Complete Cat Care: How To Keep Your Cat Healthy and Happy

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Complete



CAT CAre

















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Introduction 6
1
LoNDoN, NEW YoRK, MELBoURNE, Your new cat 8
MUNiCH, AND DELHi
DORLING KINDERSLEY Becoming a cat owner 10
Senior Editor Sam Atkinson Finding the right cat 12
Project Art Editor Amy Child Choosing a cat breed 14
US Editors Jill Hamilton, Margaret Parrish
Jacket Designer Laura Brim Making your home safe 16
Jacket Editor Manisha Majithia
Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia Tampakopoulos Essential equipment 18
Producer, Pre-Production Rachel Ng Bringing your cat home 20
Producer Mary Slater
Photographer Gary ombler Understanding your cat 22
Managing Editor Esther Ripley
Managing Art Editor Karen Self
Publisher Sarah Larter Everyday care 24
Art Director Phil ormerod 2
Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler
Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf A balanced diet 26
Monitoring feeding levels 28
Consultant Alison Logan
Contributors Ann Baggaley, Katie John, Jenna Kiddie Regular grooming 30
DK INDIA Step-by-step grooming 32
Senior Editor Monica Saigal Washing your cat 34
Editor Antara Moitra
Senior Art Editor Chhaya Sajwan Behavioral problems 36
Art Editor Supriya Mahajan, Devan Das
Assitant Art Editor Ankita Mukherjee, Namita, Payal Rosalind Malik Training and fun 38
Managing Editor Pakshalika Jayaprakash
Managing Art Editor Arunesh Talapatra
DTP Designers Bimlesh Tiwary, Jagtar Singh, Mohammad Usman 3 Your cat’s health 40
Pre-Production Manager Balwant Singh
Production Manager Pankaj Sharma Signs of good health 42
Picture Researcher Surya Sankash Sarangi
Monitoring your cat’s health 44
First American Edition, 2014
Published in the United States by DK Publishing, Inherited disorders 46
345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
A Penguin Random House Company Musculoskeletal disorders 47
14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Eye disorders 48
001—192886—Feb/2014
Ear disorders 49
Copyright © 2014 Dorling Kindersley Limited
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part Coat and skin disorders 50
of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, External parasites 52
recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright
owner and the above publisher of this book. Internal parasites 53
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4654-1604-9
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions,
premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special
Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or [email protected].
Printed and bound in China by South China
Discover more at
www.dk.com

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this book is accurate. Neither
the publishers nor the authors accept any legal responsibility for any personal injury or injuries
to cats or other damage or loss arising from the undertaking of any of the activities presented
in this book, or from the reliance on any advice in this book. if your cat is ill or has behavioral
problems, please seek the advice of a qualified professional, such as a vet or behavioral expert.




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Mouth and tooth disorders 54
Digestive disorders 56
Respiratory disorders 58
Heart and blood disorders 59
Nervous system disorders 60
Hormonal disorders 61
Immune system disorders 62
Infectious diseases 64
Reproductive disorders 66
Urinary disorders 67
Nursing a sick cat 68
Caring for an elderly cat 70
4 Feline emergencies 72



Basic first aid 74
Wounds and burns 76
Stings and bites 77
Choking and poisoning 78
5 Breeding 80


Breeding and pregnancy 82
Queening and postnatal care 84
Early kitten care 86
Kitten health checks 88

Glossary 90
Useful contacts 91
Index 92
Acknowledgments 96












Contents











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▽ Sense of fun
Cats can be playful well into old age. There is plenty
of scope for fun outdoors, but if you keep your cat
indoors you need to provide him with entertainment.































△ Eating sensibly △ Regular health checks
Make sure your cat’s diet contains Help keep your cat fit for life by
the correct balance of nutrients. Keep monitoring his health with regular
track of his weight and adjust portion examinations at home and taking him to
sizes if necessary. the vet for a routine annual check-up.




Introduction not want a daily walk, and most tolerate being

left alone for long periods. But self-sufficient
as these beautiful animals are, there is more
It is not difficult to make room in your life to cat care than putting out bowls of food and
for a cat. As millions of devoted owners providing a comfortable lap on demand. Cats
have discovered, cats are good at adapting depend on us to pay attention to their mental
themselves to both small homes and large. and physical health and welfare, and you will
They will settle happily either as an exclusive find useful advice here on how to interpret
companion in a one-person apartment or and respond to their behavior.
claiming a share of attention in a busy family. The opening chapter will help you decide
Cats are free spirits. Indoors or out, they like whether you are ready to take on the
to suit themselves and go where they will— responsibility of cat ownership and offers
house rules permitting. They choose when to guidance on essential equipment and the
be sociable and when to stalk away. They do practicalities of making your home welcoming









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▽ Feeling poorly ▽ Cat language
Cats don’t complain when they are sick. It is Your cat’s behavior can tell you many
up to us to recognize the signs of illness and things—but you have to learn how to
take prompt action. interpret his “language.”































△ Wash and brush-up
Although cats are proficient at self-grooming,
they need regular brushing and combing to
keep their coats in peak condition. Shorthaired
cats only need to be groomed once a week.





and cat-proof. This is followed by a wealth of CONSULTANT
advice on routine care—including grooming, Alison L Logan, MA, VetMB,
bathing, and feeding at all stages of life from MRCVS, qualified in 1989 as
kitten to senior—as well as suggestions for a veterinary surgeon from the
coping with behavioral problems and, not University of Cambridge, and
has been in a small animal
least, having fun with your cat. practice in her home town of
Two chapters on health explain the common Colchester ever since. She
cat disorders in detail, plus how to recognize enjoys writing for lay and
the signs of ill-health, what to do for a sick professional publications
which have included Cat World, Dogs Today, Veterinary
cat or in an emergency situation and, most Times, Veterinary Business Journal and for Pet Plan.
importantly, when to call the vet. A final Alison has been overall winner of the Vetoquinol Literary
section discusses what is involved if you decide Award twice, in 1995 and 2002. Alison wrote for a series
to breed from your cat and how to give the of books on dog breeds, and was also a contributor to
DK’s Complete Dog Care.
mother and her kittens the best possible care.









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Your new



cat













































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Becoming a cat owner


Owning a cat can bring you and your family joy and companionship, but
also many years of responsibility. Cats are active, intelligent, and
longlived, and they require continued care and attention.

First considerations family members suffer from provide all the stimulation that
Before making the decision to buy allergies or have restricted vision most cats require; adult cats that
or adopt a cat, think carefully about or mobility, a cat around the house have always had access to the
how he will fit into your lifestyle. is a potential hazard. outside may not adapt well to an
Bear in mind, too, that your Do you want a kitten or an adult indoor lifestyle. Cats are hunters,
responsibilities may be long term— cat? Kittens need extra care and so if your cat goes outside you must
a cat can live for more than 20 years. supervision, so be realistic about accept that he might bring home
Could you give a cat daily how much time you can allow for prey. In the house, a cat inevitably
attention? Most cats are relatively such things as litter-tray training sheds hairs everywhere and may
independent but some dislike and feeding up to four times a day. scratch the furniture.
10 being left alone all day. Never leave If you take on an adult cat, his Would you prefer a quiet cat or
a cat unattended for more than previous experiences will influence a lively one? If you choose a
24 hours; in an emergency, make how well he fits into your home. For pedigree (see pp.14–15), breed can
indicate a cat’s likely temperament,
example, a cat that is not used to
sure that someone is able to look
Your new cat in on him. If you regularly stay children could find living with but a random-bred cat is more of an
them stressful. (Rescue centers
away from home, a cat may not
unknown quantity. In both cases,
that rehome adult cats do their best
be right for you.
individual personality can be
to avoid such mismatches, see p.13.)
Is a cat suitable for the whole
influenced by early life experiences
Will your cat live indoors or
family? A cat that was not raised
Do you want a male or female cat?
with young children will likely find outdoors? Keeping a cat inside is and the parent cats’ temperaments.
living with them stressful; and if generally safer but few homes can Generally, neutered cats show no
“Cats require a
surprising number
of resources… be
sure you can afford
lifelong care.”















◁ Starting young
Kittens are usually more adaptable than older
cats. If you acquire a kitten from a similar
environment as your own home he is likely
to settle in with little trouble.





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◁ Companionship
Good cat care involves more than regular meals
and a bed to sleep in. If your cat enjoys human
company, it is essential to your cat’s mental
welfare to give him plenty of loving attention.






Owner responsibilities
■ Providing food and clean water
■ Meeting the cat’s needs for
companionship
■ Offering a choice of resources,
such as beds and litter trays
■ Providing enough stimulation to
ensure the cat stays fit and happy
■ Grooming (and bathing)
when necessary
■ Socializing kittens so that they 11
are confident in any situation
■ Seeking veterinary care
when needed
■ Microchipping the cat and
fitting him with a quick-release
safety collar and ID tag


differences in behavior and taking time to interact with your are far less time-consuming but Becoming a cat owner
temperament. Unneutered toms cat is just as important as providing they need brushing or combing at
may roam and spray urine, while him with playthings. He will need least once a week.
in-heat females may be restless. plenty of stimulation in the form of From time to time you may have
cuddles and games. to arrange for cat care. This can
Essentials of cat care Cats need regular grooming and incur considerable expense either
Cats require a surprisingly large may need the occasional bath. For for boarding fees if your pet stays
number of resources, and they a longhaired cat, daily grooming in a cattery or for paying a
can be expensive, so be sure that (see pp.32–3), taking up to half an professional cat-sitter.
you can afford life-long care. Basic hour, is essential. Shorthaired cats You are morally, and in many
costs include buying food, bowls, countries also legally, responsible
beds, litter trays and/or a cat flap, for your cat’s welfare. Essential
a cat carrier, grooming equipment, care includes giving your cat a safe
veterinary care, microchipping, home that enables him to perform
and insurance. normal cat behavior, suitable food
As well as your cat’s physical and clean water, preventive health
requirements, also consider his care and veterinary treatment
need for mental stimulation. when necessary, and protection
Cats can quickly become bored, from unnecessary suffering.
especially if they don’t go outside
regularly, and this can lead to ◁ Going away
destructive behaviors. There is a If your cat has to be left in someone else’s care,
he is still your responsibility. It may take time to
wide variety of cat toys and find a reputable cattery or pet-sitting service
scratching posts available, but that can provide the right level of attention.





