Complete Cat Care: How To Keep Your Cat Healthy and Happy

Ear disorders



A wide range of ear problems can affect cats, from external injuries
to disorders of the inner ear that can cause problems with balance.
Cats can also suffer from deafness due to genetic problems.





Signs of a problem
■ Shaking head
■ Pawing or scratching at ear
■ Smelly ear or ears
■ Dirty ear or ears; dark wax or
white discharge in ear
■ Pain when ear is touched
or when eating
■ Deafness (congenital, selective) 49
■ Swollen ear flap (hematoma)
■ Head tilt, loss of balance,
nausea (middle/inner ear disease)




Outer ear problems Middle and inner △ Giving ear drops Ear disorders
The ear flap is often injured in ear problems Hold the head so the ear to be treated faces
upward. Squeeze in the drops, then massage
cat fights or by scratching. Bites Inflammation of the middle ear the base of the ear.
or scratches may cause an abscess (otitis media) may result from an
(an infected, pus-filled swelling) infection spreading down the ear The vet may prescribe drugs to
or a hematoma (a blood-filled canal or a foreign object piercing relieve inflammation in the ear
swelling). Less commonly, skin the eardrum. Signs include pain— and facial nerves, antibiotics to
cancer may develop, especially causing the cat to shake its head clear up infections, or antinausea
in cats with pale-colored ears. and scratch or paw at the ear— drugs for vestibular syndrome.
Inflammation of the ear canal a discharge, and lethargy. Ear A ruptured eardrum may heal
(otitis externa) is commonly due infections can spread to affect by itself, but for persistent otitis
to ear mites—white, dot-sized nerves in the face, causing Horner’s media, surgery may be needed
parasites (see p.52) that cause syndrome (see box, right) and pain to drain pus.
intense itching and buildup of when the cat opens its mouth.
a dark, waxy, smelly discharge. Otitis media needs prompt
Other causes may include bacterial attention because the infection
infections, allergies, or a tumor could spread to the inner ear. This Horner’s syndrome
or a polyp (fleshy growth) in the can cause hearing loss, or lead Ear infection may spread to the
ear canal. to vestibular syndrome, which facial nerves, leading to Horner’s
Your vet may clean excess debris interferes with balance. syndrome in the eye on that side.
or discharge from the ear canal. Your vet may sedate or Symptoms include:
Possible treatments include a anesthetize the cat and examine ■ Sunken eyeball
“spot-on” treatment to eliminate the eardrum for damage or ■ Constricted pupil
ear mites, ear drops for an inflammation. The vet may also ■ Drooping lower eyelid
infection, and drainage of an arrange radiographs or an MRI ■ Visible third eyelid
abscess or a hematoma. scan of the inner ear.





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Coat and skin disorders


Cats by nature keep their coat and skin healthy by grooming themselves.
However, skin disorders can still affect them. Such problems are usually
easy to spot, and will need prompt attention from a vet.

Allergy The most common cause of allergic
Allergic skin conditions can occur skin disease and miliary dermatitis
Signs of a problem when your cat’s immune system, is a hypersensitivity to fleas. Your
which protects the body from vet will check for infestation by
■ Dull, greasy coat infection, overreacts to a certain running a fine-toothed comb
■ Scaly, scabby, or crusty bits substance, such as a type of food, through your cat’s coat and may
on skin and in coat pollen, or parasite (see pp.52–3). take skin scrapings for microscopic
■ Skin rash or spots Signs could include many of those examination. If your vet suspects
■ Hair loss listed in the box (left). In a reaction that your cat’s allergy is caused
■ Color change known as miliary dermatitis, the by certain foods, he or she may
■ Itchiness with excessive licking skin breaks out in little bumps, advise a hypoallergenic diet for
50 or scratching
■ Unpleasant smell from coat scabs, and crusts, usually along the a few weeks, and then gradually
■ “Hot cat” (cat whose skin feels back and at the base of the tail. reintroduce the original diet to try
to identify triggers. Treatment of
This condition often progresses to
burning hot)
Your cat’s health that need to be treated with an as corticosteroid or cyclosporine, or
allergies may include drugs such
weeping areas of infected skin
■ Bumps or lumps
a course of desensitizing vaccine.
extended course of antibiotics.
Antihistamines or omega-3 fatty
acids may also be helpful.
Ringworm
This fungal infection is highly
contagious and can be transmitted
to or from humans as well as
between animals. In cats it may
cause gray, scaly, crusty areas on
the skin and patches of fur loss,
commonly on the head, ears, back,
or paws. However, there may be no
signs at all, and ringworm may not
be diagnosed until a person in
contact with the cat develops an
itchy skin lesion (the infection
rarely causes itching in cats).
To make a diagnosis, the vet will
examine the cat’s hair using an
ultraviolet lamp (Wood’s lamp).
Areas of hair infected by ringworm
sometimes, but not always, glow
◁ Excessive scratching
Scratching may further aggravate itchy
skin, and the cat’s claws can infect the
area with bacteria.





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△ Severe fur loss
Cats naturally have areas of thin fur just in front
of the ears, but thin or bald patches anywhere
else are a cause for concern.




▷ Incessant licking
Cats may lick themselves excessively if they 51
have itchy or sore skin. Over-grooming may
also be a sign of anxiety or stress.
green. Your vet will also collect a release the pus. The vet will Skin growths
sample of hairs for fungal culture. prescribe antibiotics for the If you find a lump on your cat,
All other pets in your home should infection, and advise you always have it investigated
be tested as well. to keep cleaning the area until promptly. Your vet may take a
Ringworm is usually treated with the abscess has healed. sample of cells for analysis, either
an oral antifungal drug, coupled with a needle while your cat is Coat and skin disorders
with an antifungal shampoo. The Acne and stud tail conscious, or as a biopsy under a
fungal spores can stay in your home Both of these conditions arise from general anesthetic. If a serious
for months, so you will need to overproduction of oily sebum from problem—for example, a cancerous
disinfect or replace items such as glands in the skin. Acne most often growth—is diagnosed, your vet will
grooming equipment and bedding, occurs on the chin; stud tail affects discuss the options with you.
and thoroughly vacuum floors and the base of the tail, resulting in a Unpigmented or light skin on
furniture, carefully disposing of the greasy, often matted, patch of fur. areas such as ears, eyelids, lips, and
vacuum’s contents. Long-haired cats Stud tail mostly, but not exclusively, nose is prone to skin cancer. If your
may need to be clipped to reduce occurs in unneutered males. cat develops ulcerated, crusty, or
the risk of further contamination. Generally, these are cosmetic sore patches in these areas, have
conditions but sometimes an area him examined by a vet as soon as
Cat bite abscess becomes infected and needs possible. Treatment of skin cancer
An abscess is a swelling filled with treating with antibiotics. To has the best chance of success when
pus. Abscesses often result from improve stud tail, your vet may clip carried out at an early stage. As a
fights with other cats because teeth away the fur and prescribe a wash preventive measure, you can use
may transmit infection into the to reduce greasiness. If your cat is high-factor sunscreens that are
wound. Your cat may be feverish, an unneutered male, the vet will specifically formulated for cats and
lose his appetite, and hide. recommend castration. resistant to washing and grooming.
If the swelling bursts, your cat
will feel better. You will need to
bathe the area with a teaspoonful “If you find a lump on your cat, always have
of salt in a pint of water, and take
the cat to the vet. If the abscess has it investigated promptly.”
not yet burst, the vet may lance it to





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External parasites


External parasites, or ectoparasites, are tiny creatures that infest a cat’s
skin, such as fleas, ticks, and mites. Saliva from their bites can irritate
the skin, and the parasites can also transmit disease.

pets that you have, and you
may have to spray your carpets,
Signs of a problem furniture, and car. Never treat your
cat with products designed for
■ Thinning of the fur, patches dogs; these can be toxic to cats.
of bare skin
■ Scabs and crusting Ticks
■ Itching, discomfort Like fleas, ticks feed on blood—but
■ Over-grooming they are much larger. These eight-
■ Shaking head legged creatures are most commonly
■ Itchy skin lesions on owners found in long grass, woodland, or
52 or other pets
■ May see actual parasite moorland, mainly in spring or fall.
They hold onto the skin and feed △ Checking a cat for fleas
with their mouthparts. They look
Your cat’s health The most common external larger as the ticks feed. Ticks can Using a fine-toothed flea comb, especially on
Fleas
like gray or black pimples that grow
the neck and the base of the tail, may help you
cause anemia due to blood loss,
parasite is the flea, which feeds on
find fleas or flea feces.
blood. Heavy infestation in kittens
and the mouthparts can irritate the
can cause anemia due to blood
skin. Ticks can also pass on
form. Bright orange harvest
loss. In some cats, flea saliva may
trigger dermatitis (see p.51) or a bacterial and other infections, mites, which feed on tissue fluid,
are another. These can cause
some of which can be serious—
severe allergic reaction. Fleas such as Lyme disease and intense itching, and pimples or
may also pass on tapeworms (see tularaemia (rabbit fever). crusting, on thinly furred areas
opposite) and transmit diseases Your vet can show you how to such as the head in front of the
such as bartonellosis (cat scratch remove a tick using a tick hook, ears and between the toes. Other
disease) between cats. twisting gently to persuade species include Cheyletiella mites,
A cat with fleas may scratch and the tick to let go to ensure that the or “walking dandruff,” and the
groom himself excessively, causing mouthparts are not left behind. To head mite Notoedres cati. The
hair loss and inflamed or broken prevent infestation, ask your vet for latter causes feline scabies, an
skin. You may see fleas or black advice on tick-repellent products. uncommon but serious condition
specks (flea feces) in the fur. Other that results in itching and raw,
pets or humans may be bitten. Mites crusted, thickened skin. A vet may
Your vet can recommend a Several species of these tiny take skin scrapings to identify the
treatment for effective flea control. creatures may infest cats. Ear mites and recommend species-
You will need to treat any other mites (see p.49) are one common specific treatment.

▷ Parasites
Four common external
parasites are shown here.
Cats may easily pick up
these parasites from their
outdoor environment or
from other cats.
Flea Tick Ear mite Harvest mite





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Internal parasites


Some parasites live in a cat’s internal body tissues, usually in the
intestines but sometimes in other areas such as the lungs. The three
most common types are roundworms, tapeworms, and Toxoplasma.





Signs of a problem
■ Constant hunger but loss
of weight
■ Bloated belly
■ Diarrhea
■ Coughing
■ General ill-health
■ Rough or dull coat
■ Adult worms seen in vomit 53
or feces
■ Tapeworm segments seen
on or under the tail, or in feces


Roundworm Tapeworm △ Worms and weight loss
The most common internal Cats usually pick up tapeworms Worm infestation can cause a cat to Internal parasites
parasites are roundworms, which by swallowing fleas (which lose weight because the worms take
nutrients from the cat’s food as it
look like strands of spaghetti. They can carry tapeworm eggs) while passes through the intestine.
live in the gut, and their eggs are grooming themselves, or by eating
passed in feces. Cats may swallow worm-infested prey. The worms organisms) in their feces.
eggs from infested prey or after grow in the cat’s gut, absorbing It is sensible for a pregnant
contact with feces. Nursing nutrients from food. Tapeworm woman to wear gloves when
mothers may pass larvae to their infestation can be a cause of handling cat litter to prevent
kittens through their milk. There is vomiting and weight loss. the risk of passing toxoplasmosis
also a risk of Toxocara roundworms Adult worms shed flat body to her unborn baby.
being passed to humans. segments containing eggs, Few cats show signs of
Roundworms absorb nutrients which the cat passes in its toxoplasmosis, but some develop
from the cat’s food and can damage feces. These look like wriggly fever, inflammation in the eye,
the gut lining. Signs include loss rice grains around the anus, on nervous system problems, vomiting,
of condition, vomiting, diarrhea, the tail, or in feces. Your vet and diarrhea. Toxoplasmosis is
and a pot belly. Kittens may be will prescribe an anti-tapeworm usually treated with the antibiotic
more severely affected than drug. Strict flea control can help called clindamycin.
adults. Heavy worm infestations prevent reinfestation.
may block the intestines. Larvae
can cause coughing when they Toxoplasmosis ▷ Roundworm
migrate through the lung. Infection with the single- Roundworms can
If your cat has roundworms, your celled organism Toxoplasma grow up to 4 inches
(10 cm) long, and
vet may examine a stool sample. gondii is called toxoplasmosis. range in color from
Your pet will be prescribed a Cats may pick up the organism white to pale brown.
Roundworm eggs can
deworming drug. You will also be from infected prey; they also remain infective for
advised on preventative medication. pass oocysts (immature months or even years.





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Mouth and tooth disorders



Cats use their mouths for eating and for grooming themselves. The
mouth usually keeps itself healthy by producing saliva, but regular
checks and even brushing the teeth will help prevent problems.





