DOPA Handbook 2 คู่มือภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อการสื่อสารงานปกครอง 2

DOPA  Handbook   9/5*ĉ:

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ǰ ǰǰđúŠöǰ ǰ êĆüĂ÷ćŠ ÜïìÿîìîćõćþćĂÜĆ Öùþǰ ÿćĞ ĀøïĆ ÖćøêĉéêĂŠ ÿęČĂÿćøĒúą
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ĔîÿÜĆ ÖĆéÖøöÖćøðÖÙøĂÜĕéđš ðŨîĂ÷ŠćÜéĊǰǰ

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ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰǰǰǰǰÖøöÖćøðÖÙøĂÜ

2:+" 9 ŮīķĶļĭĶļů

/9 5*:ĉ " 2! !:(:1:59 ,1
2:Q 3+"9 :+ < ĉ52?L52:+E-8 :+# "< 9 < :!

:+ 9 :*E-8 :+E!8!Q: /9         5
:+25" :)D2!Ċ :           11
:++"9 F +09& č           17
:+2L9 5:3:+             24  
:+ -ĉ:/E2 /:)*<! ŵ= 5/*&+       28
:+ -:ĉ / Ċ5!+9"           31
35Ċ 8D"=*!E-8" 9 +           39
35Ċ # +5             50  
3Ċ5 5:Q !/* /:)D#đ! ++)         55

English  Conversation  Tips         57

:+ 9 :*E-8 :+E!8!:Q 9/

ÿëćîÖćøèìŤ ęĊǰ

üĆîîĊĚîć÷ĂĞćđõĂîĉüĆêĉđéĉîìćÜĕðøĆïêĞćĒĀîŠÜĔĀöŠǰ ēé÷öĊïøøéćךćøćßÖćøĒúąǰ
îÖĆ íøč ÖÝĉ õćÙđĂÖßîêćŠ ÜėǰöćøüŠ öĒÿéÜÙüćö÷îĉ éöĊ ćÖöć÷ǰøüöìÜĆĚ ǰ.S ǰ$IBSMFTǰǰ+PIOTPOǰ
ñïšĎ øĀĉ ćøēøÜĒøö÷ÖĆ þŤĔĀâŠǰĔîĂćĞ đõĂǰĒúąîć÷ÖÿöćÙöñïĎš øĀĉ ćøēøÜĒøöîćîćßćêǰĉ

$IBSMFTǰ ǰ)FMMP
ǰ.S $IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFS ǰ.ZǰOBNFǰJTǰ$IBSMFTǰ
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/JDFǰUPǰNFFUǰZPV
ǰ4JS
ǰ ÿüĆÿéÙĊ øĆïìćŠ îîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂǰñößęČĂǰ$IBSMFTǰ+PIOTPOǰđðŨîǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ 5
ñĎïš øĉĀćøēøÜĒøöǰ4NJMFǰ)PUFMǰ÷ĉîéĊìĕĊę éøš ÝšĎ ĆÖÙøĆï


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ǰUPP ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰ
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FYFDVUJWFǰPGǰUIFǰIPUFM
ǰCVUǰBMTPǰBǰDIBJSQFSTPOǰPGǰUIFǰ
*OUFSOBUJPOBMǰ)PUFMǰ.BOBHFNFOUǰ"TTPDJBUJPO

ǰ ǰ ÿüÿĆ éĊÙøĆïǰ×ĂïÙčèÙčèǰ$IBSMFTǰöćÖîąÙøĆïìęöĊ ćøŠüöĒÿéÜ
Ùüćö÷îĉ éĊÖĆïñöĔîüĆîîĚǰĊ ñößĂęČ îĉüêĆ ǰĉ ÙøïĆ ǰǰñöìøćïöćüćŠ îĂÖÝćÖ
ÝąđðîŨ ñïšĎ øĉĀćøēøÜĒøöĒúšüǰÙèč ǰ$IBSMFTǰ÷ĆÜđðŨîîć÷ÖÿöćÙö
ñšïĎ øĀĉ ćøēøÜĒøöîćîćßćêǰĉ ĂĊÖéüš ÷


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ǰ ĂĊÖÙøÜĆĚ ĀîċęÜÙøïĆ ǰǰĀćÖöĂĊ ąĕøĔĀñš öĀøČĂÿöćÙöĄǰøïĆ Ĕßǰš Ýą÷îĉ éĊ
đðîŨ Ă÷ŠćÜ÷ęĉÜÙøïĆ
ǰ

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ǰ UFMMǰNFǰBǰCJUǰBCPVUǰZPVSǰCVTJOFTT

ǰ ×ĂïÙčèöćÖÙøĆïǰǰñöĒúąđÝšćĀîšćìęĊĂĞćđõĂîĚĊÖĘ÷ĉîéĊĔĀš
ïøĉÖćøéüš ÷ÙüćöđêĘöĔÝđߊîÖîĆ ÙøïĆ ǰĕöìŠ øćïüŠćíøč ÖĉÝēøÜĒøöǰ
×ĂÜÙèč ǰ$IBSMFTǰđðîŨ Ă÷ŠćÜĕøïćš ÜÙøïĆ


$IBSMFTǰ ǰ8FMM
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ǰǰ
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6 TBZǰUIBUǰUIFǰUPVSJTNǰCVTJOFTTǰJTǰHSPXJOHǰRVJUFǰSBQJEMZ

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îć÷ĂćĞ đõĂîüĉ êĆ ǰĉ ǰǰ8PX
ǰDPOHSBUVMBUJPOT ǰ*ǰIPQFǰUIBUǰXFǰDPVMEǰXPSLǰǰ
ǰ UPHFUIFSǰUPǰEFWFMPQǰPVSǰEJTUSJDUǰUPǰCFDPNFǰBǰǰ ǰ
ǰ GBNPVTǰUPVSJTUǰEFTUJOBUJPOǰBOEǰBOǰBUUSBDUJPOǰGPSǰǰ
ǰ WJTJUPSTǰBDSPTTǰUIFǰHMPCF

ǰ ǰ ×ĂĒÿéÜÙüćö÷îĉ éĊéüš ÷îąÙøïĆ ǰĒúąĀüÜĆ đðŨîĂ÷ćŠ Ü÷ęĉÜüŠćđøćǰ
Ýąĕéøš ŠüööČĂÖĆîóçĆ îćĂćĞ đõĂ×ĂÜđøćǰĔĀÖš úć÷đðîŨ đöČĂÜìĂŠ Ü
đìę÷Ċ üìęéĊ ċÜéĎéîÖĆ ìŠĂÜđì÷ęĊ üÝćÖìĆüę ēúÖĕéšĔîēĂÖćÿêĂŠ ĕðîą
ÙøïĆ


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ǰ ǰ EFWFMPQǰJOǰFWFSZǰXBZ
éšü÷Ùüćö÷îĉ éÙĊ øïĆ ǰ ǰ ñöĒúąÿöćÙöĄǰ ÷ĉîéĊĔĀÙš üćöøüŠ ööĂČ
ÖĆïìćŠ îîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂđóČĂę ÖćøóĆçîćĂćĞ đõĂǰĔîìčÖėǰéšćîÙøĆï


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×ĂïÙčèöćÖÙøĆï

ÿëćîÖćøèìŤ ǰęĊ

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ǰ ǰ ÿüÿĆ éĊêĂîđßšćÙąŠ ǰéĉÞîĆ ÝĆîìøÝŤ ĉøćǰǰðúĆéĂćĞ đõĂǰòść÷ 7
ǰ ìąđï÷Ċ îĒúąïêĆ øǰĂĞćđõĂÿ×č ĔÝǰ÷îĉ éĊêšĂîøïĆ Ùèč ßćúĒĊ úą
ǰ ÙèąìöęĊ ćýÖċ þćéĎÜćîìĂęĊ ćĞ đõĂÿč×ĔÝéüš ÷Ùüćö÷îĉ éÙĊ Šą


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(ÿüÿĆ éĊÙøĆïÙčèÝîĆ ìøÝŤ øĉ ćǰÿïć÷éöĊ Ć÷Ě ÙøĆï
ǰǰ

ðúéĆ ÝîĆ ìøŤÝĉøćǰ ǰ7FSZǰXFMM
ǰUIBOLǰZPV ǰ"OEǰIPXǰBSFǰZPV
ǰ4JSǰ
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ǰǰ

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ǰ ǰ ÿïć÷éĊÙøïĆ
ǰǰ

ðúĆéÝĆîìøÝŤ øĉ ćǰ ǰǰ)PXǰXBTǰZPVSǰUSJQǰDPNJOHǰIFSF
ǰ ǰ ÖćøđéĉîìćÜđðîŨ Ă÷ŠćÜĕøïšćÜÙąǰøćïøęîČ éĊĕĀö


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ǰJUǰPOMZǰǰ

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ǰJUĴTǰBOǰIPOPSǰUPǰǰ
ǰ CFǰIFSFǰXJUIǰZPVǰUPEBZ ǰ4IPVMEǰZPVǰIBWFǰBOZǰǰǰ
ǰ TVHHFTUJPOǰPOǰUIFǰSFHJTUSBUJPOǰBOEǰPUIFSǰSFMBUFEǰǰ
ǰ XPSLǰUPǰFEVDBUFǰVT
ǰQMFBTFǰGFFMǰGSFFǰUPǰEPǰTP

øćïøęČîéĊÙøĆïǰ óüÖđøćđéîĉ ìćÜöćéüš ÷øë÷îêŤ×ćš ö
ǰ ǰ ǰ ÿąóćîǰöêĉ øõćóĕì÷ǰıǰúćüǰĒĀÜŠ ìǰęĊ ǰǰĔßđš üúćđóĊ÷Üǰ ǰ
ǰ ǰ ǰ îćìđĊ ìŠćîîĚĆ ÙøïĆ ǰ üîĆ îĊĚñöĒúąìĊöÜćîêĂš Ü×ĂøïÖüî×Ăǰ ǰ
ǰ ǰ ǰ ÙüćöøéĎš ćš îÜćîìąđïĊ÷îÝćÖðúĆéÝîĆ ìøŤÝøĉ ćéüš ÷îąÙøïĆ


ðúéĆ ÝĆîìøŤÝĉøćǰ ǰǰ.ZǰQMFBTVSF
ǰ éüš ÷Ùüćö÷îĉ éÙĊ ąŠ


ÿëćîÖćøèìŤ Ċęǰ

8 îć÷ĂĞćđõĂóĊøąĒîąîćĞ ǰ "OOBǰ ðøąíćîöúĎ îĉíđĉ óĂČę îđéÖĘ ǰ ĔĀðš úĆéõĆìøćǰ öćÿÖúč ǰ

ðúéĆ ĂćĞ đõĂÜćîÿĞćîÖĆ ÜćîǰĕéšøĎÝš ĆÖǰǰđîČęĂÜĔîēĂÖćÿìǰĊę "OOBǰĕéšöćöĂïìîč ÖćøýċÖþćĔĀĒš ÖŠ
đéÖĘ îĆÖđøĊ÷îìĊđę ø÷Ċ îéĊĒêŠ÷ćÖÝîĔîđ×êĂćĞ đõĂ

îć÷ĂĞćđõĂóĊøąǰ ǰǰ(PPEǰ NPSOJOH
ǰ .BEBN ǰ .BZǰ *ǰ JOUSPEVDFǰ ZPVǰ UPǰ
.T 1IBUSBǰ.BTBLPPM
ǰUIFǰ"TTJTUBOUǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ

ǰ ǰ 0GųDFS ǰ4IFĴTǰIFSFǰUPǰCFǰZPVSǰDPPSEJOBUPSǰEVSJOHǰ
UIFǰTDIPMBSTIJQǰHSBOUǰDFSFNPOZ ǰ
(ÿüĆÿéĊÙøïĆ ǰÙčèñĀšĎ âÜĉ ǰñö×ĂĒîąîĞćÙčèĔĀøš ĎšÝÖĆ ǰðúĆéõĆìøćǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ
öćÿÖúč ǰñĎðš øąÿćîÜćîÖćøöĂïìčîÖćøýċÖþćĔîÙøĚÜĆ îĚĊ
ÙøĆïǰǰ

ǰ ǰ 1BUISB
ǰBTǰZPVǰNBZǰIBWFǰLOPXOǰBMSFBEZ
ǰ"OOBĴTǰ
UIFǰDIBJSQFSTPOǰPGǰUIFǰ$IJMESFOǰ'SJFOETǰ'PVOEBUJPO

BOEǰTIFĴTǰIFSFǰUPǰHSBOUǰUIFǰTDIPMBSTIJQTǰUPǰDIJMESFO
XIPǰQFSGPSNǰXFMMǰBUǰTDIPPMǰCVUǰGBDFǰMBDLǰPGǰGVOEJOH

"OOB ǰ
ðúĆéõìĆ øćǰñö×ĂĒîąîćĞ ĔĀøš ĎšÝÖĆ Ùèč ǰ"OOBǰðøąíćîöĎúîíĉ ĉ
ǰđóĂęČ îđéĘÖǰàċęÜÝąöćöĂïìîč ÖćøýċÖþćĔĀšĒÖđŠ éÖĘ îÖĆ đø÷Ċ îìęĊǰ
ǰđøĊ÷îéĊǰĒê÷Š ćÖÝîĔîĂćĞ đõĂǰđøćĔîüĆîóøÜŠč îĚĊ


ðúĆéõĆìøćǰ ǰǰ/JDFǰNFFUJOHǰZPV
ǰ.BEBN ǰ*ĴWFǰIFBSEǰBǰMPUǰBCPVUǰǰ
ǰ ZPV ǰ*ǰGFFMǰIPOPSFEǰUPǰųOBMMZǰNFFUǰZPVǰJOǰQFSTPO ǰ
ÿüĆÿéĊÙąŠ ǰÙčèĒĂîîćǰǰéÞĉ Ćîĕé÷š îĉ ßęČĂđÿ÷Ċ Ü×ĂÜÙèč ĒĂîîć
öćîćîǰ óÜċę öēĊ ĂÖćÿĕéóš ïêüĆ ÝøĉÜüĆîîĊĚǰ øÿĎš ċÖđðŨîđÖ÷Ċ øêĒĉ úą
÷ĉîéĊìęĕĊ éøš ÝšĎ ÖĆ ÙąŠ

"OOBǰǰǰ ǰ7FSZǰOJDFǰNFFUJOHǰZPV
ǰUPP
ǰ1IBUSB ǰ
ðúĆéõĆìøćǰ ÿüĆÿéÙĊ ąŠ ǰðúĆéõìĆ øćǰǰ÷ĉîéĊìĊĕę éøš šĎÝĆÖđßîŠ ÖîĆ ÙąŠ
ǰǰ
ǰ
ǰ5IJTǰJTǰUIFǰTDIFEVMFǰGPSǰUPNPSSPX ǰ1MFBTFǰGFFMǰGSFFǰ
ǰ ǰ UPǰUBLFǰBǰMPPLǰBOEǰHJWFǰVTǰTPNFǰTVHHFTUJPO
ǰJGǰBOZ
"OOBǰǰǰ îĊęđðŨîÖĞćĀîéÖćøÖćøöĂïìčîĔîüĆîóøŠčÜîĊĚÙŠąǰ ĕöŠìøćïüŠć
ǰ ÙčèĒĂîîćöĂĊ ąĕøÝąđÿîĂĒîąĕĀöÙą

ǰ
ðúĆéõìĆ øćǰ ǰ)NN
ǰFWFSZUIJOHǰMPPLTǰHSFBUǰBDUVBMMZ ǰ4P
ǰIPXǰ 9
ǰ NBOZǰDIJMESFOǰBSFǰDPNJOHǰUPǰUIFǰDFSFNPOZǰ
ǰ ǰ UPNPSSPX
"OOBǰ ǰ ĂöČ ö ĕöŠöĊÙŠąǰđìćŠ ìęéĊ ĎÝćÖÖćĞ ĀîéÖćøÖđĘ ĀöćąÿöéĒĊ úšüǰĕöŠ
ǰ ìøćïüćŠ öđĊ éÖĘ ìÝĊę ąöćøĆïìčîÝĞćîüîđìćŠ ĕĀøÙŠ ą


ǰ5IFSFǰXJMMǰCFǰBǰUPUBMǰPGǰ ǰTUVEFOUT ǰ"MMǰPGǰUIFNǰǰ
ǰ IBWFǰQFSGPSNFEǰXFMMǰBUǰTDIPPM
ǰCVUǰMBDLFEǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ
ǰ TQPOTPSTIJQ ǰ5IFJSǰDVSSFOUǰDPOEJUJPOTǰBSFǰJOǰMJOFǰǰ
ǰ XJUIǰUIFǰGPVOEBUJPOĴTǰDSJUFSJB

ǰ ìÜĆĚ Āöéǰ ǰ ÙîÙąŠ ǰ đðîŨ đéĘÖîÖĆ đø÷Ċ îìöęĊ ĊñúÖćøđø÷Ċ îéĊǰ ĒêŠ
×ćéĒÙúîìîč ìøóĆ ÷ǰŤ êćöììĊę ćÜöúĎ îĉíĕĉ éšÖćĞ ĀîéĀúĆÖđÖèæĕŤ üš
ÙąŠ


ǰ"OEǰXIBUǰBCPVUǰUIFǰMPDBUJPO
ǰ ĒúšüÿëćîììĊę ÝęĊ ąÝĆéÖćøöĂïìîč ÖćøýċÖþćúąŠ ÙŠą

îć÷ĂćĞ đõĂóøĊ ąǰ ǰ8FĴWFǰBSSBOHFEǰPVSǰEJTUSJDUĴTǰBVEJUPSJVNǰUPǰCFǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ ǰ QMBDFǰGPSǰUIFǰHSBOUTǰUPǰCFǰIFME
ìćÜđøćĕéšÝĆéÿëćîìęĊÿĞćĀøĆïöĂïìčîÖćøýċÖþćĕüšìęĊĀĂ
ðøąßöč ðøąÝĞćĂĞćđõĂÙøĆï
ǰ

"OOBǰ ǰ8PVMEǰJUǰCFǰQPTTJCMFǰGPSǰNFǰUPǰUBLFǰBǰMPPLǰPWFSǰǰ
ǰ UIFSF
10 ǰ ǰ ĕöŠìøćïüŠćéĉÞĆîÿćöćøëĕðđ÷ęĊ÷ößöÙüćöđøĊ÷ïøšĂ÷×ĂÜ
ÿëćîìęĊÝéĆ ÜćîĕéšĀøČĂĕöÙŠ ą


îć÷ĂćĞ đõĂóĊøąǰ ǰǰ0GǰDPVSTF
ǰXFĴSFǰNPSFǰUIBOǰIBQQZǰUPǰUBLFǰZPVǰǰ
ǰ ǰ UIFSF ǰ4IPVMEǰUIFSFǰCFǰBOZUIJOHǰXFǰDPVMEǰJNQSPWFǰ
ǰ PO
ǰQMFBTFǰEPOĴUǰIFTJUBUFǰUPǰBEWJTFǰVT ǰ$PNFǰUIJTǰǰ
ǰ ǰ XBZ
ǰQMFBTF
ǰ éšü÷Ùüćö÷ĉîéĊÙøĆïǰ ĀćÖöĊĂąĕøìęĊêšĂÜðøĆïðøčÜĒÖšĕ×Ýąĕéš
×ĂÙćĞ ĒîąîĞćÝćÖÙèč ĒĂîîćǰđøĊ÷îđßâĉ éšćîîđĊĚ ú÷ÙøïĆ

:+25" :)D2Ċ! :