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Finding the right cat



Once you have decided that you are ready for the responsibility of being
a cat owner, your search for the ideal pet begins. There are plenty of
options, but you need to choose carefully to be sure of a happy outcome.

Where to look for a cat Visiting a breeder
Registered breeders are the most Make an appointment with your
reliable people to approach if you chosen breeder to view a litter, and
are looking for a pedigree cat (see arrive armed with a list of points
pp.14–15) For a non-pedigree cat, to look out for and questions to ask.
try rescue centers, your vet, or If you are a first-time owner, do
friends and neighbors that you some homework in anticipation of
know well. Be wary of buying a the visit—both on the particular
kitten or cat through a classified breed you have come to look at
advertisement, especially one that and on cat care in general. Good
also advertises a selection of other breeders want their kittens to go to
pets. The reality behind these responsible owners, so expect to
offers may be animals that are have to answer questions as well △ Picking a pedigree
Breeders sometimes have kittens ready for
reared in substandard conditions as ask them. viewing, but you may have to wait until a litter
that leave them unprotected against You should be satisfied that the is due and book ahead to make a visit.
diseases. For the same reason, it is kittens are being kept in a clean,
best not to buy kittens from a pet uncrowded, homely environment. remove young kittens from their
shop. Although many pet shops are It is also important to see them family, you cannot judge their
highly reputable, some may acquire with their mother and siblings. behavior well if they are presented
their stock from dubious sources. Apart from being poor practice to to you separately.

“Do not allow
yourself to fall for
a kitten simply

because it looks in
need of extra love.”



It should be obvious whether or
not the kittens have been well
socialized and are used to being
handled. This would have been
achieved by speaking to, playing
with, and holding them from a
young age. If a breeder has
neglected this side of their welfare

◁ Family group
Always ask to see young kittens together with
their mother and siblings. They should not
be removed from their family and shown to
you separately.





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▷ Staying together
Rescue centers will not split up cats that have
become an inseparable pair. Two cats can also
keep one another company while you are out of
the house.



you will find it difficult, if not
impossible, to make up for lost time
once you get your kitten home.
Your chosen kitten should appear
alert and active, with a healthy
coat, bright eyes with no signs of
discharge, and clean ears. Do not
allow yourself to fall for a kitten
simply because it looks in need of
extra love. A kitten that is lagging
behind its siblings may have health
problems. Ask if the kitten has such as a bereavement or a and internal parasites. If an 13
been screened for any genetic relocation abroad, and a cat that adoption is agreed, you will be
disorders common to the breed, has already had one loving home is asked to pay a fee to help cover
and check that it has been likely to settle well into another. these expenses.
vaccinated and wormed, or that it The first step toward adoption is
will have been by the time you take a home visit from a member of the Adopting a stray
it home. Also enquire if the breeder shelter's staff (see box below). Some people are chosen by their
is prepared to provide any after- Once the shelter introduces you to cat. A stray that hangs around can Finding the right cat
purchase support or will take back some cats, they will tell you as easily work its way into family
the kitten should serious defects or much as possible about each cat's affections, but before offering your
problems arise. background and personality, and visitor a permanent home, make
Pedigrees are expensive, but whether there are any health issues sure that it really is a stray: many
breeders sometimes offer kittens at to consider. They can also give cats lead double lives. Make every
a lower price because they are not advice on cat care, including effort to trace a possible owner by
“show quality.” However, even neutering, and offer back-up looking for local “cat missing”
without symmetrical markings support following an adoption. notices, posting notices yourself,
or perfect conformation (breed All cats taken into shelters are speaking to neighbors, or asking
characteristics), these usually make routinely given a health check, a vet to check whether the cat is
beautiful and lovable pets. vaccinated, and treated for fleas microchipped (see p.89).

Cat shelters
Cat shelters, or rescue centers, are
packed with kittens and adult cats Having an assessment
of all types and ages in need of Adopting a cat from a shelter is environment you can provide. For
rehousing. Most of the cats offered a two-way process. You not only example, if you live in an apartment
for adoption are random bred, but hope to find the “right” cat, but or do not have a garden, a cat
the occasional pedigree can be you have to be right for him, accustomed to a free-roving outdoor
found too. Not all rescue cats have too. The center will assess your life may not be ideal. Some cats may
not be suited to living with children.
potential as a cat owner by
been abandoned or ill-treated and asking questions about your Your lifestyle will also need to be taken
have subsequent behavioral circumstances and commitment into account: it may not be possible
problems: sometimes a previous to cat care, and will arrange a for you to adopt a kitten if you will be
owner had to part with a pet home visit to see what type of out of the house at work all day.
because of personal circumstances,





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Choosing a cat breed


There is a bewildering variety of shapes and sizes, colors, and coat types to
choose from if you opt for a pedigree cat. However much looks appeal, you
should consider a breed’s personality and needs before coming to a decision.

Do your research if your pet is a noisy and hyperactive mischief-maker
Most people fall in love with a particular breed of cat when you wanted a peaceable lap cat.
because of its looks, but there are other important The advantage of having a pedigree cat is that you
points to consider. Different breeds have distinct can find out beforehand what you could be letting
characteristics and varying requirements in terms yourself in for. Do some research in advance—breed
of daily care, companionship, space to roam, and websites are often an excellent source of information.
mental stimulation. You cannot have a happy cat If possible, visit a cat show on a fact-finding mission,
if your lifestyle is not compatible with the breed’s but be prepared to find all the breeds you look
temperament. And you will not be a happy owner at equally appealing.


14


Your new cat ▷ Maine Coon


One of the largest of all cat
breeds, the Maine Coon is
a gentle giant with a
playful nature. The shaggy,
semi-longhaired coat
changes seasonally; be
prepared for heavy shedding
of the thick undercoat in
warmer weather. △ Persian
Sweet-tempered and home-loving, a Persian
likes to take life quietly. Daily grooming is
essential to prevent the long coat from tangling
or matting. The Golden Persian shown here is
just one of the many color variations available.


◁ Exotic Shorthair
A shorter-coated version of the Persian, the
Exotic has the same round-faced appeal and
placid temperament of its cousin, but needs
far less grooming. Content to spend life indoors,
it makes a good pet for flat-dwellers.






△ Siamese ▷ Russian Blue
There is never a dull moment This lithe and leggy breed
with a Siamese in the house. Noisy, with a smoky, plush coat has
mischievous, and always on the go, become extremely popular
this cat expects a lot of attention, over the last century. Russian
which it repays with devoted Blues are calm, easy to live
attachment to its owner. with, and very affectionate
toward their owner, although a
little reserved with strangers.





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◁ Bengal
Originally developed by crossing domestic
cats with the wild Asian leopard cat, the
dramatically patterned Bengal is a rare
breed. It has no “wild” traits, but possesses
boundless energy and is unhappy without
constant amusement and companionship.





▷ Balinese
With a dancer’s grace and
a silky coat, this longhaired
version of the Siamese is
exquisitely beautiful. The
Balinese is an all-action cat
that does not appreciate being
left to entertain itself for any
length of time.

15

◁ Sphynx
Hairless cats are not everyone’s
choice, but the elfish Sphynx’s
endearing character has won
the breed a solid fan base.
Sphynxes should be kept
indoors and protected from
extreme temperatures. The Choosing a cat breed
skin needs regular washing
△ Burmese to remove excess body oils.
Being with the family means a lot to a
Burmese—this is not a cat to leave at home
alone all day. It is intelligent and inquisitive,
and makes a loyal and loving companion.



◁ British Shorthair
Considered by many to be
the perfect household cat,
the British Shorthair is
handsome, robust, and
adaptable to either a
town or country lifestyle.
It likes comfort and
company but does not
pester for attention.


△ Abyssinian
Not a cat to laze on the sofa, the Abyssinian needs
plenty of scope for play and exploration, and would
best suit an experienced owner. It has a striking
appearance with a strong, elegant body and
▷ Cornish Rex beautiful ticked fur.
This breed’s defining feature is its tightly
waved coat. The Cornish Rex is an athlete
and an acrobat, and thrives on fun. Because
its fur is fine, the cat is sensitive to heat
and cold and needs very gentle grooming.





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Making your home safe



It is feline nature to want to get into and onto everything, and making
a house or garden completely cat-proof would be impossible. However,
you can reduce the likelihood of mishaps with a few basic precautions.

◁ Night prowler
You may worry about your pet's safety if he
stays out after dark. Some owners let their
cats roam outside in daytime but prefer to Outdoor checklist
keep them in at night.
■ Shut shed and garage doors
to prevent access to chemicals
Hazards in the home or sharp tools
Most potential dangers are found in ■ Cover fishponds with netting to
the kitchen. Never leave anything stop kittens from falling in or older
unattended that your cat could cats from poaching fish; empty out
jump on or knock over, such as paddling pools when not in use
■ Place bird feeders out of reach
16 a switched-on hotplate, an iron, ■ Prevent your cat from touching
a boiling saucepan, or sharp rodent bait or poisoned animals
utensils. Keep the doors of ■ Cover your children's sandpit
washing machines or tumble
to prevent use as a litter tray
Your new cat Free to roam? dryers closed, but first make ■ Keep your cat indoors if you
sure your cat is not inside.
have fireworks or a bonfire
Cats are less inclined than dogs
to steal food, raid the trash can, or
If you have a choice, should
DO...
you let your cat go in and out
for shade and for use
as he pleases? Undoubtedly, chew up forbidden items, but they consider planting a tree
still need to be protected from
as a scratching post.
there are greater risks outdoors— substances that could make them
DO...
especially from traffic, territorial sick. Keep them away from wet watch neighboring cats
fights, and cat thieves. On the paint and chemical cleaners, which for signs of aggression.
other hand, confining an are easily transferred from walls
inquisitive cat indoors can lead and floors to fur, and then licked
to havoc in the house. Take your off and swallowed. Check that
pet's personality into account there are no dangers lurking in the
when deciding on the limits of carpet, such as pins, needles, or
his freedom. shards of broken glass or china.