Signs of a problem
■ Bad breath (halitosis)
■ Yellow or brown discoloration
of teeth
■ White or yellow deposit
(plaque) at base of teeth
■ Red gumline at base
of teeth
54 ■ Difficulty eating; possible
avoidance of some foods
■ Loss of appetite
■ Crying in pain when trying
Your cat’s health ■ Drooling saliva, pus, or blood
to eat, or pawing at mouth
■ Swelling on side of face
■ Gray discharge at gumline (pus)
■ Growth inside mouth or
on jaws


Keeping teeth healthy Gingivitis and stomatitis △ Vet checking teeth
It is important to check your cat’s Disorders such as gingivitis Your vet will examine the cat’s teeth, gums, and
lining of the mouth for problems such as tartar,
mouth regularly (see p.43) and (inflamed gums) and stomatitis gingivitis, bleeding, or injuries.
keep the teeth clean to prevent (inflammation inside the mouth)
the buildup of plaque. This is a are most often caused by the cat’s drool, and have difficulty eating
sticky film consisting of bacteria immune system reacting against or avoid certain foods. In severe
and food debris, which builds bacteria in plaque. Other causes cases, teeth may become loose
up after eating. Over time it can include infectious diseases such as or fall out altogether.
mix with minerals in the saliva, feline calicivirus (FCV). Stomatitis Your vet may anesthetise your
forming a hard, yellowish brown can also be due to a foreign body cat to remove tartar with an
deposit called tartar (calculus). lodged in the mouth or a reaction ultrasonic descaler and to polish
Your vet may be able to suggest to a household chemical. the teeth. Loose and diseased
antiplaque foods or additives. In gingivitis the gumline is dark teeth are likely to be removed.
Brushing your cat’s teeth at least red. If left untreated, the gums Antibiotics are usually prescribed
once a week can also help. You may recede or separate from the to clear up infection, along with a
need to use special cat toothpaste— teeth, leaving inflamed pockets pain-killing drug.
never human toothpaste—and where infection can take hold
a cat toothbrush (or wrap your (periodontitis). In stomatitis the Dental abscess
fingertip in gauze). Lift the lips inside of the mouth is red and This is a pus-filled swelling that
gently, then brush or massage sore. In both cases the cat may be develops at the root of a tooth, due
along the teeth and gumline. in obvious pain (see box, above), to infection entering the tissues. It





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▷ Cleaning a cat’s teeth
Using a “finger brush” that fits over your
fingertip is one way to clean your cat’s teeth.
Starting with the back teeth, brush gently in
a circular motion.

may be very painful, causing the
cat to paw at his face. Your cat may
struggle to eat or may try to eat
with just one side of his mouth. He
may avoid hard foods or lose his
appetite, drool, and have bad
breath. You may see gray pus at the
gumline, or a lump under the skin
on the cheek.
The vet may anesthetize your
cat before looking in the mouth
and taking radiographs. Your cat
may be prescribed antibiotics and 55
pain relief, but if the abscess is
severe the tooth may be extracted.


find it hard to swallow or close the
“Use a special cat toothpaste and a cat mouth. The cat may develop loose
toothbrush to clean your cat’s teeth.” teeth or a distorted face.
Tumors grow fast and need
prompt attention. Your vet may Mouth and tooth disorders
radiograph the cat’s head and take
Malocclusion jaws too short to fit all the teeth. In a tissue sample from the growth
In malocclusion the teeth are some cats, when adult teeth come to identify the tumor. Treatment
misaligned and do not fit together through baby teeth do not fall out, so may involve surgery to remove
properly when the cat closes its the adult teeth grow crooked. Your the tumor and radiation to kill
mouth. It can result from injury to vet may extract the misaligned teeth. remaining cancer cells. The tumors
the jaw or from overcrowded teeth. often recur, so your cat will need
Malocclusion can interfere with Growths regular monitoring.
eating and can also trap food and The most common type of tumor
plaque, increasing the risk of (growth) in the mouth is squamous
infections. Certain short-nosed cell carcinoma, a form of cancer.
breeds, such as Persians, may have It grows from the cells lining the Home care after
mouth and throat and most often dental treatment
arises under the tongue or in the After a dental procedure, your
gums. Older cats are most at risk. cat may have a sore mouth, and
A tumor may be seen as a nodule or he will be groggy for a while
a lumpy mass. Your cat may have because of the anesthetic. Your
vet will prescribe pain relief and
bad breath, drooling, and bleeding may provide a diet plan consisting
or ulcers in the mouth, and may of foods that are easy to eat. Put
your cat’s bed in a quiet place,
◁ Vet performing dental work with food, water, and a litter
The canines are the baby teeth most commonly tray within easy reach. You may
retained as the adult teeth grow. A vet may need to hand-feed him until he
need to extract the baby teeth so the adult can eat by himself.
teeth will grow straight.





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Digestive disorders



The digestive system breaks down food, releasing nutrients to be
converted into energy by the body's cells. Any problem with your
cat's eating or digestion can have an overall impact on health.

Changes in appetite Vomiting and
Loss of appetite may indicate a sore regurgitation
Signs of a problem mouth (see pp.54-5), cat flu (see Vomiting is a cat’s way of protecting
p.58), a gastrointestinal disorder, or himself against bad food or poisons
■ Vomiting or regurgitation an illness such as kidney disease (see pp.78-9). It is normal for a
■ Increase or decrease in appetite (see p.67). Stress may also make a healthy cat to vomit occasionally,
■ Constipation—inability to cat reluctant to eat. Try tempting such as after consuming grass or
defecate, lasting more than a day your cat with tasty foods, and call to eliminate hairballs. A single
■ Diarrhea—frequently passing the vet. Do not let your cat go for episode of vomiting is no cause for
large volumes of loose feces
■ Blood in feces more than a day without eating: it alarm. However, repeated vomiting
can be a sign of illness, or of a
can endanger his health.
■ Stools (feces) of altered color,
frequency, or consistency An increase in appetite can be hairball or other object blocking
■ Weight loss a sign of illness, such as the stomach or intestine, and you
hyperthyroidism (see p.61), or a should contact your vet.
side effect of certain drugs, such as Repeated vomiting and abdominal
▽ General illness corticosteroids. Even if there is no pain indicate a serious digestive
A cat with vomiting or diarrhea may seem obvious cause, monitor your cat’s disorder that may have been
abnormally quiet and lethargic. He may be
lacking energy due to dehydration and a weight—obesity can produce or caused by eating an irritant or
lack of nutrients. worsen health problems. contaminated food. Persistent




























△ Tempting the appetite
If your cat has gone off his food, try offering
a few tasty treats such as shrimp. Serve food at
room temperature or warm it up a little to make
it smell more appetizing.






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vomiting can result in dehydration.
Offer a tiny amount of bland food
and a little water every hour but
seek urgent veterinary attention
if your kitten or cat continues
to vomit.
Regurgitation is “sicking up”
of food shortly after eating. The
food will be slimy but relatively
unaltered in appearance. (By
contrast, vomiting is the expulsion
of partially digested food.)
Occasional regurgitation is not
a problem but, if it happens
repeatedly, it could indicate a
blockage in the throat or the
esophagus (gullet), which will need
veterinary attention.
57
Diarrhea △ Medicine for constipation cat to the vet, who may detect a
Like vomiting, diarrhea is a natural Laxatives, which relieve constipation, may be constipated bowel when examining
supplied as a paste, gel, or liquid, which you
way for a cat’s body to expel feed to the cat on your finger or by syringe. Only his abdomen. The vet may also
harmful substances. After give medicines prescribed by a vet. radiograph the intestines and
a single bout, offer tiny amounts carry out blood and urine tests
of bland food every hour but give gradually, by mixing it with the to determine the cause of the Digestive disorders
plenty of water. original food in increasing constipation. Treatment depends
proportions, so that the gut can on the cause. Often, the vet will
“Severe or persistent adjust to it. Another common prescribe a laxative. Severe cases
problem is intolerance to lactose,
may need surgery or an enema.
diarrhea can be a sugar in cows’ milk. Avoid giving
dangerous, leaving milk—adult cats do not need it, and
young kittens should have only
your cat weak and their mother’s milk. Dangers of
dehydrated.” Constipation gastroenteritis


A healthy cat should defecate about Gastroenteritis is inflammation of
the stomach and intestinal lining.
Repeated episodes of diarrhea may once a day. Constipation is the It may be caused by parasite
indicate parasite infestation (see infrequent passing of feces, or infestation (see p.53); infection,
such as feline panleukopenia (see
p.53), a digestive problem, or an passing of hard, dry stools. It is p.64); or an immune system
underlying disorder such as kidney common in older cats, especially reaction. Some cases are mild,
or liver disease. Drugs, such as those that swallow a lot of hair but severe cases may result in
some antibiotics, can also cause when grooming. Other causes profuse vomiting, “dry heaving”
diarrhea as a side effect. Get in include dehydration, a spine or (where the cat tries to vomit but
nothing comes up), and diarrhea.
touch with your vet if your cat pelvic injury, or a nerve disorder. The cat may become dangerously
suffers from severe or persistent A constipated cat may crouch dehydrated, and there may be
diarrhea because it can be repeatedly but fail to pass feces. If blood in the vomit or diarrhea. If
dangerous, leaving your cat weak the problem persists for more than your cat develops gastroenteritis,
and dehydrated. One common a day, the cat may lose his appetite, contact your vet. In the event of a
severe case, call the vet at once.
cause of diarrhea is a rapid change look weak and uncomfortable, and
in diet. Introduce any new food vomit. You will need to take your





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Respiratory disorders


The respiratory system extends from the nose and mouth to the lungs.
Disorders can vary from common ailments such as sneezing and a runny
nose to serious conditions that can interfere with your cat’s breathing.





Signs of a problem
■ Nasal discharge from one or
both nostrils: watery, white
or green, or blood
■ Sneezing
■ Cough (fluid and “chesty”
or dry and harsh)
■ Increased rate of breathing
58 ■ Breathing with mouth
open, panting
■ Noisy breathing or wheezing
■ Difficulty breathing—sitting
Your cat’s health ■ Anorexia, weight loss,
hunched with neck stretched out
dehydration
■ Lethargy

Cat flu
Cat flu can be spread easily by direct contact
Keep your cat isolated and wash
Most cases of cat flu are due steamy bathroom to ease breathing. △ Spreading flu between cats
between cats, or transmitted on hands, clothing,
to feline calicivirus (FCV) your hands after handling him, or objects such as feeding bowls.
or feline herpesvirus (FHV). to avoid spreading the infection.
Highly contagious, cat flu may Reducing exposure to allergens can
be transmitted both by sick Feline asthma help prevent attacks, and shedding
animals and by seemingly In asthma, inhaled allergens such excess weight can ease breathing.
unaffected carriers. as pollen, dust, or cigarette smoke
Signs include fever, sneezing, can irritate the tiny airways in the Pyothorax
runny eyes and nose, open- lungs, inflaming them so they This rare but life-threatening
mouthed breathing, or a very sore produce more mucus. The cat condition is caused by a bacterial
throat causing loss of appetite, may have persistent dry coughing, (or occasionally fungal) infection
dehydration, and lethargy. FCV can wheezing, and lethargy. A cat in the chest cavity, which leads to
cause mouth ulcers and gingivitis can also suffer asthma attacks, a build-up of pus and fluid around
(see p.54), resulting in drooling. in which the airways suddenly the lungs. The fluid compresses the
FHV can cause conjunctivitis contract. He will sit hunched up, lungs, causing the cat to breathe
and ulcers on the cornea. panting or gasping for breath. Gums shallowly or struggle for breath.
Cats should be vaccinated against and lips may turn blue. This needs The cat may have a fever, and the
FCV and FHV. If your cat does immediate veterinary attention. gums and lips may turn blue. This
develop signs of cat flu, call your The vet may give oxygen to needs urgent veterinary attention.
vet. For viral infections, the only relieve an attack. Your cat may be The vet will drain the fluid; this
treatment is to provide relief by prescribed corticosteroids to reduce may take several days. Your cat
keeping the nose and eyes clean inflammation and bronchodilator will also be prescribed a course
and perhaps placing the cat in a drugs to relax the airways. of antibiotics to clear the infection.





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Heart and blood disorders


The heart pumps blood around the body, and this blood carries oxygen
to all body tissues. Problems with a cat’s heart, blood vessels, or red
blood cells can cause weakness or even make the cat collapse.

life-threatening. Causes of HCM problems such as vision loss, kidney
include a genetic defect (see p.46), damage, and seizures. The heart
Signs of a problem hypertension (see below), or also has to work harder, so the cat
hyperthyroidism (see p.61). becomes easily tired and breathless.
■ Difficulty in breathing The cat may tire easily, breathe The cat will need to see a vet, who
■ Blue lips, gums, and tongue heavily, and lose his appetite. The will measure the blood pressure,
■ Fatigue, lethargy vet will use a stethoscope to listen give antihypertensive drugs, and
■ Anorexia, weight loss to the heart sounds, and carry out treat any underlying cause.
■ Increased thirst radiographs, ultrasound scans,
■ Fainting and ECG. The vet may give drugs Anemia
■ Hindlimb pain and loss of use to regulate the heartbeat, relax In anemia, the blood has too
■ Cough (rare) the blood vessels, and eliminate few red blood cells, which carry 59
excess fluid from the body. oxygen to the body tissues.
Causes include injuries, parasite
Cardiomyopathy Hypertension infestations (see pp.52–3), immune
This disease weakens the heart Raised blood pressure, or system disorders (see pp.62–3),
muscle. The most common form hypertension, usually results feline infectious anemia, and
is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from other disorders such as kidney disease. The lack of oxygen
(HCM), which causes the heart’s hyperthyroidism or kidney disease causes pale gums, tiring easily, Heart and blood disorders
left ventricle (lower chamber) to (see p.67) and most often affects and labored breathing. Blood
enlarge and stiffen. Blood may clot older cats. The pressure can damage tests may be performed to diagnose
in the heart, and bits of clot may the smallest blood vessels, making the underlying cause, which will
lodge in an artery. This can be them bleed. This can cause serious determine the treatment.














△ Vet listening to a cat’s heartbeat
Vets use a stethoscope to listen to a cat’s
heartbeat and breathing rate, and to detect
any unusual noises in the chest.




▷ Vet taking a cat’s blood pressure
Usually only the systolic phase of the blood
pressure (as the heart muscle contracts)
is measured. Any reading over 160mmHg
shows hypertension.





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Nervous system disorders


The nervous system, comprising the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, carries
electrical signals that control body functions and conscious activities. Injuries,
genetic disorders, and infections are some of the main causes of problems.

Recurrent seizures with no obvious
cause are known as epilepsy.
Signs of a problem Seizures need prompt veterinary
attention. A vet will carry out blood
■ Seizures tests and may advise radiography,
■ Disorientation CT scans, or MRI scans of the brain.
■ Behavioral changes Your cat will be treated for any
■ Head tilt underlying problem. If the cat
■ Poor balance has epilepsy, he may need anti-
epileptic drugs for life. △ Movement problems in kittens
Young kittens can be wobbly on their feet at first,
60 Seizures and epilepsy Inherited and but a kitten exposed to panleukopenia virus while
In a seizure, abnormal electrical congenital disorders in the womb may move in a jerky, clumsy way.
activity in the cat’s brain may cause
Certain nervous system problems
For example, if a pregnant cat
Your cat’s health jerking body and legs. A cat may the gene that produces white fur infectious enteritis), her kittens
collapse, foaming at the mouth, and
are genetic (see p.46). For example,
catches panleukopenia (feline
and blue eyes may also cause
also show a violent, unprovoked
may be born with brain damage that
causes trembling and a jerky, wide-
deafness. In Manx cats, the gene
behavior change such as lashing
out in rage. The most common
legged walking gait. Cats are usually
that causes them to be born tailless
cause is poisoning (see pp.78–9).

spinal cord. Some other disorders
Other causes include head injury, may also produce defects in the vaccinated against panleukopenia.
stroke, tumor, or infection. are congenital (present from birth). Vestibular syndrome
The vestibular apparatus in the
inner ear controls balance.
Problems with this area, or the
nerve connecting it to the brain,
may cause a cat to fall over, totter
in circles, or crouch when he walks.
Other signs may include a head tilt,
eyes flicking from side to side,
nausea, and vomiting. In most
cases no cause can be found, but
sometimes the disorder results
from an ear infection (see p.49)
or, more rarely, a brain tumor or
stroke. A vet may treat underlying
problems and symptoms such as
nausea, but usually the condition
clears up by itself in a few days.
◁ Blood tests
The vet may take blood samples to detect
any underlying illness that could be
causing seizures.





US_060-061_Nerv_horm_disorders.indd 60 24/10/2013 15:05

Hormonal disorders



Hormones are body chemicals that control particular functions. They are
produced by glands and carried in the bloodstream to the places where they
are needed. Any over- or underproduction of hormones may cause disorders.