11

ÿëćîÖćøèìŤ Ċǰę

ðúéĆ ïøøÝÜǰǰÖćĞ úÜĆ êĆĚÜéćŠ îêøüÝǰ ǰüĆîøąüÜĆ ĂîĆ êøć÷ǰǰĔîߊüÜđìýÖćúðŘĔĀöǰŠ
ĀîšćìĊęüćŠ ÖćøĂćĞ đõĂđìÜĉ ǰÝÜċ ĕéšóïÖĆïǰ"OESFXǰîÖĆ ìĂŠ ÜđìĊ÷ę üßćüĂĆÜÖùþǰǰàÜċę êĂš ÜÖćø
×Ćïøë×ċĚîĕðđìĊę÷üßöõĎßôĊĚ ćŜ ǰ ĒêđŠ Öéĉ ĀúÜìćÜàąÖĂŠ îǰ ðúĆéïøøÝÜÝċÜĕéšđ×ćš ĕðÿĂïëćöǰǰǰǰǰ
îÖĆ ìŠĂÜđìĊ÷ę üéÜĆ ÖúŠćü

ðúéĆ ïøøÝÜǰ ǰ)FMMP ǰ)PXǰNBZǰ*ǰIFMQǰZPV
ǰ ǰ ǰ ÿüĆÿéĊÙøĆïǰǰöĂĊ ąĕøĔĀßš üŠ ÷ĕĀöÙøĆï


"OESFXǰ ǰ)FMMP
ǰ.ZǰOBNFĴTǰ"OESFX ǰ*ǰXBOUǰUPǰWJTJUǰ1IVǰ$IJǰ'B
ǰ
ǰ CVUǰ*ĴWFǰDJSDMFEǰBSPVOEǰUIFǰEJTUSJDUǰUISFFǰǰ ǰ
ǰ UJNFTǰBMSFBEZ ǰ$PVMEǰZPVǰUFMMǰNFǰFYBDUMZǰIPXǰUPǰǰ
ǰ HPǰUIFSF
ǰQMFBTF

(ÿüĆÿéĊÙøĆïǰñößęČĂǰ"OESFXǰñöêšĂÜÖćø×ċîĚ ĕðđìę÷Ċ üïîǰǰǰǰǰ
õĎßôĊĚ ćŜ ǰǰĒê׊ ĆïøëüîøĂïĂćĞ đõĂöćǰ ǰøĂïĒúüš ǰ÷ÜĆ ĕðĕöëŠ ċÜ
àąìĊǰĕöŠìøćïüŠćÝąêšĂÜĔßđš ÿîš ìćÜĕĀîÙøïĆ

ǰ ðúĆéïøøÝÜǰ ǰǰ'SPNǰUIFǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDF
ǰUVSOǰMFGUǰBUǰUIFǰǰ ǰ
ǰǰ ǰ JOUFSTFDUJPO ǰ(PǰTUSBJHIUǰGPSǰBCPVUǰ ǰLJMPNFUFST ǰ
ǰǰ ǰ 1IVǰ$IJǰ'BǰJTǰMPDBUFEǰJOǰ5BCǰUBPǰTVC %JTUSJDUǰ
ǰǰ ǰ 5IPFOHǰ%JTUSJDUǰPGǰ$IJBOHǰ3BJǰ1SPWJODF
ǰ ǰ ÝćÖìęĊüćŠ ÖćøĂćĞ đõĂǰĔĀšđú÷ĚĊ üàšć÷ìęĊÿĒĊę ÷ÖĕôĒéÜǰĒúšü×ïĆ êøÜ
ǰ ĕðĂĊÖðøąöćèǰ ǰÖĉēúđöêøǰÙøïĆ ǰǰõßĎ ĊôĚ ŜćÝąêÜĆĚ Ă÷ŠĎìĊêę ćĞ ïú
ǰ ǰ êĆïđêćŠ ǰĂćĞ đõĂđìĉÜǰÝÜĆ ĀüéĆ đßĊ÷Üøć÷ǰÙøïĆ


"OESFXǰ ǰǰ"OEǰIPXǰJTǰUIFǰDPOEJUJPOǰPGǰUIJTǰSPVUF
ǰ ǰ đÿîš ìćÜđðŨîĂ÷ŠćÜĕøïšćÜÙøïĆ


12 ðúĆéïøøÝÜǰ ǰǰ*UĴTǰRVJUFǰDVSWZǰBOEǰTUFFQ ǰ1MFBTFǰESJWFǰDBSFGVMMZǰ
ǰ ǰ CFDBVTFǰBOǰBDDJEFOUǰNBZǰIBQQFOǰJGǰZPVĴSFǰOPUǰ
ǰ ǰ GBNJMJBSǰXJUIǰUIJTǰSPVUF

ǰ đÿîš ìćÜđðŨîìćÜ×Ěċîđ×ćÙĂŠ îךćÜÙéđÙĚ÷Ċ üĒúąúćéßîĆ ǰǰêšĂÜ
ǰ ×ïĆ ×ęĊéšü÷ÙüćöøąöéĆ øąüĆÜÙøïĆ ǰ ĀćÖĕöŠßĞćîćâđÿîš ìćÜĂćÝ
ǰ đÖĉéĂčïĆêĉđĀêčĕéš


"OESFXǰ ǰǰ8IBUǰBCPVUǰUIFǰBDDPNNPEBUJPOTǰUIFSF
ǰ ǰ ìóęĊ ĆÖđðîŨ Ă÷ćŠ Üĕøïćš ÜÙøïĆ


ðúĆéïøøÝÜǰ ǰ"DDPNNPEBUJPOTǰBWBJMBCMFǰBSFǰUIFǰGPSNTǰPGǰMPEHFT
ǰ
ǰ ǰ SFTPSUTǰBOEǰDBNQJOHǰHSPVOET ǰ:PVǰDBOǰBTLǰGPSǰNPSFǰ
ǰ ǰ JOGPSNBUJPOǰBUǰUIFǰWJTJUPSǰDFOUFS
ǰ ǰ ìĊóę ĆÖÝąöĊìĚĆÜïćš îóĆÖǰøĊÿĂøìŤ ǰĒúąúćîÖćÜđêîĘ ìǰŤ ǰÿćöćøë
ǰ ǰ ÿĂïëćöĕéšìęĊýĎî÷ŤïøÖĉ ćøîĆÖìĂŠ ÜđìęĊ÷üǰĀøĂČ ìĊóę ĆÖ×ĂÜđĂÖßîǰ
ǰ éćš îïîĕéšđú÷ÙøïĆ


"OESFXǰ ǰǰ5IBOLTǰTPǰNVDIǰGPSǰBMMǰUIFǰJOGPSNBUJPO
ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙèč öćÖÙøïĆ ÿćĞ ĀøĆï×Ăš öúĎ


ðúéĆ ïøøÝÜǰ ǰ ǰ0VSǰQMFBTVSF ǰ)BWFǰBǰTBGFǰUSJQ
ǰ ǰ ǰǰ éšü÷Ùüćö÷ĉîéĊÙøïĆ ǰĒúą×ĂĔĀšđéĉîìćÜēé÷ÿüĆÿéõĉ ćóÙøïĆ

ÿëćîÖćøèìŤ Ċǰę

ðúĆéøßĆ îÖöćđ×ćš đüøǰèǰìĊęüŠćÖćøĂćĞ đõĂîćÜøĂÜǰĔîüĆîđÿćøǰŤ ǰĒúąöĊîÖĆ ìŠĂÜđìęĊ÷üǰǰǰ
ßćüêćŠ Üßćêēĉ ìøýóĆ ìđŤ ךćöćÿĂïëćöđÿšîìćÜĕð÷ÜĆ ðøćÿćìĀĉîóîöøÜšč ǰǰĒĀúŠÜìĂŠ Üđìę÷Ċ üǰ
ßęČĂéÜĆ ×ĂÜÝĆÜĀüéĆ ïøč øĊ öĆ ÷Ť

ðúéĆ øßĆ îÖǰ ǰǰ(PPEǰNPSOJOH
ǰUIBOLǰZPVǰGPSǰDBMMJOHǰ/BOHǰ3POHǰ%JTUSJDUǰ
ǰ ǰ 0GųDF ǰ5IJTǰJTǰ3BUDIBOPL
ǰIPXǰNBZǰ*ǰIFMQǰZPV
îÖĆ ìŠĂÜđìę÷Ċ üǰ (ÿüÿĆ éÙĊ ŠąǰìüĊę ćŠ ÖćøĂćĞ đõĂîćÜøĂÜǰøĆßîÖøĆïÿć÷ǰöĂĊ ąĕøĔĀßš Šü÷
ǰ ĕĀöÙą

ǰǰ)FMMP ǰ*ĴNǰBǰUPVSJTUǰGSPNǰ'SBODF ǰ*ǰXBOUǰUPǰHPǰUPǰUIFǰ
ǰ 1IBOPNǰ3VOHǰ)JTUPSJDBMǰ1BSLǰJOǰ#VSJSBN ǰ8IJDIǰXBZǰǰ
ǰ TIPVMEǰ*ǰHP 13
ÿüÿĆ éÙĊ øïĆ ǰ ñöđðîŨ îÖĆ ìĂŠ Üđì÷Ċę üßćüòøÜĆę đýÿǰ êĂš ÜÖćøđéîĉ ìćÜǰǰ
ĕð÷ÜĆ Ăčì÷ćîðøąüĆêýĉ ćÿêøŤóîöøščÜǰÝĆÜĀüĆéïøč ĊøöĆ ÷ǰŤ ÙøĆïǰǰĕöŠìøćïüćŠ ǰ
ǰ ñöêĂš ÜĔßšđÿšîìćÜĕĀîÙøïĆ


ðúĆéøßĆ îÖǰ ǰǰ0LBZ ǰ8IJDIǰXBZǰEJEǰZPVǰDPNFǰGSPN ǰ"OEǰXIBUǰLJOEǰǰ
ǰ ǰ PGǰWFIJDMFǰZPVĴSFǰVTJOH
ǰ ĕöŠìøćïüŠćÙèč đéîĉ ìćÜöćÝćÖĕĀîǰĒúąĔßš÷ćîóćĀîąĂąĕøÙą


îĆÖìĂŠ Üđì÷ęĊ üǰ ǰ.ZǰGBNJMZǰBOEǰ*ǰBSFǰVTJOHǰPVSǰPXOǰDBS
ǰBOEǰXFĴSFǰ
ǰ ǰ USBWFMMJOHǰGSPNǰ/BLPSOǰ3BUDIBTSJNB
ǰ ǰ ñöĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüÝąđéĉîìćÜēé÷øë÷îêŤÿüŠ îêüĆ ǰ ÝćÖÝÜĆ ĀüéĆ ǰ
ǰ îÙøøćßÿĊöćÙøïĆ


ðúéĆ øĆßîÖǰ ǰ'SPNǰ/BLPSOǰ3BUDIBTSJNB
ǰUBLFǰ)JHIXBZǰ/P ǰ ǰ:PVĴMMǰǰ
ǰ ǰ QBTTǰ/POHǰ,Jǰ%JTUSJDUǰBOEǰ/BOHǰ3POHǰ%JTUSJDUǰJOǰǰ ǰ
ǰ ǰ #VSJSBN ǰ,FFQǰHPJOHǰTUSBJHIU
ǰBOEǰXIFOǰZPVǰSFBDIǰ#BOǰǰ
ǰ 5Bǰ(PǰJOǰ$IBMPFNǰ1ISBǰ,JBUǰ%JTUSJDU
ǰUVSOǰSJHIU ǰ5IFO
ǰǰ
ǰ HPǰTUSBJHIUǰGPSǰBCPVUǰ ǰLJMPNFUFST
ǰZPVǰXJMMǰųOEǰUIFǰ
ǰ 1IBǰOPNǰ3VOHǰ)JTUPSJDBMǰ1BSLǰPOǰZPVSǰSJHIU
ǰ ÝćÖÝĆÜĀüéĆ îÙøøćßÿöĊ ćǰ×ĆïøëêćöìćÜĀúüÜĀöć÷đú×ǰ ǰǰ
ǰ ñŠćîĂćĞ đõĂĀîĂÜÖĊęǰĒúąĂćĞ đõĂîćÜøĂÜǰÝĆÜĀüéĆ ïøč øĊ öĆ ÷ŤǰĕðÝîëċÜ
ǰ ïćš îêąēÖǰĂćĞ đõĂđÞúöĉ óøąđÖĊ÷øêǰĉ ǰĔĀšđúĊĚ÷ü×üćǰĒúšü×ïĆ êøÜĕð
ǰ ĂĊÖðøąöćèǰ ǰÖĉēúđöêøǰÖÝĘ ąëÜċ Ăìč ÷ćîðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøóŤ îöøšÜč ǰǰ
ǰ Ēúüš ÙąŠ

îÖĆ ìĂŠ ÜđìĊ÷ę üǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰTPǰNVDI ǰ#FTJEFTǰUIFǰ1IBOPNǰ3VOHǰǰ ǰ
ǰǰ ǰ )JTUPSJDBMǰ1BSL
ǰBSFǰUIFSFǰBOZǰPUIFSǰUPVSJTUǰBUUSBDUJPOTǰJOǰǰ
ǰ #VSJSBN
ǰ ×ĂïÙčèöćÖÙøĆïǰ îĂÖÝćÖĂìč ÷ćîðøąüêĆ ýĉ ćÿêøóŤ îöøščÜĒúüš ǰǰǰ
ǰ ÝÜĆ ĀüĆéïøč øĊ öĆ ÷÷Ť ÜĆ öÿĊ ëćîììęĊ ŠĂÜđì÷Ċę üĂąĕøĂÖĊ ïćš ÜÙøïĆ


ðúĆéøĆßîÖǰ ǰ5IFSFǰJTǰ.VBOHǰ5BNǰ)JTUPSJDBMǰ1BSLǰJOǰ1SBLIPOǰ$IBJǰǰ
ǰ %JTUSJDU ǰ'SPNǰ1IBOPNǰ3VOH
ǰHPǰTUSBJHIUǰǰGPSǰBCPVUǰ ǰǰ
ǰ LJMPNFUFSTǰGVSUIFSǰBOEǰZPVǰXJMMǰSFBDIǰUIFǰEFTUJOBUJPO ǰǰ
ǰ "MTP
ǰUIFSFǰJTǰ,IBPǰ,SBEPOHǰ'PSFTUǰ1BSL
ǰXIJDIǰJTǰPOMZǰǰ
14 ǰ ǰLJMPNFUFSTǰGSPNǰ.VBOHǰ#VSJSBNǰ%JTUSJDU ǰ:PVǰBMTPǰ
ǰ ǰ EFųOJUFMZǰIBWFǰUPǰDIFDLǰPVUǰUIFǰJ .PCJMFǰ'PPUCBMMǰǰ
ǰ 4UBEJVNǰPGǰ#VSJSBNǰ6OJUFE
ǰBOEǰUIFǰ'PSNVMBǰ ǰ3BDJOHǰǰ
ǰ $JSDVJU
ǰUIFǰĶ$IBOHǰ*OUFSOBUJPOBMǰ$JSDVJUķ
ǰXIJDIǰBSFǰǰ
ǰ DPOTJEFSFEǰUPǰCFǰǰUIFǰMBOENBSLTǰBOEǰBǰQSJEFǰPGǰ
ǰ ǰ #VSJSBNǰQFPQMF
ǰ ǰ öĊðøćÿćìĀîĉ đöČĂÜêćĞŠ ǰ ĂćĞ đõĂðøąēÙîß÷Ć ǰÝćÖĂčì÷ćî
ǰ ðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøŤóîöøčšÜǰ×ĆïêøÜĕðĂÖĊ ðøąöćèǰ ǰÖēĉ úđöêøǰÖëĘ Üċ ǰ
ǰ ĒúšüÙąŠ ǰǰîĂÖÝćÖîîĆĚ ÷ĆÜöüĊ îĂìč ÷ćîđ×ćÖøąēéÜǰĂ÷ĎĀŠ ŠćÜÝćÖêüĆ ǰ
ǰ ĂćĞ đõĂđöĂČ Üïøč øĊ Ćö÷ǰŤ đó÷Ċ Üǰ ǰÖĉēúđöêøǰǰĒúąìóĊę úćéĕöŠĕéšÙĂČ ǰ
ǰ ÿîćöôêč ïĂúǰĶJ .PCJMFǰ4UBEJVNķǰ×ĂÜìöĊ ïøč ĊøöĆ ÷÷Ť ĎĕîđêĘéǰǰ
ǰ ĒúąÿîćöĒ׊ÜøëÿĎêøǰ ǰĶßćš ÜǰĂĉîđêĂøŤđîßîĆę ĒîúǰđàĂøŤÖĉêķǰàÜęċ ǰ
ǰ ëĂČ đðŨîĒúîéŤöćøŤÙĒúąÙüćöõćÙõĎöĉĔÝ×ĂÜßćüïøč øĊ Ćö÷ÖŤ üĘ ŠćĕéÙš ąŠ


îĆÖìĂŠ ÜđìęĊ÷üǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰTPǰNVDIǰGPSǰBMMǰUIFǰJOGPSNBUJPO
ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙèč öćÖėǰÙøĆïǰÿćĞ ĀøïĆ ×šĂöĎú


ðúĆéøĆßîÖǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ ǰ.ZǰQMFBTVSF ǰ&OKPZǰZPVSǰUSJQ
ǰ ǰ éüš ÷Ùüćö÷ĉîéĊÙąŠ ǰ×ĂĔĀöš ĊÙüćöÿč×ĔîÖćøìŠĂÜđìĊę÷üîąÙą


îĆÖìĂŠ Üđì÷Ċę üǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPV
×ĂïÙèč ÙøïĆ

15

ÿëćîÖćøèìŤ ęǰĊ

ðúĆéðŗ÷ąõøèŤǰ ÖĞćúĆÜĒîąîĞćđÿšîìćÜîĆÖìŠĂÜđìĊę÷üìęĊêšĂÜÖćøĕðéĞćîĞćšđóęČĂßöðąÖćøĆÜìęĊ
đÖćąÖøąéćî

îĆÖìĂŠ Üđìę÷Ċ üǰ ǰ)FMMP ǰ8FĴEǰMJLFǰUPǰHPǰTOPSLFMJOHǰBUǰUIFǰ,SBEBSOǰ*TMBOE ǰ
ǰ %PǰZPVǰIBWFǰBOZǰUPVSJTUǰJOGPSNBUJPOǰBOEǰTPNFǰBEWJDFǰ
ǰ ǰ POǰIPXǰUPǰHFUǰUIFSF
ÿüÿĆ éÙĊ ŠąǰóüÖđøćêšĂÜÖćøĕðéćĞ îćĞ šßöðąÖćøÜĆ ìĊęđÖćąÖøąéćîǰ
Ùèč óĂÝąöĊךĂöúĎ ÖćøìĂŠ Üđìę÷Ċ üĒúą×šĂöĎúÖćøđéĉîìćÜĕĀöÙą


ðúĆéð÷ŗ ąõøèŤǰǰǰ ǰ,SBEBSOǰ*TMBOEǰJTǰPOǰUIFǰXFTUǰPGǰ.VLǰ*TMBOEǰBOEǰǰ ǰ
ǰ -JCPOHǰ*TMBOE ǰ*UĴTǰHPUǰBOǰBSFBǰPGǰ ǰ3BJ
ǰBOEǰJTǰǰ ǰ
ǰ VOEFSǰUIFǰSFTQPOTJCJMJUZǰPGǰ$IBPǰ.BJǰ/BUJPOBMǰ1BSL ǰǰ
ǰ 5IFǰIJHIMJHIUǰPGǰUIJTǰJTMBOEǰJTǰUIFǰDSZTUBMǰDMFBSǰXBUFS ǰǰ
ǰ :PVǰDBOǰFBTJMZǰXJUOFTTǰUIFǰTIBMMPXǰDPSBMǰSFFGT
ǰBTǰXFMMǰ

ǰ ǰ BTǰOVNFSPVTǰTQFDJFTǰPGǰųTI ǰ"MMǰPGǰUIFNǰNBLFǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ JTMBOEǰQFSGFDUǰGPSǰTOPSLFMJOH ǰ

