, there does existing collaboration with local communities for recruitment purposes. The key collaboration is with one local institution called LPM (Lembaga Pengabdian Masyarakat), which is a social organisation that contributes to the local community by providing education on waste recycling and waste

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 26 In Partnership with: management. Benowo works with such organisations for employment of local resources interested and eager in a career in waste management and waste to energy. From observations, female representation at the Benowo plant was limited. Site Visit Key WTE Management and Development Challenges Bureaucratic issues appear to be the main challenge while the plant was in the process of being established. It was advised that technical challenges are likely going to be the next hurdle for the plant. There is a demand from the Plant’s management team for the best available technology to be used, particularly those with low-carbon emissions. The team expressed interest in learning from more advanced ASEAN member states such as Singapore and Malaysia. Site Visit Participation Table 20 shows an overview of selected questions that were raised by participants during the site visit and open discussion held with the Benowo representatives. Table 20 Indonesia Site Visit Participation Question Examples # Question Response 1 How is waste separated from the gasification and the landfill? Approximately 1,500 tonnes per day is processed. 1,000 is given to the gasification plant and 500 to landfill. From the 1,000 tonnes, approximately 5% residue is produced. 2 What is the cost of selling Waste to Energy? 1,200 IDR per MW is received. For the landfill gas plant, approximately 1.5 of the 2MW is able to be sold. 3 How much tipping fees are received? 400,000 IDR per tonne of waste. 4 What is the total area. How much area is used for the facility? The total area used is 34.7 hectares. 5 Is the local government compensated with the support they provide? This question was not answered. Multiple cost matters were also not entertained. 6 What is the financial performance of the asset? The plant is fully supported by the local government. If there are license issues, then the local government supports the facility well. 7 What kind of corporate social responsibility is being undertaken? Is there any community participation they have developed and collaborated with? Collaboration with local communities to recruit local people is established. There is one local institution called LPM (Lembaga Pengabdian Masyarakat), which is a social organisation. LPM facilitates and coordinates with local people who are interested to work for Benowo at the Waste to Energy Facility. LPM are used to further engage the local community. 8 Is there any drive for local for infrastructure of the local facility? Benowo are affiliated with international suppliers from Japan and the European Union. It was mentioned that further policies to influence local supply is preferred. 9 How does the Plant deal with the upcoming challenges such as climate change and how do they plan to utilise the best available technology to adapt/mitigate the climate change? While bureaucratic issues seem to be the main challenges during the Plant’s establishment process, technical challenges seem to be the next hurdle the Plant may encounter. There is a demand from the Plant’s management team for the best available technology, particularly those with low-carbon emissions. The team expressed interest in learning from more advanced ASEAN Members States such as Singapore and Malaysia. Adoption of low emission technologies will help AMS in meeting its regional climate change commitment, as an individual country or a region. Production of dispatchable low-carbon electricity through implementation of WTE and adoption of carbon

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 27 In Partnership with: # Question Response capture and storage at conventional power plants may be key investment opportunities that reduce Green House Gas emissions from the electricity sector. Low-carbon integrated waste management (IWM) which make use of the best available technologies may increase the appeal of IWM as financially sustainable investment fields involving PPP. 10 Are Benowo involved in the recycling components and participating in the Circular Economy. No, however Surabaya government provides 25 locations for composting. Hence the team is indirectly involved in the Circular Economy. Waste pickers also involved in the community contributing to the Circular Economy. The questions show multiple topics and subjects pertinent to WTE raised for discussion, including environmental, social, economic/financial and technical areas of questioning. This is seen as a positive given it was apparent that some of the learnings from the training delivery as per section 4.2.4 were adopted to gain further in-depth understanding of the plant and its operations. 4.2.5.3 Lao PDR Site Visit Site Visit Location Review A site visit in Lao PDR was also investigated. The Khammouane Cement Plant located within the Khammouane Province was pursued for the Lao PDR participants. Figure 6 shows proximity of the Khammouane Cement Plant to Vientiane based beneficiaries and participants. Figure 6 Map Showing Proximity of the Lao PDR Khammouane Cement Plant to Beneficiaries & Participants based in Vientiane Approval to visit this site and the Khammouane Cement Plant site was successful. The site visit included the Siam Cement Group (SCG), which included the cement plant and the landfill facility within the Khammouane Province. Vientiane Khammouane Cement Plant