The cat may be ravenously hungry
but still lose weight, and drink
Signs of a problem and urinate more than normal.
Other signs include vomiting and
■ Excessive thirst (drinking from diarrhea. You may be able to feel a
unusual places such as puddles rapid, thumping heartbeat. The fur
or washing-up water) may become dull and untidy. The
■ Increase or decrease in cat may be restless and excitable,
appetite—for example, a
previously fussy cat eating or in some cases lethargic. If
anything and everything untreated, hyperthyroidism may
■ Unusual weight gain or weight lead to hypertension and heart
loss, or inability to lose or gain failure (see p.59).
weight—may be subtle, developing A vet may feel for an enlarged
over a long time thyroid in the neck, listen for
■ Change in coat (altered color,
unusual texture, loss of fur— a heart murmur (abnormal
particularly on flanks and tail) heart sound), measure the blood
pressure, and take blood and urine
samples. The vet may prescribe
drugs or a low-iodine diet to
Hyperthyroidism reduce the production of thyroid △ Overweight cat
Being overweight and having an inactive lifestyle
The thyroid gland produces hormones. The cat will need to are two of the main factors that increase the risk
the hormones that control follow these for life. Other possible of a cat developing diabetes.
metabolism—the speed at which treatments are surgery to remove
the body’s functions occur. the thyroid tissue or radiation to An affected cat may be ravenously
Hyperthyroidism (overproduction destroy abnormal thyroid cells. hungry but still lose weight. Excess
of thyroid hormones) causes the glucose in the urine may cause
metabolism to speed up. This Diabetes mellitus the cat to urinate more than
condition is very common and The pancreas secretes insulin to usual and become very thirsty
most often affects older cats. control how the body’s cells take to compensate for the fluid loss.
in glucose—the main form of energy It may also predispose to bladder
from food. In diabetes mellitus the infections. Over time, excess blood
pancreas produces too little insulin, glucose can irritate nerves and
or the cells do not respond to it. blood vessels, damaging the brain,
As a result, blood glucose levels nerves, eyes, and kidneys.
become too high, while the cells A vet will collect blood and urine
cannot obtain enough energy. samples to detect excess glucose.
Diabetes mellitus is most common Diabetes can usually be controlled
in middle-aged or older cats, with insulin injections once or
especially ones that are overweight. twice a day. Your vet will show you
how to give these. The vet may also
◁ Signs of a thyroid problem prescribe a low carbohydrate/high
Most cats with hyperthyroidism become restless
and excitable, but some may become weak and protein diet, and advise on weight
lethargic and lose their appetite. control if the cat is overweight.





US_060-061_Nerv_horm_disorders.indd 61 24/10/2013 15:05

Immune system disorders



The immune system fights infections and diseases. Disorders arise if the
system is weakened, or conversely if it is overstimulated by normally
harmless substances, or overreacts and attacks the body’s own tissues.

Allergies vomiting as well as itching.
These arise when the immune Inhaled allergens can cause
Signs of a problem system overreacts to substances asthma (see p.58). Insect bites or
in the environment that are usually stings (see p.77) can cause severe
■ Itchy skin, excessive scratching harmless, such as dust, pollen, skin irritation or even a dangerous
and licking of skin, facial irritation, chemicals, and some foods. Flea reaction called anaphylaxis.
rubbing at ears and eyes (allergy)
■ Flat or raised sore areas with bites are one of the most common A vet may carry out skin or
hair loss, broken or ulcerated skin, causes of allergies. All of these blood tests to identify substances
sores in mouth, and excessive substances contain molecules that trigger allergies. The main
scratching, rubbing, or licking known as allergens. Cats often treatment is to remove or minimize
of affected areas (eosinophilic develop allergies when young allergens in the environment—
62 granuloma complex)
■ Weight loss, reduced appetite, and may have them for life. for example, eliminating fleas, or
and swollen lymph nodes that can Allergies most often affect the changing the diet to avoid foods that
be felt under the skin at the jaw, skin, making it itchy and inflamed. trigger reactions. The vet may also
armpits, and groin (lymphoma) Cats may scratch or groom prescribe medications such as low-
■ Pustules, scaling and crusting themselves excessively, causing dose corticosteroids or cyclosporine,
of skin, ulcers on head and ears, hair loss and sore or broken skin to control allergic reactions. In
skin at base of claws, gums and (see p.51). Direct contact with some cases, a course of injections
lips, or generalized (pemphigus)
allergens can cause conjunctivitis may be given to desensitize your
(see p.48). Food allergies can cause cat to one or more allergens
identified, but this treatment may
need to be continued for some time.

Eosinophilic
granuloma complex
This term refers to a group of
severe allergic skin reactions
caused by overactivity of
eosinophils—white blood cells that
normally respond to allergens or
fight off parasites. The saliva from
flea, mosquito, or mite bites (see
p.52) is a common cause of these
reactions. Other causes include
food or inhaled allergens.
The reactions cause three main
types of sore. Granulomas are
lumpy or ridgelike sores that most

◁ Scratching and over-grooming
Allergens most often produce skin irritation
or inflammation in cats, leading to repeated
scratching, rubbing of the eyes, or excessive
licking and chewing of the skin.





US_062-063-Immune_disorders.indd 62 24/10/2013 15:05

◁ Loss of appetite
Cats with lymphoma often have little appetite
and lose weight. They may also develop other
digestive problems such as vomiting, diarrhea,
or regurgitation of undigested food.






▽ Microscopic examination
To help identify skin disorders, a vet may scrape
a sample of cells from an affected area of the
skin and examine them under a microscope
to detect abnormalities.








63





often occur on the hind legs or cells that fight infectious
paws, or inside the mouth. Plaques organisms. These cells collect in
are flat, red, thickened areas of tiny, bean-shaped lymph nodes
bare skin, often on the abdomen (which also trap disease organisms Immune system disorders
or inner thighs. Ulcers (or rodent and cancerous cells).
ulcers) are raw areas, often with a Lymphoma has three main forms. lymph nodes. Treatment may
raised border, that usually develop Alimentary (intestinal) lymphoma, involve surgery, radiation, or
on the upper lip. Mosquito bite the most common, causes weight chemotherapy, depending on
hypersensitivity may lead to sores loss, vomiting, diarrhea, and the location and size of tumors.
on the nose, ears, and pads of the enlarged lymph nodes in the There is no cure for lymphoma, but
paws. The cat may scratch or lick abdomen. Mediastinal lymphoma treatment may prolong life.
sores, possibly breaking the skin develops in the chest. Signs include
and causing infection. difficulty in breathing and Pemphigus
A vet may take samples from the regurgitation of food. Multicentric This refers to a group of skin
sores to confirm the diagnosis, and lymphoma involves lymph nodes disorders in which the cat’s
may prescribe corticosteroids to throughout the body. Swollen immune system attacks the
reduce inflammation and antibiotics nodes may be felt under the jaw skin tissues. This causes scaly
to clear up any secondary bacterial and in the armpits and groin. Cats or crusty areas, fluid-filled
infection. You will need to prevent carrying feline leukemia virus blisters, and ulcers. These usually
exposure to allergens—for example, (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency develop on the head, ears, and
keeping your cat indoors to avoid virus (FIV) are at a greater risk of pads of the paws, and in some
mosquitoes, or eliminating fleas. lymphoma because their immune cases on the gums and lips. The
system is already weakened. sores are itchy and painful. A vet
Lymphoma Immunization against FeLV can may take skin samples from the
One of the most common forms of reduce the risk of lymphoma in sores to identify the disease, and
cancer in cats, lymphoma arises in cats. A vet will test the cat for FeLV prescribe corticosteroids and
the lymphatic system. This system and FIV, carry out blood tests, immunosuppressant drugs to
carries lymphocytes—white blood and will take biopsies of enlarged reduce the disease activity.





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Infectious diseases



Your cat may catch infectious diseases from the environment or from
other cats. These diseases can be serious, especially in old cats or
kittens, but vaccination can help protect your pet.

Feline panleukopenia FHV and FCV Chlamydophila felis
This disease, caused by feline Feline herpes virus (FHV) and The bacterium Chlamydophila
parvovirus, is also called feline calicivirus (FCV) cause up felis mainly causes conjunctivitis
feline infectious enteritis or feline to 90 percent of upper respiratory (see p.48), with sore, inflamed
distemper. It easily spreads between infections, or “cat flu” (see p.58). inner eyelids, and excess tears.
cats or is picked up from the Infected cats may spread the virus It can also cause mild cat flu. It
environment. The virus attacks by sneezing, coughing, or licking is passed on by direct contact
the white blood cells, weakening objects or other cats. Even when and most often affects kittens
the immune system. It causes they have recovered from the or unvaccinated adults living
gastroenteritis, resulting in fever, flu, cats may still carry the virus in groups. Vets treat the infection
pain when drinking, vomiting or and pass it to others. They are with antibiotics. They may advise
diarrhea, dehydration, and possibly especially likely to share the vaccination for cats living in groups.
death. If kittens are infected just herpes virus when ill or stressed.
before or after birth they may die Vets routinely vaccinate cats ▽ Passing on infection
or suffer cerebellar hypoplasia, a against FHV and FCV. Vaccination Cats kept in large groups or close
contact can pick up infections from
form of brain damage. Vets routinely will not prevent the diseases, but mutual grooming, fighting, or sharing
vaccinate cats against this disease. it can make the signs less severe. objects such as food bowls.












































US_064-065_Infectious_diseases.indd 64 24/10/2013 15:05

FeLV
A potentially deadly virus, feline
leukemia virus (FeLV) is shed
in saliva, other body fluids, and
feces. Pregnant or nursing cats can
pass it to their kittens. Some cats
may overcome the virus, but
it may take hold in kittens or in
cats that are already sick. The
virus attacks the immune system,
destroying white blood cells, and
may cause lymphoma (see p.63)
or leukemia. It may also destroy
developing red blood cells, causing
anemia (see p.59). Infected cats
die within a few years. Vets may
carry out blood tests to identify 65
FeLV. Cats at risk of infection
can be vaccinated. infected cats have no signs or only △ Vaccinating a cat
mild gastroenteritis. However, Most vaccines are given by injection under
FIV in rare cases the virus mutates the skin, but certain vaccines may be given
as eye or nose drops.
Feline immunodeficiency virus to become FIP, especially in very
(FIV) is carried in saliva, blood, young or old cats. FIP causes
and other body fluids, and is fever, weight loss, appetite loss, “Vaccination protects Infectious diseases
usually passed on by cat bites and jaundice. There are two main your cat from
(FIV cannot be passed to humans). forms. The wet (acute) form causes
Once infected, a cat is “FIV- a bloated abdomen, muffled heart infectious diseases.”
positive” for life. However, it sounds, and difficulty breathing.
may take months or years for The dry (chronic) form causes
signs of the disease to appear. inflammation in blood vessels and
FIV attacks the immune system, body tissues, especially in the eyes
making the cat unable to fight and brain. FIP is usually fatal.
off infections and cancer. Signs Vaccination
include weight loss, lethargy, fever, Rabies A vaccine against an infectious
inflamed mouth and gums, and This viral infection is highly organism is formulated to stimulate
persistent or recurrent infections. dangerous because it can be passed the immune system so that it is
FIV is diagnosed by a blood test. to humans. The virus is ready to protect the cat if exposed to
There is no cure, and currently transmitted in saliva, usually by a the actual infection. All cats should
be vaccinated against feline
no recommended vaccine, but bite from an infected animal. Signs panleukopenia, FCV, and FHV. Cats
preventing further infections may take several weeks to appear at high risk for FeLV, Chlamydophila
can help keep cats healthy. and include irritable or vicious felis, and rabies may also need
behavior, paralysis of facial and vaccination. Kittens have their first
FIP throat muscles, seizures, and death. vaccinations at 8–9 weeks old (12
The virus that causes feline Vaccination can prevent the disease. weeks for rabies), and should have
a full booster vaccination 12 months
infectious peritonitis (FIP) is Cats that are brought into the US later (except for rabies). Boarding
a form of the common feline must be vaccinated at least 21 days catteries will require you to leave a
coronavirus. Cats may catch the before travel and a licensed fully up-to-date vaccination certificate
virus by swallowing it after contact veterinarian must complete the with your cat when he is admitted.
with infected cats or feces. Most US Veterinary Certificate.





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Reproductive disorders


Most cats are neutered at about 4 months of age, so are unlikely to develop
disorders of the reproductive system. However, “intact” toms (males) and
queens (females) may develop problems with their reproductive organs.

(release eggs from their ovaries) Giving birth may cause the uterus
until they mate. However, this to be pushed outside the body.
Signs of a problem means that matings usually result This is dangerous and needs
in pregnancy. If a queen mates immediate veterinary attention.
■ Distended abdomen (queen) with several toms, the kittens Another serious problem is
■ Thick, bloody, or foul-smelling in her litter may have more than infection of the uterus, causing a
discharge from vulva one father. Queens can naturally buildup of pus. This may develop
■ Inflamed mammary glands produce up to three litters per year. a few days after giving birth or in
■ Lumps in mammary glands the nonpregnant queen after a
■ Retained testes Female problems succession of seasons. Signs include

66 Infertility in queens can occur if fever, loss of appetite, and a bloody
problems during mating prevent or pus-filled vaginal discharge.
Maturity and mating ovulation from occurring. It Nursing mothers may develop
inflamed teats (mastitis) due
Kittens usually reach puberty at
may also be due to a hormone
Your cat’s health females can show signs of being organism such as Toxoplasma on the ovaries or tumors of the
to overfilling or infection.
imbalance, or an infectious
around 6 months of age, although
Older queens may develop cysts
or possibly Chlamydophila felis.
in season, or on heat, as young as
ovaries, uterus, or mammary
A vet may perform blood and
4 months. Queens naturally start
urine tests and scans to identify
glands. A vet may use ultrasound
coming into season with increasing
day length in spring, but indoor
these problems, and perform
cats may have seasons all year the underlying cause. scans and take biopsies to identify
Stress or infection may cause a
round. Seasons may occur every pregnant mother to abort her fetuses surgery to remove the growths.
3 weeks, but queens do not ovulate or reabsorb them into her body.
Male problems
The problem of male infertility
is rare, but one possible cause is
retained testicles (cryptorchidism).
In a male fetus the testes
develop in the abdomen, and by
the time the kitten is born they
usually descend and hang under
the tail in the scrotum. If both are
retained in the abdomen beyond
6 months of age, the tom will
be sterile because his body
temperature will be too high to
allow sperm production. Injury,
infections, or testicular cancer
can also reduce male fertility.
◁ Queen in season
A female in season may call to nearby males,
roll around on her back, and crouch with her
rump in the air.





US_066-067_Reproductive_Urinary_Disorders.indd 66 24/10/2013 15:05

Urinary disorders



The urinary system comprises the kidneys, which filter blood and generate
urine, and the bladder and urethra, through which urine is expelled. Problems
in the urinary system can be serious and need prompt medical attention.