DO...
shut away garden
chemicals and tools,
but before locking up
a shed check that
your cat is not inside.





◁ Watching the world
A window ledge is a good
place to just sit and stare.
If the window is on an
upper floor, make sure
your cat cannot jump out.





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Close off exit points above ground and tools should be shut away in
floor level. Cats can climb out of a shed or garage—make sure you
upper-floor windows, or over a do not accidently shut your cat in
high-rise balcony, with serious too. The major concern for owners Indoor checklist
consequences if they fall. is the road outside. High fencing ■ Never leave heated kitchen
is expensive, but could deter your appliances, such as stoves and
Hazards in the garden cat from wandering and also keep irons, unattended
While cats rarely nibble anything other cats out. ■ Do not leave sharp utensils and
but grass, it is wise to check your Do not forget to protect your breakables within the cat's reach
garden for toxic plants. Ponds and garden against the cat. Children's ■ Shut the doors of cabinets and
appliances such as washing
paddling pools are possible hazards, sandpits and soft earth make machines and tumble dryers
especially for kittens. Until a kitten inviting litter trays, so cover the ■ Keep your cat away from
knows his way around, take him out sand when not in use and scatter cat wet paint or surfaces wet with
in a harness on a leash. Chemicals deterrents around precious plants. cleaning chemicals
■ Protect open fires with a guard
DO... ■ Ensure that your cat cannot
secure cabinet doors to
prevent access to jump out of upper floor windows
household chemicals. ■ Do not place toxic houseplants
DON'T... where your cat could brush 17
leave stove
nobs or grills against them
switched on
and unattended.
DON'T...
leave washing-machine and
tumble-dryer doors open. Making your home safe

















DO...
place the litter tray
where it will not be
tripped over or present
a health hazard.
DO...
DO... place water and food bowls well
check that outdoor apart to avoid food particles
water bowls are not scattering into the water.
contaminated with debris.
DO...
DO... read the labels to check
keep your pet off flowerbeds by DO... for poisonous plants
using special cat deterrents or install a cat flap that before buying.
scattering woody plant clippings. recognizes your cat's
microchip, to prevent DO...
other cats from entering. erect a high fence to
discourage your cat from
DO... venturing onto a busy road.
use only weedkillers and slug
pellets that are nontoxic to pets.






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Essential equipment



There are a few essentials that should be in place before a new cat
arrives. Once you get to know your pet’s preferences and personality,
you can choose more particular items and equipment.

Comfort first Food and water bowls
Cats are good at making Your cat needs separate bowls
themselves comfortable and have for food and water, and if you
an unerring eye for the best places have more than one cat each
to curl up in and snooze. They should have his own set. Bowls
are more than willing to share can be either plastic or metal and
your favorite armchair or should have a wide base that
cushions, or the comforter on your prevents them from being tipped
bed, if that is permitted. Most over. Buy bowls that are shallow-
people delight in seeing their cat sided and fairly wide—cats do
18 make free use of the home—and △ Cats like high places not like having their whiskers
will be prepared to forgive the A hammock bed hung from a radiator or cramped while they are eating
mounted on the wall provides both a cosy
nest made in a pile of newly retreat and a good vantage point. or drinking. If you are out of the
house for long periods, it may be
laundered towels. However, cats
Your new cat do need a safe and special bed fleece—are desirable, as are beds worth buying an automatic feeder.
with soft sides to snuggle up
that is indisputably their own.
Such feeders have a lid to prevent
the food from going stale and are
There is a wide range of cat
against. You can always add a
beds on the market, from baskets
set with a timer to pop open at
folded blanket or a cushion for
and roofed-in tent-style beds to
the equivalent of a king-sized bed
bean bags and hammocks. From extra padding. Do not buy your cat your cat’s regular mealtime (see
pp.26–7 and pp.28–9).
an owner’s point of view, whether under the impression that he will
the bed looks attractive and is easy enjoy stretching out in it. Cats Cat carriers
to wash may be priorities. From usually prefer to sleep somewhere Even if you borrow a carrier just to
your cat’s point of view, soft fabrics fairly compact that gives them a bring a new cat home, it is wise to
that generate warmth—such as sense of wrap-around security. invest in one of your own. There
Litter pan

A cat likes a litter pan
to himself, so more than
one cat means more Scoop Plastic bowl
than one pan. Litter pans
should be fairly large with
sides high enough to
prevent spillages when
the cat scrapes the litter
around. Litter materials Fiber pellets
made of clay or absorbent
pellets are the most
convenient to use, Steel bowl
because they form
clumps when wet, which △ Choosing bowls
are easy to scoop up. Litter pan Clay pellets Choose wide-based food and water bowls that
are sturdy enough not to slide around the floor
when your cat uses them.





US_018-019_Essential_equipment.indd 18 24/10/2013 14:58

Collars and ID tags

If your cat ventures outdoors,
it makes sense for him to wear
a collar carrying an address tag
in case he gets lost (see also
“Microchipping” on p.89).
However, collars tend to snag
on branches or undergrowth.
To avoid the risk of a cat being
△ Basket-style bed △ Tent-style bed caught up and possibly choked,
Soft fabric beds with high sides are nearly This type of bed, sometimes referred to as an fit a collar with a quick-release
as good as the sofa for snuggling into. Check “igloo,” keeps out drafts and gives your cat the fastener that snaps open when
that the material is easy to wash. security of a roof over his head. tugged. Collars with elastic
inserts are unsafe, because some
may stretch enough to become
stuck around the head or allow
the cat to put a leg through.
19


Quick-release collar








△ Carrier △ Wire traveling cage Essential equipment
A carrier made of rigid plastic is easy to clean Your cat may travel better if he can see out Cylinder tag Disk tag
and resistant to a cat’s scratching. It protects all the way around. Cages usually open from
the cat against knocks and bumps during travel. the top and some fold flat for storage.

are bound to be times when you with him. Many carriers are made and is best used as a temporary
will need to transport your cat in two halves, so that the top half measure for short trips.
safely for trips to the vet, or maybe can be unclipped and taken off
to a cattery when you go on and your pet easily lifted in and Something to play with
vacation. If your cat gets used to out. Make sure that the carrier Cat toys perhaps cannot be
the look and smell of his carrier, gives your cat enough room to counted as essential equipment,
he is less likely to be stressed turn around. Line the bottom with but most owners find them
when a trip becomes necessary. one of his old blankets to provide impossible to resist. They
Let him climb in and out of it at a familiar smell. Soft-sided are an amusing way of keeping an
home, and he will soon regard it as carriers, in the style of totebags, indoor pet physically and mentally
part of his personal territory. are the easiest to carry and most fit. Cats have a natural sense of
Cat carriers are made of various comfortable for your cat. However, fun and even mature, sedentary
materials, including basketwork, they can be tricky to clean and cats can be persuaded to play for a
rigid plastic, coated wire, and soft may provide less ventilation few moments. Swiping at a feather
fabrics. Most cats object to being than rigid carriers. The most on a wire or ripping up a catnip
confined, so it is important to economical option is a cardboard mouse is good exercise—although
choose a carrier with a wide grid carrier, but this type may not your cat will be just as happy
opening that lets your cat see out withstand assault from a cat with scrumpled newspaper or
and allows you to communicate determined to claw his way out a cardboard box (see pp.38–9).





US_018-019_Essential_equipment.indd 19 24/10/2013 14:58

Bringing your cat home


Getting a new pet is a big event and all concerned are bound to feel a
little anxious and excited. Plan ahead and stay calm—most cats settle
in very quickly and soon act as if they own the place.

Ready and waiting
Before welcoming home your new
cat, have everything for his safety
and comfort organized in advance.
Check for obvious hazards in the
house and garden (see pp.16–17),
and choose an inviting corner for
his bed and food bowls. Stock up
enough cat food to last for several
days—buy several different
20 varieties so that you can find out
which appeals to him the most.
Decide on a place for a litter pan
that will provide privacy for the
Your new cat cat and cause no inconvenience or
hygiene problems for you. If you
are getting a kitten, having a stack
of newspapers ready for accidents
is always useful.
Arrival day
When your kitten or cat arrives,
he will probably be nervous and △ Stepping into a new home
stressed after being confined for Do not lift your cat out of his carrier the moment
you get him home, however excited you are.
the journey. Place the carrier Just talk to him quietly and let him emerge in
in a quiet room where he can his own time.
see familiar-looking objects,
such as a bowl of food. Some For the next few weeks, or at least
cats will step forward boldly the until the cat has learned to respond
moment the carrier is opened, to his name, it is safest to make the
while others hang back. Do not garden out of bounds. A young
force a shy cat out of his carrier. kitten should not be allowed
Call him gently, using the name outside until he has been fully
you have chosen, and let him vaccinated—usually by the time
absorb the new sights and smells. he is 13–14 weeks old.
Do not hover too closely; just watch
for that tentative paw to appear. Meeting the family
Let your new cat explore places When a cat or kitten is introduced
he is allowed to go. On the to a family and other pets, it takes
first day, it may help build his a while for everyone to feel △ Going exploring
confidence if you keep him to comfortable. Explain to children It's all new and strange, but your cat will soon
start exploring and getting accustomed to his
just one room with everything before you bring the cat home that surroundings. Before long, he will have chosen
he needs readily accessible. an animal is not an exciting toy for a few favorite corners.