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 28 In Partnership with: Lao PDR, SCG Cement Factory and Facility Overview The SCG cement factory uses waste along with other alternative sources for co-firing with coal for their coal fired power plant. The percentage of alternative sources makes up approximately 30% while the other 70% used is coal. The key waste resource used for co-firing is Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), which is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as MSW. Figure 7 shows a high-level overview of the waste management and processes adopted for the use of RDF in co-firing applications in this case. Figure 7 Overview of SCG Waste Management and Processing for Co-firing Site Visit Executed Activities Table 21 provides an overview of the executed activities completed for the site visit. Table 21 Lao PDR Site Visit Executed Activities # Activity Activity Outline Day 1 1 Arrival Arrival at the Khammouane Cement Co Limited (KCL) SCG Cement Plant. 2 Greetings and Introduction Welcome and presentation from the KCL-SCG team. 3 Questions and Answer Session Questions and answer session between the participants and the KCL-SCG team. 4 Site Visit KCL-SCG Factory Tour. Day 2 5 Arrival Arrival at the Khammouane Landfill. 6 Site Visit Visitation to the waste segregation plants. 7 Question and Answer Session Questions and answer session between the participants and the Khammouane Landfill team. Landfill Area Waste Pre-processing including: - Pre-shredder - Hand Sorting - Trommel Screen - Air Classifier - Spinner RDF Pretreatment Plant RDF Storage Hopper and Feeder to the Calciner Coal Fired Power Plant using Co-firing

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 29 In Partnership with: Site Visit Key Technical/Asset Observations Below includes key technical/asset observations from the site visit. – The KCL-SCG factory has an area of approximately 392 hectares. – The total area coverage including buffer zones is approximately 5,428 hectares. – Processing capacity of the factory is approximately 5000 tonnes of cement per day. – Approximately 300 tonnes of RDF and other alternative fuel sources are used as energy sources for the cement factory. This includes rice husk, woodchips, saw dust and RDF. RDF only accounts for 25 tonnes per day, however feasibility studies are underway to extend the use of RDF from landfill waste to 60 tonnes per day. Site Visit Key Economic/Financial Observations Limited economic and financial information was made available; however, it was found that biomass fuel from rice husk, woodchips, saw dusts and RDF make up 15.37% of the total capacity of fuel to produce 4500 – 5000 tonnes of cement per day. Site Visit Key Environmental/Social Observations Below includes key environmental/social observations from the site visit. – The plant has been observed to be performing positively with environmental management both inside and outside the factory. – The plant was observed to be meeting and exceeding required standards for required monitoring and regulation compliance, particularly in areas such as effluent management and leachate quality testing. – Water and groundwater quality monitoring, ambient air quality and noise are subject to regular monitoring from the provincial Environmental Department and Industry and commerce department. – KCL-SCG was found to meet ISO14001 and have received an ASEAN award. Site Visit Key WTE Management and Development Challenges One of the development challenges identified for this plant is the ability to increase RDF quantities to be used for the coal fired power plant. Currently approximately 25 tonnes of RDF waste is used per day, with plans to increase this to 60 tonnes per day. However, such extensions may take time and also require additional modifications to the plant. It was advised that SCG is into a transactional period in terms of energy sources. Initially, the company was dependent on non-renewable sources such as coal. As geopolitical issues increase, SCG has been planning to move its energy sources into renewable options. As the process change is not possible in a short duration, SCG is actively working on this progression and hence has considered fuel from waste (RDF), biomass, and other alternative energy sources in co-processing with electricity and coal fuel. To make this planning into a tangible action, SCG signed an MOU with the Vientiane capital landfill to provide 60 tonnes per day of waste (RDF). As per the discussion, SCG will use all waste from the process to reproduce more efficient energy sources in the process. Some of the challenges using RDF also include the treatment required to reduce Corrine under laboratory certification and assistance. This was advised as a long process and challenges are experienced due to the quality of solid waste from the landfill. The waste carries a high level of humidity, which makes it increasingly wet and mixed with a variety of other non-usable items before separation. In the process, it takes time to release Corrine and treatment to achieve sufficiently dry RDF. Hence SCG is re-strategising and looking for other alternative energy sources, by considering more sources of biomass and liquids from industry waste etc. Site Visit Participation In general there were a number of interesting topics and the participants were able to raise many questions with the KCL-SCG staff. Overall the experience from the participants was reported to be positive and majority of the questions raised by participants were from the training material presented as per section 4.2.4.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 30 In Partnership with: Majority of the questions raised were with respect to the policies and strategies adopted by the company themselves and how they require support from the government with respect to the adoption and promotion of WTE. There was also questions and discussion around how the private sector could also be able to support and participate from WTE supply from other sources. 