Signs of a problem
■ Squatting frequently but passing
only a little urine
■ Crying when urinating
■ Washing under tail excessively
■ Frequently passing a lot of urine
■ Change in color of urine from
normal pale yellow
■ Passing cloudy rather than 67
clear urine
■ Urinating outside litter box
or in unusual places
■ Increased thirst




◁ Cat licking under tail △ Urinary disorders and stress Urinary disorders
Pain in the urethra, or irritation from urine, may Physical or emotional stress may aggravate FLUTD,
cause cats to lick their genital areas excessively. by increasing muscle activity in the bladder or
This can lead to inflammation and hair loss. reducing the cat’s resistance to infection.

of FLUTD. Cats fed on a dry diet, CKD
with insufficient access to water, Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
may also develop it. Signs include is the most common disorder
frequent unsuccessful attempts to in older cats. Gradually the
urinate, pain when passing urine, kidneys become less efficient
FLUTD dark (bloody) or cloudy urine, and at filtering out waste, causing
Feline lower urinary tract disease excessive licking of the genitals. toxins to build up in the body.
(FLUTD) is a general term for You should contact your vet if your Other causes include genetic
disorders of the bladder and the cat is obviously struggling or is in disease (see also “Polycystic
urethra. Causes may include stress, pain. Inability to urinate can lead kidney disease” on p.46),
stones or crystals in the bladder, to kidney failure. The vet will infections, tumors, drugs,
bacterial infection leading to carry out urine tests and may or poisons. Signs include
bladder inflammation (cystitis), use radiography and ultrasound increased urination, increase
muscle weakness or spasm, scans to identify possible causes. in thirst, vomiting, and loss
blockage in the urethra, and Treatment may include tactics of weight. The cat may also
anatomical abnormalities. Cystitis and treatments such as pheromone become weak, with a dull coat
with no identifiable cause is termed diffusers to reduce stress, surgery and bad breath. Treatment may
“feline idiopathic cystitis.” Most to relieve urethral blockage, include medication and diet to
cases of FLUTD are idiopathic. antibiotics to treat bacterial support kidney function. Vets
Overweight and inactive middle- infection, or a diet to help may offer screening tests to detect
aged or older cats are at greater risk dissolve stones and crystals. early signs of CKD in older cats.





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Nursing a sick cat



If your cat is ill, consult your vet and follow any instructions on care and
home treatment. There are also some simple things that you can do to
make your cat comfortable during recuperation.

Creating a sick room confident way—any anxiety on your foods. If your cat is struggling
You will need to keep a sick or part could make him stressed and to eat properly, you may need to
injured cat indoors so that you can uncooperative. Your cat may feel feed him by hand.
easily monitor him. Keep your cat comforted if you spend time just If your cat is vomiting or has
confined in a warm, quiet room or talking quietly to him and petting diarrhea, offer a teaspoon every
even in a wire crate. Provide food him (if he will accept this), so that hour of bland food such as poached
and water, and a litter tray in an he does not associate you solely skinned chicken or an appropriate
area away from the food. Make up with treatment. prescription diet. Once the gastric
a warm bed on the floor for easy upset ceases, gradually increase
access; you could use a cardboard Home care when ill portion size and keep your cat on
68 box, which can easily be replaced A cat may lose interest in food this diet for three or four days,
if soiled. Cut one side away, line when ill or if his sense of smell is before weaning back to normal
the base with newspaper, and add impaired (see cat flu, p.58). Call meals. Provide cooled, boiled
cosy blankets and perhaps a
a vet if your cat has gone for
drinking water at all times. Call
Your cat's health Handling your cat especially if he is overweight—lack grooming. In particular, clean away
more than a day without eating,
a vet if a gastric disorder persists.
hot-water bottle.
Your cat may need help with
of food can harm the liver. Let food
come to room temperature, or
A sick or injured cat may want to
discharge from the eyes, keep the
hide himself away and try to avoid
nose and mouth clean to help the
warm it slightly in the oven, to
the extra stress of having medicine
appetizing. In addition, offer small
or other treatment. Handle your cat
clean under the tail if the cat has
pieces of strong-smelling, tasty
gently and in a calm, unhurried, increase its smell and make it more cat breathe and smell food, and
diarrhea. Use cotton moistened in










△ Safe space
A wire crate should be large enough to let the
cat walk around. Line it with newspaper, and
add food, a water bowl, a bed, and a litter tray.

▷ Staying indoors
You will need to keep your cat indoors, in a
confined area, for his own safety and so you
can easily monitor him and give care.





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Giving your cat a tablet


















Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
With a helper holding the cat, place your Grasp the jaws between forefinger and thumb Place the tablet on the back of the tongue.
hand over the top of the head. Try not to and gently tip the head back. With the other Close the cat’s mouth and stroke the throat
bend the whiskers. forefinger, open the mouth. to make the cat swallow. 69


clean, warm water. For itchy skin ◁ Elizabethan collar
or minor wounds, bathe the area A soft or rigid cone-shaped collar, sometimes
called an Elizabethan collar, is designed to
with saline solution—a teaspoon of prevent a cat from licking a wound or surgical
salt dissolved in 1 pint (500 ml) of incision site.
warm water. If the cat resists, wrap Nursing a sick cat
him in a towel, leaving the sore
part exposed.

After an operation Alternative therapies
A cat that has had a general Many pet owners have an interest
anesthetic may be groggy for a in using alternative therapies to
while. Stay with him until he is maintain their cat's health or to
fully alert. Keep him indoors until treat certain disorders, such as
any surgical wound has healed and Giving medication allergies and joint pain. Some
therapies involve plant-based or
dressings or stitches have been It is essential to follow your vet’s other natural remedies, such as
removed. Your vet may fit a soft, directions on giving medication and herbalism and traditional Chinese
cone-shaped collar to prevent your complete the full course, especially medicine. Others involve touch
cat worrying at a wound, and you with antibiotics. Ask your vet to and manipulation, such as TTouch,
chiropractic, and shiatsu. Other
may have to remove this to let the demonstrate how to give eye or ear alternative therapies include
cat eat. For small wounds on the drops or dose the cat with a syringe. acupuncture and magnetic
limbs, the vet may cover the area Medications should be given by therapy to stimulate the cat’s
with “antilick” strips impregnated an adult. Give tablets by hand natural healing mechanisms. Some
with a taste that cats dislike. You (see above) to make sure the cat of these therapies may even be
covered by your pet's insurance
should check a dressing or a cast swallows them and that other pets policy. If you do wish to try an
several times a day to ensure do not take them. It may help to alternative therapy, ask your vet
it is clean and dry. If the cat crush tablets into a small amount for guidance. All practitioners
seems in pain (hiding, resisting of tasty food, or wrap a small should be registered with a
examination, or unwilling to eat), amount of food around them (do veterinary governing body, such
as the American Association of
or if the wound looks sore or has a not do this if the tablet has to be Veterinary State Boards in the US.
discharge, contact your vet. taken on an empty stomach).





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Caring for an elderly cat


Thanks to improvements in food and health care, cats now often live
beyond 12 years of age. Older cats may develop age-related conditions,
but with a little extra care your cat can still have a comfortable, happy life.

Home care to make him comfortable. Clip his washable beds or cardboard boxes
You may need to make adaptations claws regularly because they can lined with newspaper that can
to your cat’s diet and living grow harder with age and become be thrown away.
conditions as he ages (see pp.28–9). overgrown if he is not very active. Even if your cat still prefers to
Your vet may recommend a “senior” If your cat is becoming less agile, urinate and defecate outdoors,
diet, which will supply the correct put his food and water bowls and it is wise to have litter trays in the
nutrients for the changes in your a litter tray on the floor, in quiet house. Your cat may become less
cat’s metabolism and digestive places where he won't be disturbed. keen on going outdoors, either to
processes. Your cat may prefer Use boxes or furniture as “stepping avoid other cats or because he no
to eat smaller meals more often stones” to help your cat reach his longer has the urge to explore.
during the day. If he seems less favorite perches or windowsills. Even an old cat still likes to have
interested in eating, try warmer Have several warm, comfortable fun. Playing with your cat helps
or tastier foods to tempt him. It cat beds around your home, in to keep his mind active and allows
is also helpful to weigh your cat places where your cat already him to express his natural
every 2 weeks; older cats can gain enjoys sleeping. If your cat is instincts, although you will have
excess weight due to inactivity, or having trouble with soiling, use to play more gently than before.
lose weight due to difficulty with
eating or conditions such as
hyperthyroidism (see p.61). “Let the vet know if you have noticed any
Your cat may need help with
grooming hard-to-reach places, changes in your cat’s normal activities.”
so brush a few times a week

























◁ Using stairs △ A cosy bed
A cat with arthritis or stiff joints may If your elderly cat has a favorite resting
find it hard to use stairs, so have food, place, such as in front of the fire, place
water, beds, and litter trays on each a blanket, cushion, or soft cat bed there
floor of your house. to help him be more comfortable.





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◁ Visiting the garden
A less active cat may still enjoy time in the
garden on fine days. It may help to accompany
your cat outside to keep away intruders.


usual, and start drinking from
odd places, such as ponds and
bathtub faucets. An elderly cat may
also become dehydrated. Check by
grasping the scruff of the neck and
letting go. The skin should fall back
instantly; if it does not, the cat may
not be getting enough liquid.
Alert your vet if your cat is
straining or crying when he passes
feces or urine, or if he starts having
“accidents” in the home.
Stiff joints or arthritis can cause
Senior cat clinics identify problems such as kidney difficulty with running and 71
As your cat grows older he will disease. There are many jumping, and your cat may become
need more frequent health checks. treatments now available to help unable to groom his back and rear
Many veterinary practices now manage chronic conditions—even end. As he ages, your cat may lose
offer clinics for older cats, to senility. The vet or practice nurse his vision, causing him to bump
detect and deal with age-related can also help with tasks such into things or misjudge heights.
health problems. as clipping claws. A cat that is feeling very ill or
Your vet will be able to advise showing signs of dementia may Caring for an elderly cat
you on your cat’s ideal body Warning signs become more withdrawn or
weight, and on diet and nutritional You will need to keep a closer aggressive, hide away, or meow
supplements. Let the vet know if eye on your cat to detect any more than usual.
you have noticed any changes in alterations in his normal habits.
your cat’s normal activities, as In particular, you should let your
these could signal the start of vet know if you notice any of the
health problems. following changes. Euthanasia
The vet may carry out basic tests Watch for any increase in For a very old or sick cat,
such as urine and blood tests, to appetite, with your cat seeming sometimes the kindest thing to do
ravenously hungry but losing is to give him a dignified, peaceful
weight even with regular meals. ending. Euthanasia is usually
carried out in a veterinary practice,
In contrast, if your cat is obviously but it can be done at home (you
hungry but turns away from will need to book in advance).
certain foods (especially hard The vet will give an injection of
foods), or paws at his mouth, he anesthetic—in effect, an overdose
may have problems with his teeth —into a front leg vein. The cat
will become unconscious before
or with swallowing. passing away. There may be
Increased thirst may cause your involuntary movements, and the
cat to use the litter tray more than bladder or bowels may empty.
You can ask for your cat to be
cremated, or take the body home.
◁ Unusual drinking habits You may wish to bury your cat
Let your vet know if your cat is drinking more in your garden, another favorite
water than usual, including from strange places place outdoors, or a pet cemetery.
such as ponds, faucets, or the bathtub.





US_070-071_Caring_for_an_elderly_cat.indd 71 24/10/2013 15:04

US_072-073_Chopener_Feline_Emergencies.indd 72 24/10/2013 15:04

Feline



emergencies













































US_072-073_Chopener_Feline_Emergencies.indd 73 24/10/2013 15:04

Basic first aid



If your cat is injured, carrying out some basic first aid checks may make
the difference between life and death. Be prepared for emergencies and
follow these guidelines to keep your cat safe until you reach the vet.

Danger signs Handling an injured cat
Keep the telephone numbers for Check the cat for broken bones and
Normal vital signs your vet and the emergency vet open wounds or bleeding, but try
Temperature 100.5–102.5°F service where you can easily find not to move him. Take care—even
(38–39°C) them. Call a vet immediately if your the most loving pet may bite or
Pulse 110–180 beats per minute cat has any of the following signs. lash out if it is in severe pain.
Respirations 20–30 per minute ■ Loss of consciousness If the cat has a fracture or severe
■ Seizures wound, lay him on a blanket with
Capillary less than two seconds ■ Rapid breathing, panting, or the injury uppermost and wrap the
refill time* struggling for breath wound up gently. Do not try to
*time for gum to regain ■ Fast or weak pulse splint broken bones yourself.
74 pink color after being
blanched by gentle ■ Hot or cold temperature—feel the If your cat has a hemorrhage
pressure with finger ears and pads of the paws (severe bleeding), raise the
■ Pale gums
bleeding area above the level of the
Feline emergencies ▽ Alerting your vet paralysis direct pressure with a pad of cloth,
■ Limping, difficulty in walking, or
cat’s heart, if possible, and apply
If your cat has a serious injury or a sudden,
to stem the blood flow.
■ Difficulty in standing, or collapse
severe illness, call the vet immediately so the
staff will be ready when you bring the cat in.
■ Serious injuries
Lift the cat carefully, with one
hand under the shoulders and the
other under the hips, and place
him in a carrier.
Loss of consciousness
If the cat is lying motionless, check
for consciousness. Touch the corner
of the eye to see if it blinks; flick
the tip of the ear to see if the ear
twitches; or pinch the skin between
the toes to see if the cat flinches.
If the cat is unconscious, check
“ABC”—airway, breathing,
and circulation.
■ Airway—open the mouth and
pull the tongue forward. Gently
sweep your little finger over the



“…check the “ABCs”
—airway, breathing,
and circulation.”








US_074-075_Basic_First_Aid.indd 74 24/10/2013 15:04

First aid kit

A first aid kit for your cat will enable you to deal with minor
injuries yourself or, in emergencies, provide care until you Thermometer
can reach a vet. Some pet shops sell veterinary-approved
kits, or you can make up your own using the articles shown
here. Keep the kit easily accessible at all times.
Adhesive bandage Disposable
gloves
Tweezers



Saline
First aid box wash Bandage Cotton Scissors


back of the tongue to check for nose. Continue for up to 10 minutes needs urgent action; heat stroke
anything blocking the throat. or until the cat starts breathing. may quickly progress to collapse, 75
■ Breathing—look for chest coma, and death. Lower the body
movements and feel for breath Shock temperature by placing the cat in a
from the nostrils. Shock is a life-threatening loss of cool room with a fan, or placing cool,
■ Circulation—feel the chest for the circulation caused by severe injury damp towels on the body, especially
heart beat, and the inside of the or heavy internal bleeding, around the armpits and groin.
back leg, near the top, for the pulse. poisoning, or a severe allergic Basic first aid
If there is no breathing or pulse, reaction. The cat will feel cold to Drowning
give heart massage by squeezing the touch, breathing and pulse will If you can reach a drowning cat, pull
the chest under the forelegs with be weak and rapid, and the gums him to safety and dry with a towel.
one hand, at two compressions per will be very pale. Wrap the cat in If he is not moving, hold him by the
second. Every 10 compressions, blankets to preserve body heat, but hind legs, with his body hanging
give a “breath”—press the chest do not constrict the chest. If he is down, then shake him up and down
with both hands, or cup your hands having problems breathing, lay to clear water from the lungs. If he
around the face and blow into the him on his side with the head tilted is not breathing, try resuscitation.
downward. Monitor ABC.