US_020-021_Bringing_your_cat_home.indd 20 24/10/2013 14:58

◁ Handle with care
Show children how to stroke their pet gently and
calmly. Explain that cats should not be picked up
unnecessarily or overwhelmed with attention.

and should definitely not run loose
in the same room as an adult cat.
Feline hunting instincts are very
close to the surface.

Establishing a routine
Setting up a regular routine right
from the start will help your cat
feel secure. Establish feeding
times and use these as an
opportunity to teach your cat to
come when called. Kittens may not
know how to use a litter tray (see
pp.86–87) and, in the strangeness 21
of a new home, even an adult cat
can have accidents. Place your
kitten or cat on his tray at regular
intervals, such as after a meal,
until using the litter tray is second
nature. To avoid problems later on,
them to play with. Scratches, tears, trapped but has somewhere to run stick to the rules about no-go areas
and a terrified cat make the worst to if tempers become frayed. After for your cat—for example, do not Bringing your cat home
possible start, so supervise children a few such meetings, the chances allow him to sleep on the bed
if necessary while they are getting are that the cats will tolerate one "just this once."
to know their pet. Discourage another, even if they never become
loud voices and boisterous games, best friends. Resident cats seem to
and step in at once to prevent be less likely to show aggression
inappropriate handling. toward a young kitten than to
An older cat already in the another adult cat.
household will almost certainly Introductions between cats
take a dim view of a stranger and dogs are not necessarily
encroaching on his personal the problem you might expect.
territory. Never place litter trays or Although much depends on the
food bowls side by side and expect breed, not all dogs are inveterate
the resident and the newcomer to cat chasers. For the first few
sort it out for themselves. Keep the meetings, keep the dog on a leash
cats apart to begin with, but allow and give the cat space to back
them to become accustomed to off. Talk to both animals softly,
each other's scent, either by give them equal attention, and
swapping food bowls (so that they praise your dog if he behaves well.
also associate the scent with the Never leave the two alone together
pleasure of food), or by moving until you are confident that the
them into each other's rooms. After relationship is going to be peaceful.
a week or so, introduce them but Small pets, such as hamsters or △ Using the litter tray
Cats need a little time to get used to a new litter
do not leave them alone together. rabbits, are probably best left out tray in an unfamiliar position. They dislike being
Make sure that neither cat feels of introductions to the newcomer on view, so place the tray in a discreet corner.





US_020-021_Bringing_your_cat_home.indd 21 24/10/2013 14:58

Understanding your cat


Cats did not evolve to be social animals. Highly independent, they have
developed subtle and complex ways of behaving and communicating that
often send confusing messages to their owners.

Cat behavior sophisticated body language. Their at these times might cause an
Domestic cats evolved from a small, solitary past also means that cats indoor cat to have a “mad half-
solitary, and territorial predator are more independent than most hour,” dashing about energetically.
that rarely met others of its kind. other pet species and although Because their eyesight evolved
This feline ancestor did not need many enjoy cuddles, they still primarily to detect movement in
to develop a complex visual appreciate their own space. poor light, cats do not see patterns
communication system like that of Cats are supreme hunters and or colors with the same clarity as
more naturally social species, such because their prey is more active at humans do. Their eyes are not
as dogs and humans, so our pet cats dawn and dusk, this is when cats sensitive to colors at the red end
today do not have a particularly are most active. Motivation to hunt of the spectrum and, as a result,
22 they may have difficulty picking
out red toys against a pink carpet.
On the other hand, they are
extremely quick to respond to a
Your new cat trailing string.
The sense of smell is very
important to cats. They head-rub to
deposit scent in areas where they






















△ Scent marking
Cats identify each other by smell and create a
group identity by rubbing against each other to
deposit scent. They often also rub their owners
to make them part of the social group.


◁ Solitary nature
Domestic cats have retained much of the
solitary and independent nature of their
ancestors. This means that when two cats
cross paths there is often conflict.





US_022-023_Understanding_your_cat.indd 22 24/10/2013 14:58

◁ Getting on well
Other cats can often be seen as competition
and a threat to survival. To reduce stress in
the house, introduce cats carefully and provide
them with separate resources.

When conflict arises, cats cannot
use body language to defuse the
situation. This is why fights can
break out just as easily between
members of the same household as
between rivals from opposite sides
of the garden fence.

Handling your cat
Cats rarely enjoy being picked up—
watch out for lip licking—so only
feel relaxed and spray urine where forward, he is licking his lips, and lift your cat when necessary, unless
they feel threatened. Cats also use his weight is shifted onto his back you are sure he enjoys it. Handle 23
scent to orient themselves in their feet, you should leave him alone him calmly and quietly, stroking
environment, following “scent because these are signs of fear. his head, back, and cheeks to relax
maps” created from scent glands in him. If he rubs or noses your hand
the feet and flanks. Any upheaval Cats in company you know that he is enjoying the
in the home—such as redecorating Cats can happily live together in attention. Never lift your cat by
or moving—can disrupt this social groups, but only under the scruff but pick up him gently
mapping system, causing a cat to specific circumstances. Groups by supporting his chest, behind the
feel displaced and bewildered. largely consist of related females front legs, and hindquarters at Understanding your cat
Although a cat's body language is that hunt independently and do not the same time. Hold him upright,
quite subtle, it is important to learn compete for food and territory. because cradling in your arms can
to recognize when your pet does They show friendly behaviors to increase his sense of insecurity.

“Although many cats enjoy cuddles, they
still appreciate their own space.”




and does not want attention. A cat each other, reserving aggression
will greet you by approaching with for “outsiders” that represent a
his tail up, and may rub against threat to resources. Even though
your legs. Rubbing deposits scent, their owners provide food, cats will
making you smell more familiar still protect their territory from
after you have been outside or in others that are not part of their
the shower. Purring and kneading social group. If you have more than
with the paws in response to owner one cat, watch them to determine
attention are behaviors retained whether they are friends or not.
from kittenhood, when they were Friends rub and groom each other
associated with suckling. Although and sleep together with bodies
purring usually indicates touching. If you do not see at least △ The tactful touch
contentment, it can sometimes one of these behaviors, then it is Although most cats enjoy some attention, many
of them feel uncomfortable or nervous if they
indicate pain. When a cat's ears likely that your cats feel stressed are picked up. If your pet objects to being held,
are flattened, his whiskers bunched by each other. put him down before he becomes stressed.





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US_024-025_Ch2_Everyday_Care.indd 24 24/10/2013 14:58

Everyday



care













































US_024-025_Ch2_Everyday_Care.indd 25 24/10/2013 14:58

A balanced diet


To stay healthy, cats need a regular intake of certain nutrients. You
should provide your pet with a diet that not only satisfies hunger
but also provides all the essential food elements.

The right nutrients have to hunt for their meals, and imaginable. So which ones
Meat is the natural diet for cats. they are not natural scavengers, should you choose?
A feline digestive system is not so they rely on us to supply the Most commercial cat foods
designed to process large amounts correct nutrients, whether in are complete foods; that is, they
of vegetable matter, although it is commercially prepared or home- provide all necessary nutrients
usual for cats to chew a little grass cooked food. Cats are notoriously and do not need anything else
now and then. Regardless of your picky eaters, so you may have to added. However, some products
own food preferences, you cannot experiment with foods of different may be labeled “complementary,”
turn your cat into a vegetarian types, textures, and flavors before in which case they need to be
without putting his health, and you hit on the ones that bring your combined with other foods to
26 even his life, at risk. pet hurrying to his food bowl. provide balanced nutrition. Check
Prey caught in the wild supplies the information on the package to
not just meat protein but also Commercial cat foods be sure which type you are buying.
Supermarket shelves offer a huge
essential fats, vitamins, minerals—
Dry food, which comes in the
Everyday care such as calcium from bones—and selection of prepared cat foods form of small pellets or biscuits,
can be left in the bowl for a cat to
in almost every gourmet flavor
fiber. Domestic cats are unlikely to

























△ Natural fiber
Cats need fiber in their diet, which should
be supplied by correct feeding. In the wild,
a cat will obtain nutrients from prey.


◁ A healthy appetite
Your cat knows what he likes, but it is important
that his favorite foods contain the right balance
of nutrients to maintain good health.