4.2.5.4 Task 5 Status Summary The status of Task 5 and the site visits completed are summarised within Table 22 below. Table 22 Task 5: Site Visits Completed Task No. # Task Site Visit Due Date % Progress Completion Date 5 WTE Facility Site Visits Malaysia Site Visit to the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill 21-Jun-2022 100% 21-Jun-2022 Indonesia Site Visit to the Benowo, Surabaya WTE Facility 05-Jul-2022 100% 05-Jul-2022 Lao PDR Site Visit to the KIC-SCG Cement Plant Factory 24-Jul-2022 100% 23 and 24-Jul2022 The Lao PDR, Malaysia and Indonesia site visits were executed as per the schedule planned. The noted changes to the original work plan are documented below. – An in-person site visit to the existing Khammouane Cement Factory was also conducted for the Lao PDR participants. As per the original work plan, site visits in-country for the Malaysia and Indonesia based participants were only allowed for. – There was a small increase in the total number of participants attending the site visits, however budget impact of this was limited with the revised approved budget. The above changes were based on the request from beneficiary stakeholders, in particular the additional Lao PDR site visit was upon request from the local beneficiary representative. The list of participants who attended the site visits are included within Attachment 4, which includes a total number of 50 participants. Based on the received feedback, the site visits were highly beneficial to the participants to further appreciate the application of WTE, following on from the training delivery as per section 4.2.4. Some key findings/observations from the site visits are documented below. – The application of WTE itself is very diverse. Across the three site visits, three different applications were observed with the Benowo, Surabaya facility in Indonesia utilising landfill gas and gasification, the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill in Malaysia utilising landfill gas and the Lao PDR facility using RDF for co-firing in the existing power plant. – All facilities visited have a certain level of reliance on government support for the feasibility of the plant. This further confirms the key role the government plays to be an enabler for WTE developments within the three regions studied. – From the observations made during the site visits, there is room for improvement for gender equality and inclusion given the limited female employees found to be employed at each of the facilities visited. This also includes each of the facilities also improving awareness in gender responsiveness as there was limited evidence of this when specific questions were asked. This includes ensuring a safe working environment and a ‘do no harm’ philosophy. Furthermore, this also includes avoiding gender stereotypes such as females and males typically taking up roles and responsibilities based on gender. Other examples in improving gender responsiveness includes additional training sessions as well as having sex-disaggregated data at the facility, which was not apparent during each of the site visits.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 31 In Partnership with: One positive found was the facilities were found in reasonably safe condition and provided a safe working environment for all employees, however in some cases such, access to some of the operational areas was not permitted. 4.2.6 Task 6: Final Narrative Report on Mandate Task 6 of this mandate includes the completion of this report with the purpose and objectives of the report captured within section 2. 4.3 Mandate-Level Performance Measurement The following Mandate-Level Performance Measurement Framework (PMF) provided by CTIF as per Table 24 has been adopted to measure the achievement of key outcomes for the mandate. The actual performance measures shown within Table 24 indicate positive results achieved. Table 23 Mandate-Level Performance Measurement Framework Mandate Title Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies No. CTIF - 046 Country/Region Malaysia, Indonesia, Lao PDR Budget (CAD) $277,000 Consultant GHD Start - End dates: 10/2021-9/2022 Beneficiary organisation(s) – Malaysia: Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM); Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change; Ministry of Housing and Local Government; Kota Samarahan; selected community leaders (e.g., Ketua Kaum) – Lao PDR: National University of Lao; Ministry of Energy and Mines; Ministry of Public Works and Transport; National University of Laos; Vientiane City; selected community leaders (e.g., Nai Ban). – Indonesia: Universitas Riau Kepulauan; Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources; Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing; Batam City; selected community leaders (e.g., Ketua RW). Mandate Summary: CTIF is providing technical assistance to selected government and non-governmental beneficiaries in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Lao PDR to facilitate knowledge transfer and sharing of best practices related to the effective and contextually appropriate application of waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. Approaches to be explored will include but not be limited to the Life Cycle Assessment method. The mandate will also consider current solid waste recycling and reuse programs / strategies and local waste disposal capacity and propose technologies that will potentially suit local needs and contexts. The rationale behind this mandate stems from the recognized need of participating countries to divert waste from landfills and increase the production of sustainable energy sources to facilitate low-carbon economic growth in ASEAN CTIF Ultimate Outcome: More inclusive, sustainable, and poverty-reducing trade and investment in eligible Asia-Pacific countries Result Outcome or Output Statement Indicators from PMF Mandate Baseline Mandate Target Actuals CTIF Immediate Outcome 1120 Increased ability of national and local governments to plan, develop, implement, and measure policies, legislation and regulations supporting 1120.1 # of ministries, departments, or agencies (MDAs) reporting increased confidence in existing internal processes and tools 0 12 20 (Refer Attachment 4 Table 31)