Hypothermia
Abnormally low body temperature Traffic accidents
can develop if a cat spends too long Accidents are the main cause of
outside in cold weather or falls into serious injury and death in cats.
freezing water. Bring the cat into a Minimize risks by keeping your cat
warm room and wrap him in warm, indoors at busy times and at night,
dry blankets—warm the blankets and have your cat neutered—
neutered cats are less likely to
first in a tumble dryer. The cat will stray and get into danger. Sadly,
need urgent veterinary attention. many accident victims do not
survive. If you find a body, check it
Heat stroke for a collar and take it to a local vet
A cat can easily develop heat stroke to be scanned for a microchip. If
the cat is alive, move him only if he
on a hot day if he is shut in a room is in danger of being hit by another
△ Risk of heat stroke or a vehicle with no access to vehicle, or if you feel that moving
A greenhouse or a room with big windows can him will not worsen any injury.
get very hot in direct sunlight. A cat trapped in a water. The cat may be panting and
room like this will be at risk of heat stroke. distressed, with red gums. This





US_074-075_Basic_First_Aid.indd 75 24/10/2013 15:04

Wounds and burns



Many skin wounds can be treated at home, although you will need to
discuss them with your vet if there are complications. Burns are an
emergency and need immediate veterinary care.

Minor wounds or shock (see p.75). Small wounds bleeding does not stop after two
Small cuts and scrapes can be can also become infected, so look minutes, cover the wound with a
treated at home. Look for bleeding, for signs of abscess formation, clean, dry pad (or cloth) and
moist fur, or a scab, or the cat such as swelling and pus. bandage in place. For an eye
licking an area intensely. Gently wound, cover the eye with a gauze
wipe away blood and dirt using a More serious wounds pad and tape in place. For very
cotton ball moistened in saline Wounds that are bleeding profusely heavy bleeding or a severe wound,
solution—a teaspoon of salt stirred need prompt veterinary attention, apply first aid (see pp.74–5).
into 1 pint (500 ml) of clean, warm as do bites and scratches from other
water. Cut away hair around the animals (because these could Burns
76 wound using blunt-ended scissors. become infected). Eye injuries also Cats may suffer burns from fires,
Small skin wounds can sometimes need urgent care. hot surfaces, scalding liquids,
Call the vet before setting out. To
occur with more extensive internal stop bleeding, press on the wound electrical appliances, or chemicals.
These injuries can be very serious,
damage. Check for heat, swelling,
Feline emergencies wound, and watch for signs of pain soaked in clean, cold water. If the need urgent veterinary attention.
with damage to deep tissues, and
or discolored skin around the
with a gauze pad or clean cloth
For a burn or scald, remove the
cat from the heat source without
endangering yourself. Flood the
affected area with clean, cold water
for at least 10 minutes, then cover
it with a moist sterile dressing.
Keep the cat warm during the
journey to the vet.
If your cat has been electrocuted
(for example, by chewing through
a power cord), turn off the power
first, or use a wooden broom
handle to move the power source
away from the cat. Carry out first
aid (see pp.74–5) and take the cat
to the vet immediately.
For chemical burns, call the vet
at once and say which chemical
is responsible. If the vet advises
rinsing, put on rubber gloves to
avoid contaminating yourself, and
flush the area carefully with water.


◁ Protective wrap
A bandage will protect a wound until a vet can
treat it. Make sure the bandage is not too tight;
the skin around it should feel warm.





US_076-077_Wounds_burns_bites_and_stings.indd 76 24/10/2013 15:04

Stings and bites



Cats are naturally inquisitive, and occasionally their curiosity about
other creatures can lead them into trouble. If your cat incurs an insect
sting or venomous bite, the treatment will depend on the culprit.

Bee or wasp stings
If your cat has been stung, move
him away from any other bees or
wasps to avoid further stings.
Call the vet for advice, and take
the cat in if he develops breathing
difficulties or becomes unsteady
on his feet. If your cat goes into
shock (see p.75), take him to the
vet immediately.
Otherwise, try to remove a bee 77
sting with tweezers as soon as
possible. Grasp it where it meets
the cat’s skin and take care not to
grasp the tiny sac at the top, or you
might squeeze out more venom.
For a bee sting, bathe the area with Stings and bites
baking soda mixed in warm water.
A wasp sting should be bathed
with vinegar diluted in water.
Apply an ice pack (such as a bag of
frozen peas wrapped in a cloth) to
reduce inflammation.
Mosquito and gnat bites
Most cats will suffer only minor
irritation from small biting insects,
such as mosquitoes and gnats.
However, there are some cats that
may suffer a severe allergic
reaction (see p.75) to mosquitoes. between countries. In the US, △ Inquisitive hunter
If your cat is hypersensitive to venomous snakes include the Cats often enjoy hunting insects, snakes, and
other small animals in play, but venomous or
mosquito bites, it is best to prevent rattlesnakes, copperheads, toxic animals can cause pain and sometimes
exposure to these flying insects cottonmouths, and coral snakes. serious physical effects.
by keeping the cat indoors at Venomous bites are rare, but can
dawn and dusk. cause serious swelling, nausea, If your cat has been affected by any
vomiting, and dizziness; your cat venomous animal, call the vet at
Venomous animals may lick the area, and you may see once and say what kind of animal
Cats may be bitten by other cats two puncture wounds in the skin. was involved (or take a photo if you
(see pp.50–1), but bites from Some toad species secrete toxins can) so that the vet can obtain the
venomous animals can be more onto their skin, which can cause correct antivenom. You need to
serious. Dangers from snakes, inflammation in a cat's mouth take the cat to the veterinary
toads, scorpions, and spiders vary and perhaps retching. hospital as soon as you can.





US_076-077_Wounds_burns_bites_and_stings.indd 77 24/10/2013 15:04

Choking and poisoning


Cats explore their world by sniffing and tasting, pouncing and chewing.
Although they are discerning, their inquisitiveness puts them at risk of
swallowing dangerous items or poisonous substances.

Choking with a sample of what he has ■ Paints and solvents—cats can
Cats can choke on a variety of swallowed. If a cat has a toxic swallow paint when licking it
objects. Some objects, such as bird substance on his coat or paws, wrap off themselves, or breathe in
bones, may get wedged in the the cat in a towel so he cannot lick dangerous fumes from paints and
mouth; others, such as pebbles, off any more of the substance. solvents. Never let a cat near wet
may block the throat (airway). paint or open paint cans. Ensure
Items such as tinsel, ribbon, string, Dangerous chemicals that you ventilate rooms during
or thread can get tangled around Some common chemicals can be and after using paints and solvents.
the tongue or, if swallowed, cause lethal for cats. Keep these out of
problems in the intestines. reach of your cat (see pp.16–17). Poisonous plants
78 A choking cat will cough, drool, ■ Antifreeze (ethylene glycol)— Many household and garden plants
and gag, and paw frantically at its make sure your car does not leak can be toxic to cats, either when
mouth. If the airway is blocked, antifreeze and ensure that any eaten or when the cat brushes
the cat will struggle to breathe
containers are stored safely. For a
against the plant and then licks
Feline emergencies First, wrap the cat in a towel. Hold kidney damage, unsteadiness, are given below; ask your vet for a
cat, even a tiny amount can cause
himself. Some common examples
and may lose consciousness.
Call the vet and take the cat in.
more complete list.
seizures, coma, and death.
■ Cordyline (common garden plant
the top of the head with one hand,
■ Household cleaners—bleaches,
detergents, fabric softeners, and
and open the lower jaw with the
for foliage) and Dracaena
similar chemicals—can irritate the
other. Look inside the mouth. If the
(houseplant)—both of these plants
object is easy to dislodge, try to
remove it quickly with tweezers.
If an object is blocking the airway, cat's mouth and burn the throat. can cause liver or kidney damage.
Household clutter
use the Heimlich maneuver. Lay Cats may swallow foreign objects both
the cat on its side with its head lower in the home and outdoors. Do not leave
items such as plants with thorns or sharp
than its body. Place one hand on the needles, small toys, or string where a
back and the other on the belly, just cat can eat them.
below the ribs. Give four sharp
pushes up and in, toward the ribs.
Check the mouth again, and
remove any debris with one finger.
If the cat has stopped breathing,
give artificial respiration (see p.75).
Poisoning
Cats may ingest poisons from prey
animals, toxic plants, household
chemicals, medicines, or even some
human foods. If you think your cat
has been poisoned, even if he is
showing no signs, contact your vet.
If you see any signs of poisoning,
take the cat to the vet, together





US_078-079_Choking_and_Poisoning.indd 78 24/10/2013 15:04

▽ Outdoor dangers ▷ Paint hazard
Some cats are tempted to chew Cats can easily get wet paint on
house or garden plants. To minimize themselves if they walk through it
risks, make sure to move or get rid or rub up against it, or if they
of any plants that might be toxic. explore open paint cans.




















79














■ Lilies—all parts (including the ■ Dog medicines can be toxic to cats. Choking and poisoning
pollen) are toxic to cats, damaging In addition, never give medicine
the kidneys. prescribed for one cat to another—
■ Spider plants—although not it may be harmful for that cat. Bait for vermin
highly toxic, the bitter taste causes ■ “Spot-on” flea treatments can Rat and mouse poisons, and slug
salivation, vomiting, and lethargy. be toxic if swallowed, so apply baits, are designed to kill pests
them to the back of the cat’s neck, but can also be lethal for cats.
These poisons can attack the cat's
Medicines and foods where the cat cannot reach while nervous system, causing muscle
Medicines and, surprisingly, some grooming himself. tremors, unsteadiness, collapse,
of our food can sometimes be ■ Dangerous human foods include and seizures. Some rat or mouse
harmful for cats. alcoholic or caffeinated drinks, poisons can also cause internal
bleeding. Your cat may be at risk
■ Human medicines are an obvious chocolate, garlic, grapes and raisins, if he eats the poison directly or if
hazard. Acetaminophen is and onions. Do not let your cat eat he eats a poisoned prey animal.
especially dangerous—even one these or walk on tables or worktops If your cat has swallowed vermin
tablet can be fatally toxic to a cat. while you are preparing food. bait, call the vet and take the cat
in immediately, together with the
packet of bait (or the remains of
“If a cat has a toxic substance on his coat or any prey animals). The vet will
make your cat vomit to expel the
paws, wrap the cat in a towel so it cannot poison, and may give an antidote
if possible. Never try to make your
lick off any more of the substance.” cat vomit yourself.








US_078-079_Choking_and_Poisoning.indd 79 24/10/2013 15:04

US_080-081_Breeding.indd 80 24/10/2013 15:03

Breeding













































US_080-081_Breeding.indd 81 24/10/2013 15:03

Breeding and pregnancy


The idea of your cat surrounded by cute kittens may be appealing, but
breeding is a serious commitment. As well as providing extra care for
the mother, you will have to plan ahead for the kittens’ future.

Planned breeding The females, known as “queens,” several days. She could still be
Do not consider breeding from your come into season in cycles of 14–21 in heat and attractive to non-
cat unless you have good reason to days, mainly during spring and pedigree local toms.
believe that you will be able to find summer, with each season lasting
a home for every kitten. Many for three or four days. When a Signs of pregnancy
kittens end up in rescue shelters queen is ready to mate, or “in heat,” The average length of pregnancy
or are put down because they are she will show obvious signs, in cats is between 63 and 68 days.
unwanted. If you own a pedigree including constant calling, lying The first sign that mating has
cat of a popular breed you may find down with her rump raised, and been successful will be a slight
a ready demand for her kittens, rolling or rubbing herself against reddening of your cat's nipples,
82 although you should never be the floor. The scent of her urine will which appears around the third
motivated by profit (and the also attract any toms in the area. week of pregnancy. In the
expenses involved in breeding can queen to the breeder, where following weeks, the queen will
This is the time to take the
steadily gain weight and her shape
be considerable). Should you decide
Breeding to let your pedigree have a litter, she and the stud tom you have will change as her belly swells. The
chosen will be placed in adjacent
kittens she is carrying can be easily
you will need to do some research
to find a reputable breeder with a
about the fifth week. Never try to
advances to her prospective mate,
suitable stud tom. pens. When she starts making felt during a vet's examination after
the two cats will be allowed access carry out any kind of investigation
Mating to one another. Mating usually yourself. Unskilled handling of a
Unneutered cats are considered occurs several times, so it is
mature enough for planned common practice to leave the
breeding by about 12 months of pair together for at least a day ▽ Expecting
A pregnant queen will become a little less agile
age, although they can become or two. Once home, keep the as she grows larger, but if she is in good health
sexually active before then. queen confined to the house for she will still enjoy her usual activities.




















△ A suitable mate
When choosing a pedigree mate for your
cat, find out about the stud cat's health and
ancestry. A reputable breeder should be
prepared to answer any questions.





US_082-083_Responsible_Breeding.indd 82 24/10/2013 15:03

83













pregnant queen can cause damage her in a quiet corner. This can be △ Ultrasound scan Breeding and pregnancy
to both the mother and her bought ready-made, but a sturdy The vet may use an ultrasound scanner to
confirm whether your cat is pregnant. The
developing kittens. cardboard box serves just as well. developing kittens can be seen on an ultrasound
It should be open at one side to scan within 3–4 weeks of pregnancy.
Prenatal care give the queen easy access, but
An expectant cat needs plenty not so low that newborn kittens
of nourishment and her appetite can roll out. A thick lining of
will increase toward the end of newspaper provides warmth and Unplanned pregnancy
her pregnancy. Your vet can give comfort, and is easily replaced Accidents happen—perhaps
you guidance on feeding, and when soiled. Encourage the queen because neutering (see p.89)
will suggest suitable supplements to spend time in the box so that is delayed or a queen destined
to add to your cat's diet if necessary. she feels at home in her kittening for a pedigree mate escapes
It is also vital to have your cat area and, hopefully, will go there vigilance for a few crucial hours.
Ask your vet for advice as soon
checked for parasites, which she when labor begins (see pp.84–5). as you suspect your cat is
could pass on to her kittens. If your cat is naturally active, pregnant. Pregnancy could
The vet may ask you to bring a there is no need to stop her compromise your cat's health,
sample of your cat's stools to test from jumping or climbing, but especially if she is not fully
for intestinal worms, and can she should not be allowed mature. If a queen mates with
more than one tom during the
also give you advice on which outdoors during the last two weeks same heat cycle, the kittens
flea treatments are safe to use of pregnancy. Avoid picking her may have different fathers. Your
during pregnancy. up unless absolutely necessary, vet can help with advice on
Well before your cat is due to give and ensure that children handle re-homing accidental litters.
birth, prepare a kittening box for her gently when they play with her.