US_026-027_A_balanced_diet.indd 26 24/10/2013 14:57

Dry food Wet food Home-cooked food

nibble at throughout the day—a △ Dry, wet, and home-cooked food
great advantage for owners who Offer your cat a variety of prepared and
home-cooked foods to keep him interested in his
cannot always be home at regular meals. Make sure all his dietary needs are met.
times. Some owners feed their
cat exclusively on dry food, but any disease-causing organisms. Cut
it is better to provide a little meat into pieces that your cat can
variety by offering the occasional eat easily, and remove any bones.
meal of wet food instead. Dry food If you are not confident that home- 27
gives a cat something to chew on cooked food will provide your cat
and helps keep teeth and gums in with the right level of nutrition, △ Clean water
Provide freshwater in both house and garden so
good condition. ask your vet for a diet sheet. that your cat can drink any time he wants. Keep
Moist or “wet” food, which the water bowls scrupulously clean.
comes in cans or sealed pouches, Titbits and supplements
looks appetizing and is usually Offering a titbit now and then A balanced diet
enjoyed by the majority of cats. does no harm, but if you hand
Moist food keeps well until out treats too often you may find Harmful foods
opened, but any left uneaten that your cat is putting on extra
in a food bowl should be thrown weight. Commercially made cat ■ Milk and cream can cause
diarrhea because most cats do
away. This could prove expensive treats, which are nutritionally not have the necessary enzymes
if your pet is a fussy eater and balanced, are preferable to possibly to digest dairy products. Special-
rejects one flavor after another. unhealthy scraps from the table formula “cat milk” is available
(see box, right). ■ Onions, garlic, and chives
Fresh food A healthy cat on a well-rounded cause gastric upsets and may
If you prefer to give your cat diet should not need additional lead to anemia
■ Grapes and raisins are thought
home-cooked food—and avoid vitamins and minerals. Dosing to cause kidney damage
the preservatives found in your cat with supplements without ■ The alkaloid theobromine in
commercial products—you should veterinary advice is not a good chocolate is highly toxic to cats
apply the same standards for idea, and may even cause illness. ■ Raw eggs may contain the
buying and preparing it as bacteria that cause food
you would for your own meals. Water poisoning. Uncooked egg white
However, great care is needed to Your cat needs constant access disrupts vitamin B absorption in
cats, leading to skin problems
provide a balanced diet because to clean water, both indoors and ■ Raw meat and fish may contain
your cat has highly specialized outdoors, especially if he eats harmful enzymes and also cause
dietary requirements and could mostly dry food. Keep water bowls fatal bacterial poisoning
quickly run into health problems well apart from food bowls to avoid ■ Small splintery bones in cooked
if his diet is deficient in, for contamination from scattered food, food can become lodged in
example, taurine. Whether you change the water frequently, and the throat or farther down the
digestive tract, causing blockage
use red meat, chicken, or fish, remember in particular to check and tearing the intestinal lining
obtain it from a reputable source that water bowls left in the garden
and cook it thoroughly to destroy are not full of debris.





US_026-027_A_balanced_diet.indd 27 24/10/2013 14:57

Monitoring feeding levels



From kittenhood to the senior years, nutritional requirements for cats vary
as their rates of growth and activity levels alter. By adjusting a cat’s diet
to suit its age and lifestyle, you can keep your pet at a healthy weight.

Good feeding habits cats are capable of packing away Packaged foods give some
Establishing a regular feeding enormous meals. Indoor cats guidelines on how much to feed,
routine helps you control the have the highest risk of obesity— but the amounts suggested are
amount of food your cat eats some types are naturally sedentary only approximate. If your pet is
and allows you to notice any and need to be encouraged becoming rotund, even though
changes in his appetite. Good to climb down from the sofa now you are careful with portion sizes,
hygiene is just as important as and then. Outdoor cats are more suspect that he is cadging meals
the food that is provided. Make likely to burn up the energy they elsewhere. A conversation with the
a few simple rules and stick get from food. neighbors may solve the mystery.
to them:
28 ■ Feed at regular times, if possible. Feeding a cat
■ Restrict treats to a minimum. It is good to see your cat showing enthusiasm
■ Never offer titbits from your for meals, but it can be hard to distinguish
hunger from greed. Some inactive cats
own meals.
pester for food out of boredom.
Everyday care ■ Offer new flavors and textures
occasionally to prevent boredom
with food.
■ If you need to make changes
to your cat’s diet, introduce
them gradually.
■ Throw away leftovers in the
bowl before food goes stale or
attracts flies.
■ Keep food and water bowls
scrupulously clean.
Maintaining an
ideal weight
By checking your cat’s weight
and girth regularly, you will
soon recognize if he is getting
fat or becoming too thin (see
box, opposite). If you have
any concerns, take your cat
to the vet to be weighed.
It is hard to refuse a cat who
appears to be ready for a second
helping, but overfeeding soon
leads to obesity. Being overweight
is just as unhealthy for cats as
it is for humans. Appetite is
not necessarily linked to a high-
energy lifestyle; many inactive





US_028-029_Monitoring_feeding_levels.indd 28 24/10/2013 14:57

◁ Weight-watching
Almost overflowing the veterinary scales,
this overindulged cat could be heading for
serious health problems unless his weight
is reduced by adjustments to his diet.





“It is hard to refuse
a cat who appears
to be ready for a

second helping, but
overfeeding soon
leads to obesity.”


29 29
Weight loss without a change in protein diet to sustain their kitten food, which can lead
diet should never be ignored, as rapid development. There are to kidney malfunction. As a
it can be an early warning sign many commercial brands of cat ages, his appetite often
of illness. Very elderly cats do food specially formulated for diminishes and you may need
tend to become thinner with age, them. In their first few months, to revert to feeding him little
but you should ensure that there kittens should be fed smaller and often again. The commercial
are no underlying problems such amounts at more frequent intervals cat food market caters for seniors
as loose teeth. Have your cat than adult cats; four to six tiny just as it does for kittens. Monitoring feeding levels
checked by the vet if he is refusing meals a day would be the average If cats need special diets,
food or has difficulty chewing. for a kitten that has just started such as during pregnancy
on solids. Later, you can increase and when nursing kittens, or
Dietary changes the portions and reduce the to control weight or a medical
throughout life number of meals. condition, a vet’s advice is
Cats have different nutritional Most adult cats in good health essential. Introduce any new
needs at different times of life in do well on two meals a day. Even feeding regime in easy stages,
terms of both type and quantity the most hyperactive adult should because a rapid change can cause
of food. Kittens need a high- never be fed on high-protein digestive upsets.





Assessing
condition
You cannot always judge
by appearance alone
whether a cat is too fat
or too thin, especially if
he is longhaired. Learn △ Underweight △ Ideal weight △ Overweight
The ribs and spine cannot
The ribs can be felt through
There is little or no fat
to assess his weight by over the ribs, spine, a thin layer of fat, and there be felt through a thick layer
the feel of his body, and hipbones. The cat’s is a slight narrowing of the of fat. Heavy pads of fat
gently running your belly is “tucked up,” and body behind the ribcage. cover the belly and there is
hands around his back, there is a noticeable The belly has only a small no discernible “waistline”
ribs, and belly. hollow behind the ribcage. covering of fat. behind the ribcage.





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Regular grooming



Although staying well-groomed comes naturally to cats, by assisting with
regular grooming sessions, you can enjoy a bonding experience and help
your pet to look good. A clean coat is healthy and comfortable.

Benefits of grooming to monitor your cat for possible
Cats spend a large part of the health problems such as parasites,
day self-grooming—wetting their hidden injuries, lumps and
paws to wipe their face, cleaning bumps, and changes in weight.
between each toe, and twisting Another benefit is that regular
their flexible spine to reach grooming helps reduce the amount
awkward places such as shoulders of loose hairs that cats lick up
and anal areas. The surface of and swallow. Normally, the hair
a cat’s tongue is covered with forms into harmless balls in the
minute barbs and these act as stomach, which the cat then
30 a comb to collect skin debris coughs up. However, sometimes
and loose hairs and to smooth the balls become large enough that
out tangles. In fact, cats are so △ Reaching the corners they are a health hazard, causing
particular about daily grooming
choking or becoming lodged in the
Everyday care that it may not seem necessary industriously washing themselves. They lower gut, and causing a blockage
Cats are clean animals and spend hours
in the digestive tract.
to give them any extra help.
usually start at the head before attending
One reason for grooming your
In old age, cats sometimes
to each area of the body.
cat is that it strengthens the
lose their enthusiasm for hygiene
bond between you and your pet.
to help them maintain dignity
combed. You can also give your
Grooming cats from a young the sensation of being brushed or and may need gentle grooming
age helps establish this special cat a general check-up while and cleanliness. The sudden
bond. Most cats enjoy the close grooming. Take the opportunity to neglect of self-grooming in cats
contact with their owners and inspect eyes, ears, and claws, and of any age is a warning sign that
all is not well, and needs to be
investigated by a vet.
Coat types
In longhaired cats such as
Persians, the undercoat can be
massively thick. The coat not
only collects debris from around
the home and garden but tends
to form tangles that no amount
of licking can remove. Neglected
tangles can easily turn into
impenetrable mats, especially
in areas of the body where there
is friction, such as the armpits.

◁ Molting season
A slicker brush with wire pins is an excellent
tool for removing loose hairs, especially
when a cat is shedding a thick undercoat
in warmer weather.





US_030-031_Regular_Grooming.indd 30 24/10/2013 14:57

△ Longhaired △ Semi-longhaired △ Wavy or curly △ Shorthaired △ Hairless
Persians and other types With a silky topcoat and Coats of this type vary Easy-care shorthairs largely Unabsorbed body oils
of longhaired cats need a lighter undercoat than in length. All versions look after themselves, but build up in hairless cats
daily grooming to prevent longhairs, these cats can be spoiled by over- weekly grooming serves and can sometimes lead
the fur from tangling and are unlikely to develop grooming, so bathing is both as a bonding session to skin problems. Regular
matting. The thick tangles and are generally preferable. Shedding and an opportunity for a wiping or bathing is
undercoat sheds heavily. easy to groom. is usually light. health check. necessary for these cats.

Even the most fastidious and a minimal undercoat, so Shorthaired cats have a topcoat
longhaired cats simply cannot their fur remains free from of sleek guard hairs and a soft,
keep their coats in good order matting and tangling. Weekly downy undercoat of varying
by their own efforts, so owners brushing and combing is all thickness. Although the undercoat 31
need to lend a hand. In extreme that is required. may shed quite heavily, especially
cases there will be no option Some cats have fine, wavy, in warm weather, these cats are
but to cut the matted hair away— or rippled coats, as seen in generally very easy to maintain.
a task that needs professional the Cornish Rex, and a few Grooming once a week is usually
skill. Longhairs are also at breeds sport longer curls. sufficient for shorthairs.
greater risk than shorthairs Such coats do not shed heavily Hairless cats such as the Sphynx
of collecting large furballs. and are not as difficult to are not usually entirely bald but Regular grooming
If you own a longhaired cat, maintain as might be imagined. have an overlay of fine fuzz. This
a daily grooming session is Over-vigorous grooming can thin covering is not enough to
necessary (see pp.32–3). spoil the appearance of the fur, absorb the natural body oils that
Semi-longhaired cats, which so bathing rather than brushing are secreted through the skin
include Maine Coons and the is often recommended for this and regular bathing is needed
Balinese, have a silky topcoat type of cat (see pp.34–5). to prevent a greasy buildup.