(đÖćąÖøąéćîǰêĚĆÜĂ÷ŠĎìćÜêąüîĆ êÖ×ĂÜđÖćąöčÖĒúąđÖćąúĉïÜǰöĊ
đîĚĂČ ìĊęðøąöćèǰ ǰĕøǰŠ Ă÷ĔĎŠ îÙüćöøïĆ ñĉéßĂï×ĂÜĂčì÷ćîĒĀÜŠ
ßćêĀĉ ćéđÝšćĕĀö Ýéč đéŠî×ĂÜđÖćąÖøąéćîǰÙĂČ ǰđðîŨ ßć÷ĀćéìöĊę Ċ
ìøć÷×ćüúąđĂĊ÷éĒúąîćĞ ìš ąđúĔÿÝîöĂÜđĀîĘ ĒîüðąÖćøÜĆ ǰàċÜę đðŨî
ðąÖćøĆÜîĞćêš îČĚ ǰǰêúĂéÝîòĎÜðúćĀúćÖĀúć÷ÿć÷óîĆ íčǰŤ đĀöćąĒÖŠ
ÖćøéćĞ îĞćšßöðąÖćøÜĆ îĞćšêîČĚ öćÖÙąŠ


16 5PǰUSBWFMǰUPǰ,SBEBSOǰ*TMBOE
ǰZPVǰDBOǰIJSFǰBǰQSJWBUFǰCPBU

PSǰHPǰXJUIǰBǰUPVSǰPOǰBǰPOF EBZǰUSJQǰUIBUǰXJMMǰUBLFǰZPVǰ
ǰ UPǰGPVSǰJTMBOET ǰ$IVBLǰ*TMBOE
ǰ.Bǰ*TMBOE
ǰUIFǰ&NFSBMEǰ
$BWFǰ .VLǰ*TMBOE

ǰBOEǰ,SBEBSOǰ*TMBOE ǰ5IFǰQSJDFǰSBOHFǰ
JTǰCFUXFFOǰ ǰUPǰ ǰCBIU ǰ:PVǰDBOǰDPOUBDUǰUIFǰEPDLTǰ
JOǰ,VBOUVOHLVǰQJFS
ǰ1BLǰ.FOHǰQJFSǰPSǰ$IBPǰ.BJǰǰQJFSǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ
EJSFDUMZ
ÿĞćĀøïĆ Öćøđéîĉ ìćÜĕð÷ĆÜđÖćąÖøąéćîǰ îĆÖìŠĂÜđìęĊ÷üÿćöćøë
đĀöćđøĂČ ĕðđĂÜǰĀøČĂĕðÖĆïìüĆ øĒŤ ïïǰ0OFǰ%BZǰ5SJQǰǰàċÜę ÿćöćøë
ĕðđìę÷Ċ üßöĕéëš ċÜǰ ǰđÖćąǰĕéšĒÖŠǰđÖćąđßĂČ ÖǰđÖćąöšćǰëćĞ šöøÖêǰ
đÖćąöÖč
ǰĒúąđÖćąÖøąéćîǰǰøćÙćĂ÷ĎŠìęðĊ øąöćèǰ ǰ ǰ ǰïćìǰ
ÙąŠ ǰǰēé÷ÿćöćøëêĉéêĂŠ ÿĂïëćöĕéšìïĊę øđĉ üèìćŠ đøĂČ ÙüîêÜč ÖǰĎ
ìćŠ đøČĂðćÖđöÜǰĀøĂČ ìćŠ đøČĂđÝćš ĕĀöǰĕéšđú÷ÙąŠ


îÖĆ ìĂŠ Üđì÷Ċę üǰ ǰ"OEǰIPXǰDBOǰXFǰHPǰUPǰ,VBOUVOHLVǰ1JFS
ǰ1BLǰ.FOHǰ1JFSǰǰ
ǰ ǰ PSǰ$IBPǰ.BJǰ1JFSǰGSPNǰ5SBOHĴTǰEPXOUPXO
ǰ Ēúüš ÝćÖêüĆ đöČĂÜêøÜĆ ĕð÷ÜĆ ìŠćđøČĂÙüîêčÜÖǰĎ ìćŠ đøĂČ ðćÖđöÜǰĀøČĂǰ
ǰ ìŠćđøĂČ đÝćš ĕĀöǰúąŠ Ùąǰǰđéîĉ ìćÜĕðĂ÷ćŠ Üĕø


ðúéĆ ð÷ŗ ąõøèŤǰǰǰ ǰ"MMǰUPVSJTUTǰDBOǰUBLFǰBǰWBOǰUPǰUIFǰUISFFǰQJFSTǰBUǰ5BIǰǰ
ǰ ,MBOHǰ'SFTIǰ.BSLFUǰPOǰ5BIǰ,MBOHǰ3PBE
(îÖĆ ìĂŠ ÜđìĊ÷ę üÿćöćøëđéîĉ ìćÜēé÷ĔßšïøĉÖćøøëêǰšĎ ǰēé÷ÝčéÝĂéøëìǰęĊ
ǰ ÝąĕðìŠćđøĂČ ǰìĚÜĆ ǰ ǰĒĀÜŠ ǰÝąĂ÷ìĎŠ êęĊ úćéìŠćÖúćÜǰë ìŠćÖúćÜ ÙąŠ


îĆÖìĂŠ Üđì÷ęĊ üǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰWFSZǰNVDI
ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙčèöćÖÙŠą


ðúĆéð÷ŗ ąõøèŤǰ ǰ.ZǰQMFBTVSF
ǰ ǰǰ éüš ÷Ùüćö÷ĉîéĊÙąŠ

:++"9 F +0&9 č

17

ÿëćîÖćøèŤìǰĊę

ǰ 3PCFSUǰßćüĂĆÜÖùþǰêĂš ÜÖćøêĂŠ ÿć÷Ùč÷ÖĆïîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂēßÙúćõǰǰđóČĂę đøĊ÷îđßâĉ
îć÷ĂĞćđõĂĕðđðîŨ ðøąíćîĔîóĉíđĊ ðéŗ ēøÜđøĊ÷îîćîćßćêìĉ ǰęĊ 3PCFSUǰđðŨîñïšĎ øĀĉ ćøĂ÷ĎŠǰǰÝċÜĕéš
ēìøýóĆ ìĕŤ ð÷ÜĆ ìüęĊ ćŠ ÖćøĂćĞ đõĂǰǰēé÷öðĊ úéĆ éüÜÖöúđðîŨ ñĎšøïĆ ÿć÷

ðúéĆ éüÜÖöúǰ ǰǰ)FMMP
ǰUIJTǰJTǰ4BFOǰ4Bǰ/HPCǰ%JTUSJDUǰ"ENJOJTUSBUJPOǰǰ
ǰ 0GųDF ǰ)PXǰNBZǰ*ǰIFMQǰZPV

ÿüÿĆ éÙĊ ŠąǰìĊęìĞćÖćøðÖÙøĂÜĂĞćđõĂĒÿîÿÜïǰöĂĊ ąĕøĔĀßš Šü÷ĕĀö
ǰ Ùą


3PCFSUǰ ǰ)FMMP ǰ.ZǰOBNFǰJTǰ3PCFSU
ǰBOEǰ*ĴNǰBǰ%JSFDUPSǰBUǰǰǰ
ǰ 3PCFSUǰ*OUFSOBUJPOBMǰ4DIPPM ǰ.BZǰ*ǰTQFBLǰUPǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ $IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFS
ǰQMFBTF

(ÿüÿĆ éĊÙøĆïǰñößČĂę ǰ3PCFSUǰđðîŨ ñšĎïøĉĀćøēøÜđøĊ÷îǰ ǰ
ǰ îćîćßćêǰĉ ǰ3PCFSUǰ*OUFSOBUJPOBMǰ4DIPPMǰñöêšĂÜÖćøǰǰ
ǰ đø÷Ċ îÿć÷ÖĆïîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂÙøïĆ


ðúĆééüÜÖöúǰ ǰ*ĴNǰBGSBJEǰUIBUǰUIFǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFSǰJTǰOPUǰIFSFǰ
ǰ ǰ SJHIUǰOPX
ǰIFǰXFOUǰVQDPVOUSZ ǰ8PVMEǰZPVǰMJLFǰUPǰ
ǰ ǰ MFBWFǰBǰNFTTBHFǰUPǰIJN
ǰTJS

ǰ êĂš Ü×ĂõĆ÷éüš ÷îąÙąǰ×èąîĚìĊ ćŠ îîć÷ĂĞćđõĂĕðøćßÖćøìĊę
ÝĆÜĀüéĆ ÙŠąǰĕöìŠ øćïüŠćǰÙèč êĂš ÜÖćøòćÖ×Ăš ÙüćöëċÜìŠćîǰ
îć÷ĂćĞ đõĂĕüšĕĀöÙą


3PCFSUǰ ǰ:FT
ǰUIBOLǰZPV ǰ1MFBTFǰUFMMǰIJNǰUIBUǰ*ǰXPVMEǰMJLFǰǰ
ǰ UPǰJOWJUFǰIJNǰUPǰNZǰTDIPPMǰUPǰCFǰBǰDIBJSNBOǰJOǰPVSǰǰ
ǰ PQFOJOHǰDFSFNPOZǰPOǰ0DUPCFSǰUIFǰ UI
ǰ ǰ8Fǰǰ
ǰ XPVMEǰMJLFǰUPǰTFOEǰBǰGPSNBMǰJOWJUBUJPOǰUPǰIJNǰTPPO ǰ
(ÙøĆïǰÖøèč ćđøĊ÷îìŠćîîć÷ĂĞćđõĂüćŠ ñöēìøöćđøĊ÷îđßĉâìćŠ î
ǰ îć÷ĂćĞ đõĂĕðđðîŨ ðøąíćîĔîóĉíđĊ ðéŗ ēøÜđø÷Ċ îîćîćßćêǰĉ
ǰ 3PCFSUǰ*OUFSOBUJPOBMǰ4DIPPMǰĔîüîĆ ìęǰĊ ǰêúč ćÙöǰ ǰǰ
18 ǰ îĚÙĊ øĆïǰÿćĞ ĀøïĆ ĀîĆÜÿČĂđßâĉ Ă÷ŠćÜđðîŨ ìćÜÖćøÝąêćööćĀúĆÜ

ǰ ÝćÖîĊĚÙøĆï


ðúéĆ éüÜÖöúǰ ǰ4VSF ǰ*ǰXJMMǰJOGPSNǰIJNǰBTǰTPPOǰBTǰIFǰDPNFTǰCBDL
(ĕéšÙŠąǰéÞĉ ĆîÝąîćĞ đøĊ÷îìŠćîîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂĔĀǰš ĀúÜĆ ÝćÖìęĊìćŠ î
ǰ ÖúĆïöćîąÙą


3PCFSUǰǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰWFSZǰNVDI ǰ*GǰZPVǰIBWFǰBOZǰRVFTUJPO
ǰ
ǰ ǰ NZǰDPOUBDUǰOVNCFSǰJTǰ YYY YYYY ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰGPSǰǰ
ǰ ǰ ZPVSǰLJOEOFTT
ǰ ×ĂïÙèč öćÖÙøĆïǰ ĀćÖöĊĂąĕøÿÜÿĆ÷ǰ øïÖüîēìøÖúïĆ ìǰęĊ ǰ
ǰ Āöć÷đú×ǰ ǰYYYYYYYǰǰîąÙøïĆ ǰÿüÿĆ éĊÙøĆï


ðúéĆ éüÜÖöúǰ ǰ:PVĴSFǰXFMDPNF ǰ(PPECZF
ǰ ǰ ÿüĆÿéĊÙąŠ

ÿëćîÖćøèìŤ Ċęǰ

/BUBMFFǰ êĂš ÜÖćøđ×ćš öćóïðúĆéîĂš ÷ǰ ðúéĆ ĂćĞ đõĂòść÷ìąđïĊ÷îĒúąïêĆ øǰ ǰ đóČĂę
×ĂÙćĞ ðøÖċ þćđøĂęČ ÜÖćøÝéìąđï÷Ċ îÿöøÿǰǰÝċÜĕéēš ìøýóĆ ìŤĕð÷ĆÜìĊęüŠćÖćøĂćĞ đõĂđóĂęČ îĆéĀöć÷
đüúćúŠüÜĀîćš ǰǰēé÷öĊ÷óč ĉîǰđÝćš Āîćš ìĊðę ÖÙøĂÜǰđðŨîñøšĎ Ćïÿć÷

÷čóĉîǰ ǰ)FMMP ǰ5IJTǰJTǰ4BFOǰ4VLǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDF ǰ)PXǰNBZǰ*ǰIFMQǰǰ
ǰ ZPV

ǰ ǰ ÿüĆÿéÙĊ ŠąǰìüęĊ ćŠ ÖćøĂćĞ đõĂĒÿîÿč×ǰöĂĊ ąĕøĔĀšßŠü÷ĕĀöÙą


/BUBMFFǰ ǰ)FMMP ǰ$PVMEǰZPVǰFYUFOEǰUIFǰMJOFǰUPǰ
ǰQMFBTF ǰ 19
ǰ ǰ *ĴEǰMJLFǰUPǰEJTDVTTǰXJUIǰ"TTJTUBOUǰ/PJǰBCPVUǰHFUUJOHǰ
ǰ ǰ BǰNBSSJBHFǰSFHJTUSBUJPO
ǰ (ÿüĆÿéÙĊ ąŠ ǰÖøèč ćêĂŠ Āöć÷đú×ǰ ǰÙŠąǰéĉÞîĆ êĂš ÜÖćøđøĊ÷îÿć÷ÖĆï
ǰ ðúĆéîšĂ÷ǰđóęČĂðøċÖþćđøĂČę ÜÖćøÝéìąđï÷Ċ îÿöøÿÙąŠ
ǰ

÷óč ĉîǰ ǰ0OFǰNPNFOU
ǰQMFBTF
ǰ ǰ ÖøčèćøĂÿĆÖÙøŠĎîąÙą


đöČęĂ÷čóîĉ ÖéēĂîÿć÷ĕð÷ÜĆ ĀšĂÜìąđï÷Ċ îĄǰðøćÖäüćŠ ÿć÷ĕöŠüćŠ Üǰ÷óč ĉîÝċÜĕéĒš ÝšÜĔĀǰš
/BUBMFFǰìøćï

÷čóîĉ ǰ ǰ*ĴNǰTPSSZ ǰ5IFǰMJOFǰJTǰCVTZǰBUǰUIFǰNPNFOU ǰ8PVMEǰZPVǰǰ
ǰ MJLFǰUPǰMFBWFǰBǰNFTTBHFǰUPǰ"TTJTUBOUǰ/PJ ǰ0SǰXPVMEǰZPVǰ

ǰ ǰ MJLFǰUPǰDBMMǰIFSǰBHBJOǰMBUFS
ǰ ǰ êšĂÜ×Ăõ÷Ć éšü÷îąÙąǰ×èąîĊĚĀöć÷đú×ēìøýĆóìŤĀšĂÜìąđï÷Ċ îǰǰ

ǰ ÿć÷ĕöüŠ ćŠ ÜǰĕöìŠ øćïüćŠ ÙčèÝąòćÖךĂÙüćöĂąĕøëÜċ ðúĆéîšĂ÷ǰĀøĂČ ǰ
ǰ ÝąēìøÖúïĆ Ĕîõć÷ĀúÜĆ Ùą


/BUBMFFǰ ǰ0LBZ ǰ*ĴMMǰDBMMǰCBDLǰMBUFS
ǰ ǰ éÞĉ îĆ ÝąêĉéêŠĂÖúĆïöćĔîõć÷ĀúÜĆ ÙąŠ


÷óč ĉîǰ ǰ4VSF ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰGPSǰDBMMJOHǰ4BFOǰ4VLǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDF
ǰ ǰ ĕéšÙŠąǰìüĊę ćŠ ÖćøĂćĞ đõĂĒÿîÿ×č ǰ×ĂïÙčèìĔĊę ßšïøĉÖćøÙąŠ

ÿëćîÖćøèŤìǰęĊ ǰ

ǰ 1VBMǰöõĊ øø÷ćđðŨîÙîĕì÷ǰêšĂÜÖćø×ĂÙüćöđðîŨ íøøöǰÖøèâĊ ćêĉ×ĂÜõøø÷ć÷ČöđÜĉî
ĕðĒúšüĕöŠßćĞ øąĀîÙĊĚ Čîǰ ÝÜċ ēìøýóĆ ìĕŤ ð÷ĆÜìüęĊ ćŠ ÖćøĂćĞ đõĂǰ đóęČĂ×ĂÙĞćðøċÖþćǰ ēé÷öǰĊ ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ
óøìóĉ ÷ǰŤ óîĆÖÜćîøćßÖćøǰđðŨîñøšĎ Ćïÿć÷

óøìóĉ ÷ǰŤ ǰ )FMMP ǰ5IJTǰJTǰ:Vǰ4BCBJǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDF ǰ)PXǰNBZǰ*ǰIFMQǰ
ǰ ǰ ZPV

(ÿüÿĆ éĊÙąŠ ǰìęĊüŠćÖćøĂćĞ đõĂĂ÷ÿĎŠ ïć÷ÙŠąǰöĂĊ ąĕøĔĀšøĆïĔßÙš ą


20 1VBMǰ ǰǰ )FMMP ǰ*ǰXPVMEǰMJLFǰUPǰTQFBLǰUPǰBOǰPGųDFSǰJOǰUIFǰ+VTUJDFǰ
ǰ ǰ &OIBODFNFOUǰ4FDUJPO
ǰQMFBTF
ǰ
ǰ óøìóĉ ÷Ťǰ ÿüÿĆ éĊÙøïĆ ǰêšĂÜÖćøêéĉ êĂŠ òćś ÷ĂćĞ îü÷ÙüćöđðîŨ íøøöÙøĆï

ǰǰ ǰǰ 0OFǰNPNFOU
ǰQMFBTF ǰ*ǰXJMMǰUSBOTGFSǰUIFǰMJOFǰUPǰ.T ǰ
ǰǰ ǰ ,BOZBOBU ǰ4IFĴTǰUIFǰ"TTJTUBOUǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFS
ǰǰ
ǰ ǰ JOǰDIBSHFǰPGǰUIFǰ+VTUJDFǰ&OIBODFNFOUǰ4FDUJPO

øĂÿĆÖÙøŠĎîąÙąǰéĉÞĆîÝąēĂîÿć÷ĕð÷ÜĆ ðúĆéÖîĆ ÷ćîĆìǰðúĆéĂćĞ đõĂ
òćś ÷ĂĞćîü÷ÙüćöđðîŨ íøøöĔĀšÙąŠ


ĀúÜĆ ÝćÖîĚîĆ ǰóøìóĉ ÷ÖŤ ĘÖéēĂîÿć÷ĕðìðĊę úéĆ ÖîĆ ÷ćîìĆ ǰ

ðúĆéÖĆî÷ćîĆìǰ ǰǰ)FMMP ǰ5IJTǰJTǰ:Vǰ4BCBJǰ%JTUSJDUĴTǰ+VTUJDFǰ&OIBODFNFOUǰǰ
ǰ 4FDUJPO ǰ*ǰBNǰ,BOZBOBU
ǰIPXǰNBZǰ*ǰIFMQǰZPV
(ÿüÿĆ éĊÙŠąǰòćś ÷ĂćĞ îü÷ÙüćöđðŨîíøøöĂĞćđõĂĂ÷ÿŠĎ ïć÷
ǰ éĉÞĆîÖĆî÷ćîĆìǰ÷ĉîéĊĔĀšïøÖĉ ćøÙąŠ