US_082-083_Responsible_Breeding.indd 83 24/10/2013 15:03

Queening and postnatal care



Producing kittens—queening—is something most cats experience without
difficulty. Your role is simply to keep a close watch while staying as
unobtrusive as possible. Always contact a vet if problems arise.

of her kittening box. However, that encases the kitten in the
queens sometimes change their uterus—appears at the vaginal
Checklist minds at the last minute as to opening. A few more contractions
where they want to give birth, so propel the kitten out into the
■ Telephone number of make sure your cat cannot take world. The final stage of labor
veterinary practice herself off to a hidden corner. expels the placenta (afterbirth); a
■ Clean towels During the first stage of labor, separate placenta will be expelled
■ Newspaper which can last up to 6 hours, after each kitten.
■ Trash bags regular contractions gradually The rest of the kittens will be
■ Latex gloves open the cervix (neck of the born at varying intervals. They
■ Disinfectant that is safe uterus). The queen will pant and may arrive within minutes of each
84 for use with cats
perhaps purr, but she should not other, although at some births
seem unduly distressed. A clear there can be a time lag of an hour
vaginal discharge often appears.
or two between deliveries.
Breeding Giving birth stage of labor, she begins to you only need to monitor the
With a normal labor and birth,
As the queen enters the second
When the time for giving birth
to her kittens is near, a queen
contraction to push a kitten
disturbing the queen by hovering
usually becomes restless and may strain, or “bear down,” with each situation, without interfering or
ignore all offers of food. Once through the birth canal. Within over her too closely. It is necessary
her contractions begin, she will about 30 minutes, a grayish to take action if the second stage
probably head for the security bubble—which is the membrane of labor continues for more than
about 2 hours without producing
First wash any kittens; there is an abnormally
As soon as a kitten is born, the long interval between each
mother licks it clean, using her delivery; contractions cease but
tongue vigorously to remove the
surrounding membrane and you suspect that not all the kittens
stimulate the kitten’s breathing. are born; or a kitten becomes
stuck in the birth canal. Never
try to resolve birthing problems
yourself. If the queen appears
to be in difficulties, call the vet
immediately to ask for advice.

After the birth
In most cases, the queen, even
if it is her first litter, knows what
to do and wastes no time in dealing
with each kitten in turn. She will
lick the kitten all over, to remove
the birth fluids and surrounding
membrane and to stimulate
breathing. She will also bite
through the umbilical cord that





US_084_085_Queening_Postnatal.indd 84 24/10/2013 15:03

85


△ Contented family within easy reach so she does
A mother cat relaxes as she suckles her litter. not have to move far from her
Her first milk, a nutritious fluid called colostrum,
contains antibodies to provide the kittens with kittens, leave the new family to
protection against disease. settle down in peace.
Postnatal complications are
attaches the kitten to the placenta. unusual in cats, but in the days
It is quite natural for the mother following delivery you should Queening and postnatal care
to eat the placenta, so do not keep a careful watch on both
attempt to stop her. Newly mother and kittens. In a newly
washed, the kitten will at once delivered queen, some light
start blindly nosing at its mother vaginal bleeding and discharge
in search of a teat to latch onto is normal and will continue for
for its first feeding. several days. If you notice any
If all has gone well, it should of the following signs in the △ Dropper feeding
not be long before the entire queen, you must contact your Rarely, a kitten needs to be hand-reared and
litter and their mother are vet immediately: fed artificially. It is vital to use the correct
equipment, milk formula, and technique, so
contentedly bonding with each ■ Prolonged or heavy vaginal always ask your vet for advice.
other. Disturbing them as little bleeding, or a foul-smelling,
as possible, remove soiled colored discharge. ■ Lethargy and lack of interest
bedding from the kittening box ■ Heat and swelling around the in her kittens.
and replace it with clean materials. teats, which may be accompanied Failure to thrive in kittens
After providing the queen with by a discharge. can also be an indication that
food, water, and a litter pan ■ Restlessness and loss of appetite. the health of the queen needs
prompt investigation. Kittens
“With a normal labor and birth, you should that have been orphaned or
rejected by their mother may
not need to do anything but monitor the survive with careful hand-
situation, without disturbing the queen.” rearing, but it takes time,
dedication, and the help of
your vet to achieve success.





US_084_085_Queening_Postnatal.indd 85 24/10/2013 15:03

Early kitten care



Looking after the welfare and safety of a new litter of kittens is a big
responsibility, but you will not have to take on the task single-handed.
Mother cats know instinctively how to raise a family.

The first weeks toys to stimulate their interest. box. They will wander everywhere
Until they have been weaned (see Objects that roll around are always and can all too easily end up
opposite), kittens need to stay with popular, but don’t offer anything being stepped on or getting injured
their mother and siblings all the that could snag and damage tiny while moving around the house.
time. The mother cat is not only a claws. Games often turn into rough Do not allow the kittens to go
protector and source of nutrition, and tumble, but even if the entire outdoors until they have been fully
but a teacher of feline behavior as litter becomes a tussling furball vaccinated (see also Making the
well. It is through interaction with there is no need to separate them. home safe, pp.16–7).
brothers and sisters that kittens They are highly unlikely to do each
practice their social and life skills. other harm and this mock fighting Using a litter pan
86 No kitten should be removed from is an important part of their You will probably find that you
this family support group unless mental and physical development. have very little work to do in
absolutely necessary. whereabouts of young kittens, training kittens to use a litter pan.
Keep a constant eye on the
Kittens start playing games
As soon as they find their feet, at
Breeding together as early as 4 weeks of especially once they are mobile around 3 weeks of age, they will
start copying their mother and
and can climb out of the kittening
age and will benefit from a few


Stages of development
Newborn kittens are blind, deaf,
and completely dependent on
their mother, but they develop
rapidly. Within a few weeks
helpless infants turn into lively △ Five days △ Two weeks
individuals that have learned all The kitten has some sense of the surrounding The eyes are now open although vision
the basic lessons about being a cat. world, even though the eyes are not yet open. is imperfect. For a few weeks, all kittens
Adulthood is generally reached at The ears lie flat against the head and hearing have blue eyes that gradually change to
around 12 months, although some is still undeveloped. the permanent color.
cats take longer to complete
their full growth.






▷ Eight weeks
Very active and
fascinated by anything
and everything, the
kitten is instinctively
△ Four weeks adopting characteristic △ Ten weeks
Up and running, tail held erect as a balancing feline habits such as self-grooming and will Not quite a cat—but almost—the kitten
pole, the kitten starts exploring. Sight and practice hunting by pouncing on toys or will soon be ready to leave home. It is
hearing are well developed and the digestive siblings. Weaning should be fully completed important for vaccinations to be given
system can cope with solid food. around this stage. at this age.







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“Keep a

constant
eye on the
whereabouts

of young
kittens...
They will
wander
everywhere.”






87

◁ Waiting for adoption
It is hard to part with kittens
you have tended since birth, but
these young siblings are already
developing into independent
characters and are ready for
new homes. Early kitten care
head for the pan when she does. on the carpet—you will just pan training, a mother cat
Although older cats prefer privacy frighten him. If there is no time can usually be relied upon to
when they use a litter pan, young to reach the litter pan, lift him demonstrate the skill. The kittens
kittens often all pile into it together. onto a sheet of newspaper. When will imitate the way she feeds from
Provide them with a pan that is he has finished, put the kitten and her bowl and, apart from providing
large enough for sharing, with paper in the tray for a few moments the meals (see also Monitoring
shallow sides that they can climb to reinforce the idea. feeding levels, pp.28–9), you
over easily. Kittens have a built-in should not interfere. Only very
instinct to scratch around in loose, Weaning occasionally—for example, when
soft materials and scattered litter By about 4 weeks of age, kittens a kitten has been orphaned—is
is inevitable, so surround the tray have acquired some of their baby hand-weaning necessary. If you
with newspaper to catch spillages. teeth and are ready for weaning— face this problem, you should ask
There are bound to be a few making the change from mother’s your vet for advice.
accidents, but you can keep these milk to solid food. As with litter- At the start of weaning, young
to a minimum by watching kittens kittens are more inclined to
for warning signs. If you see a paw the food than to eat it, so
kitten going into a squat, scoop place their bowls on newspaper
him up gently and put him in the and be prepared for messy
pan. Never make an abrupt grab, mealtimes. As their intake of
or clap your hands in an attempt solids increases, kittens become
to stop him urinating or defecating less and less dependent on their
mother for nutrition and the
▷ Learning clean habits mother’s milk will gradually dry
Kittens grasp the idea of using a litter pan at
a very early age. They usually just follow the up. Most kittens are fully weaned
mother cat’s example. at 8 weeks old.





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Kitten health checkups


For the best possible start, take your kitten to a vet as soon as possible
for a comprehensive checkup and protective vaccinations. Follow this
with annual health checkups throughout your pet’s life.

Preparing to visit the vet
Taking your kitten for his first visit
to the vet should not be stressful,
provided you have prepared him
beforehand for the trip. The most
important thing to do is accustom
the kitten to going in his carrier
(see pp.18–19). Practice lifting him
in and out, using toys and titbits for
encouragement, so that he learns
88 to associate the carrier with treats
and feels safe and comfortable
when he is in it. Pick up the carrier
with the kitten inside and walk
Breeding around with it so that he becomes
used to the sensation of moving.
Keep these practice sessions short,
and never simply shut a kitten in a
carrier and leave him on his own.
If you introduce your kitten to as
many people as possible, and other
pets if you have them, he is more
likely to act calmly when he meets
strangers at the veterinary practice.
You will be able to stay with your heart, checking the limbs for △ No surprises
Prepare for a trauma-free first visit to the
kitten throughout the visit to mobility, and combing through vet by teaching your kitten to enjoy going
provide reassurance if he needs it. the coat for fleas. If your kitten in his carrier.
has not been vaccinated, then he
First health checkup will be given his first vaccination, and ear mites. Now is also the
Even if your new kitten has already if he is old enough. He will need to right time to ask the vet about
been vaccinated, an early health return for a second vaccination neutering (see right).
checkup is still important. At the to complete the course. Most kittens will come through
initial appointment the vet will give At this visit the vet will answer their first trip to the vet with a
your kitten a thorough examination. your immediate questions on clean bill of health, but health
It includes checking eyes and ears, general cat care and offer valuable issues inevitably arise over the
feeling over the entire body for advice on the control of common years. Rather than waiting until
abnormalities, listening to the parasites such as worms, fleas, things go wrong, book your pet
an annual veterinary checkup so
that potential problems can be
“At the initial appointment the vet will give identified and dealt with early
your kitten a thorough examination.” on. Follow-up visits include an
overall examination and booster
vaccinations if necessary. At these





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◁ Full body examination
As part of a routine checkup, the vet will
feel the kitten’s body all over to search for
abnormalities such as lumps or tender spots.





▽ Combing for fleas
Your vet will comb through the kitten’s
coat to pick up fleas or flea dirts. Severe
flea infestation can lead to anemia.











89





regular checkups your vet can agitated, calling constantly to attract
draw your attention to any changes males, which is stressful for cats
that need monitoring, such as an and owners alike. After neutering,
increase or decrease in your cat’s these sexual behaviors either Microchipping Kitten health checkups
weight (see also Monitoring your disappear or never develop, and Having your kitten microchipped
cat’s health, pp.44–5). both male and female cats are more means that he can be easily
identified if he strays or is involved
likely to opt for a peaceful home life. in an accident. A microchip holds
Neutering Neutering also reduces the chances a unique number that is kept on
One of the first things to discuss of sexually transmitted infections— a database and can be read by a
with your vet is neutering, a including a feline version of scanner. Once in place, it is there
routine procedure under general HIV—being passed between cats, for life. The vet will insert the tiny
device, which is the size of a rice
anesthesia to remove the ovaries and removes the risk of cancer of grain, by injecting it under the skin
and uterus in females and the the reproductive organs. between the shoulder blades. At
testes in males. Apart from Vets usually recommend that later visits, your vet can check with
preventing unwanted litters, kittens be neutered at around a microchip reader that it is in place
having your kitten neutered has 4 months of age, before they reach and working. A microchip is only
useful if the contact information
other benefits. sexual maturity. Your kitten will stored is kept up-to-date.
Unneutered male cats often roam stay at the vet for only a few hours
far from home in search of a mate and will usually recover from the
and also have the habit of spraying operation within a few days. A
urine around their territory, female kitten may have a few
sometimes even in the house, as sutures in the skin, or none at all.
a calling card to females. These The vet will tell you whether any
roving toms can be very aggressive, skin sutures are dissolvable—in
ready to fight with any cat they see which case they should gradually
as a rival. Unneutered females are disappear—or whether they need
at risk of frequent pregnancies, to be removed, usually about
and when in season they become 10 days after the operation.





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Glossary



Anesthetic fhV prenAtAl
A drug used to stop a cat from feeling pain Feline herpesvirus, one of the two A term meaning “before birth”: for example,
during an operation. A general anesthetic, common causes of cat flu (see also FCV). prenatal care of a pregnant queen.
usually given as a gas or injection, renders A vaccine is available.
a cat temporarily unconscious. A local Queen
anesthetic numbs a small area of the body. gene A female cat. The process of giving birth
A section of DNA containing the is known as “queening.”
Antibiotic instructions for producing a particular
A medicine that destroys or inhibits physical structure or function. rAdiogrAphy
the growth of microorganisms. An imaging process that uses a plate or
hypoAllergenic diet film that is sensitive to X-rays, gamma
AntihistAMine A restricted diet used to identify and rays, or another form of radiation.
A medicine used to relieve the symptoms control food allergies. Some pet food Radiography is commonly used in
of allergy, such as itching or sneezing. manufacturers produce special medical examinations.
hypoallergenic foods for cats.
breed slicker brush
A group of cats that shares specific aspects inflAMMAtion A brush with a wide, flat head and thin
of appearance and behavior passed on A reddening and swelling of a part of the metal bristles, designed to remove dead,
from one generation to the next. body that can often also be painful. May matted hair.
be caused by infection or injury.
90 congenitAl defect sociAlizAtion
A physical defect that is present from inherited disorder The process of teaching your kitten to get
birth; it may be inherited (see Inherited Also called a genetic disorder, a health used to new people and other animals.
disorder), or it may have arisen in the problem that is passed from one ticked
Glossary corticosteroid Moggy A coat pattern in which each hair shaft
fetus while it was in the womb.
generation to the next.
has alternate bands of pale and darker
A drug used to relieve inflammation, joint
A random-bred cat, often of unknown
colors; also known as agouti.
shorthair” or “domestic longhair.”
pain, or allergic symptoms such as itching. parentage; often defined as “domestic toM
ct scAn An unneutered male cat.
Short for “computed tomography scan.” Mri
An imaging process that uses computer- Short for “magnetic resonance imaging,” topcoAt
processed radiographs to enable bone, a medical scanning technique in which The outer layer of a double coat, consisting
soft tissue, and blood vessels to be magnetic fields and radio waves are used to of long, tough, weather-resistant hairs.
visualized in slices. produce an image of internal body tissues.
ultrAsound
dnA MutAtion An image, produced using ultrasonic
A protein contained in the cells of A physical characteristic caused by a sound waves, which shows internal
every organism, which contains the defective gene. One such mutation is tissues. Primarily used by vets for
“instructions” for the development, polydactyly—having extra toes. Some diagnosis and to monitor a pregnancy.
structure, and function of that organism. mutations may be preserved deliberately
DNA is passed on from one generation by selective breeding, such as a stumpy undercoAt
to the next. tail in the Japanese Bobtail. The inner layer of a double coat, consisting
of soft, warm, dense hairs.
ecg neutering
Short for ”electrocardiography,” a diagnostic The removal of a cat’s reproductive organs VAccinAtion
test in which an instrument is used to so it cannot produce kittens. In males it Also called immunization, a procedure
record the electrical activity in the heart. involves castration (removal of the testes), used to prevent a cat from catching
ECG is used to detect problems such as and in females it involves spaying (removal specific bacterial or viral infections. It
an abnormal heart rhythm. of the uterus and ovaries). Non-neutered involves inoculation—injecting a vaccine
cats are referred to as “intact.” (a substance containing weakened or dead
elizAbethAn collAr bacteria or viruses) into a cat. The cat’s
A large, cone-shaped plastic collar that pedigree immune system attacks the organisms
is fitted around a cat’s neck and head. For a cat of a particular breed, the pedigree in the vaccine, and in so doing will “learn”
It is designed to keep a cat from licking or is a written record of that cat’s recent to attack the actual disease organisms
biting wounds on its body, and is used to ancestry. A pure-bred cat is sometimes in the future.
protect an injured area or operation site. referred to as a “pedigree” cat.
WeAning
fcV postnAtAl The process by which kittens graduate
Feline calicivirus is a major cause of cat A term meaning “following birth”: for from drinking their mother’s milk to eating
flu (see also FHV). A cat can be example, postnatal care of a queen and solid food. It naturally happens between
vaccinated against FCV. her kittens. 4 and 8 weeks of age.