Grooming tools
Tick
Buy tools intended specifically for remover
cats, and keep a separate set
for each cat in the family. Basic
items include a wide-toothed comb
or a bristle brush for removing
tangles, and a slicker brush, which
has wire pins set in a rubber base.
The slicker is invaluable for sweeping
up loosened hairs and debris from
the coat. If your cat lives indoors
and cannot keep his claws trim by
scratching, you may need a pair of
sharp clippers to remove the claw tips
(ask a professional to show you how
to do this). A tick remover is useful for
outdoor cats living in country areas. Fine comb Slicker brush Nail clippers Soft-bristled
brush






US_030-031_Regular_Grooming.indd 31 24/10/2013 14:57

Step-by-step grooming



Whether you groom your cat daily or weekly, aim to make every session
enjoyable, and not too stressful for either of you. Use the grooming tools
correctly and give your cat confidence by being calm and methodical.

To put your cat in a relaxed mood for grooming, routine there will be fewer time-consuming tangles to
spend a few moments making a quiet fuss of him deal with. Never try to pin down a protesting cat that
before you start. Grooming a longhair thoroughly has had enough for one session. Release him if he starts
can take up to half an hour, but if you make it a daily to object, give him a treat, and try again later.


“Spend a few moments making a
quiet fuss of him before you start.”



32


Everyday care 1 ▽ 2 ▷

Removing debris
Combing through
Use a slicker brush with fine pins
Begin by gently combing the cat
or a soft-bristle brush to collect
from head to tail with a wide-
toothed comb, following the natural
loosened hairs and skin debris
lie of the fur. Do not tug at knots or
tangles—tease them out carefully from both the undercoat and
topcoat. This helps make
with your fingers. the fur look full and shiny.



































US_032-033_Grooming.indd 32 24/10/2013 14:57

33
3 ◁ 4 △
Trimming mats Finishing touches
Badly matted fur may need To end the session, fluff up
removing with clippers. Leave the coat with a wide-toothed
this job to a professional— comb to make it stand out
unskilled attempts could result and comb through long
in injury to the cat’s skin. plumes on the tail. Step-by-step grooming


Grooming the face
Clean your cat’s face each time you groom him, and use the opportunity
to check for problems such as runny eyes, discharges, and ear mites Grooming a
(see p.43). Flat-faced cats are particularly prone to excess tear production, shorthaired cat
which can cause staining of the fur. Ask your vet to suggest a safe It takes only a few minutes of
stain-removing solution. grooming to keep a short coat in
perfect condition, but there is no
need to rush. Be gentle and allow
your cat to enjoy the attention.
Follow steps 1 and 2 (see opposite),
working through the coat with
a wide-toothed comb and then
removing debris with a slicker
brush. For a salon
finish, give your cat a
final wipe over with
a soft cloth.





△ Cleaning eyes △ Cleaning ears
Wipe gently around the eyes with Use cotton moistened with water or
moistened cotton, being careful not to a cleaning solution formulated for cats
touch the eyeball. Use fresh cotton for to wipe carefully inside each ear. Never
each eye. push anything into the ear canal.





US_032-033_Grooming.indd 33 24/10/2013 14:57

Washing your cat


Cats instinctively groom themselves, keeping their fur clean, tangle-free,
and conditioned. Cats may also need to be bathed occasionally to keep
their coats in peak condition, especially if they are longhaired.

Outdoor cats occasionally give themselves a dust
bath, rolling in dry earth to clean their coat of
grease and parasites, such as fleas. You can buy
dry shampoos for cats, which work in a similar way.
A longhaired cat will require frequent bathing. Do
not wash your cat if it is covered in oil or any other
substance that is not water-soluble—instead, consult
your vet. Few cats enjoy being bathed, and it’s easier
for both you and your cat if you accustom him to the
experience from an early age. Use soothing words
34 throughout the session. Before you begin, close all
doors and windows, and make sure the room is warm.

Everyday care 1 △




Spraying
Brush your cat’s coat before you
begin. Line the bath or sink with
a rubber mat so he will not slip.
Slowly place your cat in, talking
to him soothingly. Spray him
with warm water that is as
near body temperature
(101.5ºF/38.6ºC) as possible.
Soak his fur thoroughly.











2 △ 3 ▷
Cat shampoo Wash and condition
Always apply a special cat Lather in the shampoo
shampoo. Never use products thoroughly, then rinse it
formulated for dogs or humans, off completely. Repeat the
which can contain chemicals that shampoo wash or rub in a
are an irritant or are toxic to cats. conditioner and rinse off again.
Avoid getting shampoo in your Remember to keep comforting
cat's eyes, ears, nose, or mouth. your cat throughout.








US_034-035_Washing_Your_Cat.indd 34 24/10/2013 14:57

4 ▽
Drying off
Towel-dry your cat, or use an
electric dryer on a low setting
if the noise doesn’t upset him.
Brush his coat and allow him to
finish drying off in a warm room.




































































US_034-035_Washing_Your_Cat.indd 35 24/10/2013 14:57

Behavioral problems



Unacceptable behavior—such as inappropriate scratching or soiling,
or displays of aggression—needs investigating. It may be a sign that a
cat has problems affecting his welfare and possibly his physical health.

Scratching scratching furniture, you must try unless it becomes unacceptable or
Cats scratch objects for two to identify what is worrying him inaccessible. For example, your cat
reasons: to maintain good claw and find a remedy. may stop using his litter tray if it is
condition and for communication. To discourage a cat from in a noisy environment, can be
They prefer tall, sturdy objects scratching, cover the damaged disturbed by children or other pets,
with a vertical texture—and, surface with thick plastic sheeting is too close to feeding or resting
unfortunately, your sofa may meet and place a scratching post beside areas, is blocked by another cat,
these criteria. Cats can also learn it. Put tasty treats on the post and or if the type of litter has been
that scratching furniture attracts make a fuss over your cat when he changed. He may also be deterred
more attention from an owner uses it. Once he is consistently by strong smells of urine if the
36 than using a scratching post does. using the post, gradually move it tray has a cover or is not cleaned
If your cat scratches in areas of to a more convenient location. regularly. A change in litter tray
potential conflict with other cats, Inappropriate soiling habits can sometimes be a sign
such as doorways and windows, it
of a medical problem.
Everyday care is likely that he is leaving marks for Cats prefer to urinate and defecate your cat is relieving himself or
You must also determine whether
in quiet, secluded locations and
communicative reasons, because
urine-marking. Cats urine-mark in
he feels insecure there. When he is
usually return to the same site
◁ Furniture at risk
Scratching is a natural behavior that gives cats
exercise and helps keep their claws in good
condition. A cat may also scratch to leave his
marks in certain areas where he feels insecure.
























△ Accidents happen
Cats may soil in inappropriate places for several
reasons, including a change in their environment
or routine, stress caused by other cats, or
because of a medical problem.





US_036-037_Behaviour_problems.indd 36 24/10/2013 14:57

◁ Fighting it out
Cats are innately threatened by others that
are not part of their social group. Conflicts of
interest often result in fighting, especially
among cats that are forced to share resources.

Aggression toward other cats
is related to stress caused by
a perceived, or real, threat to
security. Because of their limited
social communication skills, cats
find it difficult to resolve conflict.
Consequently, where cats cannot
easily avoid other cats—for
example, when they have to
share a cat flap—they may fight.
Squabbles in the house can be
avoided by providing each cat, or
social group of cats (see p.23), 37
with necessary resources in
separate areas where they will not
meet. If your cat is fighting with
areas of conflict; therefore, any negative experience. If your cat neighboring cats, speak to the other
social or environmental issues shows signs of fear, do not try to owners about time-sharing, so that
must be addressed. Ensure that interact with him or approach him your cats go outside at different
there is one tray per cat, plus one directly. Instead, wait until he times and never meet. Also, Behavioral problems
extra tray. Clean soiled areas approaches you and gradually provide plenty of cover in your
thoroughly using a safe biological build up his confidence by using garden so that your cat can hide
agent, avoiding ammonia or other food or a toy as a reward for and feel more secure.
strong-smelling chemicals. learning to trust you.
Aggressive play can include
Aggression attacking people by grabbing them
Signals of aggression include with claws and biting. High-pitched What to do if your cat
staring, hissing, spitting, sounds or sudden movement, such has a behavior problem
scratching, and biting. In most as passing feet, may trigger this ■ Have your cat's health checked
cases the cat has learned that reaction, which generally develops by a vet to rule out underlying
aggression is necessary or through inappropriate play medical problems
effective. It is "normal" for cats to behavior being permitted in ■ Try to find out what first
show an aggressive response, for kittens. Don't encourage kittens initiated the behavior, and identify
example, if they feel threatened to pounce on your hands and feet. factors that trigger it now
and are unable to escape. Aggressive play may also be ■ If possible, protect your cat
from the triggering factors
Aggression can also be a sign of reinforced by the “victim’s”
health issues, so have your cat reaction—movement and noise ■ Never punish your cat for
inappropriate behavior or give him
checked by a vet if he shows are an invitation to further attacks attention for it
uncharacteristic behavior. and stimulate predatory instincts. ■ Redirect normal cat behavior,
The two main reasons for a cat's Instead of responding to ambushes, such as scratching, onto more
aggression toward people are fear ignore your cat; stay still and do not appropriate targets
and uninhibited play. Aggression talk to or even look at him. Use ■ Ask your vet to refer you to a
used as a defense strategy by a your attention as a reward when he qualified and experienced feline
behavior expert
frightened cat usually develops joins in a game without making you
through poor socialization or a the target of his teeth and claws.