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 32 In Partnership with: CTIF Ultimate Outcome: More inclusive, sustainable, and poverty-reducing trade and investment in eligible Asia-Pacific countries Result Outcome or Output Statement Indicators from PMF Mandate Baseline Mandate Target Actuals climate-smart and gender/socially inclusive trade and investment. among staff to plan, develop, implement, and measure policies, legislation and regulations supporting climate-smart and gender and socially inclusive trade and investment. 1120.2 # of MDAs reporting increased knowledge and skills among staff, particularly female staff, to plan, develop, implement, and measure policies, legislation and regulations supporting climate-smart and gender and socially inclusive trade and investment. 0 12 20 (Refer Attachment 4 Table 31) CTIF Output 1121 TA provided to national MDAs to plan, develop, implement, and measure climate-smart and gender/socially inclusive policies, legislation and regulations supporting greater access to markets and financing for SMEs 1121.1 # of CTIF mandates delivered to national MDAs to plan, develop, implement, and measure more gender- and socially inclusive policies, legislation and regulations supporting greater access to markets and financing for SMEs. 0 1 1 1121.2 # of MDAs receiving CTIF TA to plan, develop, implement, and measure more gender- and socially inclusive policies, legislation and regulations supporting greater access to markets and financing for SMEs 0 12 20 (Refer Attachment 4 Table 31)

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 33 In Partnership with: CTIF Ultimate Outcome: More inclusive, sustainable, and poverty-reducing trade and investment in eligible Asia-Pacific countries Result Outcome or Output Statement Indicators from PMF Mandate Baseline Mandate Target Actuals 1121.3 Perceived utility of CTIF TA to MDAs to plan, develop, implement, and measure more gender- and socially inclusive policies, legislation and regulations supporting greater access to markets and financing for SMEs n/a 5/6 5/61 CTIF Immediate Outcome 1210 Increased capacity of civil society organisations (CSOs) and private sector organisations (PSOs) to engage with government institutions on climate-smart and gender/ socially inclusive trade, infrastructure, and investment issues. 1210.1 # of CSOs and PSOs reporting increased motivation to engage with government institutions on climate-smart and gender and socially inclusive trade, infrastructure, and investment issues. 0 6 6 (Refer Attachment 4 Table 31) 1210.2. # of CSOs and PSOs reporting improvements in processes and tools for engaging with government on climate-smart and gender and socially inclusive trade, infrastructure, and investment issues. 0 6 6 (Refer Attachment 4 Table 31) CTIF Output 1211 TA provided to CSOs and PSOs to engage with government institutions on trade, infrastructure, and investment issues. 1211.1 # of CTIF mandates delivered supporting increased CSO/PSO engagement in trade, investment, or infrastructure issues 0 1 1 1211.2 # of CSOs and PSOs provided TA to support their engagement with government 0 6 6 (Refer Attachment 4 Table 31) 1 Based on the average survey responses received as of August 22nd 2022

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 34 In Partnership with: CTIF Ultimate Outcome: More inclusive, sustainable, and poverty-reducing trade and investment in eligible Asia-Pacific countries Result Outcome or Output Statement Indicators from PMF Mandate Baseline Mandate Target Actuals 1211.3 Perceived utility of CTIF TA to support CSOs’ and PSOs’ engagement with government n/a 5/6 5/62 Task 2 Desk Study 1 1 (refer section 4.2.2) Task 3 Training Materials Toolkit 1 1 (refer section 4.2.3) Task 4 Training of Trainers Course on WTE Technologies 1 3 (refer section 4.2.4) Task 5 WTE Facility Site Visits 2 3 (refer section 4.2.5) 5. Gender and Social Inclusion The gender and social inclusion strategy had been prioritised throughout the mandate with the following measures implemented: – At commencement of the mandate, GHD worked closely with the beneficiaries for alignment on the objectives and methods to achieve gender equality for the participants undertaking the organised training and site visits. It was important to highlight the expected participation of women in the training, to enable beneficiaries to plan ahead, with support from GHD. – GHD worked closely with the beneficiaries in promoting female participation in the mandate and below includes examples of suggestions to improve the female to male ratio nominated to participate in the training and site visits planned for the mandate: • Reaching out to community leaders within each region as typically in the past, GHD has found more options for female participation in this segment. • Consideration of female tutors or PHD students from the universities that may be interested in this opportunity. – For the training and site visit participant nominations the project achieved a female participation rate of approximately 62% for the training delivery and 52% for the site visits. This is above the mandate requirement of 40%, which is seen as a significant success. – During the research stage, gender diversity and women empowerment was a key focus area, with the results included within the desk study. GHD was able to identify key challenges and improvement areas in this area based on the local and global context review undertaken. The team was also able to review frameworks such as the Gender-based Analysis Plus (GBA+) framework and its key benefits in WTE mandates. The key results that were found during the research stage include the following: • Gender inequalities and norms are embedded in almost every aspect of SWM, leading to a gender division of labour. 2 Based on the average survey responses received as of August 22nd 2022