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Useful contacts




USA and CANADA The Humane Society of the OTHER INFORMATION
United States Both the Cat Fanciers’ Association in the
SOURCES OF NEW CATS www.hsus.org US and the Canadian Cat Association are
AND KITTENS Tel: 202-452-1100 registration bodies for the breeding and
Reputable rescue organizations are 2100 L St., NW Washington, DC 20037 showing of pedigree cats.
a good source for new kittens and adult
cats. Try to find a center where they make Cat Fanciers’ Association
the effort to assess all the cats in their BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS www.cfainc.org
care so you can choose one with a If you are experiencing behavioral Tel: 330-680-4070
temperament to suit your lifestyle. The problems with your cat, it is best to The Cat Fanciers’ Association, Inc.,
following are useful national organizations get help fast before habits become 260 East Main St., Alliance, OH 44601
to contact when looking for a new cat, too established. Look for someone with
although there are many more regional both practical experience and academic Canadian Cat Association
institutions across the US and Canada: knowledge. They should work on www.cca-afc.com/en/
veterinary referral, and be insured. Tel: 905-232-3481
American Society for the Prevention Contact the following organizations The Cat Fanciers’ Association, Inc.,
of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) or ask your vet to refer you to 5045 Orbitor Dr., Mississauga,
www.aspca.org someone they trust: Ontario L4W 4Y4
Tel: 212-876-7700 The International Association of
424 E. 92nd St., New York, NY 10128-6804 Animal Behavior Consultants 91
Canadian Federation of Humane www.iaabc.org
Societies Tel: 484-843-1091
www.cfhs.ca 565 Callery Road, Cranberry Township,
Email: [email protected] PA 16066
Tel: 613-224-8072 Animal Behavior Society
102-30 Concourse Gate, Ottawa, Ontario, http://www.animalbehavior.org/
K2E 7V7 Useful contacts




UK Royal Society for the Prevention OTHER INFORMATION
of Cruelty to Animals The Governing Council of the Cat Fancy is
SOURCES OF NEW CATS www.rspca.org.uk a registration body for the breeding and
AND KITTENS Tel: 0300 1234 555 showing of pure-bred cats, and also offers
Reputable rescue organizations are RSPCA Enquiries Service, Wilberforce Way, advice on buying and breeding pedigrees.
a good source for new kittens and adult Southwater, Horsham, West Sussex International Cat Care (formerly known
cats. Try to find a center where they make RH13 9RS as the Feline Advisory Bureau) provides
the effort to assess all the cats in their a wealth of information on caring for cats.
care so you can choose one with a Wood Green Animal Shelters
temperament to suit your lifestyle. The www.woodgreen.org.uk Governing Council of the Cat Fancy
following are useful organizations to Tel: 0844 248 8181 www.gccfcats.org
contact when looking for a new cat: Wood Green, The Animals Charity, Tel: 01278 427 575
King’s Bush Farm, London Road, 5 King’s Castle Business Park, The Drove,
Battersea Dogs and Cats Home Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire PE29 2NH Bridgwater, Somerset TA6 4AG
www.battersea.org.uk
Email: [email protected] BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS International Cat Care
Tel: 020 7622 3626 If your cat has behavioral problems, it is www.icatcare.org
4 Battersea Park Road, London, best to get help fast. Look for someone with Email: [email protected]
SW8 4AA both practical experience and academic Tel: 01747 781 782
knowledge. They should be registered Taeselbury High Street, Tisbury,
Blue Cross with the Association of Pet Behaviour Wiltshire SP3 6LD
www.bluecross.org.uk Counsellors or APBC (see below), work
Tel: 0300 777 1897 on veterinary referral, and be insured.
Shilton Road, Burford, Oxon, OX18 4PF
Association of Pet Behavior
Cat’s Protection League Counsellors
www.cats.org.uk www.apbc.org.uk
Tel: 08707 708 649 Email: [email protected]
National Cat Centre Chelwood Gate, Tel: 01386 751151
Hayward’s Heath, West Sussex RH17 7TT PO Box 46, Worcester, WR8 9YS






US_090-091_Glossary_Contacts.indd 91 24/10/2013 15:03

Index



A breathing collars and ID tags 19

microchips 13, 19, 45, 75, 89
abdomen, health checkup 43 problems 44, 63 color awareness 22
respiratory disorders 58, 64
abscess breeding confidence building 20
cat bite 51 birth process and labour 84 conflict between cats 37
dental 54–55 infertility problems 66 congenital disorders, inherited 46, 60
ears 49 kittening box 83 conjunctivitis 48, 58, 62, 64
and wounds, first aid 76 litters, numbers of 66 consciousness, loss of 74–75
Abyssinian 15 mastitis and nursing mothers 66 constipation 57
acne 61 mating 82 corneal sequestrum 48
aging see elderly cats placenta 85 Cornish Rex 15, 31
aggression pregnancy 82–83 cystitis 67
dealing with 37, 38 prenatal care 83
and health issues 37 queening and postnatal care 84–85
and neutering 89 reproductive disorders 66 D
predatory instincts 37 retained testes (cryptorchidism) 66
scratching and biting 36, 37, unplanned pregnancy 83 dairy products 27
38, 39, 62 see also kittens; neutering death, euthanasia 71
toward other cats 37 breeds see pedigree cats dehydration 56–57, 58, 71
allergies 52, 58, 62 British Shorthair 15 dementia in elderly cats 71
food 50, 62 brushing see grooming dermatitis 50, 52
human 10 Burmese 15 destructive behavior, avoiding 11, 39
and shock 75, 77 corneal sequestrum 48 diabetes mellitus 61
92 skin conditions 50 hypokalemic polymyopathy 46 diarrhea 57, 61, 63, 68–69
alone, leaving cats 10 burns, first aid 76 diet
alternative therapies 69 automatic feeders 18
anaphylaxis 62 balanced 26–27
anemia 27, 59 C changes through life 29
Index arthritis 47, 70, 71 cardiomyopathy 59 chocolate, toxicity of 27
commercially prepared 26–27
asthma 58, 62
dairy products 27
cat care essentials, costs of 11
B cat carriers 18–19, 88 drinking 27, 42–43, 71
cat deterrents, and gardens 17
dry food 26–27, 67
balconies and windows 16, 17 cat flaps, sharing 37 elderly cats 70, 71
feeding levels, monitoring 28–29
cat flu 56, 58, 64, 68
Balinese 15, 31 cat scratch disease (bartonellosis) feeding times, establishing 21
bartonellosis (cat scratch disease) 52 52 food allergies 50, 62
bed cat shelters 13 food poisoning 27
cat bed 18, 19 cattery boarding 11 food as reward 36, 37
elderly cats 70 cerebellar hypoplasia 64 food and water bowls 18
sleeping on owner’s 18, 21, 38 children fresh food 27
bee stings, first aid 77 cat suitability for 10 and good health 42–43
behavior meeting in new home 20–21 harmful foods 27, 79
body language 23 sandpits, covering 16 ideal weight, maintaining 28–29
destructive behavior, avoiding 11, 39 chirruping 42 and kidney damage 27, 29
elderly cats, changes in 71 Chlamydophila felis bacterium 64, 66 nursing a sick cat 68
fear, signs of 23 chocolate, toxicity of 27 and obesity 27, 28–29
healthy 42–43 choice of cat 12–13 onions, and gastric upsets 27
hunting instinct 10, 22, 39 breeds 14–15 prenatal care 83
independent nature 10, 22 cat care essentials, costs of 11 puzzle feeders 39
kneading paws 23 cat shelters 13 regular routine 28
“mad half-hour,” reasons for 22 gender choice 10–11 and skin problems 27
problems 11, 36–37 kittens see kittens titbits and supplements 27
scent mapping 22–23 neutered cats 10–11 vegetarian 26
scratching 36 ownership assessment 13 weaning kittens 10, 87
social groups 23 pedigree cats see pedigree cats wild prey 10, 26
socializing 11, 12–13, 37, 88 pet shops 12 working for food 39
solitary nature 22 registered breeders 12–13 digestive disorders 27, 56–57
understanding your cat 22–23 stray cats, adopting 13 discharges
urine-marking 22–23, 36–37 temperament 10–11 ears 13, 33
see also training choking and poisoning, first aid 78–79 eyes 13, 33, 48, 68
Bengal 15 chronic kidney disease (CKD) 67 dogs, introduction to 21
bird feeders 16 claws drinking 27, 42–43, 71
bites and scratches, ears 49 clipping 31, 38, 70 see also diet
bites and stings (insects) 52, 62, 63, condition, and scratching 36 drowning, first aid 75
77 health check 43 dust baths 34
biting and scratching 36, 37, 38, 39, paws, kneading 23
62 clicker training 39
bleeding, severe, and hemorrhage 74 coat E
blindness 48 coat and skin disorders 50–51
see also eyes hair loss 50–51 ears
blood and heart disorders 59 hair shedding 10, 14 abscess 49
boarding (cattery) 11 health checkup 43 bites and scratches 49
body language 23 matted hair, dealing with 30–31 cleaning 33
breath, health checkup 43 see also grooming; skin discharges 13, 33
US_092-095_Index.indd 92 24/10/2013 15:02

disorders and symptoms 49 feline calicivirus (FCV) 54, 58, 64
drops 49 feline herpes virus (FHV) 58, 64 H
flattened, as sign of fear 23 feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
health checkup 43 63, 65 hematoma, ears 49
hearing loss 49 feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) 65 hemorrhage and severe bleeding 74
hematoma 49 feline leukemia virus (FeLV) 63, 65 hair see coat
Horner’s syndrome 49 feline lower urinary tract disease hairless cats
infection 49 (FLUTD) 67 grooming and skin care 31
mites 33, 49, 52 feline panleukopenia 57, 64 Sphynx 15
otitis externa (ear canal fireworks and bonfires 16 handling cats 23
inflammation) 49 first aid 74–75 cat carriers 18–19, 88
otitis media (middle ear ABC—airway, breathing, and circulation nursing care 68
inflammation) 49 74–75 teaching children 21
pemphigus 63 abscess and wounds 76 haws syndrome (eyes) 48
ruptured eardrum 49 burns 76 HCM (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
skin cancer 49 choking and poisoning 78–79 46, 59
vestibular syndrome 49 consciousness, loss of 74–75 head, shaking 43, 49
see also face drowning 75 health
elderly cats heat stroke 75 and aggression 37
bed for 70 Heimlich maneuver and choking alternative therapies 69
behavioral changes 71 78–79 “antilick” strips 69
dementia 71 hypothermia 75 appetite changes 51, 55, 56, 58
diet 70, 71 injured cat, handling 74 behavioral changes 44
drinking habits 71 shock 75, 76, 77 and behavioral problems 36–37
euthanasia 71 stings and bites 77 breeding see breeding
grooming 30, 70, 71 traffic accidents 75 choosing a kitten 12–13
health care 67, 70–71 vermin bait poisoning 79 collar for wound protection 69
litter pans 70, 71 wounds 51, 76 diet see diet
meeting new cat 21 fishponds 16 ears see ears 93
and play 70–71 fleas 52, 89 elderly cats see elderly cats
senior cat clinics 71 bites 62 euthanasia 71
teeth and mouth 55, 71 and dermatitis 52 eyes see eyes
vision loss 71 dust baths 34 first aid see first aid
weight loss 29 FLUTD (feline lower urinary tract grooming, checking while 33
Elizabethan collar for wound protection 69 disease) 67 home checks 43 Index
eosinophilic granuloma complex 62–63 food kitten health checkups 88–89
epilepsy 60 allergies 50, 62 lethargy 44, 46, 49, 58, 65, 79, 85
equipment, essential 11, 18–19 bowls 18 litter habits, changes in 36–37
cat bed 18, 19 poisoning 27 medication, administering 69
cat carriers 18–19, 88 as reward 36, 37 monitoring 44–45
collars and ID tags see collars see also diet mouth see teeth and mouth
and ID tags fractures 47, 74 obesity see obesity
food and water bowls 18 parasites see parasites
litter pans see litter pans personality and behavior 42
toys see toys G pet insurance 69
euthanasia 71 routine vet checkups 45
Exotic Shorthair 14 gardens signs of good health 42–43
polycystic kidney disease (PKD) 46 cat deterrents 17 signs of ill health 44
eyes cover, as security 37 skin see skin
blindness 48 hazards 16, 17 teeth see teeth and mouth
cleaning 33 plants, poisonous 17, 78–79 thirst, increased 71
color awareness 22 gastroenteritis 64, 65 vaccination 20, 60, 64, 65
conjunctivitis 48, 58, 62, 64 gender choice 10–11 vet registration 44–45
corneal sequestrum 48 genetic disorders 13, 46, 60 and weight see weight
discharges 13, 33, 48, 68 gingivitis (inflamed gums) health, illnesses and conditions
disorders and symptoms 48 54, 58 abscess see abscess
elderly cats and vision loss 71 glaucoma 48 acne 61
eyesight 22 Golden Persian 14 allergies see allergies
glaucoma 48 grass eating 56–57 anaphylaxis 62
haws syndrome 48 grooming 30–33 anemia 27, 59 arthritis 47, 70, 71
health checkup 43 benefits of 11, 30 asthma 58, 62
Horner’s syndrome 49 claws, clipping 70 bartonellosis (cat scratch disease) 52
injuries 48, 76 coat types 11, 30–31 breathing problems 63
runny 33 combing through 32 cardiomyopathy 59
third eyelid syndrome 48 ears, cleaning 33 cat flu 56, 58, 64, 68
vision loss 48, 59 elderly cats 30, 70, 71 cerebellar hypoplasia 64
see also face eyes, cleaning 33 Chlamydophila felis bacterium 64, 66
face 33 chronic kidney disease (CKD) 67
F health problem checkup 30, 33 coat and skin disorders 50–51
longhaired cats 11, 14, 30–33
congenital disorders, inherited 46, 60
consciousness, loss of 74–75
face matted hair and tangles 30–31 constipation 57
nursing a sick cat 68–69
grooming 33 removing debris 32 cystitis 67
pawing 43 shorthaired cats 33 dehydration 56–57, 58, 71
see also ears; eyes; nose; teeth and slicker brush 30 dementia in elderly cats 71
mouth tools 31 dermatitis 50, 52
fear, signs of 23 washing 11, 34–35 diabetes mellitus 61
feeders, automatic 18 see also coat diarrhea 57, 61, 63, 68–69
feeding times, establishing 21 gums see under teeth digestive disorders 27, 56–57
see also diet and mouth eosinophilic granuloma
US_092-095_Index.indd 93 24/10/2013 15:02