US_036-037_Behaviour_problems.indd 37 24/10/2013 14:57

Training and fun


Cats are naturally active and need plenty of stimulation to ensure mental
and physical well-being. Teaching good behavior and playing games are
positive ways of interacting with your cat and great fun, too.

How to train your cat having his claws clipped or going behaving naturally, but use
Kind, effective training involves in a cat carrier, take things very physical barriers if there is a risk
rewarding “good” behavior and slowly and reward your cat for he might do something dangerous.
ignoring “bad” behavior. Never remaining relaxed. You can also use indirect
use aggressive methods as a distraction by making an exciting
deterrent—for example, shouting Realistic expectations noise in another room so he will
at your cat or spraying him with Cats are motivated to perform stop what he is doing to investigate.
water. This may scare him, lead behaviors such as hunting,
to a deterioration in his behavior, climbing, jumping, and scratching Be consistent
and damage the bond between —so be prepared. However, if you It is easy to be indulgent with a
38 you. Build up your cat’s training find any of these problematic, try kitten, but bear in mind that his cute
gradually, session by session. If you to provide safe and acceptable behavior may not be acceptable in
are teaching him to behave well in alternatives. Never punish your cat an adult cat. For example, rough
potentially scary situations, such as
or forceably restrain him from
and tumble or pouncing games on
Everyday care ◁ Scratching post your hands and feet could later
develop into aggressive play (see
A post must be sturdy enough not to
p.37). Set house rules early on—
topple over and have a surface that
will not catch claws. Some models
make up your mind whether you
double as activity centers.
will allow your cat to sleep in your
bedroom at night, sit on the tables,
▽ Simple pleasures or climb onto shelves—and stick to
Cats love investigating, but also your decision. If you permit the
instinctively hide when they feel
insecure. A simple cardboard box occasional lapse, your cat will
satisfies both of these needs. never learn what is wanted of him.
































US_038-039_Training_and_fun.indd 38 24/10/2013 14:56

Listening for the click
Before you start clicker training, make
sure your cat understands the connection
between the click and the reward. To prevent
boredom, keep training sessions short.
















△ Almost the real thing
Prevent boredom and satisfy your cat’s hunting
instinct by providing him with toys that mimic
real prey in size, texture, and movement. Playing 39
with you and by himself are equally important.

Keep your
cat stimulated
Domestic life can frustrate a cat’s
natural predatory instincts, leading Training and fun
to a bored pet who may damage
your home trying to entertain
himself. Fulfill your cat’s need to
hunt by providing him with a
satisfying substitute. Interactive
toys, such as play wands with a
dangling feather or a catnip mouse,
give your cat something to chase
and allow you to join in the fun “Make sure you are not the sole source
while keeping your hands at a safe of fun by offering your cat toys that he
distance when he leaps onto his
“prey.” If he does bite during play, can play with on his own.”
simply stop the game so he learns
that you become boring if he bites.
Make sure you are not the sole edges) and filling it with dry food. Clicker training
source of fun by offering your cat Your cat has to paw and nose the If you want to teach your cat
toys that he can play with on his feeder to make the food fall out. behaviors—for example, going into
own. Toys that move or have an You can also scatter food around, his carrier—clicker training is very
interesting texture are most likely so that he has to hunt for it instead effective. A clicker is a small device
to catch his attention. Rotate them of just eating from a bowl. Cats like with a metal tab that clicks when
regularly to prevent boredom. to explore their environment from pressed. By clicking when your cat
Cats are also motivated to work every angle, so provide places for is doing the “right” thing, and
for their food. You can buy puzzle your cat to investigate, perch on, immediately offering him a treat,
feeders or make one yourself by or hide in: cardboard boxes and you can train him to associate a
cutting holes in a plastic bottle paper bags (with handles cut off) click with something good and to
(ensuring that there are no sharp are ideal and cost nothing. perform the desired behavior.





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US_040-041_Your_cats_health.indd 40 24/10/2013 14:56

Your cat's



health













































US_040-041_Your_cats_health.indd 41 24/10/2013 14:56

Signs of good health


From the very first day, get to know your cat's usual physical condition
and normal behavior so that you recognize good health and can quickly
detect any signs of illness.

Appearance chirruping). Watch how he
and behavior interacts with you and your
Healthy behavior It is normal for a cat to be shy family—he should come to trust
at first, but as he gets used to you and be happy to see you,
■ Expression bright and alert you his personality will emerge. especially once he has realized
■ Runs and jumps freely In general, your cat should look that you provide the food.
■ Friendly or calm with people alert and happy, whether he Note how your cat eats and
■ Grooms self easily is naturally outgoing or more drinks—he should have a good
■ Eats and drinks normal amounts reserved. Note how he moves appetite and eat without any
■ Urinates and defecates normally (fast or leisurely) and what problem. Cats prefer to eat little and

42 sounds he makes (meowing, often. Because they get most of


Your cat's health ▷ Fit and healthy Ears clean and free
As well as looking physically
healthy, your cat should be alert
of excess wax
and move freely. He should groom
himself regularly and be calm or
friendly with you.
Nose cool and damp,
Body shape normal
for breed, well
with no discharge
covered but not fat

Eyes free of excess tears,
discharge, or crusting



Mouth clean, with intact Undertail area
teeth and healthy gums clean, with no
soreness or
discharge

Coat glossy, skin intact with
no damage or disease




















US_042-043_signs_of_good_health.indd 42 24/10/2013 14:56

their moisture from food, cats will
not drink as often as they eat, but
they may drink more if fed solely
on dry food. Routine checks
If your cat uses a litter tray, clean
it several times a day. This way
you will learn how often your cat
normally defecates and urinates.
Watch for unusual behavior such
as excessive licking of a body part,
pawing the face, or shaking the
head. These activities suggest a
wound, parasite infestation, or
something stuck in the skin or coat.

Home checks
Carry out regular head-to-tail
checks. With a new cat, do this Eyes Teeth and gums 43
every day; once you know your Check that the eyes are moist and clean. Gently lift the lips to check the teeth and
gums, and look inside the mouth. The teeth
Gently pull the eyelids away from the eye; the
cat, every two or three days should conjunctiva (inner lining) should be pale pink. should be intact and the gums pale pink.
be enough. If necessary, split the
task into several mini-checks
of a few minutes each.

“Your cat should look Signs of good health

alert and happy,
whether he is
naturally outgoing
or more reserved.”




First, run your hands over your Ears Claws
cat’s head, body, and legs. Gently Look in the ears. The interior should be Press each paw gently to expose the claws;
look for any damaged or missing claws, and
clean and pink, with no wounds, soreness,
squeeze the abdomen to feel for discharge, parasites, or dark wax. There then check the skin between the toes for
lumps or sore spots. Move his legs should be no bad smell. any wounds.
and tail to ensure that they move
freely. Feel the ribs and look at the ears. Check that the nose is or parasites. Gently lift the
the waist to check that he is cool, damp, and free of excess scruff of the neck and then
not too fat or thin. mucus. Look inside the mouth. let go; the skin should quickly
Examine the eyes. Watch the Check the gums for inflamed areas return to normal.
blink rate: cats normally blink or bleeding. The breath should not Check the claws. They should be
more slowly than we do. Check smell bad. Press the outer gum almost totally hidden when they are
that the pupils respond correctly briefly: it should go pale, but retracted, and should not catch on
to light and dark, and that the third quickly turn pink when you stop. carpets and other surfaces.
eyelid is barely visible. Check that The coat should feel smooth Look under the tail. The area
the cat is not holding his ears or and not greasy. Look and feel should be clean, with no redness
head at a strange angle. Look inside for lumps, wounds, bald spots, or swelling and no sign of worms.





US_042-043_signs_of_good_health.indd 43 24/10/2013 14:56

Monitoring your cat’s health


By monitoring your cat for changes in activity or behavior, you can spot
illness or injury at an early stage. Similarly, a vet can assess your cat’s
condition at regular checkups and keep records of any problems.


◁ Behavioral signs of illness
If your cat seems quieter or more lethargic
(weak and tired) than usual, this could signify
that he feels ill.
hide himself away. He may be
less active or may sleep more
than usual. He may become
abnormally timid or aggressive.