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 35 In Partnership with: • There is a sever lack of applicable sector-wide and sex-disaggregated data to allow clear visibility of the many issues that exist also contributes to the problem. • The consequences of poor waste management are also not experienced equally between genders. Women bearing a greater responsibility for household management, poor waste services can exacerbate workloads. – With these findings, GHD was able to identify and present frameworks such as the Gender-based Analysis Plus framework, that makes such issues more evident and allows the formulation of measures that aim to minimize or avoid disproportionate negative impacts on those groups and to enable them to benefit proportionately from the initiative. – In development of the training material, inclusion and diversity was set as a key theme for the training delivery as included within the first module as an area for all participants to take note of and assess through all modules planned for the day. Furthermore, a module on gender awareness was also prepared, which was named “WTE and Gender – Why does it matter”. This module was strategically included during the first half of the day to set the scene for all modules to follow after this module messaging about the benefits of the empowerment of women, for society broadly and the SWM sector specifically, had been interwoven in the provision of technical assistance through GHD’s mandate. Key messaging and learning from this module included the following: • Improvements in gender equality also results in improvements in economic growth. Conversely the greater the inequality the more intensified poverty becomes. Hence, aside from the social benefits, gender inclusion is also important as there is financial justification for it. Improved employment for women benefits families, communities and economies. It also has positive impacts to GDP growth and improvements in workplace bottom line benefits in innovation, teamwork and safety. • Existing challenges such as the inequality, representation, remuneration, participation and health risks were identified for gender equality and inclusion. Improvement areas such as gender mainstreaming, consultation processes, new WTE mandates and planning phases were identified as per Figure 8 below. Figure 8 Identified Challenges and Improvement Areas for Gender Equality and Inclusion in WTE • Similar to the desk study stage, learnings of the GBA+ framework was also presented as an analytical process to assess how diverse groups of women, men and non-binary people may experience policies, programs, and initiatives. The “plus” in GBA+ acknowledges that GBA+ goes beyond biological (sex) and socio-cultural (gender) differences and it considers other identity factors such as race, ethnicity, religion, age, and mental or physical disability that intersect to make us who we are.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 36 In Partnership with: A practical example presented during the training delivery, of where GBA+ framework was used, included the Agriculture and Tourism sector for the Lao Cai and Son La Provinces of Vietnam. The framework was used to first identify and document the current roles of women, men, girls and boys and also grouped the data in terms of age, socio-cultural groups, household income, and disability. The impacts were then assessed, which found that women often attend meetings but don’t have the confident to participate, sometimes as they weren’t fluent in Vietnamese. Measures were then formulated to empower women and disadvantaged groups to start or improve opportunities in agriculture and tourism. Certain benefits were also enabled to affected groups by improving the incomes of 40,000 self employed women farmers and entrepreneurs, creating 4,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs, investing 6 million in private sector business that are inclusive, increasing women leadership by 15% and increasing the profile of women. – The training material also included a module on “Environmental and Social Safeguards”. This module was also strategically included during the first half of the day to set the scene for all modules to follow. This module engaged the participants to interact and identify potential social impacts from WTE developments. Furthermore, social impacts such as worker health and safety risk, health concerns to immediate community, community opposition of WTE and livelihood with corresponding mitigation measures were introduced. Refer Figure 9 for an overview of the WTE development social impacts and mitigation measures presented and further investigated during the training delivery. Figure 9 Overview of the Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures investigated and discussed during the Training Delivery – Case studies were developed within the training material, demonstrating that women working in the waste sector can be linked to improved performance, such as the WTE development in Can Tho, Vietnam. The Can Tho, Vietnam WTE case study example showed examples of social awareness and measures to improve women and community involvement, however also showed that there is also significant room for improvement in such measures and the number of women involved in the mandate and waste management initiatives. The other positive out of this case study, is in fact that gender-based data was available. With respect to the other case studies in Singapore and Tokyo, Japan, the above initial observation with respect to the lack of applicable sector-wide and sex-disaggregated data was still applicable, as no such data for other case studies was found.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 37 In Partnership with: – The training modules developed also discuss inequity of impacts, with the burden of poor waste management practices impacting on women who traditionally have a greater share of household and caring roles. Refer section 4.2.3 for further details of the training module on gender awareness. – Gender empowerment was also embedded into the conducted site visits detailed within section 4.2.5 where the female participation was 52%. Furthermore, a keen focus on the gender and social inclusion adopted at the facilities visited was undertaken. Social initiatives undertaken were questioned and identified as per section 4.2.5. Furthermore, the overall gender inclusion at the sites was also observed with room for improvement in gender equality and inclusion identified, given the limited female employment observed. Overall, GHD applied gender mainstreaming across all tasks and activities for the mandate with the pursuit of not only meeting, however exceeding the mandate objectives and standards for the project. 