complex 62–63 safety considerations 16–17, 20, 38,
epilepsy 60 78–79, 86 L
feline calicivirus (FCV) 58, 64 small pets, separation from 21
feline herpes virus (FHV) 58, 64 hormonal disorders 61 lethargy 44, 46, 49, 58, 65, 79, 85
feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Horner’s syndrome 49 lifespan 10
63, 65 human health, allergies 10 lifting see handling cats
feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) 65 hunting instinct 10, 22, 39 lip-licking and stress 23
feline leukemia virus (FeLV) 63, 65 hypertension 59, 61 litter pans 18
feline lower urinary tract disease hyperthyroidism 59, 61 children’s sandpits as 17
(FLUTD) 67 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) 46, elderly cats 70, 71
feline panleukopenia 57, 64 59 habits, changes in 36–37
flea bites 62 hypokalaemic polymyopathy 46 kittens 10, 20, 21, 86–87
food poisoning 27 hypothermia, first aid 75 placing 20, 21
fractures 47, 74 problems with use of 21, 36–37
gastric upsets 27 see also toileting
gastroenteritis 64, 65 I liver disease 57
genetic disorders 13, 46, 60 longhaired cats
hemorrhage and severe ID tags see collars and ID tags clipping and ringworm 51
bleeding 74 illnesses see health, illnesses and grooming 11, 14, 30–33
heart and blood disorders 59 conditions washing 34–35
heat stroke 75 immune system disorders 59, 62–63 weight assessment 29
hormonal disorders 61 independent nature 10, 22 Lyme disease and ticks 52
hypertension 59, 61 see also behavior lymphoma 63, 64
hyperthyroidism 59, 61 infection
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) ears 49
46, 59 eyes (conjunctivitis) 48, 58, 62, 64 M
hypokalaemic polymyopathy 46 skin 50
hypothermia 75 infectious diseases 64–65 “mad half-hour,” reasons for 22
94 immune system disorders 59, 62–63 infertility problems 66 see also behavior
infection see infection see also breeding Maine Coon 14, 31
infectious diseases 64–65 inherited disorders 13, 46, 60 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
inherited disorders 13, 46, 60 injuries 46
insect bites and stings 52 collar for wound protection 69 mastitis and nursing mothers 66
Index kidney disease 56, 57, 59, 71 eyes 48, 76 mating 82
liver disease 57
see also breeding
first aid 51, 76
medication, administering 69
Lyme disease 52
injured cat, handling 74
lymphoma 63, 64 insurance, pet 69 meowing 42
mouth, sore 56, 71 itchy skin 50, 52, 62, 69 microchips 13, 19, 45, 75, 89
musculoskeletal disorders 47 milk and dairy products 27
nervous system disorders 60 mites
panleukopenia 60 K ears 33, 49, 52
parasites see parasites skin 50, 52
pemphigus 63 kidney, damage, and diet 27, 29 molting 10, 14
polycystic kidney disease (PKD) kidney disease 56, 57, 59, 71 see also coat
46, 67 chronic kidney disease (CKD) 67 mosquito bites, first aid 77
pyothorax 58 polycystic kidney disease (PKD) 46, 67 mouth see teeth and mouth
rabies 65 kitchen safety 16, 17, 38 musculoskeletal disorders 47
respiratory disorders 58 kittens
ringworm 50–51 after-purchase support 13
aggressive play 37
roundworm 53 behavior and personality, judging 12–13 N
scabies 52
seizures 59, 60 cat carriers 18–19, 88 name, responding to 20
skin cancer 49, 51 cerebellar hypoplasia 64 nervous system disorders 60
stud tail 51 choosing 12–13 neutering 83
tapeworm 52, 53, 58 diet 29 and aggression 89
toxoplasmosis 53 early care 86–87 and choice of cat 10–11
tularaemia (rabbit fever) and ticks 52 feline leukemia virus (FeLV) 63, 65 see also breeding
urinary disorders 61, 67 feline panleukopenia 57, 64 night roaming 16
vomiting and regurgitation 53, 56–57, hand-rearing 85, 87 nose
61, 63, 68, 77 health checkups 13, 88–89 health check 43
hearing loss 49 kittening box 83 scent mapping 22–23
see also ears litter pans 10, 20, 21, 86–87 sense of smell see smell, sense of
heart and blood disorders 59 microchipping 89 see also face
heat stroke, first aid 75 neutering 88, 89 nursing care 68–69
Heimlich manoeuvre and choking 78–79 ownership responsibility 10
high places, liking for 18 parasites, checking for internal 13
Himalayan, corneal sequestrum 48 pedigree see pedigree cats O
homecoming 20–21 in pet shops 12
cat care essentials, costs of 11 rescue centers 10, 12, 13 obesity
dogs, introduction to 21 roundworm 53 and arthritis 47
family, meeting 20–21 safety considerations 16–17, 20, 38, diabetes mellitus 61
gardens see gardens 78–79, 86 and diet 27, 28–29
indoor lifestyle, adapting to 10, 38 socializing 11, 12–13, 37, 88 see also weight
kitchen safety 16, 17, 38 toys 86 onions and gastric upsets 27
litter pans see litter pans vaccination 13, 64, 65, 88 see also diet
meeting other resident cats 21 weaning 10, 87 otitis externa (ear canal inflammation) 49
outdoor cats see outdoor cats worming 13 otitis media (middle ear inflammation) 49
ownership considerations 10–11 see also breeding; training outdoor cats
plants, poisonous 78–79 freedom and personality 16
routine, establishing 21 gardens see gardens
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night roaming 16 temperament 10–11
risks 16 S territory marking 22–23, 36–37
wild prey 10, 26 testes, retained (cryptorchidism) 66
see also homecoming safety considerations 16–17, 20, 38, third eyelid syndrome 48
owner’s bed, cat sleeping on 21, 38 78–79, 86 ticks 50, 62
ownership responsibilities 10–11 see also homecoming and Lyme disease 52
sandpits, covering 16 rabbit fever (tularaemia) 52
P scabies 52 titbits and supplements 27
scent mapping 22–23, 36–37
see also diet
toileting
scratching and biting 36, 37, 38, 39, 62
panleukopenia 60 scratching post 10, 36 sandpits, covering 16, 17
parasites seizures 59, 60 see also litter pans
dust baths 34 shorthaired cats, grooming 33 Tonkinese, hypokalemic polymyopathy 46
external 52 Siamese 14 toxoplasmosis 53
fleas see fleas corneal sequestrum 48 toys 11, 19
infestation 57, 59 skin kittens 86
internal 13, 53 acne 61 and training 39
mites see mites allergies 50 traffic accidents, first aid 75
and prenatal care 83 cancer 49, 51 training 38–39
roundworm 53 cat bite abscess 51 aggression, dealing with 37, 38
signs of 43 coat and skin disorders 50–51 clicker training 39
tapeworm 52, 53, 58 dermatitis 50, 52 litter pans see litter pans
ticks see ticks eosinophilic granuloma complex 62–63 and play 38–39
toxoplasmosis 53 fleas 50, 52, 89 and predatory instincts 38, 39
paws see claws growths 51 scratching post 10, 36
pedigree cats infection 50 see also behavior; kittens
breeding and pregnancy 82–83 itchy 50, 52, 62, 69 transportation, cat carriers 18–19, 88
breeds 14–15 mites 50, 52 tularemia (rabbit fever) and ticks 52
genetic disorders, screening for 13 pemphigus 63 95
and registered breeders 12–13 problems and diet 27
pemphigus 63 ringworm 50–51 U
Persian 14, 30–31 skin cancer 51
corneal sequestrum 48 skin growths 51 unattended, leaving cats 10
malocclusion (teeth misalignment) 55 ticks 50, 62 urinary disorders 61, 67
polycystic kidney disease (PKD) 46 see also coat urine-marking 22–23, 36–37 Index
pet insurance 69 small pets, separation from 21
pet shops, kittens in 12 smell, sense of 22–23
PKD (polycystic kidney disease) 46, 67 and illness 68, 69 V
play social groups 37
elderly cats 70–71 and behavior 23 vaccination 20, 60, 64, 65
and training 38–39 socializing, kittens 11, 12–13, 37, 88 kittens 13, 64, 65, 88
uninhibited, and aggression 37, 38 solitary nature 22 vegetarian diet 26
poisons see also behavior see also diet
first aid 78–79 Sphynx 15, 31 venomous animals, bites from 77
shock and first aid 75 squamous cell carcinoma 55 vermin bait poisoning, first aid 79
vomiting and regurgitation 56–57 stings and bites, first aid 77 vestibular syndrome (ears) 49
polycystic kidney disease (PKD) 46, 67 stomatitis (mouth inflammation) 54 vision see eyes
postnatal care 84–85 stray cats, adopting 13 vomiting and regurgitation 53, 56–57, 61,
see also breeding stud tail 51 63, 68, 77
predatory instincts supplements and titbits 27
and aggression 37 see also diet
and training 38, 39 W
wild prey 10, 26
pregnancy 82–83 T washing 11, 34–35
see also breeding see also grooming
purring 23 tail wasp stings, first aid 77
puzzle feeders 39 body language 23 water
see also diet health check 43 bowls 18
pyothorax 58 stud tail 51 drinking 27, 42–43
tapeworm 52, 53, 58 see also diet
R teeth and mouth weight
brushing 54
assessment, longhaired cats 29
disorders 54–55
gain, unexpected 44
rabbit fever (tularemia) and ticks 52 dental abscess 54–55 gain in elderly cats 70
rabies 65 dry food 27 ideal, maintaining 28–29
Ragdoll, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy elderly cats 55, 71 loss 27, 44, 46, 53, 56, 58–59, 61, 62–63,
(HCM) 46 feline calicivirus (FCV) 54, 58, 64 65
registered breeders 12–13 gingivitis (inflamed gums) 54, 58 loss in elderly cats 29
reproductive disorders 66 health check 43, 54 loss, and loose teeth 29
see also breeding home care after dental treatment 55 see also obesity
rescue centers 10, 12, 13 lip-licking and stress 23 wild prey 10, 26
respiratory disorders 58, 64 loose, and weight loss 29 see also diet
breathing problems 44, 63 malocclusion (teeth misalignment) 55 windows and balconies 16, 17
reward, food as 36, 37 mouth, sore 56, 71 worming 13, 43
Rex, hypokalemic polymyopathy 46 pemphigus 63 wounds see injuries
ringworm 50–51 plaque buildup 54
rodent bait 16 problem, signs of 54
roundworm 53 squamous cell carcinoma 55
Russian Blue 14 stomatitis (inflammation) 54
see also face
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Acknowledgments




Dorling Kindersley would like to (crb); Tierfotoagentur / R. Richter (cr). Flickr (bl). 67 Alamy Images: Carola
thank the following: Alice Bowden for 21 Corbis: Image Source (tl). Getty Schubbel / Zoonar GmbH (clb). Getty
proofreading and Margaret McCormack Images: Vstock LLC (br). 22 Alamy Images: Konrad Wothe (cra). 69 FLPA:
for the index. Niyati Gosain and Ranjita Images: Juniors Bildarchiv GmbH (crb). Chris Brignell (c). 70 Getty Images:
Bhattacharji for design assistance and 23 Corbis: Mitsuaki Iwago / Minden Akimasa Harada / Flickr (bl). 71 Alamy
Vibha Malhotra, Alexandra Beeden, Pictures (tl). 25 Alamy Images: Isobel Images: Gregory Preest (tl). Fotolia:
Henry Fry, Alison Sturgeon, and Miezan Flynn (ca). Getty Images: Les Urso Antonio (bl). 72-73 Getty Images:
van Zyl for editorial assistance. Kit Hirondelles Photography / Flickr (cb). -Oxford- / E+. 73 Alamy Images:
Jeans Mounger for expert advice on the 26 Alamy Images: Juniors Bildarchiv Denise Hager / Catchlight Visual
US edition. Ben Bennett, Clare Hogston, GmbH (bl). Dreamstime.com: Services (ca). 74 Fotolia: Kirill
Alison and Anna Logan and Lynsey Llareggub (crb). 27 Dreamstime.com: Kedrinski (bl). 75 Alamy Images:
Williams at Colne Valley Veterinary Zoran Milutinovic (tr). 28 Alamy Brian Hoffman (bl). Dreamstime.com:
Practice, Colchester; Candice Hodge Images: Juniors Bildarchiv GmbH (br). Printmore (cla); Taviphoto (ca).
and Melissa Cliffe at Posh Pet 29 Corbis: Splash News (tl). 30 Alamy 76 Alamy Images: Denise Hager /
Parlour, Weybridge, for the grooming Images: Ovia Images (bl). Getty Catchlight Visual Services (bl).
photography; and everyone who allowed Images: Cindy Prins / Flickr (ca). 77 SuperStock: Biosphoto (cl).
their cats to be photographed: Keith 36 Alamy Images: Juniors Bildarchiv 78 Getty Images: Cindy Prins / Flickr
Bossard (Beth), Melissa Cliffe (Rocky), GmbH (bl). SuperStock: Juniors (crb). Open (br). 79 Alamy Images: Angela
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Hodgkinson (Daisy), Rachael Parfitt-
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Acknowledgments Antony Vernan (Milo), John Wedderburn Images: Juniors Bildarchiv GmbH 85 SuperStock: Juniors (t).
Photoshot: Juniors Tierbildarchiv (br).
Photography / Flickr (bl). 39 Alamy
Hunt (Marvin), Helen Spencer (Harri),
87 123RF.com: Anna Yakimova (tl).
(Lulu and Monty).
(cla, tr). 40-41 Alamy Images: Juniors

Bildarchiv GmbH. 41 Alamy Images:
All other images © Dorling Kindersley
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following for their kind permission to
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