1VBMǰ ǰǰ)FMMP ǰ.ZǰOBNFǰJTǰ1VBM
ǰGSPNǰ&OHMBOE ǰ"OEǰ*ǰXPVMEǰǰ
ǰ MJLFǰUPǰBTLǰGPSǰKVTUJDF ǰ.ZǰXJGFĴTǰSFMBUJWFǰCPSSPXFEǰNZǰ

ǰ ǰ NPOFZǰBOEǰEJEǰOPUǰSFUVSOǰJU ǰ8PVMEǰJUǰCFǰQPTTJCMFǰ
ǰ ǰ GPSǰNFǰUPǰNFFUǰZPVǰUPǰUBMLǰBCPVUǰUIJTǰNBUUFSǰUIJTǰǰ

ǰ BGUFSOPPO
(ÿüÿĆ éÙĊ øïĆ ǰñößČĂę ǰ1VBMǰđðîŨ ßćüĂĆÜÖùþǰêĂš ÜÖćø×ĂÙüćöđðŨîíøøöǰ

ǰ ǰ ÖøèâĊ ćêõĉ øø÷ć÷öČ đÜîĉ ĕðĒúüš ĕö÷Š ĂößćĞ øąĀîêĊĚ ćöÖćĞ ĀîéÙøïĆ ǰ
ǰ ĕöìŠ øćïüŠćĀćÖüîĆ îĊĚßüŠ ÜïŠć÷ñöÝąđ×ćš ĕðóïǰÙèč ðúĆéÿąéüÖǰ
ǰ ĕĀöÙøĆï
ǰ

ðúĆéÖîĆ ÷ćîĆìǰ ǰǰ*ǰIBWFǰBǰNFFUJOHǰBUǰ ǰ1.
ǰBOEǰ*ǰXJMMǰųOJTIǰBUǰǰǰ
ǰ ǰ BSPVOEǰ ǰ1.ǰ*GǰUIJTǰJTǰDPOWFOJFOUǰGPSǰZPV
ǰXFǰDPVMEǰ
ǰ ǰ NFFUǰGSPNǰ ǰ1.ǰPOXBSET
ǰ ǰ đüúćǰ ǰî ǰéÞĉ ĆîöĊðøąßöč ÙąŠ ǰÙÜÝąđÿøÝĘ ðøąöćèđüúćǰ
ǰ ǰî ǰÙąŠ ǰĀćÖÙèč ÿąéüÖÖĘđךćöćóïéĉÞîĆ ĕéšǰêÜĚĆ ĒêđŠ üúćǰǰ
1VBMǰ ǰ ǰî ǰđðîŨ êšîĕðÙŠą

ǰ
ǰ0LBZ ǰ4PǰXIFSFǰXJMMǰ*ǰNFFUǰZPV
ðúéĆ ÖĆî÷ćîĆìǰ ǰ ñöêšĂÜĕðóïÙèč ðúĆéìĊęĕĀîÙøïĆ

ǰ
ǰ ǰ"UǰUIFǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDF
ǰDPNFǰVQǰUPǰUIFǰ+VTUJDFǰ 21
ǰ ǰ &OIBODFNFOUǰ4FDUJPOǰPOǰUIFǰTFDPOEǰŴPPS ǰ
ǰ ǰ *GǰUIFSFĴTǰBOZUIJOHǰVSHFOU
ǰZPVǰDBOǰDPOUBDUǰNFǰ
ǰ ǰ EJSFDUMZǰBUǰ YYY YYYY
ǰ ×Ěîċ öćìęĊòść÷ĂĞćîü÷ÙüćöđðîŨ íøøöǰßîĆĚ ǰ ǰìüęĊ ŠćÖćøĂĞćđõĂ
1VBMǰ ǰ ÙąŠ ǰĀćÖöĂĊ ąĕøđøŠÜéŠüîÿćöćøëēìøĀćéÞĉ îĆ ēé÷êøÜĕéšìǰęĊ ǰ ǰ
ǰ YYYYYYYǰÙąŠ


ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰTPǰNVDI
(×ĂïÙèč öćÖÙøĆï


ÿëćîÖćøèŤìǰęĊ ǰ4
ÿćĞ îÖĆ ×ćŠ üǰ##"ǰÝą×ĂđךćÿöĆ õćþèîŤ ć÷ĂĞćđõĂÿëćóøđÖ÷Ċę üÖïĆ ÖćøøĆïöČĂ

ÿëćîÖćøèîŤ ćĞ šìüŠ öìÖĊę ćĞ úĆÜüÖĉ ùêĔĉ îĂćĞ đõĂïćÜîćĞ úš šîǰǰÝÜċ ēìøîéĆ Āöć÷đüúćÖŠĂîđ×ćš
ÿöĆ õćþèŤǰǰēé÷ößĊ úĉéćǰđÝćš Āîćš ìðĊę ÖÙøĂÜĂćĞ đõĂïćÜîćĞ šúîš đðîŨ ñĎšøĆïÿć÷

ßúéĉ ćǰ ǰ)FMMP ǰ5IJTǰJTǰ$IBMJEBǰBUǰ#BOHǰ/BNǰ-POǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDF ǰ
ǰǰ ǰ )PXǰNBZǰ*ǰIFMQǰZPV

(ÿüĆÿéĊÙąŠ ǰìĊęüŠćÖćøĂćĞ đõĂïćÜîćĞ úš îš ǰßúĉéćøĆïÿć÷ǰ÷ĉîéĊĔĀš
ǰ ïøÖĉ ćøÙŠą

ÿĞćîÖĆ ×ćŠ üǰ##"ǰ ǰǰ)FMMP ǰ.ZǰOBNFǰJTǰ+BNFTǰ"OEFSTPOǰGSPNǰ##"ǰǰ ǰ
ǰ /FXTǰ 5IBJMBOE
ǰ.BZǰ*ǰTQFBLǰUPǰ.S ǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰǰ
ǰ ǰ 0GųDFSǰ4BUIBQPSO
ßúĉéćǰ
(ÿüĆÿéĊÙøĆïǰǰñößĂČę ǰ+BNFTǰ"OEFSTPOǰǰēìøÝćÖÿćĞ îĆÖ׊ćüǰ
22 ǰ ##"ǰðøąđìýĕì÷ǰ×ĂđøĊ÷îÿć÷ìćŠ îîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂÿëćóø
ǰ ÙøĆï

îć÷ĂĞćđõĂǰ ǰ0OFǰNPNFOU
ǰQMFBTF ǰ*ǰXJMMǰUSBOTGFSǰUIFǰMJOFǰUPǰǰ ǰ
ÿćĞ îĆÖ׊ćüǰ##"ǰ ǰ IJN

ǰ (øĂÿĆÖÙøîŠĎ ąÙąǰéÞĉ îĆ ÝąēĂîÿć÷ĕð÷ÜĆ ìćŠ îîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂĔĀ
š
ǰ
ǰ -­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­-­
ǰ ǰ)FMMP ǰ4BUIBQPSOĴTǰTQFBLJOH
îć÷ĂĞćđõĂǰ (ÿüĆÿéÙĊ øïĆ ǰñöîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂÿëćóøÙøĆï

ǰ ǰ)FMMP ǰ.ZǰOBNFǰJTǰ+BNFTǰ"OEFSTPOǰGSPNǰ##"ǰǰ ǰ
ǰ ǰ /FXTǰ 5IBJMBOE
ǰ.ZǰUFBNǰBOEǰ*ǰXPVMEǰMJLFǰUPǰǰ ǰ
ǰ ǰ BSSBOHFǰBOǰJOUFSWJFXǰXJUIǰZPV
ǰ.S $IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ
ǰ 0GųDFS
ǰPOǰŴPPEǰNBOBHFNFOUǰJOǰ#BOHǰ/BNǰ-POǰǰ
ǰ %JTUSJDU ǰ8PVMEǰUIBUǰCFǰQPTTJCMF
ǰ ÿüÿĆ éÙĊ øïĆ ǰǰñöǰ+BNFTǰ"OEFSTPOǰÝćÖÿćĞ îĆÖ×ćŠ üǰ##"ǰ
ǰ ðøąđìýĕì÷ǰǰñöĒúąìĊöÜćîÝą×Ăđ×ćš ÿöĆ õćþèŤìćŠ îîć÷ǰ
ǰ ĂĞćđõĂǰđÖ÷ęĊ üÖïĆ ÖćøïøĉĀćøÝĆéÖćøÖøèĊđÖĉéĂčìÖõĆ÷ĔîóĚČîìĊę
ǰ ĂćĞ đõĂïćÜîćĞ úš îš ÙøïĆ ǰĕöŠìøćïüŠćìŠćîîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂðøąÿÜÙŤ
ǰ ÝąĔĀšÿĆöõćþèĕŤ ĀöÙøïĆ

ǰ4VSF
ǰ*ĴNǰIBQQZǰUPǰQSPWJEFǰZPVǰXJUIǰBMMǰUIFǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ
ǰ JOGPSNBUJPOǰBCPVUǰUIFǰXBUFSǰNBOBHFNFOUǰTZTUFNǰ
ǰ BOEǰUIFǰDVSSFOUǰŴPPEǰTJUVBUJPOǰJOǰ#BOHǰ/BNǰ-PO
ǰ
ǰ TPǰUIBUǰQFPQMFǰXJMMǰVOEFSTUBOEǰXIBUĴTǰHPJOHǰPO ǰǰ
ǰ "MTP
ǰUIJTǰJTǰBǰHPPEǰPQQPSUVOJUZǰGPSǰVTǰUPǰQSPNPUFǰ
ǰ UIFǰSPMFǰPGǰUIFǰHPWFSONFOUǰPGųDFSTǰUISPVHIǰBǰǰ ǰ
ǰ SFDPHOJ[FEǰJOUFSOBUJPOBMǰNFEJB

ǰ (ñö÷îĉ éĔĊ Āš×Ăš öúĎ đÖ÷ęĊ üÖĆïÖćøÝĆéÖćøÿëćîÖćøèîŤ ĞćšĒúą
ǰ ǰ ÖćøøĆïöČĂĂìč Öõ÷Ć ìęĊÖćĞ úÜĆ đÖéĉ ×îċĚ ×ĂÜĂćĞ đõĂïćÜîćĞ úš šî
ǰ ǰ Ă÷ŠćÜđêĘöìÙĊę øïĆ ǰ đóČęĂĔĀšóĊęîĂš ÜðøąßćßîĕéšøïĆ ìøćï
ǰ ךĂđìĘÝÝøÜĉ ǰ ĒúąđóČęĂðøąßćÿöĆ óĆîíŤïìïćìĀîšćìĊ×ę ĂÜǰ ǰ
ÿĞćîĆÖ×ćŠ üǰ##"ǰ ǰ òść÷ðÖÙøĂÜñćŠ îÿęČĂøąéïĆ ēúÖĔĀšïčÙÙúõć÷îĂÖĕéøš ĆïøǰĎš ǰ
ǰ ǰ ĂĊÖìćÜĀîęċÜéšü÷ÙøïĆ

îć÷ĂĞćđõĂǰ
ǰ(SFBU ǰ8IBUǰEBZǰBOEǰUJNFǰXPVMEǰCFǰDPOWFOJFOUǰǰ
ǰ ǰ GPSǰZPV
ǰTJS ǰ"OEǰXIFSF
ǰ ǰ ĕöŠìøćïüćŠ ìŠćîîć÷ĂĞćđõĂÿąéüÖĔĀšóüÖñöđ×ćš ÿĆöõćþèŤ
ÿĞćîÖĆ ×ćŠ üǰ##"ǰ ĕéšđöęČĂĔéǰĒúąìęĊĕĀîéĊÙøïĆ
23

ǰ ǰǰ8PVMEǰUPNPSSPXǰBUǰ ǰ".ǰBSPVOEǰ#BOHǰ4BCBJǰǰ ǰ
ǰ UFNQMFǰHPPEǰGPSǰZPV ǰ#FDBVTFǰ*ĴNǰHPJOHǰUPǰWJTJUǰ
îć÷ĂĞćđõĂǰ ǰ ǰUIFǰQFPQMFǰJOǰ#BOHǰ4BCBJǰ4VC EJTUSJDUǰBOEǰHJWJOHǰǰ
ǰ ǰ ǰPVUǰEJTBTUFSǰSFMJFGǰQBDLBHFT
ǰ üîĆ óøŠÜč îĊĚǰđüúćðøąöćèǰ ǰî ǰìęĊïøĉđüèüĆéïćÜÿïć÷ǰ
ǰ ÿąéüÖĕĀöÙøïĆ ǰđóøćąñöÝąĕðđ÷ęĊ÷öøćþãøĒúąöĂïëÜč ǰǰ
ǰ ÷ÜĆ ßóĊ ĔĀÖš ïĆ ßćüïćš îêćĞ ïúïćÜÿïć÷óĂéĊ
ǰǰ

ǰ&YDFMMFOU
ǰUIBOLǰZPV ǰ0VSǰOFXTǰDIBOOFMǰXPVMEǰǰǰ
ǰ BMTPǰMJLFǰUPǰNBLFǰBǰOFXTǰTDPPQǰUPǰIFMQǰPVUǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ MPDBMTǰJOǰUIJTǰEJTUSJDU ǰ4P
ǰMPPLJOHǰGPSXBSEǰUPǰǰ ǰ
ǰ NFFUJOHǰZPVǰUPNPSSPXǰBUǰ ǰ".ǰBUǰ#BOHǰ4BCBJǰǰǰ
ǰ 5FNQMF
ǰ ĕéÙš øĆïìćŠ îǰìćÜÿćĞ îĆÖ׊ćü×ĂÜđøćÝąĕéìš ćĞ ÿÖðĎŢ đÖę÷Ċ üÖïĆ
ǰ ÖćøĔĀÙš üćößüŠ ÷đĀúĂČ ßćüïćš î×ĂÜĂćĞ đõĂïćÜîćĞ úš îš éüš ÷ǰǰ
ǰ ÜĆĚîđÝĂÖĆîóøÜŠč îǰĚĊ đüúćǰ ǰî ǰìĊüę éĆ ïćÜÿïć÷îąÙøĆï


ǰ(SFBU ǰ4FFǰZPVǰUIFO
ǰ ĕéÙš øïĆ ǰĒúšüđÝĂÖĆîÙøïĆ

:+2L 9 5:3:+

24

ÿëćîÖćøèŤìǰĊę

ǰ îć÷ĂĞćđõĂêšĂÜÖćøđúĚĊ÷ÜêšĂîøĆïđÝćš Āîćš ìęÝĊ ćÖðøąđìýöćđúđàĊ÷ǰ àęċÜđéîĉ ìćÜ
öćøŠüöÜćîđìýÖćúðøąÝĞćðŘ×ĂÜĂĞćđõĂǰ ÝÜċ ĔĀéš ćüÖĉ ćǰ đÿöĊ÷îêøćĂćĞ đõĂǰ ēìøýóĆ ìĕŤ ð÷ĆÜ
õêĆ êćÙćøĂćĀćøÝĊîđóČęĂÿĞćøĂÜēêąŢ ĂćĀćø

óîÖĆ Üćîǰ ǰ)FMMP ǰ5IJTǰJTǰ:FFǰ-BPǰ$IJOFTFǰ3FTUBVSBOU ǰ)PXǰǰǰ
ǰ NBZǰ*ǰIFMQǰZPV
(ÿüĆÿéÙĊ ąŠ ǰõêĆ êćÙćøĂćĀćøÝîĊ ÷ęĊđĀúćÙąŠ ǰöĊĂąĕøĔĀßš Šü÷ĕĀöÙą


ǰ éćüÖĉ ćǰ ǰ)FMMP ǰ*ǰXPVMEǰMJLFǰUPǰSFTFSWFǰBǰUBCMFǰGPSǰBǰĶUIBOLǰǰ
ǰǰ ǰ ZPVķǰFWFOUǰUPNPSSPXǰFWFOJOH ǰ*TǰUIFSFǰBOZǰǰ ǰ
ǰ BWBJMBCMF
ǰ ÿüĆÿéĊÙąŠ ǰéĉÞîĆ êĂš ÜÖćøÿćĞ øĂÜēêŢąÿćĞ ĀøïĆ Üćîđú÷ĚĊ Ü×ĂïÙčè
ǰ ĔîߊüÜđ÷Ęî×ĂÜüĆîóøŠčÜîÙĚĊ ąŠ ǰǰĕöìŠ øćïüŠćöēĊ êŢąüŠćÜĕĀöÙą


óîĆÖÜćîǰ ǰ:FTǰNBĴBN ǰ8FǰIBWFǰUXPǰUZQFTǰPGǰUBCMFǰBWBJMBCMF
ǰ
ǰ ǰ POFǰJTǰPVUEPPSTǰOFYUǰUPǰUIFǰSJWFS
ǰBOEǰUIFǰPUIFSǰJTǰǰ
ǰ ǰ ǰJOEPPST ǰ8IJDIǰPOFǰXPVMEǰZPVǰQSFGFS
ǰNBĴBN
(öÙĊ ŠąǰøšćîđøćöĊēêąŢ ĔĀïš øÖĉ ćøĂ÷ǰĎŠ ǰÿŠüîÙąŠ ǰǰÙČĂïøđĉ üèǰ ǰ
ǰ ǰéćš îîĂÖǰàęÜċ êéĉ ĒöîŠ ćĞ ǰš ÖïĆ éšćîĔîøćš îÙŠąǰêšĂÜÖćøÿćĞ øĂÜēêŢą
ǰ ĒïïĕĀîéĊÙą

éćüÖĉ ćǰ ǰǰ*ĴEǰMJLFǰUPǰSFTFSWFǰUIFǰPVUEPPST
ǰOFYUǰUPǰUIFǰSJWFS
ǰǰ
óîÖĆ Üćîǰ ǰ QMFBTF
ǰǰ
éćüÖĉ ćǰ (×ĂđðîŨ ïøđĉ üèéšćîîĂÖìęĊêéĉ ĒöŠîćĞ Ùš ąŠ
ǰ
óîÖĆ Üćîǰ
éćüÖĉ ćǰ ǰǰ4VSF ǰ8IBUǰUJNFǰXPVMEǰZPVǰMJLFǰUPǰCPPLǰJUǰGPS ǰǰ
óîÖĆ Üćîǰ ǰ "OEǰBMTPǰIPXǰNBOZǰQFPQMFǰBSFǰFYQFDUFEǰUPǰDPNF
ǰ ǰ ĕéšÙŠąǰđüúćÖęēĊ öÜǰĒúąĒ×ÖÖìĊę ćŠ îÙą


éćüÖĉ ćǰ ǰǰ *UĴMMǰCFǰBUǰ ǰ1.ǰXJUIǰFJHIUǰQFPQMF
ǰ (đüúćĀîÜęċ ìŠčöêøÜǰĒ×Öǰ ǰìćŠ îÙąŠ
ǰ
ǰ
ǰ ǰǰ 8PVMEǰZPVǰMJLFǰUPǰPSEFSǰZPVSǰGPPEǰJOǰBEWBODF
óîÖĆ Üćîǰ (êĂš ÜÖćøÿęÜĆ ĂćĀćøúŠüÜĀîćš ĕüšđú÷ĕĀöÙą

25
ǰǰ5IBUĴTǰBǰHPPEǰJEFB ǰ%PǰZPVǰIBWFǰBOZǰSFDPNNFOEFEǰǰ
ǰ EJTIFT
(éĊÙąŠ ǰĕöŠìøćïüŠćìćÜõêĆ êćÙćøöĂĊ ćĀćøĒîąîĞćĕĀöÙą