Initial visit to the vet
44 As soon as you have scheduled the
date for your cat’s arrival, register
with a vet. You may want to
consider pet insurance.
Your cat’s health ask friends or neighbors for
If you haven’t used a vet before,
recommendations, look at
local newspaper or internet
advertisements, or ask an animal
Detecting problems
Cats are notorious for hiding any If your cat seems more hungry or protection agency or one of the cat
thirsty than usual, goes off his food,
organizations listed at the end of
signs of pain, illness, or injury. or loses weight, you need to consult this book (see p.91) for suggestions
In the wild, their survival would a vet. If your cat cries or strains on how to carry out your search.
depend on not showing weakness when urinating or defecating, or Before making a final decision,
so that they do not attract the has accidents in the home, it could it can help to visit local veterinary
attention of predators. However, signify an internal disorder. practices to find out how they are
this ruse also means that owners Changes in behavior could also organized. Check to see if the office
might not notice problems until indicate problems. Your cat may be has separate waiting areas for cats
they have become severe. reluctant to come to you or may and dogs, and allows people to put



Signs of ill health

■ Lethargy, hiding ■ Unintentional weight loss ■ Increased thirst
■ Unusually fast, slow, or ■ Unexpected weight gain, ■ Diarrhoea, or difficulty passing
difficult breathing especially with a bloated abdomen a motion
■ Sneezing or coughing ■ Change in appetite – eating less, ■ Difficulty passing urine, crying
■ Open wound, swelling, walking away from food, voraciously ■ Itchiness
bleeding hungry, or having difficulty eating ■ Abnormal discharge from
■ Blood in faeces, urine, or vomit ■ Vomiting, or unexplained any orifice
■ Limping, stiffness, inability to regurgitation of undigested ■ Coat changes, excessive loss
jump onto furniture food shortly after eating of fur







US_044-045_Monitoring_your_cats_health.indd 44 24/10/2013 14:56

△ Joints being checked
A vet will feel and move your
cat’s limbs to detect any pain
or stiffness in the joints.
◁ Cat receiving vaccination
Vaccination gives protection
against a range of infectious
diseases. Most vaccinations 45
are given by injection.
△ Ear check already have had a veterinary with a stethoscope to detect any
A vet will use an otoscope (a magnifying checkup. Otherwise, arrange for unusual sounds such as wheezing
instrument with a light) to look inside a
cat’s ear canal and detect any foreign your cat to have a full checkup and crackles. To measure
bodies, parasites, or inflammation. as soon as you have assumed temperature, the vet will insert
ownership. The vet can check a lubricated thermometer into
cat carriers on seats or other raised that your cat has been neutered the cat’s anus.
areas: arrangements that help and fitted with a microchip for The vet will use viewing Monitoring your cat's health
lessen stress for nervous pets. identification (see Kitten health instruments with lights to examine
A cat that was bought from a checks pp.88–9), and will carry out the interior of your cat’s eyes and
breeder or adopted from an animal these procedures if needed; the ears. The vet will also look inside
protection agency should ideally vet will also assess the cat’s general the mouth and feel the abdomen to
health, and make sure that detect any swelling or tenderness,
vaccinations are up to date. before moving on to examine the
legs, paws, and claws.
Routine vet checks The vet will weigh your cat.
The vet will carry out basic This is important because changes
health checks and run additional of even as little as around 7 oz
diagnostic tests if needed. You may (200 grams) can be a symptom of
be shown how to carry out basic ill-health in a small animal.
checks at home (see p.43).
As well as listening to your cat’s Additional services
heart and counting how fast it is Your cat should have a regular
beating, the vet will feel for the health check at least once a year.
pulse on the inside of the hind leg. The veterinary surgery may also
He or she will watch how your cat offer extra services such as weight
is breathing and listen to the lungs control clinics, dental checks,
post-neutering care, and clinics
◁ Cat being weighed for older cats. Minor tasks such
It is important to keep accurate records of
a cat’s weight, especially if the cat needs as clipping a cat’s claws may be
to lose or gain weight. carried out by a veterinary nurse.





US_044-045_Monitoring_your_cats_health.indd 45 24/10/2013 14:56

Inherited disorders



Inherited, or genetic, disorders are problems passed on from one
generation to the next. There are certain disorders associated with
particular breeds; a few major genetic disorders are covered here.

Why do inherited filled cysts form in the kidneys Hypokalemic
disorders occur? and gradually increase in size. polymyopathy
Inherited disorders result from The disease causes increased urine This disorder is associated with
faults in genes—sections of production, excessive thirst, weight Burmese, related breeds such as
DNA inside cells, which hold loss, and lethargy. Screening for the Bombay and Tonkinese, and
the “instructions” for the cat’s PKD is possible through DNA Rex cats. An autosomal recessive
development, body structures, analysis of cheek swabs. disorder, it is caused by faulty genes
and functions. Genetic disorders from both parents. In hypokalemic
usually develop in small HCM polymyopathy, low potassium levels
populations, or result from the Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the blood cause episodes of weak
46 mating of animals that are too (HCM) is mainly associated with muscles, a stiff walk, and reduced
closely related. For this reason, the Maine Coon and Ragdoll, and ability to hold up the head. The cat
such disorders are more common is linked to one faulty gene. The may have difficulty breathing and
disorder causes the heart muscle
standing. There is a gene test for
in pedigrees. Sometimes screening
Your cat’s health with inherited disorders. which reduces the space inside the potassium supplements.
tests can be used to identify cats
to become thicker and less elastic,
the disorder; it can be treated with
heart’s chambers and the volume
PKD
of blood that the heart can pump.
This eventually leads to heart
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is
associated with Persian and Exotic
breathlessness, lethargy, and loss
Shorthair cats. It is an autosomal failure. Symptoms of HCM include
dominant disorder—that is, a cat of appetite. Screening involves
can inherit it from just one parent. gene tests and ultrasound scans
In PKD, a large number of fluid- of the heart.











△ Burmese cat
Hypokalemic polymyopathy may first appear at
2–6 months, often in Burmese or related Asian
breeds. Episodes can be brought on by stress,
cold weather, or exercise.


◁ PKD and Persian cats
Persians are one breed at risk of polycystic
kidney disease. In this disorder, fluid-filled cysts
develop in the kidneys, enlarging throughout the
cat’s life and leading to kidney failure.





US_046-047_Inherited_musculo_disorders.indd 46 24/10/2013 14:56

Musculoskeletal disorders



The musculoskeletal system comprises bones and joints, cartilage and
connective tissues, and muscles. Common musculoskeletal problems for
cats are fractures and torn ligaments, but they can also develop arthritis.





Signs of a problem
■ Inability to put weight on a leg
■ Crying or hissing when a painful
area is touched
■ Swollen or misshapen body part
■ Inability to jump up onto high
places
■ Stiffness or lameness when
walking 47
■ Reduced activity or reluctance
to move
■ Hiding away
■ Difficulty using a litter pan
■ Reluctance to groom thoroughly


Fractures a leg fracture, the vet may fit a cast △ Looking for injuries
Broken bones in cats are most often or a splint. A serious fracture may Vets commonly use radiographs to assess damage Musculoskeletal disorders
caused by traffic accidents (see need to be secured with implants to bones and joints. The process is painless, but
the cat may be sedated to keep him still.
pp.74–5); other causes include or external fixation.
falls from high places. A break At home, you will need to keep outgrowths form on the bones,
may be closed, with both bone your cat quiet and restrict his leading to pain—especially during
ends inside the skin, or open activity; you may even need to movement—and inflammation.
(compound), with one or both keep him in a wire crate. The vet Arthritis may be due to natural
broken ends protruding through will prescribe pain relief and he aging, previous injury, or a
the skin. The cat may be or she may fit your cat with an developmental disorder. Obesity
unconscious or in shock, or crying Elizabethan collar to stop him from puts extra strain on the joints,
with pain. A fractured limb or tail licking or chewing the area. aggravating arthritis.
may hang limply or at an odd angle. Your vet will feel and move the
Take your cat to the vet Arthritis joint and carry out radiography,
immediately. The vet will check The ends of bones meeting to and may withdraw a small sample
for any internal injuries and take form a joint are covered with of fluid from the joint for tests.
radiographs. The broken bone will smooth cartilage to allow ease Your cat may be referred for MRI
need to be kept immobile for about of movement. In arthritis, the scanning and will probably be
6 weeks, until it has healed. For cartilage wears away and prescribed pain relief; the vet may
also advise dietary supplements
for joint health and recommend a
“Obesity puts extra strain on the joints, diet for weight control. At home,
aggravating arthritis.” you will need to ensure that your
cat can easily reach his food and
water bowls, bed, and litter pan.





US_046-047_Inherited_musculo_disorders.indd 47 24/10/2013 14:56

Eye disorders



Disorders and injuries may affect the structures of the eye or the eyelids,
or both. All eye problems in a cat need prompt investigation by a vet, as
even minor disorders can become sight-threatening if left untreated.

allergy, or infection. There may enlarged, with a widened pupil
be a clear, white, or greenish and clouded cornea. If not treated
Signs of a problem discharge. The cat may blink promptly, it could cause blindness.
rapidly and rub the eye. A vet may The vet will prescribe eye drops
■ Eyelids fully or partially closed use eye drops to clear up infection and tablets to lower the pressure.
■ Watery discharge and relieve inflammation, and fit In older cats, acute vision loss
■ Yellow/green sticky discharge an Elizabethan collar to prevent may be due to detachment of
■ Red inner linings of eyelids the cat from rubbing the eye. the retina. Signs include an
■ Cat rubbing eyes Injury, or debris in the eye, can enlarged pupil. Gradual vision
■ Increased blink rate cause inflammation of the third loss may be due to cataracts. These
■ Bumping into objects, eyelid and conjunctiva, or cause a can be removed surgically, and
48 misjudging heights (vision loss) bluing of the cornea at the front of an artificial lens may be fitted.
■ Pupils dilated in bright light the eye. A vet may use fluorescein
■ Swollen eyes or eyelids dye to show up injury or ulceration. Other eye disorders
Your cat’s health Conjunctivitis and debris, pain relief, and antibiotics affects Persian, Siamese, Burmese,
■ Third eyelid showing
Treatment includes removal of
Corneal sequestrum particularly
and Himalayan cats. A dark patch
if there is bacterial infection.
of dead tissue forms on the cornea,
Vision loss
eye injuries
causing pain and excess tears. The
In conjunctivitis there is swelling
(acute) or gradual. One cause of
and redness of the conjunctiva, the Loss of vision can be sudden patch can be surgically removed.
Third eyelid, or haws, syndrome
membrane lining the inner eyelids acute vision loss is glaucoma—a may result in a visible third eyelid
and covering the front of the eyes. painful buildup of fluid inside the on each eye. Possible causes include
Common causes include irritation, eyeball. The eyeball may look viral infection and tapeworms.
Vet checking a cat’s eyes
A vet commonly uses an
ophthalmoscope, an instrument
with magnifying lenses and a light,
to examine the interior of the eye.















△ Cat with third eyelid syndrome
In this condition, the third eyelid is more visible
at the inner corners of both eyes. It often
affects young cats.





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