6. Environment and Climate Change The environmental sustainability strategy adopted for the mandate was aimed at providing a vision, shared objective, and pathway to advance SWM and WTE technology across Malaysia, Indonesia, and Lao PDR regions. Through the mandate methodology the strategy included the following: – Desk study research and LCA, including the following: what is an LCA, why is it important, phases of an LCA, LCA Standards, and an LCA Case Study Example. – The project team also researched best practices regarding SWM and WTE technology in addition to the socio-economic and environmental impacts of different WTE solutions. In addition, GHD prioritised research on current practices and barriers regarding deployment of small scale WTE technology in small and medium-sized cities. This allowed comparison to the cities that are associated with this mandate including Kota Samarahan in Malaysia, Batam City in Indonesia and Xaythany District in Vientiane, Lao PDR. Research surrounding potential solutions for addressing documented barriers, and key lessons learned through other initiatives in these countries shall was also conducted. – The Desk Study also included consideration of Environmental and Social Safeguards, in particular those of the ADB flowing from its Safeguard Policy Statement, which aims to avoid, minimize and/or compensate for adverse mandate impacts on the environment and affected people. There are also a number of examples of other donor requirements/frameworks considered by the Mandate including the Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) by the World Bank (effective to all new World Bank investment mandates financed from October 2019), and the UNDP’s Social and Environmental Standards (SES), which mainstream social and environmental sustainability in all UNDP programmes. Each of these policies aim to avoid, minimize and/or compensate for adverse mandate impacts on the environment and affected people. This is also noted within the desk study report. – Following on from the desk study, one of the key objectives with the preparation and delivery of the training was to increase the knowledge and awareness of the current environment and sustainability considerations for deployment of SWM and WTE technologies. As per section 5, the training material also included a module on “Environmental and Social Safeguards”. This module was also strategically included during the first half of the day to set the scene for all modules to follow. This module engaged the participants to interact and identify potential environmental impacts from WTE developments. Furthermore, environmental impacts such as byproducts & residues, gaseous emissions, threat to circular economy and risks from waste transportation were introduced. Refer Figure 10 for an overview of the WTE development social impacts and mitigation measures presented and further investigated during the training delivery.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 38 In Partnership with: Figure 10 Overview of the Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures investigated and discussed during the Training Delivery – Environmental sustainability discussions were also well embedded into the conducted site visits detailed within section 4.2.5. Furthermore, for each site visit participants were urged to be curious and question the environmental management performance and processes adopted. One key positive example is the processing of leachate at the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill, which is processed to produce treated effluent that is subsequently used for irrigation for nearby plantations. Hence through such knowledge transfer, the WTE capability gaps in implementation and enforcement can be further improved, and as such a positive contribution can be made to the overall environmental sustainability of current waste management and energy production practices. 7. Lessons Learned and Recommendations to CTIF The section is intended to cover both identified project risks and mitigations, as well as the overall lessons learnt from this mandate along with improvement recommendations. – Identified project risks identified at the commencement of the mandate, planned mitigation measures and the status at completion of the mandate; and – Detail of the key challenges and improvement recommendations to CTIF for consideration in future similar mandates. 7.1 Risks and Mitigation The identified project risks identified at the commencement of the mandate, planned mitigation measures and current status are shown below as per Table 24.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 39 In Partnership with: Table 24 Identified Project Risks, Mitigation Measures and Completion Status Mandate Risk Mitigation Measure(s) Completion Status (18th August 2022) COVID-19 Travel Restrictions impacting site visits and delivery of training. If travel and/or site restrictions still exist, GHD will prepare for virtual training where participants are not required to travel. GHD will work with all stakeholders to agree on a date where the decision for in person or virtual training has to be made to ensure arrangements for either method can be made with no impact to the overall work plan schedule. COVID-19 travel restrictions around South East Asia had slightly eased while preparing for the site visits. Approval for in-person site visits in Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR were achieved and the site visits were executed as per section 4.2.5. Required travel and in-country COVID-19 restrictions were adhered to and followed by all site visit participants and representatives with no COVID-19 incidents occurring within the group. Translation of training material