ǰǰ0VSǰTJHOBUVSFǰEJTIFTǰBSFǰGSJFEǰTISJNQǰTBMBE
ǰXIJDIǰXFǰ
ǰ VTFǰSJWFSǰTISJNQTǰXJUIǰMBSHFǰIFBET ǰ8FǰGSZǰUIFNǰBOEǰǰ
ǰ QPVSǰXJUIǰPVSǰTQFDJBMǰDSFBNǰTBMBEǰPOǰUPQ ǰ8FǰBMTPǰǰ
ǰ SFDPNNFOEǰ#FJKJOHǰ%VDL
ǰ4IBSLǰ'JOTǰJOǰ$MBZǰ1PUǰBOEǰǰ
ǰ 4UFBNFEǰ4OPXǰ'JTIǰJOǰ4PZǰ4BVDF ǰ"MMǰPGǰUIFTFǰBSFǰǰ
ǰ XIBUǰDVTUPNFSTǰPSEFSǰSFHVMBSMZ

(ĂćĀćø×ċĚîßČĂę ×ĂÜõĆêêćÙćøđøćÝąđðîŨ ÖÜšč ìĂéøćéÙøĊöÿúĆéǰǰǰǰ
ǰ àÜċę ĔßšÖčÜš ĒöîŠ ćĞ šêüĆ ēêėǰîćĞ ĕðìĂéĒúšüøćééšü÷ÙøöĊ ÿúĆéÿĎêø
ǰ óĉđýþǰîĂÖÝćÖîĆîĚ ÷ÜĆ öĊǰđðŨéðÖŦ ÖĉęÜǰĀĎÞúćöĀöšĂéĉîǰĒúąðúćǰ
ǰ ĀĉöąîċęÜàĊĂĚĉüǰàċÜę đðîŨ ĂćĀćøìúęĊ ÖĎ ÙšćöĆÖÝąÿęĆÜđðîŨ ðøąÝćĞ ÙąŠ


ǰǰ"MMǰSJHIU
ǰDBOǰ*ǰIBWFǰGPVSǰSFDPNNFOEFEǰEJTIFT
ǰQMVTǰ
ǰ 4UJSǰ'SJFEǰ.VTISPPN
ǰ ÜĚîĆ ßŠü÷ÝéĆ ĂćĀćøĒîąîćĞ ìĚÜĆ ǰ ǰĂ÷ŠćÜǰÖïĆ ñĆéđĀĘéĀĂöđóĉöę ĂĊÖǰǰ
ǰ ǰĂ÷ćŠ ÜǰîąÙą
ǰ

ǰǰ4VSF
ǰXFĴMMǰEPǰUIBU ǰ"OEǰGPSǰIPXǰNBOZǰTFUT
ǰNBĴBN
(ĕéÙš ŠąǰÝąĔĀšÝéĆ ĂćĀćøÖßęĊ čééĊÙą

éćüÖĉ ćǰ ǰ5XPǰTFUT
ǰQMFBTF
( ǰßčéÙŠą
ǰ

óîÖĆ Üćîǰ ǰ)PXǰBCPVUǰTPNFǰESJOLT
(đÙøČęĂÜéęČöøĆïđðŨîĂąĕøéÙĊ ą


éćüÖĉ ćǰ ǰ$BOǰ*ǰIBWFǰIPUǰUFBǰBOEǰXBUFS
ǰ ǰ ×ĂđðŨîßćøšĂîÖïĆ îćĞ đš ðúŠćĕéöš Ć÷Ě Ùą


óîÖĆ Üćîǰ ǰ4VSF ǰ8PVMEǰZPVǰMJLFǰUPǰPSEFSǰBOZUIJOHǰFMTF
(ĕéÙš ŠąǰöĂĊ ÷ćŠ ÜĂČîę Ýąđóöĉę đêĉöĂÖĊ ĕĀöÙą


26 éćüÖĉ ćǰ ǰ/P
ǰUIBOLǰZPV
ǰ ǰ ĕööŠ ÙĊ Šą


ÿëćîÖćøèìŤ ǰęĊ
ĀúĆÜÝćÖøïĆ ðøąìćîĂćĀćøđÿøÝĘ đøĊ÷ïøšĂ÷Ēúšüǰ îć÷ĂćĞ đõĂÖĘđøĊ÷ÖïøÖĉ øöćđÖĘïđÜîĉ

ÙŠćĂćĀćøǰǰÙîĕì÷đøćöÖĆ đÙ÷ßîĉ ÖïĆ ÙĞćüćŠ ǰĶđßÙĘ ïúĉ ķǰĒêÝŠ øÜĉ ėĒúüš ĔîõćþćĂĆÜÖùþÝąĕöĔŠ ßÙš ćĞ
üćŠ ǰĶDIFDLǰCJMMķǰøüöÖîĆ ǰĒêŠÝąđúČĂÖĔßđš ó÷Ċ ÜÙćĞ ĔéÙćĞ ĀîÜċę ǰÙČĂǰÙćĞ üŠćǰĶDIFDLķǰ ĂđöøÖĉ Ćî
ǰ
ĀøĂČ ǰ ĶCJMMķǰ ĂÜĆ Öùþ
ǰ êćöéüš ÷ÙćĞ üćŠ ǰ QMFBTFǰ đó÷Ċ ÜđìŠćîĚÖĊ ĘĕéšÙüćöĀöć÷üŠćǰ ĔĀóš îÖĆ Üćî
đø÷Ċ ÖđÖïĘ đÜĉîÙŠćĂćĀćøĒúšüÙŠąǰĕðéêĎ ĆüĂ÷ŠćÜðøąē÷ÙìĊęîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂĔßšÖĆîÙŠą

îć÷ĂĞćđõĂǰ ǰ$IFDL
ǰQMFBTF
ǰ ǰ Ùéĉ ÙŠćĂćĀćøéšü÷ÙøïĆ

ïøĉÖøǰ ǰ*UĴTǰ
ǰCBIUǰJOǰUPUBM
ǰTJS
ǰ ǰ ìĆĚÜĀöéǰ
ǰïćìǰÙøĆï

îć÷ĂĞćđõĂǰ ǰ%PFTǰJUǰBMSFBEZǰJODMVEFǰUIFǰTFSWJDFǰDIBSHF

(ÙćŠ ĂćĀćøìĚÜĆ ĀöéǰøüöÙćŠ ïøĉÖćøĀøČĂ÷ÜĆ ÙøĆï

ïøĉÖøǰ :FT
ǰUIFǰ ǰTFSWJDFǰDIBSHFǰIBTǰBMSFBEZǰCFFOǰJODMVEFE
ǰ ǰ øüöÙŠćïøĉÖćøǰ ǰĒúüš ÙøĆï

îć÷ĂĞćđõĂǰ ǰ)FSFĴTǰUIFǰCJMM
ǰ ǰ îÙęĊ øïĆ ǰÙćŠ ĂćĀćø

îć÷ĂĞćđõĂÝŠć÷đÜîĉ ÙćŠ ĂćĀćøĔĀÖš ĆïïøÖĉ øÝćĞ îüîǰ
ǰ ïćìǰ ĀúÜĆ ÝćÖîĆĚîǰ
ïøĉÖøĕéšîćĞ đÜĉîìĂîĒúąĔïđÿøĘÝøĆïđÜîĉ öćĔĀšîć÷ĂĞćđõĂ

ïøĉÖøǰ ǰ)FSFĴTǰZPVSǰDIBOHFǰBOEǰSFDFJQU
ǰTJS
(ìćŠ îÙøïĆ ǰîĊđę Üîĉ ìĂîĒúąĔïđÿøĘÝøïĆ đÜîĉ ÙøïĆ


îć÷ĂĞćđõĂǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPV
ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙèč öćÖÙøïĆ


êüĆ ĒìîĒ×Öǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPV
ǰ.S $IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFS
ǰGPSǰUSFBUJOHǰǰ 27
ǰ VTǰUPǰUIJTǰMPWFMZǰNFBM

ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙèč ìŠćîîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂöćÖîąÙøĆïǰìĔęĊ ĀšđÖ÷Ċ øêĉđúĚĊ÷Ü
ǰ ĂćĀćøóüÖđøćǰĔîïøø÷ćÖćýìĊęĒÿîüđĉ ýþđߊîîĊ
Ě ǰ

îć÷ĂĞćđõĂǰ ǰ*ǰGFFMǰWFSZǰEFMJHIUFEǰUPǰIBWFǰBMMǰPGǰZPVǰIFSFǰǰ
ǰ ǰ JOǰPVSǰBOOVBMǰFWFOU ǰ4PǰIFSFĴTǰUPǰPVSǰGSJFOETIJQ
ǰ
ǰ ǰ DIFFST
ǰ ǰ ñööÙĊ üćö÷ĉîéìĊ ĊęìÖč ìŠćîĔĀšđÖ÷Ċ øêöĉ ćøŠüöÜćîđìýÖćú
ǰ ǰ ðøąÝĞćðŘ×ĂÜđøćđðîŨ ðøąÝĞćìčÖðŘǰ ĒúąđóČęĂĔĀšöĉêøõćó
ǰ øąĀüćŠ ÜđøćöĆęîÙÜđßîŠ îĚĊêúĂéĕðǰ ñö×Ăđßâĉ ìÖč ìćŠ îéČöę ǰ
ǰ Ăü÷óøđóęĂČ öêĉ øõćóøąĀüŠćÜđøćÙøïĆ


Ē×Öǰ ǰ$IFFSTǰUPǰPVSǰGSJFOETIJQ
ǰ ǰ ĒéŠöêĉ øõćóøąĀüŠćÜđøć


ìčÖÙîǰ ǰ$IFFST
ǰ ǰ ĕßē÷

:+ -:ĉ /E2 /:)*!< ŵ= 5/*&+

28

ÿëćîÖćøèŤìęĊǰ

ǰ ðúĆéöćîóǰĕéøš ĆïĒêŠÜêĆÜĚ ĔĀĕš ðéĞćøÜêĞćĒĀîŠÜîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂǰ+PIOǰđóČęĂîßćüĂÜĆ Öùþ
×ĂÜðúĆéöćîóìøćï׊ćüéĆÜÖúćŠ üǰÝċÜĕðóïđóČęĂĒÿéÜÙüćö÷ĉîéĊ

+PIOǰ ǰ)FMMP
ǰ.BOPQ ǰ*ĴWFǰIFBSEǰUIBUǰZPVĴWFǰCFFOǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ
ǰ ǰ QSPNPUFEǰUPǰCFDPNFǰUIFǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFS ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ
ǰ ǰ $POHSBUVMBUJPOTǰPOǰZPVSǰDBSFFSǰBEWBODFNFOU
ǰ ǰ ÿüÿĆ éĊÙøĆïǰÙèč öćîóǰñöìøćïöćüŠćÙčèóċęÜĕéšøĆïĒêÜŠ êÜĚĆ ĔĀǰš

ǰ ĕðéĞćøÜêćĞ ĒĀîŠÜîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂǰ×ĂĒÿéÜÙüćö÷îĉ ééĊ šü÷îą
ǰ ÙøĆïǰǰìðęĊ øąÿïÙüćöÿćĞ đøĘÝĔîßüĊ êĉ øćßÖćøĂÖĊ ×îĚĆ ĀîęÜċ


ðúéĆ öćîóǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPV
ǰ+PIO ǰ*ǰSFBMMZǰBQQSFDJBUFǰUIBU ǰ*ĴWFǰ
ǰ ǰ BMXBZTǰXPSLFEǰWFSZǰIBSEǰUPǰIFMQǰUIFǰQFPQMFǰǰ ǰ
ǰ ǰ BOEǰGFMMPXǰPGųDFST
ǰXJUIPVUǰFYQFDUJOHǰBOZUIJOHǰJOǰ
ǰ ǰ SFUVSO ǰ(FUUJOHǰQSPNPUFEǰUIJTǰUJNFǰHJWFTǰNFǰBǰ
ǰ ǰ NBTTJWFǰQSJEF
ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙčèöćÖÙøïĆ ÙčèÝĂĀîŤ ÿĞćĀøïĆ îĞćĔš ÝǰñöìćĞ Üćîéšü÷
ǰ ǰ ÙüćöìčŠöđìĔĀšÖĆïóĊęîšĂÜðøąßćßîĒúąøćßÖćøĂ÷ŠćÜđêöĘ ìęǰĊ
ǰ ēé÷ĕöŠĕéÙš ćéĀüÜĆ ÿĉęÜĔéêĂïĒìîǰ Öćøĕéøš ïĆ êćĞ ĒĀîÜŠ ĔîÙøĆÜĚ
ǰ îĚÝĊ Üċ ëĂČ đðŨîÙüćöõćÙõöĎ ĉĔÝđðîŨ Ă÷ŠćÜ÷ęĉÜÙøïĆ

+PIOǰ ǰ"MMǰHPWFSONFOUǰPGųDFSTǰXIPǰXPSLǰIBSEǰUPǰTFSWFǰǰ
ǰ UIFJSǰQFPQMFǰXJMMǰTVDDFFEǰJOǰUIFJSǰDBSFFST ǰ4Pǰ*ĴNǰǰ
ǰ ǰ WFSZǰIBQQZǰGPSǰZPV
ǰ.BOPQ ǰ/PXǰXIFOǰBSFǰǰ ǰ
ǰ ZPVǰUSBWFMMJOHǰGPSǰBǰQSPNPUJPOǰDFSFNPOZ
ðúéĆ öćîóǰ ǰ ×ćš øćßÖćøìðęĊ äïĉ êĆ ĉĀîšćìęéĊ šü÷ìčŠöđìđóęČĂóîęĊ šĂÜðøąßćßîǰ÷ŠĂöǰ
ǰ ǰ ǰðøąÿïÙüćöÿĞćđøĘÝĔîßĊüĉêøćßÖćøÙøĆïǰñö×ĂßęîČ ßöÙčèǰ ǰ
+PIOǰ ǰ ǰöćîóéšü÷ĔÝÝøĉÜǰĒúüš ÙčèÝąđéîĉ ìćÜĕðøĆïêćĞ ĒĀîÜŠ ĔĀöŠ
ǰ ǰ ǰüĆîĕĀîÙøĆï

ðúĆéöćîóǰ ǰ*ĴNǰMFBWJOHǰUIJTǰVQDPNJOHǰ4VOEBZ
ǰ/PWFNCFSǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ ǰ UI

ǰ ñöÝąđéîĉ ìćÜĔîüîĆ Ăćìêĉ ÷ŤǰìǰęĊ ǰóùýÝÖĉ ć÷îìÝęĊ ąëÜċ îĊÙĚ øïĆ
29

ǰ)BWFǰBǰTBGFǰUSJQ
ǰ*ĴEǰMJLFǰUPǰWJTJUǰZPVǰǰJGǰ*ǰHFUǰBǰDIBODF
ǰ ×ĂĔĀšđéîĉ ìćÜēé÷ÿüÿĆ éõĉ ćóÙøïĆ ǰ ĀćÖöĊēĂÖćÿñöÝąĕðǰǰ
ǰ đ÷÷ęĊ öđ÷÷Ċ îìęĊĂĞćđõĂîąÙøïĆ

ǰ5IBOLTǰTPǰNVDI ǰ(PPEǰMVDLǰUPǰZPV
ǰUPP
ǰ+PIO
ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙèč öćÖÙøïĆ ǰ×ĂĔĀšÙèč ÝĂĀŤîēßÙéđĊ ߊîÖĆîÙøĆï


ÿëćîÖćøèìŤ Ċǰę
3JDIBSEǰìøćï×ćŠ üüćŠ îć÷ĂćĞ đõĂéĉúÖĕéšøĆïêćĞ ĒĀîŠÜîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂĒĀüîđóßøǰðøąÝĞć
ðŘǰ ǰÝċÜöćĒÿéÜÙüćö÷îĉ éÖĊ ïĆ îć÷ĂĞćđõĂéúĉ ÖđîČęĂÜĔîēĂÖćÿéÜĆ ÖúŠćüǰ

3JDIBSEǰ ǰ$POHSBUVMBUJPOT
ǰ.S ǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFS
ǰGPSǰCFJOHǰǰ
ǰ ǰ BXBSEFEǰĶUIFǰ%JBNPOEǰ3JOHǰPGǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFSķ
ǰ ×ĂĒÿéÜÙüćö÷ĉîéÖĊ ïĆ ìćŠ îîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂéüš ÷îąÙøĆïǰ ÿĞćĀøĆï
ǰ øćÜüúĆ îć÷ĂćĞ đõĂĒĀüîđóßøììĊę Šćîĕéøš Ćï


îć÷ĂćĞ đõĂéúĉ Öǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPV
ǰ3JDIBSE
ǰGPSǰTBDSJųDJOHǰZPVSǰUJNFǰUPǰDPNFǰ
ǰ ǰ ǰBOEǰDPOHSBUVMBUFǰNF
ǰ ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙčèöćÖîąÙøïĆ ǰÙčèǰ3JDIBSEǰìęĂĊ êč ÿŠćĀŤÿúąđüúćöćøŠüöǰ

ǰ ǰĒÿéÜÙüćö÷ĉîéÖĊ Ćïñö

3JDIBSEǰ ǰ.ZǰQMFBTVSF ǰ*ĴWFǰIFBSEǰUIBUǰJOǰPSEFSǰUPǰSFDFJWFǰUIJTǰǰ
ǰ ǰ BXBSE
ǰUIFǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFSǰNVTUǰCBTJDBMMZǰTQFOEǰǰ
ǰ ǰ IJTǰMJGFǰUPǰTFSWFǰUIFǰQFPQMFǰBOEǰUIFǰOBUJPO ǰ"OEǰ*ǰUIJOLǰ
ǰ UIBUǰZPVǰSFBMMZǰEFTFSWFEǰUIJTǰIPOPS
éüš ÷Ùüćö÷ĉîéĊÙøïĆ ǰ ñöìøćïöćüŠćøćÜüĆúîĚĊđðŨîøćÜüúĆ ÿćĞ ĀøïĆ
îć÷ĂĞćđõĂìĊęĂčìĉýêîìĞćÜćîđóČęĂóęĊîšĂÜðøąßćßîĒúąðøąđìý
ßćêĉǰ ǰ ÝÜċ đĀîĘ üŠćđĀöćąÿöĂ÷ŠćÜ÷Üĉę ììĊę Šćîîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂĕéøš ĆïøćÜüĆú
ĂîĆ ìøÜđÖĊ÷øêĉîĊĚÙøïĆ


30 îć÷ĂĞćđõĂéúĉ Öǰ ǰ ǰ"MMǰPGǰVTǰBSFǰHPWFSONFOUǰPGųDFSTǰVOEFSǰIJTǰ ǰ
ǰ .BKFTUZǰUIFǰ,JOH ǰ&WFSZǰCBIUǰUIBUǰXFǰFBSOǰUPǰNBLFǰǰ
ǰ BǰMJWJOHǰDPNFTǰGSPNǰUIFǰUBYFTǰPGǰUIFǰQFPQMF ǰǰ ǰ
ǰ 5IFSFGPSF
ǰUIJTǰJTǰPVSǰEVUZǰUPǰQFSGPSNǰPVSǰXPSLǰUPǰUIFǰ
ǰ ǰ ǰ GVMMFTU ǰ8IFUIFSǰPVSǰXPSLǰJTǰCFJOHǰSFDPHOJ[FEǰPSǰOPU
ǰǰ
ǰ XFǰXJMMǰEPǰJUǰPVSǰCFTU ǰ)PXFWFS
ǰSFDFJWJOHǰUIJTǰBXBSEǰǰ
ǰ HJWFTǰNFǰBǰNPSBMǰTVQQPSUǰUPǰDPOUJOVFǰNZǰXPSLǰGPSǰUIFǰ
ǰ ǰ ǰ QFPQMFǰBOEǰPVSǰDPVOUSZ
ǰ ǰ ǰ óüÖđøćđðîŨ ×ćš øćßÖćøĔîĂÜÙóŤ øąïćìÿöđéĘÝóøąđÝšćĂ÷ŠĎĀĆüǰ
ǰ ǰ ǰ đÜîĉ đéČĂîìĕĊę éšøĆïÖĘöćÝćÖõćþĊ×ĂÜóîęĊ Ăš ÜðøąßćßîǰÝÜċ êšĂÜêÜĚĆ ĔÝǰ
ǰ ĒúąìöčŠ đìÖćøðäïĉ ĆêĉÜćîĔĀđš êöĘ ìÙęĊ øïĆ ǰĒöüš ŠćÝąĕéøš ïĆ øćÜüĆúĀøĂČ
ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰĕöÖŠ ĘêćöǰÿćĞ ĀøïĆ øćÜüúĆ ìęĊĕéšøïĆ ǰëČĂđðîŨ ÖćĞ úĆÜĔÝĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċÜę ĔîÖćø
ǰ ǰ ǰ êĚĆÜĔÝìĞćÜćîđóĂęČ ßćêĉïćš îđöČĂÜĒúąóĊęîšĂÜðøąßćßîêĂŠ ĕðÙøĆï