to Laotian, Bahasa Indonesian, and Bahasa Malaysian. GHD will work closely with the beneficiaries to determine any preferred translators. GHD will also utilise its global network pool to assist with required translations. GHD had engaged a Singapore based translation and interpretation vendor with the translation of the training material into the three languages in progress. For the delivery of the training, the vendor also provided simultaneous interpretation via the zoom platform. The simultaneous interpretation was executed, however there was room for improvement in the execution. Achieving the women participation rate for the required training material is at least 40% Refer to Section 5 of this report. An overall women participation rate of 62% and 52% had been achieved for the training and site visits respectively. Refer sections 4.2.4 and 4.2.5 respectively for further details. Difference in audiences and training material styles required for each beneficiary stakeholder. GHD will carry out a training needs assessment, which will include determining the cultural, gender and demographic differences between each of the regions targeted for the training. Subsequently, GHD will make changes to the training material style and content accordingly. GHD completed a thorough training needs assessment with a meeting following by a participant engagement survey as per section 4.2.4. The training material was developed based on the results and analysis of the training needs assessment completed. Refer section 4.2.3 for further details. The training maybe too heavily focussed on the local context. GHD strategy will be to provide a holistic view on the sector along with the deep dive in the technology and applications more relevant to the local context. In addition, GHD will include examples of some technologies that are not relevant within the training material. GHD executed the desk study report and training material to view SWM and WTE adoption with a holistic global lens followed by a more detailed local view through the mandate focus areas in Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao. Furthermore, GHD also developed additional case studies across Asia including SWM and WTE adoption in Singapore, Vietnam and Japan. For further details refer sections 4.2.2 and 4.2.3. The mandate involves multiple stakeholders, creating greater risk of miscommunication and errors. The communication protocols and single point of contact agreed between all stakeholders during the kick-off meeting should be followed for the complete duration of the mandate. Any changes to team members and/or contact details from any of the stakeholders should be communicated to the mandate group. The stakeholders and communication protocols were well established at the commencement of the mandate during the kick off meeting. This was successfully followed for the mandate till date. A key success of the mandate was the communication with the local beneficiary representatives in Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR, who proved to be key interfaces for the execution of the training delivery and the site visits.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 40 In Partnership with: 7.2 Challenges and Improvement Recommendations The key identified challenges, along with GHD’s implemented actions and improvement recommendations are listed within Table 25. Table 25 Identified Mandate Challenges, GHD Implemented Actions and Improvement Recommendations Mandate Challenge GHD Implemented Actions Improvement Recommendation Simultaneous interpretation from English to Laotian, Bahasa Indonesian, and Bahasa Malaysian and vice versa. GHD engaged a Singapore based vendor for Simultaneous Interpretation. The Singapore based vendor was Speac, who were the only vendor identified to be able to provide the required simultaneous interpretation services for the timing required. GHD contacted a total of approximately ten vendors based in Singapore and North America. Many of the North American vendors were not able to accommodate the time-zone in Asia and within Singapore, Speac were the only vendor who could accommodate interpretation of all three languages. All other vendors were not able to accommodate the Lao PDR translation. GHD also completed extensive familiarisation with the Zoom simultaneous interpretation features and further engaged GHD business school for further support. From the feedback surveys provided by the participants post completion of the training, the performance of the interpretation could have been improved, particularly for the Lao PDR and Malaysia based training delivery. For future similar initiatives and any simultaneous interpretation required, it is suggested to utilise available interpreters from the university that may be more familiar with the participants based locally. Furthermore, interpreters based locally and at the same venues where the participants are based may also assist with some of the communication barriers that may exist through a virtual platform such as Zoom. Activities required for procurement of non-labour expenses GHD followed through with the required procurement for the mandate, including flights, accommodation, bus transport, translation, and interpretation services. The training and site visits required procurement of such services all were executed successfully. This was however a challenging process with the required evidence and vendor analysis required. CTIF response to the vendor analysis for each procured item was valuable and prompt. It is vital to continue this for future initiatives requiring similar procurement activities. Certain procurement procedures, such as flights, can be further reviewed as the flight costs continue to change daily. During the mandate there were multiple instances where the flight costs changed and GHD’s recommendations had to be modified from the previous submission. Furthermore, hotel vendors providing recommendations were found to be hesitant to provide revised quotations covering the correct number of participants unless there was a confirmation to engage the required vendor. Hence, on most occasions the quotations from hotels covered their pricing of various rooms, however the quotation for the correct number of participants was only achieved with the recommended and preferred hotel vendor. The evidence required for claiming such expenses was also found to be a challenge. For future initiatives it is also recommended to