3JDIBSEǰ ǰ *ĴNǰTVSFǰUIBUǰBMMǰPGǰUIFǰQFPQMFǰJOǰZPVSǰEJTUSJDUǰBSFǰǰ
ǰ ǰ QSPVEǰUPǰIBWFǰUIFǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFSǰMJLFǰZPV ǰ*ǰXJTIǰ
ǰ ǰ ZPVǰBǰDPOUJOVPVTǰTVDDFTTǰJOǰZPVSǰDBSFFS
ǰ îŠćõĎöĔĉ ÝĒìîóĊîę Ăš ÜĂćĞ đõĂîîĚĊ ąÙøïĆ ǰìöęĊ ĊìćŠ îđðŨîîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂǰ
ǰ ×ĂĔĀšìŠćîðøąÿïÙüćöÿĞćđøĘÝĔîßüĊ êĉ øćßÖćøêŠĂĕðÙøïĆ


îć÷ĂćĞ đõĂéúĉ Öǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰTPǰNVDI
ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙčèöćÖÙøïĆ

:+ -ĉ:/ 5Ċ !+"9

31

ǰ ÿëćîÖćøèŤìęĊǰ

ǰ ÙèąđÝšćĀîšćìĊęÝćÖðøąđìýđüĊ÷éîćööćýċÖþćéĎÜćîÖćøïøĉĀćøøćßÖćøÿŠüî
õöĎ ĉõćÙìĊęÝĆÜĀüĆéÿ×č ÿïć÷ǰǰēé÷öĊóíĉ ćîǰÝćŠ ÝÜĆ ĀüĆéÿ×č ÿïć÷ǰĔĀÖš ćøêšĂîøïĆ

ÝŠćÝÜĆ ĀüéĆ ǰ ǰǰ 0OǰCFIBMGǰPGǰUIFǰ4VLǰ4BCBJǰ1SPWJODJBMǰ
ǰ ǰ "ENJOJTUSBUJPOǰ0GųDF
ǰXFǰXPVMEǰMJLFǰUPǰǰ ǰ
ǰ ǰ XBSNMZǰXFMDPNFǰBǰHSPVQǰPGǰHPWFSONFOUǰ
ǰ ǰ PGųDFSTǰGSPNǰ7JFUOBNǰPOǰZPVSǰTUVEZǰUPVSǰJOǰ
ǰ ǰ 4VLǰ4BCBJǰQSPWJODF
ǰ ǰ Ĕîîćö×ĂÜììęĊ ĞćÖćøðÖÙøĂÜÝĆÜĀüéĆ ÿč×ÿïć÷ǰ
ǰ ǰ ×ĂêšĂîøïĆ ÙèąđÝćš ĀîšćìĊęÝćÖðøąđìýđü÷Ċ éîćöǰ
ǰ àċęÜĕéĔš Āđš ÖĊ÷øêĉöćýċÖþćéÜĎ ćîìĊęÝĆÜĀüĆéÿ×č ÿïć÷ǰ ǰ
ǰ ĔîÙøĚÜĆ îĚǰĊ éüš ÷Ùüćö÷îĉ éĊ÷ĉęÜÙøïĆ


đÝćš ĀîšćìđęĊ ü÷Ċ éîćöǰ ǰǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰGPSǰZPVSǰXBSNǰXFMDPNFǰUPǰUIFǰ
ǰ ǰ 4VLǰ4BCBJǰ1SPWJODJBMǰ"ENJOJTUSBUJPOǰ0GųDF ǰǰ
ǰ ǰ 8FĴWFǰSFDFJWFEǰBǰXPOEFSGVMǰDBSFǰFWFSǰTJODFǰ
ǰ XFǰDSPTTFEǰUIFǰCPSEFSǰUPǰ5IBJMBOE

ǰ ǰ ×Ă×ĂïÙčèĔîÖćøêšĂîøïĆ Ă÷ćŠ ÜéĊ÷Üĉę ×ĂÜÙèą
ǰ ǰ đÝćš Āîćš ìęǰĊ ììęĊ ĞćÖćøðÖÙøĂÜÝÜĆ ĀüĆéÿč×ÿïć÷îąÙøĆïǰ
ǰ ǰ óüÖđøćĕéøš ïĆ ÖćøêĂš îøĆïìĊĂę ïĂŠîč ǰêĆĚÜĒêđŠ ×ćš öćòŦũÜ
ǰ ǰ ßć÷Ēéîĕì÷đú÷ÙøïĆ

ÝŠćÝĆÜĀüéĆ ǰ ǰ 1MFBTFǰBMMPXǰNFǰUPǰCSJFŴZǰFYQMBJOǰBCPVUǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ ǰ XPSLǰPGǰUIFǰ3FHJPOBMǰ"ENJOJTUSBUJPOǰJOǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ %FQBSUNFOUǰPGǰ1SPWJODJBMǰ"ENJOJTUSBUJPO
32 ǰ ñö×ĂĂíïĉ ć÷ÿĚîĆ ėǰđÖę÷Ċ üÖïĆ ÖćøïøĀĉ ćøøćßÖćøÿŠüîǰ
ǰ õĎöĉõćÙĔîÿŠüî×ĂÜÖøöÖćøðÖÙøĂÜîąÙøïĆ

ǰ
ǰ 5IFǰSFHJPOBMǰBENJOJTUSBUJPOǰPGǰǰ5IBJMBOEǰǰǰ
ǰ DPOTJTUTǰPGǰUXPǰQBSUT
ǰXIJDIǰBSFǰUIFǰQSPWJODFǰ
ǰ ǰ BOEǰUIFǰEJTUSJDU ǰ"UǰQSFTFOU
ǰUIFSFǰBSFǰBǰUPUBMǰǰ
ǰ ǰ PGǰǰ ǰQSPWJODFTǰBOEǰ ǰEJTUSJDUT ǰ&BDIǰQSPWJODFǰ
ǰ
JTǰDPOTJEFSFEǰBǰMFHBMǰQFSTPOǰBOEǰXBTǰ
ǰ ǰ FTUBCMJTIFEǰCZǰUIFǰ1BSMJBNFOU ǰ5IFǰ(PWFSOPSǰǰ
ǰ ǰ JTǰUIFǰIFBEǰPGǰUIFǰBENJOJTUSBUJPO ǰ0OǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ ǰ PUIFSǰIBOE
ǰFBDIǰEJTUSJDUǰJTǰOPUǰDPOTJEFSFEǰǰ
ǰ BTǰBǰMFHBMǰQFSTPO ǰ*UǰXBTǰFTUBCMJTIFEǰCZǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ SPZBMǰEFDSFFǰBOEǰUIFǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFSǰǰ
ǰ BDUTǰBTǰUIFǰIFBEǰPGǰUIFǰBENJOJTUSBUJPO ǰ#Zǰ
ǰ UIFǰXBZ
ǰUPEBZǰXFǰIBWFǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰǰ ǰ
ǰ 0GųDFSTǰGSPNǰBMMǰPWFSǰ4VLǰ4BCBJǰ1SPWJODFǰUP
ǰ XFMDPNFǰZPVSǰHSPVQǰPGǰTUVEZǰUPVS ǰ4PǰUIBUĴT
ǰ UIFǰPWFSBMMǰQJDUVSFǰPGǰUIFǰSFHJPOBMǰBENJOJT ǰ
ǰ USBUJPOǰPGǰUIFǰ%FQBSUNFOUǰPGǰ1SPWJODJBMǰǰ ǰ
ǰ "ENJOJTUSBUJPO ǰ/FYU
ǰPVSǰPGųDFSTǰXJMMǰHJWFǰǰ
ǰ ZPVǰBǰUPVSǰJOǰUIFǰDJUZǰIBMMǰUPǰTIPXǰZPVǰTPNFǰ
ǰ PUIFSǰEJWJTJPOǰTBSPVOEǰ4VLǰ4BCBJǰ1SPWJODJBMǰǰ
ǰ "ENJOJTUSBUJPOǰ0GųDF
ǰ ÖćøïøĀĉ ćøøćßÖćøÿŠüîõöĎ õĉ ćÙ×ĂÜðøąđìýĕì÷ǰǰ
ǰ ðøąÖĂïéšü÷ǰ ǰÿŠüîǰĕéĒš ÖŠǰÝÜĆ ĀüĆéĒúąĂćĞ đõĂǰ
ǰ àċęÜĔîðŦÝÝčïîĆ öĊÝĞćîüîìÜĆĚ ÿĉĚîǰ ǰÝÜĆ ĀüĆéǰĒúąǰ

ĂćĞ đõĂǰ ÿĞćĀøïĆ ÝĆÜĀüéĆ ÝąöåĊ ćîąđðîŨ îĉêĉïčÙÙúǰÝĆéêĚÜĆ
×Ěîċ ēé÷ÖćøêøćđðîŨ óøąøćßïĆââêĆ ĉǰöñĊ Ďüš ćŠ øćßÖćø
ǰ ÝĆÜĀüéĆ đðîŨ ñšïĎ øĀĉ ćøÿĎÜÿéč ǰÿŠüîĂĞćđõĂǰĕöŠöåĊ ćîąđðîŨ
ǰ îĉêĉïčÙÙúǰ ÝĆéêĆÜĚ ×îċĚ ēé÷óøąøćßÖùþãÖĊ ćǰ ĒúąöĊ
îć÷ǰĂĞćđõĂđðŨîñĎšïĆÜÙïĆ ïâĆ ßćÿÜĎ ÿčéÙøĆïǰ àċÜę ĔîüîĆ îĊĚ
öĊìćŠ îîć÷ĂćĞ đõĂêćŠ ÜėǰĔîÝÜĆ ĀüĆéÿ×č ÿïć÷öćĔĀšÖćø
êĂš îøïĆ ÙèąñýšĎ ċÖþćéĎÜćîéšü÷îąÙøĆïǰĒúąîĊÙę ČĂõćó
øüö×ĂÜÖćøïøĉĀćøøćßÖćøÿüŠ îõöĎ ĉõćÙĔîÿŠüî×ĂÜ
ÖøöÖćøðÖÙøĂÜǰàęÜċ êĂŠ ĕðđÝšćĀîšćì×Ċę ĂÜđøćÝąĕéóš ć
ìÖč ìćŠ îĕðßöĀîŠü÷ÜćîÿüŠ îõĎöĉõćÙĂîęČ ėǰ ïîýćúć
ÖúćÜÝĆÜĀüéĆ ǰĒúąĕðđ÷÷Ċę ößöìüęĊ ćŠ ÖćøĂćĞ đõĂđöČĂÜ
ÿ×č ÿïć÷êĂŠ ĕðÙøïĆ

33
0Oǰ CFIBMGǰ PGǰ 4VLǰ 4BCBJǰ 1SPWJODJBMǰ "ENJOJT-­
USBUJPOǰ0GųDF
ǰXFǰTJODFSFMZǰIPQFǰUPǰTFFǰZPVǰ
BHBJOǰJOǰ5IBJMBOEǰJOǰUIFǰOFBSǰGVUVSF
ǰBTǰUIFǰ
UPVSJTUT
ǰ Ĕîîćö×ĂÜìĊìę ĞćÖćøðÖÙøĂÜÝÜĆ ĀüéĆ ÿ×č ÿïć÷ǰ óüÖđøć
ĀüĆÜđðŨîĂ÷ŠćÜ÷ĉÜę üŠćĔîēĂÖćÿêŠĂĕðìŠćîÝąÖúïĆ öć
đ÷ČĂîðøąđìýĕì÷ĂÖĊ ÙøĆĚÜǰ ĔîåćîąîĆÖìĂŠ Üđì÷ęĊ üǰ
îąÙøĆï
ǰǰ

đÝćš ĀîšćìĊęđü÷Ċ éîćöǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰTPǰNVDIǰGPSǰTIBSJOHǰZPVSǰLOPXMFEHF
ǰ 8FǰXJMMǰTQFOEǰUIJTǰUJNFǰXJTFMZǰUPǰPCTFSWFǰǰ ǰ
ǰ ZPVSǰXPSL
ǰBOEǰXJMMǰEFųOJUFMZǰDPNFǰCBDLǰUPǰǰǰ
ǰ 5IBJMBOE
ǰ ×ĂïÙčèìćŠ îöćÖîąÙøĆïÿćĞ ĀøïĆ ÙüćöøĎšǰǰóüÖđøćÝąĔßš

ǰ ǰ đüúćĔîÖćøýċÖþćéÜĎ ćîđóČęĂĔĀĕš éšøĆïðøąē÷ßîŤĂ÷ŠćÜ
ǰ ǰ đêöĘ ìĊęǰ ĒúąÝąÖúĆïöćđ÷ČĂîđöĂČ Üĕì÷ĂĊÖÙøÜĆĚ Ă÷ŠćÜǰ ǰ

ǰ ĒîîŠ ĂîÙąŠ


ÝŠćÝÜĆ ĀüĆéǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰWFSZǰNVDI ǰ)BWFǰBǰXPOEFSGVMǰUJNFǰ
ǰ ǰ WJTJUJOHǰQMBDFTǰJOǰ4VLǰ4BCBJǰ1SPWJODF
ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙčèöćÖÙøïĆ ǰ ×ĂĔĀšöĊÙüćöÿ×č ĔîÖćøđ÷÷ęĊ ößöǰǰ
ǰ ÿëćîìêęĊ ŠćÜėǰ×ĂÜÝĆÜĀüĆéÿč×ÿïć÷ÙøïĆ

ÿëćîÖćøèŤìĊǰę
ÙèąđÝćš Āîćš ìÝęĊ ćÖÝÜĆ ĀüĆéĂéč øöĊß÷Ć ǰðøąđìýÖöĆ óßĎ ćǰîćĞ ēé÷Ùèč îĞćđăÜǰöćøŠüö
ÜćîÝéìąđïĊ÷îÿöøÿĀöǰŠĎ ĔîüĆîüćđúîĕìîŤǰèǰĂćĞ đõĂđÖþêøóçĆ îćǰǰēé÷öðĊ úéĆ Ăćüčēÿóć
đ÷÷Ċę ößöÜćî
ðúéĆ Ăćüčēÿǰ ǰ 0OǰCFIBMGǰPGǰ,BTFUǰ1BUUBOBǰ%JTUSJDU
ǰXFǰXPVMEǰMJLFǰǰ

ǰ UPǰLJOEMZǰUIBOLǰBOEǰXFMDPNFǰBMMǰPGųDFSTǰGSPNǰǰ
ǰ ǰ $BNCPEJBǰGPSǰQBSUJDJQBUJOHǰJOǰPVSǰĶ$PMMFDUJWFǰ
ǰ ǰ .BSSJBHFǰ3FHJTUSBUJPOķǰFWFOU
ǰIFSFǰBUǰ,BTFUǰ1BUUBOBǰ
ǰ ǰ %JTUSJDUǰ0GųDF

34 Ĕîîćö×ĂÜĂćĞ đõĂđÖþêøóçĆ îćǰ ×Ă×ĂïÙèč Ēúą×ĂêšĂîøïĆ

ǰ ǰ ÙèąđÝćš Āîćš ìĊÝę ćÖðøąđìýÖĆöóßĎ ćǰìĊĔę ĀšÙüćöÿîĔÝöć
ǰ ǰ øüŠ öÜćîÖćøÝéìąđïĊ÷îÿöøÿĀöĎŠǰèǰìĊüę ŠćÖćøĂćĞ đõĂđÖþêø

ǰ óĆçîćĔîÙøĚÜĆ îĚéĊ üš ÷Ùüćö÷îĉ é÷Ċ ęĉÜÙøĆï

ÙčèîĞćđăÜǰ ǰǰ 5IBOLǰZPVǰGPSǰTVDIǰBǰXBSNǰXFMDPNFǰGSPNǰ5IBJǰ
ǰ ǰ PGųDFST ǰ8FǰGFFMǰIPOPSFEǰBOEǰEFMJHIUFEǰUPǰIBWFǰUIJTǰ
ǰ ǰ PQQPSUVOJUZǰUPǰXJUOFTTǰUIFǰĶ$PMMFDUJWFǰ.BSSJBHFǰ
ǰ ǰ 3FHJTUSBUJPOķǰFWFOUǰUPEBZ
ǰBOEǰXFĴWFǰIFBSEǰUIBUǰǰ

ǰ UIFSFǰBSFǰ ǰDPVQMFTǰQBSUJDJQBUJOHǰJOǰUIJTǰFWFOU
ǰ ×ĂïÙčèĔîÖćøêĂš îøĆïìĂęĊ ïĂŠîč ×ĂÜđÝćš ĀîšćìÝęĊ ćÖðøąđìýĕì÷

đßîŠ ÖĆîÙøĆïǰ óüÖđøćøÿšĎ ċÖđðîŨ đÖ÷Ċ øêĒĉ úąéĊĔÝĂ÷ŠćÜ÷ęÜĉ ìęĊöǰĊ
ǰ ǰ ēĂÖćÿĕéšöćøüŠ öĔîÜćîÝéìąđïĊ÷îÿöøÿĀöĔĎŠ îÙøÜĚĆ îĚǰĊ ǰ
ǰ ǰ àċÜę ìøćïüŠćöÙĊ ŠĎïŠćüÿćüĔĀÙš üćöÿîĔÝđךćøüŠ öÜćîëÜċ ǰ ǰÙĎŠ
ǰ ǰ ìĊđé÷Ċ ü

ðúéĆ Ăćüčēÿǰ ǰǰ 5IBUĴTǰDPSSFDU ǰ8FǰEJEǰBǰHPPEǰKPCǰPGǰQSPNPUJOHǰUIJTǰǰ

ǰ FWFOUǰUISPVHIǰBMMǰUZQFTǰPGǰNFEJB
ǰCPUIǰEPNFTUJDBMMZ
ǰ BOEǰJOUFSOBUJPOBMMZ ǰ5PEBZǰXFǰIBWFǰ ǰDPVQMFTǰǰ ǰ
ǰ GSPNǰ$BNCPEJB
ǰBOEǰBCPVUǰ ǰDPVQMFTǰPVUTJEFǰǰ ǰ

5IBJMBOEǰQBSUJDJQBUJOH ǰ5IJTǰJTǰBDUVBMMZǰPVSǰųSTUǰUJNFǰǰǰ
ǰ PSHBOJ[JOHǰUIJTǰFWFOU
ǰBOEǰTPǰGBSǰXFǰIBWFǰSFDFJWFEǰ
ǰ ǰ BǰQPTJUJWFǰGFFECBDL ǰ)PQFGVMMZ
ǰXFǰXJMMǰHFUǰBǰǰ ǰ
ǰ DIBODFǰUPǰDPOUJOVFǰUIJTǰFWFOUǰGPSǰTFWFSBMǰZFBSTǰUPǰǰ
ǰ DPNF