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 41 In Partnership with: Mandate Challenge GHD Implemented Actions Improvement Recommendation further review how this can be optimised if possible. Training and Site Visit Participant Nominations For the training delivery and the site visits the participant nominations were continually modified for the mandate. GHD remained vigilant and accommodated the many changes across the mandate, however GHD also remained stringent in the gender equality and female participation on the mandate. GHD takes note that such changes to participant nominations is likely to occur and notes that there may be limited improvements that can be enforced in such situations, however one suggestion for similar future initiatives is to re-confirm no changes to the participant nominations at least two weeks before the training and/or site visit. 8. Story of Change Cowater International (Cowater), together with the Canadian Trade and Investment Facility for Development (CTIF) team, Global Affairs Canada (GAC), Institute of Public Administration of Canada (IPAC), and the Government of Canada, made a commitment to support sustainable trade and investment-related policy reforms and economic development initiatives internationally. This particular investment has been targeted towards the Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR regions where there has been observed challenges in gender equality, sustainability, waste management, as well as associated waste management and waste to energy economic, financial and institutional enablers. The Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies mandate covering the Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR regions has been a carefully structured and implemented plan that included the following: – Research and identification of the global and local landscapes in waste management and waste to energy adoption, with identification of the key challenges encountered in Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR. – Customised training material developed based on the research completed. This included covering the global and local landscapes of gender and social inclusion, environmental management, lifecycle assessments and the pertinent waste management and waste to energy trends with the successfully adopted practices. This was transposed over the challenges observed in the Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR regions. – The training delivery to nominated participants was delivered with a key focus to enrich through interaction. Hence the training had multiple modes of training including presentation, videos, quizzes, mentimeter exercises, case studies and break-out group sessions. – The three site visits arranged within the Malaysia, Indonesia and Lao PDR locations also allowed the learnings from the training delivery to be adopted for further enrichment with practical examples of waste management and waste to energy adoption. One example, where the above example has created a positive story of change, is with the Malaysia based beneficiaries and participants. Tangible changes that have resulted due to the implantation of the above scope includes the following items. 1. Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill Collaboration As per section 4.2.5.1, the project facilitated beneficiary participants based in Malaysia to visit the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill site. The site visit returned positive reviews from the participants. In particular, UTHM instructors and graduate students that participated in the site visit as well as the previous training, shared that from completely no knowledge of WTE technologies, they have gained a holistic understanding of WTE from the technical, environmental and social perspectives. Furthermore, an appreciation of the impact SWM and WTE projects can have on gender equality and inclusion.

GHD | Cowater International Inc | 12557967 | Knowledge Transfer on the Application of Waste to Energy Technologies 42 In Partnership with: With the positive experience from the site visit, UTHM are further exploring an arrangement with EnviroParks to allow more students and interns to visit the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill to gain additional practical SWM and WTE experience. This is another small, however important contribution to increasing the exposure of WTE appreciation and adoption in Malaysia. The principles used at the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill can be understood and also applied to other existing and future developments. This also further continues the ripple effect of increasing the knowledge base of SWM and WTE in Malaysia. This connection and avenue of further learning and enrichment is a result of the support and development from multiple stakeholders for this mandate. Testimonial: Figure 11 Participants visiting the Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill 2. Kota Samarahan WTE Adoption Following the training delivery and the site visit to the Bukit Tagar Sanitary landfill, the local government officials of Kota Samarahan are intending to recommend their decision makers to adapt the WTE technology and practices that they have learned. During the site visit it was found that the representatives from the Kota Samarahan council were quite active in their participation expressing their waste management challenges, such as overcapacity landfills. Such learning and participation in this case has provided an enriching environment for the participants, which has enabled them to speak out to other decision makers within Kota Samarahan.