ǰ ǰ ÙøïĆ ǰ óüÖđøćĕéðš øąßćÿöĆ óĆîíŤÖćøÝéĆ ÜćîñŠćîÿČęĂêćŠ Üėǰ ìĚĆÜ
Ĕîðøąđìýĕì÷ĒúąðøąđìýĂîČę ėǰìęĆüēúÖǰēé÷öĊÙŠïĎ ćŠ üÿćüÝćÖ
ðøąđìýÖĆöóĎßćöćøŠüöÜćîëċÜǰ ǰÙĎǰŠ îĂÖÝćÖîîĚĆ ÷ÜĆ öĊÙïŠĎ ćŠ üÿćü
ÝćÖðøąđìýĂîČę ėǰìęĊÿîĔÝđךćøüŠ öÜćîëċÜǰ ǰÙŠĎéüš ÷ÖîĆ ǰ ēé÷Ĕî
ÖćøÝĆéÜćîÙøĚÜĆ îĚĊǰëČĂđðîŨ ÙøĚĆÜĒøÖǰĀćÖĕéøš ĆïÖćøêĂïøĆïéüš ÷éĊ
đߊîîĚǰĊ ÙÜÝąöĊēĂÖćÿÝéĆ ĔĀöš ×Ċ ċĚîĂÖĊ ǰĔîðŘêĂŠ ėĕðÙøïĆ


Ùèč îĞćđăÜǰ ǰ*ǰSFBMMZǰBENJSFǰZPVSǰJEFBǰGPSǰVTJOHǰUIFǰMPWFǰPGǰUIFǰ 35
ǰ CSJEFTǰBOEǰHSPPNTǰUPǰIFMQǰQSPNPUFǰUPVSJTNǰBMPOHǰ
UIFǰCPSEFSMJOF ǰ5IJTǰXJMMǰHJWFǰVTǰTPNFǰJEFBTǰPGǰIPXǰ
XFǰDPVMEǰBEBQUǰUIFǰDPODFQUǰUPǰIFMQǰEFWFMPQǰPVSǰ
PXOǰDPVOUSZ

ǰ ñö×ĂßîČę ßöĒîüÙéĉ ÖćøÝéĆ ÜćîĔîÙøĆĚÜîîĚĊ ąÙøïĆ ǰ ìęĔĊ ßšÙüćöøĆÖ
×ĂÜÙïŠĎ ŠćüÿćüöćðøąßćÿĆöóîĆ íÖŤ ćøìŠĂÜđìę÷Ċ üêćöĒîüßć÷Ēéî
×ĂÜðøąđìýĕì÷ĕéšđðŨîĂ÷ŠćÜéĊǰ àÜęċ đÝšćĀîćš ìĊęÝćÖòÜŦũ ÖöĆ óĎßćÝą
ĕéîš ĞćĒîüÙĉéîĊĚĕððøĆïĔßĔš îðøąđìý×ĂÜđøćêĂŠ ĕðÙøĆï


ðúĆéĂćüēč ÿǰ ǰǰ*UǰJTǰPVSǰQMFBTVSF ǰ8FǰIBWFǰUPǰHJWFǰDSFEJUǰUPǰ
ǰ ǰ 1JNDIBOPL
ǰUIFǰ"TTJTUBOUǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFSǰPGǰUIFǰ

3FHJTUSBUJPOǰBOEǰ*EFOUJųDBUJPOǰ$BSEǰ4FDUJPO
ǰGPSǰ
ǰ ǰ QSPQPTJOHǰ UIJTǰ QSPKFDU ǰ "OEǰ TQFDJBMǰ UIBOLTǰ HPǰ UPǰ BMMǰ

UIFǰPGųDFSTǰGSPNǰ$BNCPEJBǰGPSǰIBWJOHǰVTǰPWFSǰBUǰZPVSǰ
FWFOU
ǰ ǰ éšü÷Ùüćö÷ĉîéÙĊ øĆïǰǰêĂš Ü÷ÖÙüćöéĊÙüćößĂïĔĀðš úéĆ óĉöóŤßîÖǰ
ðúĆéĂĞćđõĂòść÷ìąđïĊ÷îĒúąïĆêøìęĊĕéšđÿîĂēÙøÜÖćøîĊĚ×ċĚîöćǰ
Ēúą×Ă×ĂïÙčèÙèąđÝšćĀîšćìĊęÝćÖÖĆöóĎßćìĊęĕéšĔĀšđÖĊ÷øêĉöćøŠüö
ÜćîĔîÙøĆĚÜîĚđĊ ðîŨ Ă÷ŠćÜÿĎÜÙøĆï


Ùèč îĞćđăÜǰ ǰ*UĴTǰPVSǰQMFBTVSF
ǰ ǰ éšü÷Ùüćö÷îĉ éÙĊ øïĆ

ÿëćîÖćøèŤìĊǰę

ðúĆéĂćüčēÿĂĞćđõĂÿÜïÿč×ĔĀšÖćøêšĂîøĆïđÝšćĀîšćìĊęÝćÖøĆåÖúĆîêĆîǰ ðøąđìý
öćđúđàĊ÷ǰǰđîĂČę ÜĔîēĂÖćÿÖćøöćđ÷ĂČ îĂćĞ đõĂÿÜïÿ×č ǰĂ÷ćŠ ÜđðŨîìćÜÖćø

ðúĆéĂćüēč ÿǰ ǰ)FMMP ǰ.ZǰOBNFǰJTǰ1JUTBOVǰ4PPLEFF ǰ*ĴNǰUIFǰ4FOJPSǰ
"TTJTUBOUǰ$IJFGǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFSǰBTǰ$IJFGǰPGǰ"ENJOJTUSBUJPO
(SPVQ ǰ8FĴEǰMJLFǰUPǰLJOEMZǰXFMDPNFǰBMMǰPGǰZPVǰUPǰ
4Bǰ/HPCǰ4VLǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDF
ǰ ǰ ÿüĆÿéĊÙøïĆ ǰñößČęĂóĉþèčǰÿ×č éǰĊ ðúĆéĂćĞ đõĂĀĆüĀîćš ÖúŠöč Üćî
ïøĀĉ ćøÖćøðÖÙøĂÜĂćĞ đõĂÿÜïÿ×č ǰ×ĂêĂš îøïĆ ìÖč ìćŠ îÿŠĎ
36 ìüęĊ ŠćÖćøĂćĞ đõĂÿÜïÿ×č éšü÷Ùüćö÷îĉ éĊ÷ĉęÜÙøïĆ


'JSTUǰBOEǰGPSFNPTU
ǰ*ĴEǰMJLFǰUPǰCSJFŴZǰHJWFǰZPVǰBǰ
CBDLHSPVOEǰPGǰ4Bǰ/HPCǰ4VLǰ%JTUSJDUǰ0GųDF ǰ4Bǰ/HPCǰ
4VLǰJTǰDPOTJEFSFEǰBǰMBSHFǰEJTUSJDU
ǰXIJDIǰDPOTJTUTǰPGǰ
ǰTVC EJTUSJDUT
ǰ ǰWJMMBHFT
ǰPOFǰ5PXOǰ.VOJDJQBMJUZ
ǰ
UISFFǰTVC %JTUSJDUǰ.VOJDJQBMJUJFTǰBOEǰ ǰTVC %JTUSJDU
"ENJOJTUSBUJWFǰ0SHBOJ[BUJPOT ǰ5IFǰQPQVMBUJPOǰJTǰ

ǰQFPQMF
ǰNPTUǰPGǰXIPNǰBSFǰGBSNFST
ǰBOEǰ
SBODIFST ǰ5IFǰNBKPSJUZǰBSFǰ#VEEIJTUT
(ĔîđïČĚĂÜêîš ñö×ĂÖúŠćüïøø÷ć÷ÿøčðÿĆîĚ ėǰđÖęĊ÷üÖïĆ ìüęĊ ŠćÖćø
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ðøąÝćĞ êĆüǰÙČĂǰēøÙĀüĆ ĔÝǰǰñöêĂš ÜóćĕðóïĀöĂïŠĂ÷ėǰǰ
úćŠ ÿčéđöČĂę ǰ ǰüĆîìęĒĊ úšüǰǰñö×Ăúćĕðđ÷÷ęĊ öâćêìĉ ęĊÖøčÜđìóĄǰǰ
óĂÖúïĆ öćëċÜđöĂČę đßšćǰÖđĘ ĀîĘ ÙčèíđîýîĂîđÿĊ÷ßĊüêĉ Ă÷ĔĎŠ î
ïšćîĒúüš ÙøïĆ ǰǰÿÜÿ÷Ć ÝąöĂĊ ćÖćøēøÙĀĆüĔÝÖĞćđøïĉ øąĀüćŠ ÜìĊę
ñöĕöĂŠ ÷ŠÙĎ øĆï

ðúĆéóĉöóߍ îÖǰ ǰ%JEǰIFǰIBWFǰBOZPOFǰMJWJOHǰXJUIǰIJNǰJOǰUIFǰIPVTF
ǰ ǰ ĒúšüñêšĎ ć÷öâĊ ćêĉóęĊîšĂÜìĂęĊ ćýĆ÷Ă÷ĎŠĔîïšćîđéĊ÷üÖîĆ ĕĀöÙą


îć÷üîĉ ǰĀöŠĂÜǰ ǰ/P
ǰNBĴBN ǰ)FĴEǰBMXBZTǰUPMEǰNFǰUIBUǰIFǰIBEǰǰ
ǰ OPǰTJCMJOHTǰPSǰSFMBUJWFT ǰ&BSMJFS
ǰIFǰIBEǰDBMMFEǰBOǰǰ
ǰ BUUPSOFZǰUPǰESBXǰVQǰBǰXJMMǰUPǰJOIFSJUǰBMMǰIJTǰXFBMUIǰǰ
ǰ UPǰUIFǰ,JEĴTǰ'SJFOEǰ'PVOEBUJPO
(ĕööŠ ĊÙøïĆ ǰđÝćš îć÷ñöïĂÖÖĆïñöêúĂéüŠćĕöŠöóĊ îĊę Ăš ÜĀøĂČ ǰ
ǰ âćêìĉ ęĕĊ ĀîǰǰĒúąÖĂŠ îĀîćš îìĚĊ ŠćîĕéšđøĊ÷Öìîć÷ÙüćööćìćĞ
ǰ óîĉ Ć÷ÖøøöđóĂęČ ÷ÖöøéÖĔĀÖš ïĆ öúĎ îĉíđĉ óęČĂîđéĘÖìĆĚÜĀöéÙøĆï
ǰ
42 ðúéĆ óĉöóŤßîÖǰ ǰ"MMǰSJHIU
ǰNBZǰ*ǰIBWFǰBǰDPQZǰPGǰIJTǰJEFOUJųDBUJPOǰǰ

ǰ DBSEǰPSǰPUIFSǰLJOETǰPGǰJEFOUJųDBUJPOǰBVUIPSJ[FEǰǰ
ǰ CZǰUIFǰHPWFSONFOU
ǰBǰDPQZǰPGǰZPVSǰHSFFOǰDBSEǰPSǰǰ
ǰ QBTTQPSUǰBOEǰBǰDPQZǰPGǰUIFǰIPVTFǰSFHJTUSBUJPOǰPGǰǰ
ǰ UIFǰEFBUIǰQFSTPO
ǰQMFBTF
ǰ ǰ ÜîĚĆ éĉÞîĆ ×ĂÿćĞ đîćïêĆ øðøąÝĞćêüĆ ðøąßćßîĀøČĂïĆêøĂęîČ
ǰ ǰ ìęìĊ ćÜøćßÖćøĂĂÖĔĀš×ĂÜñĎêš ć÷ǰÿĞćđîćïêĆ øðøąÝćĞ êĆü
ǰ ÙîêŠćÜéćš üĀøĂČ ÿćĞ đîćĀîĆÜÿČĂđéîĉ ìćÜ×ĂÜÙčèǰĒúąÿćĞ đîć
ǰ ìąđïĊ÷îïćš î×ĂÜñêšĎ ć÷ǰðøąÖĂïÖćøĒÝšÜéüš ÷ÙąŠ


îć÷üĉîǰĀöŠĂÜǰ ǰ)FSFǰBSFǰBMMǰUIFǰEPDVNFOUT ǰ*TǰUIFSFǰBOZǰGFFǰUPǰJU
ǰǰ
ǰ ǰ NBĴBN
ǰ îÙęĊ øïĆ đĂÖÿćøǰǰĕöìŠ øćïüćŠ öÙĊ ćŠ íøøöđî÷Ċ öÖćøĒÝÜš ĕĀöÙøïĆ ǰǰ
ǰ ÙčèðúĆé


ðúéĆ óĉöóߍ îÖǰ ǰ5IFSFĴTǰOPǰGFFǰGPSǰUIJT
ǰ ǰ ĕöŠöĊÙŠą


îć÷üĉîǰĀöŠĂÜǰ ǰǰ5IBOLǰZPV
ǰNBEBN
ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙčèÙøĆï
ǰǰǰ

ÿëćîÖćøèŤìĊǰę ǰÖćøĒÝÜš ÷ćš ÷

ĀúĆÜÝćÖĂĂÖĔïöøèïĆêø×ĂÜîć÷íđîýǰ ĔĀĒš ÖŠîć÷üĉîǰ ĀöŠĂÜǰ đø÷Ċ ïøĂš ÷Ēúšüǰ
/VSFFZBIǰ ĀîċęÜĔîÙèąñĎýš Öċ þćéÜĎ ćîÖĘđ×ćš öćÿĂïëćöøć÷úąđĂ÷Ċ éđÖę÷Ċ üÖĆïÖćøĒÝÜš ÷ćš ÷ǰ
ìęĊĂ÷ĎŠêćöÖãĀöć÷ĕì÷ÖïĆ ðúéĆ óöĉ óŤßîÖ

/VSFFZBIǰ ǰ)FMMP
ǰ1JNDIBOPL ǰ.ZǰOBNFǰJTǰ/VSFFZBI ǰ
ǰ ǰ +VTUǰBǰNPNFOUǰBHP
ǰ*ǰPCTFSWFEǰUIFǰQSPDFEVSFǰǰ
ǰ PGǰCJSUIǰBOEǰEFBUIǰSFQPSU ǰ*ǰXBOUFEǰUPǰLOPXǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ ǰ EFUBJMTǰPGǰBǰNPWJOHǰSFQPSUǰJOǰ5IBJMBOE ǰ)PXǰEPFTǰǰ
ǰ ǰ UIBUǰXPSL
ǰ ÿüĆÿéĊÙŠąÙèč óöĉ óߍ îÖǰéÞĉ ĆîßęĂČ ǰ/VSFFZBIǰǰđöĂČę ÿĆÖÙøǰĎŠ
ǰ ĕéđš ĀîĘ ×ĚĆîêĂî×ĂÜÖćøĒÝÜš đÖéĉ ĒúąĒÝšÜêć÷ĒúšüǰĂ÷ćÖ 43
ǰ ÿĂïëćöøć÷úąđĂ÷Ċ éđÖĊę÷üÖĆïÖćøĒÝÜš ÷šć÷ìęĂĊ ÷ŠĎêćöǰ ǰ
ǰ ÖãĀöć÷ĕì÷ÙąŠ


ðúéĆ óöĉ óߍ îÖǰ ǰ8FMM
ǰUIFSFǰBSFǰUXPǰDPNNPOǰUZQFTǰPGǰUIFǰ
ǰ ǰ NPWJOHǰSFQPSUT
ǰBDDPSEJOHǰUPǰUIFǰ5IBJǰMBX ǰPOFǰǰ
ǰ ǰ JTǰUIFǰPSEJOBSZǰNPWJOHǰSFQPSU ǰZPVǰDBOǰEPǰUIBUǰǰ
ǰ ǰ BUǰUIFǰ3FHJTUSBUJPOǰ0GųDF
ǰBOEǰUIFǰPUIFSǰJTǰ
ǰ NPWJOHǰSFQPSUǰBUǰBǰUFSNJOBMǰQPJOU
ǰ ÖćøĒÝšÜ÷šć÷ìĂęĊ ÷ŠĎêćöÖãĀöć÷ĕì÷ǰöǰĊ ǰðøąđõìǰÙĂČ ǰǰǰ
ǰ ÖćøĒÝšÜ÷ćš ÷ÖøèðĊ Öêǰĉ èǰÿćĞ îÖĆ ìąđï÷Ċ îǰǰĒúąÖćøĒÝÜš ÷šć÷
ǰ ðúć÷ìćÜÙŠą


.T ǰ/VSFFZBIǰ ǰ*OǰUIFǰPSEJOBSZǰNPWJOHǰSFQPSU
ǰXIBUǰJTǰUIFǰ
ǰ ǰ QSPDFEVSFǰMJLF
ǰ ǰ ÖćøĒÝÜš ÷ćš ÷ÖøèðĊ Öêǰĉ öĊĀúĆÖđÖèæŤĂ÷ŠćÜĕøïćš ÜÙą


ðúĆéóĉöóŤßîÖǰ ǰ*OǰDBTFǰPGǰNPWJOHǰPVUǰPGǰPOFĴTǰIPNF
ǰUIFǰQFSTPOǰǰ
ǰ ǰ NVTUǰSFQPSUǰUIFǰDIBOHFǰPGǰEPNJDJMFǰUPǰBOǰPGųDFSǰǰ
ǰ XJUIJOǰ ǰEBZT
ǰDPVOUJOHǰGSPNǰUIFǰEBZǰPGǰNPWJOHǰǰ
ǰ PVUǰPSǰJOUPǰBOPUIFS
ǰ ÖøèĊöĊÖćø÷ćš ÷đךćĀøČĂ÷šć÷ĂĂÖÝćÖïćš îĔéǰđÝšćïćš îÝąǰ
ǰ êĂš ÜĒÝÜš êŠĂîć÷ìąđïĊ÷îõć÷Ĕîǰ ǰüĆîǰǰîïĆ ÝćÖüĆîìĊęöÖĊ ćøǰ
ǰ ÷šć÷đךćĀøĂČ ÷šć÷ĂĂÖÙŠą

/VSFFZBIǰ ǰǰ8IBUǰLJOEǰPGǰEPDVNFOUTǰUIBUǰUIFZǰOFFEǰUPǰ
ǰ ǰ QSFTFOU
ǰ ǰ ĔßĀš úÖĆ åćîĂąĕøïćš ÜÙą


ðúĆéóöĉ óߍ îÖǰ ǰ5IFZǰIBWFǰUPǰQSFQBSFǰUIFǰPXOFSĴTǰDPQZǰPGǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ IPVTFǰSFHJTUSBUJPO
ǰUIFJSǰJEFOUJųDBUJPOǰDBSEǰPSǰǰǰ
ǰ TPNFǰJEFOUJųDBUJPOǰEPDVNFOUǰBVUIPSJ[FEǰCZǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ HPWFSONFOUǰPGǰCPUIǰUIFǰNPWFSǰBOE PSǰUIFǰQSPYZǰǰ
ǰ JOǰDBTFǰPGǰBTTJHOJOHǰBVUIPSJUZ
ǰXJUIǰBǰDPNQMFUFEǰ
ǰ ǰ DIBOHFǰPGǰBEESFTTǰGPSNǰUPǰQSFTFOUǰUPǰUIFǰ
ǰ ǰ PGųDJBM
44 ǰ ǰ ĔßšÿĞćđîćìąđï÷Ċ îïćš îǰÞïĆïđÝšćïšćîǰ ǰïĆêøðøąÝćĞ êĆü
ǰ ðøąßćßîĀøĂČ ïĆêøĂîČę ìĊęìćÜøćßÖćøĂĂÖĔĀך ĂÜñĎĒš ÝÜš Öćøǰ
ǰ ÷ćš ÷Ēúą×ĂÜñšöĎ ĂïĂćĞ îćÝǰ ÖøèöĊ ĊÖćøöĂïĂćĞ îćÝ
ǰǰĒúą
ǰ ĔïĒÝšÜ÷ćš ÷ǰ ìø ǰêĂîǰ

ǰÙąŠ


/VSFFZBIǰ ǰ"OEǰIPXǰBCPVUǰUIFǰDBTFǰPGǰNPWJOHǰSFQPSUǰBUǰBǰǰ
ǰ UFSNJOBMǰQPJOU ǰ8IBUĴTǰUIFǰQSPDFEVSFǰMJLF
ǰ ÖøèÖĊ ćøĒÝÜš ÷šć÷ðúć÷ìćÜúąŠ ÙąǰöĀĊ úĆÖđÖèæĂŤ ÷ŠćÜĕøïšćÜ


ðúéĆ óöĉ óŤßîÖǰ ǰ*OǰUIFǰDBTFǰPGǰNPWJOHǰSFQPSUǰBUǰBǰUFSNJOBMǰQPJOU
ǰǰ
ǰ ǰ UIFǰNPWFSǰDBOǰSFQPSUǰUIJTǰUPǰUIFǰ3FHJTUSBUJPOǰǰǰ
ǰ ǰ 0GųDFǰJOǰUIFǰEJTUSJDUǰUIFZĴSFǰNPWJOHǰJO
ǰXJUIPVUǰǰ
ǰ ǰ IBWJOHǰUPǰUSBWFMǰBOEǰSFQPSUǰBǰDIBOHFǰJOǰUIFǰ
ǰ QSFWJPVTǰIPVTFǰSFHJTUSBUJPO
ǰ ÖøèÖĊ ćøĒÝšÜ÷ćš ÷ðúć÷ìćÜǰǰñš÷Ď ćš ÷ìĊęĂ÷ĎÿŠ ćöćøëĕð
ǰ ĒÝšÜ÷šć÷ĂĂÖĒúą÷šć÷đךćǰèǰÿĞćîĆÖìąđï÷Ċ îìšĂÜìęĊĒĀÜŠ ìĊęĂ÷ŠĎ
ǰ ĔĀöéŠ šü÷êîđĂÜǰǰēé÷ĕöêŠ Ăš Üđéîĉ ìćÜĕðĒÝÜš ÷ćš ÷ĂĂÖÝćÖǰ
ǰ ìąđï÷Ċ îïćš îđéĉöÙąŠ


/VSFFZBIǰ ǰ0I ǰ5IBUĴTǰWFSZǰDPOWFOJFOUǰBOEǰDPTU FGGFDUJWF ǰǰ
ǰ ǰ "OEǰXIBUǰLJOEǰPGǰEPDVNFOUTǰUIFZǰOFFEǰUPǰ
ǰ ǰ QSFQBSFǰJOǰUIJTǰDBTF
ǰ ǰ ēĂ š ǰëČĂüćŠ đðîŨ üíĉ ĊÖćøìĊęÿąéüÖĒúąðøąĀ÷éĆ ÙŠćĔßÝš ćŠ ÷öćÖǰ
ǰ đú÷îąÙąǰǰĒúüš ÖćøĒÝÜš ÷šć÷ðúć÷ìćÜêšĂÜĔßĀš úÖĆ åćîǰ ǰ
ǰ ĂąĕøðøąÖĂïïćš ÜÙą

ðúĆéóöĉ óߍ îÖǰ ǰ5IFZǰOFFEǰUPǰQSFQBSFǰUIFǰPXOFSĴTǰDPQZǰPGǰUIFǰǰ 45
ǰ IPVTFǰSFHJTUSBUJPOǰUIBUǰUIFǰSFQPSUJOHǰQFSTPOǰJTǰǰ
ǰ ǰ NPWJOHǰJOUP
ǰBOEǰBMTPǰBǰDPQZǰPGǰUIFǰIPVTFǰ
ǰ SFHJTUSBUJPOǰUIBUǰUIFZĴSFǰNPWJOHǰPVUǰGSPN
ǰBǰDPQZ
ǰ ǰ PGǰUIFJSǰJEFOUJųDBUJPOǰDBSEǰBOEǰBǰDPQZǰPGǰUIFǰǰ ǰ
PXOFSǰPGǰUIFǰOFXǰIPVTFĴTǰJEFOUJųDBUJPOǰDBSE
ǰǰ
/VSFFZBIǰ ǰ BTǰXFMMǰBTǰUIFǰPXOFSĴTǰMFUUFSǰPGǰBDDFQUBODFǰGPSǰǰ
ǰ ǰ NPWJOHǰJOUPǰUIFJSǰIPVTF
ðúĆéóöĉ óŤßîÖǰ ǰ ÿĞćđîćìąđï÷Ċ îïšćîǰÞïĆïđÝšćïćš îǰ×ĂÜïšćîìęÝĊ ąĒÝÜš ÷šć÷
ǰ ǰ đךćǰĒúąïšćîìĊęÝąĒÝÜš ÷ćš ÷ĂĂÖǰ ǰÿĞćđîćïêĆ øðøąÝćĞ êüĆ
ǰ ǰ ðøąßćßî×ĂÜñšĒĎ ÝšÜ÷šć÷ðúć÷ìćÜǰĒúą×ĂÜđÝćš ïšćîìǰĊę ǰ
/VSFFZBIǰ ǰ ÝąĒÝÜš ÷šć÷đ×ćš ǰĒúąĀîÜĆ ÿČĂĒÿéÜÙüćö÷îĉ ÷ĂöĔĀ÷š šć÷đךćǰ
ǰ ǰ ×ĂÜđÝšćïšćîÙą

ðúĆéóöĉ óߍ îÖǰ ǰ*TǰUIFSFǰBOZǰGFFǰGPSǰUIBU
ǰ ǰ öĊÙŠćíøøöđî÷Ċ öÖćøĒÝšÜ÷šć÷öĆ÷Ě Ùą

ǰ5IFǰGFFǰGPSǰUIFǰDBTFǰPGǰNPWJOHǰSFQPSUǰBUǰBǰ
ǰ UFSNJOBMǰQPJOUǰJTǰ ǰCBIU
ǰNBĴBN
ǰ ÙŠćíøøöđî÷Ċ öĒÝÜš ÷ćš ÷ðúć÷ìćÜǰ ǰïćìÙŠą

ǰ5IBOLǰZPVǰTPǰNVDIǰGPSǰUIFǰJOGPSNBUJPO
ǰ ×ĂïÙčèöćÖÙąŠ ǰÿćĞ ĀøĆï×Ăš öúĎ

ǰ8JUIǰNZǰQMFBTVSFǰNBĴBN
ǰ éšü÷Ùüćö÷ĉîéÙĊ Šą

ÿëćîÖćøèìŤ Ċęǰ ǰÖćøÝéìąđï÷Ċ îÿöøÿ
øąĀüŠćÜîĆîĚ öǰĊ 3PCFSUǰ ßć÷ßćüĂĆÜÖùþĕéšđ×ćš öćÿĂïëćöøć÷úąđĂ÷Ċ éđøęĂČ ÜÖćøÝé
ìąđïĊ÷îÿöøÿǰǰðúĆéóöĉ óŤßîÖÝÜċ ×ĂêĆüĕðĔĀšïøĉÖćøðøąßćßî

ðúĆéóöĉ óߍ îÖǰ ǰ )FMMP ǰ.ZǰOBNFǰJTǰ1JNDIBOPL
ǰ*ĴNǰǰ"TTJTUBOUǰ$IJFGǰ
ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ %JTUSJDUǰ0GųDFS
ǰJOǰDIBSHFǰPGǰUIFǰ3FHJTUSBUJPOǰBOEǰǰ
ǰ *EFOUJųDBUJPOǰ$BSEǰ4FDUJPO ǰ)PXǰNBZǰ*ǰIFMQǰZPVǰǰ
ǰ UPEBZ
46 ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ ÿüĆÿéÙĊ ŠąǰǰéÞĉ îĆ ßĂęČ óöĉ óߍ îÖǰǰđðîŨ ðúĆéĂćĞ đõĂñøĎš ïĆ ñéĉ ßĂï
òść÷ìąđï÷Ċ îĒúąïĆêøǰöĂĊ ąĕøĔĀéš Þĉ ĆîßüŠ ÷ĕĀöÙą


3PCFSUǰ ǰ ǰǰ)FMMP ǰ.ZǰOBNFǰJTǰ3PCFSU
ǰGSPNǰ&OHMBOE ǰ*ǰXPVMEǰǰ
ǰǰ ǰ ǰ MJLFǰUPǰSFHJTUFSǰGPSǰBǰNBSSJBHFǰDFSUJųDBUFǰXJUIǰNZǰǰ
ǰǰ ǰ ǰ 5IBJǰųBOD«F
ǰTPǰ*ǰXPVMEǰMJLFǰUPǰBTLǰGPSǰUIFǰ
ǰ JOGPSNBUJPOǰBCPVUǰUIJT

(ÿüĆÿéĊÙøïĆ ǰñößĂČę ēøđïøĉ ŤêǰđðŨîßćüĂÜĆ ÖùþǰǰñööÙĊ üćöǰ ǰ
ǰ ðøąÿÜÙÝŤ ąÝéìąđï÷Ċ îÿöøÿÖïĆ ÙĀŠĎ öĆĚîàċÜę đðîŨ ßćüĕì÷ǰǰ
ǰ ÝÜċ öćÿĂïëćöøć÷úąđĂ÷Ċ éÙøïĆ


ðúĆéóöĉ óߍ îÖǰ ǰǰ"MMǰSJHIU
ǰIPXǰPMEǰJTǰZPVSǰųBOD«F
(ĕöìŠ øćïüćŠ Ùèč ĒúąÙĀŠĎ öĚĆîĂć÷čđìŠćĕĀøĒŠ úüš Ùą


3PCFSUǰ ǰ ǰǰ*ĴNǰ
ǰBOEǰNZǰųBOD«FǰJTǰ ǰZFBSTǰPME
ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ ñöĂć÷ǰč ǰðǰŘ ǰÿüŠ îÙĎŠĀöĚîĆ ñöǰĂć÷čǰ ǰðǰŘ ÙøïĆ


ðúĆéóĉöóߍ îÖǰǰǰ ǰǰ"DDPSEJOHǰUPǰUIFǰ5IBJǰMBX
ǰCPUIǰPGǰZPVǰIBWFǰǰ ǰ
ǰ SFBDIFEǰUIFǰMFHBMǰBHF
ǰTPǰZPVǰDBOǰHFUǰBǰNBSSJBHFǰǰ
ǰ DFSUJųDBUF

ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ êćöÖãĀöć÷ĕì÷ǰëĂČ üćŠ Ùèč ìĆÜĚ ÙïŠĎ øøúîč ĉêõĉ ćüąĒúüš ǰǰǰ ǰ
ǰ ÿćöćøëÝéìąđïĊ÷îÿöøÿĕéšÙŠą
ǰ

3PCFSUǰ ǰ ǰǰ8IBUǰEPDVNFOUTǰEPǰ*ǰOFFEǰUPǰTVCNJU
ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ ñöêĂš ÜĔßšĀúĆÖåćîĂąĕøïćš ÜÙøĆï

ðúéĆ óĉöóߍ îÖǰ ǰǰ:PVǰOFFEǰUPǰQSFQBSFǰUIFǰGPMMPXJOHǰEPDVNFOUT
ǰǰ ǰ ǰ đĂÖÿćøìĊęĔßöš éĊ ĆÜîĚĊÙŠą

ǰǰ ǰ -­ :PVSǰJEFOUJųDBUJPOǰDBSEǰPSǰBOZǰPUIFSǰUZQFǰPGǰǰ
ǰǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ JEFOUJųDBUJPOǰBVUIPSJ[FEǰCZǰUIFǰHPWFSONFOUǰ JOǰǰ
ǰ ǰ DBTFǰPGǰBǰ5IBJǰQFSTPO

(ïêĆ øðøąÝćĞ êĆüðøąßîĀøĂČ ïêĆ øĂîęČ ììĊę ćÜøćßÖćøĂĂÖĔĀǰš
ǰ ǰ ÖøèĊßćüĕì÷

-­ :PVSǰIPVTFǰSFHJTUSBUJPO
(ÿĞćđîćìąđïĊ÷îïšćî

-­ :PVSǰQBTTQPSUǰ JOǰDBTFǰPGǰBǰGPSFJHOFS

ǰBOE
(ÿćĞ đîćĀîÜĆ ÿČĂđéĉîìćÜǰÖøèßĊ ćüêŠćÜðøąđìýǰĒúą
47

-­ :PVSǰDFSUJųDBUFǰPGǰDJWJMǰTUBUVTǰGSPNǰUIFǰ
ǰ ǰ FNCBTTZǰPSǰUIFǰDPOTVMBUFǰPGǰZPVSǰDPVOUSZǰ
ǰ ǰ JOǰDBTFǰPGǰBǰGPSFJHOFS

(ĀîÜĆ ÿČĂøïĆ øĂÜÿëćîõćóïÙč ÙúÝćÖÿëćîìêĎ ĀøĂČ ÿëćîǰ
ǰ ǰ ÖÜÿúč ǰóøĂš öÙćĞ ĒðúǰǰÖøèĊßćüêćŠ ÜðøąđìýǰÙąŠ


3PCFSUǰ ǰ ǰ )PXǰBCPVUǰUIFǰVTBHFǰPGǰUIFǰTVSOBNF
ǰXIBUĴTǰUIFǰǰ
ǰǰ ǰ ǰ QSPDFEVSFǰGPSǰUIBU
ǰ Ēúüš ÖćøĔßšîćöÿÖúč úąŠ ÙøïĆ ǰöĊĀúÖĆ ÖćøĂ÷ćŠ Üĕø


ðúéĆ óöĉ óŤßîÖǰǰǰǰ ǰǰ 5IFǰTQPVTFǰDBOǰDIPPTFǰCFUXFFOǰDPOUJOVJOHǰUPǰǰ
ǰ VTFǰIFSǰQSFTFOUǰTVSOBNF
ǰPSǰVTFǰZPVSǰTVSOBNF

ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ ÙĎŠÿöøÿÿćöćøëđúČĂÖĕéÙš ŠąüŠćÝąĔßîš ćöÿÖúč đéöĉ ĀøČĂđúČĂÖǰ
ǰ ĔßšîćöÿÖúč ×ĂÜÙèč ÖĕĘ éÙš ąŠ


3PCFSUǰ ǰ ǰǰ 5IBOLǰZPVǰGPSǰZPVSǰBEWJDF
ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙèč öćÖÙøĆïǰÿćĞ ĀøĆïÙĞćĒîąîćĞ


ðúéĆ óöĉ óŤßîÖǰ ǰǰ .ZǰQMFBTVSF
ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ éüš ÷Ùüćö÷îĉ éÙĊ Šą

ÿëćîÖćøèìŤ ǰĊę ǰ ǰǰÖćøÝéìąđï÷Ċ îĀ÷Šć

"OOZǰ êšĂÜÖćøĀ÷Šć×ćéÝćÖÿöđÖ÷Ċ øêǰĉ ÿćößĊ ćüĕì÷ǰ ÝÜċ ĕéĕš ðéćĞ đîĉîÖćøÝé
ìąđï÷Ċ îĀ÷ćŠ ìęĊÿćĞ îÖĆ ìąđïĊ÷îĂĞćđõĂïćÜøąïČĂǰēé÷öĊðúéĆ Ăõßĉ ćêǰðúĆéĂćĞ đõĂĀĆüĀîšćòść÷
ìąđï÷Ċ îĒúąïĆêøéćĞ đîîĉ ÖćøĔĀš

ðúĆéĂõĉßćêǰ ǰ )FMMP ǰ)PXǰNBZǰ*ǰIFMQǰZPVǰUPEBZ
ǰ ǰ ÿüÿĆ éĊÙøïĆ ǰüĆîîĚĊöĊĂąĕøĔĀñš ößüŠ ÷ĕĀöÙøĆï


"OOZǰ ǰǰ.ZǰIVTCBOEǰBOEǰ*ǰBHSFFEǰUPǰSFHJTUFSǰGPSǰBǰEJWPSDF
ǰ ǰ DFSUJųDBUF

48 (éĉÞĆîÖĆïÿćöĊöćÝéìąđï÷Ċ îĀ÷ćŠ ÙąŠ


ðúéĆ Ăõßĉ ćêǰ ǰǰ4PSSZǰUPǰIFBSǰUIBU
ǰCVUǰIBWFǰZPVǰCPUIǰDBSFGVMMZǰǰ ǰ
ǰ UIPVHIUǰUISPVHIǰUIJTǰCFDBVTFǰBǰEJWPSDFǰNBZǰOPUǰCFǰǰ
ǰ UIFǰTPMVUJPOǰGPSǰFWFSZǰQSPCMFN
(ÙčèìÜĚĆ ǰ ǰÙîĕéúš ĂÜðøĆïÙüćöđ×ćš ĔÝÖĆîĀøĂČ ÷ÜĆ ÙøïĆ ǰïćÜìÖĊ ćøǰ
ǰ Ā÷Šćøćš ÜĂćÝÝąĕöŠĔßÖŠ ćøĒÖðš âŦ ĀćìÖč Ă÷ŠćÜîąÙøĆï


"OOZǰ ǰǰ8FǰIBWFǰUSJFEǰTFWFSBMǰUJNFTǰUPǰBEBQUǰUPǰFBDIǰǰ ǰ
ǰ PUIFS
ǰCVUǰPVSǰNJOETFUTǰBSFǰWFSZǰEJGGFSFOU
ǰUIBUĴTǰXIZǰ

ǰ ǰ XFĴWFǰPGUFOǰIBEǰBSHVNFOUT ǰ*GǰXFǰDPOUJOVFEǰPO
ǰXFǰǰ
ǰ XPVMEǰPOMZǰLFFQǰIVSUJOHǰFBDIǰPUIFSĴTǰGFFMJOHT

ǰ ǰ đøćìÜĚĆ ÙĎđŠ Ù÷ðøĆïÙüćöđ×ćš ĔÝÖîĆ öćĀúć÷ÙøÜĚĆ Ēúüš ÙąŠ ǰĒêìŠ ýĆ îÙêĉǰ
ǰ ĕöŠêøÜÖĆîǰìćĞ ĔĀöš ĊðâŦ ĀćÖîĆ öćêúĂéǰëšć÷ÜĆ éîĆ ìčøĆÜêĂŠ ĕðÖĘöĊĒêŠ
ǰ ÝąìĞćøšć÷ÝĉêĔÝÖĆîđðúŠćėÙąŠ


ÿöđÖ÷Ċ øêǰĉ ǰǰ8FĴWFǰIBEǰNBOZǰJTTVFT
ǰGPSǰFYBNQMF
ǰDPNNVOJDBUJPOT

EJGGFSFOUǰDVMUVSFTǰBOEǰEJGGFSFOUǰXBZTǰPGǰMJGF ǰ*UǰTUBSUFE

ǰ GSPNǰTNBMMǰQSPCMFNT
ǰCVUǰUIFZǰLFQUǰHFUUJOHǰCJHHFS ǰǰ
ǰ &WFOǰUIPVHIǰXFĴEǰUSJFEǰUPǰXPSLǰPOǰUIFN
ǰOPUIJOHǰǰ
ǰ IBTǰJNQSPWFE ǰ4PǰXFǰUIJOLǰJUĴTǰCFTUǰGPSǰCPUIǰPGǰVTǰUPǰǰ
ǰ HPǰPVSǰXBZTǰBOEǰCBTJDBMMZǰTUBSUǰPVSǰOFXǰMJWFT

(đøćöĊðâŦ ĀćÖĆîĀúć÷Ă÷ćŠ ÜÙøĆïǰìÜĚĆ ÖćøÿęĂČ ÿćøǰüĆçîíøøöǰǰ ǰ
ǰ ÙüćöđðŨîĂ÷ìŠĎ ĒęĊ êÖêćŠ ÜÖîĆ ǰÝćÖðŦâĀćđúÖĘ îĂš ÷ǰÙĂŠ ÷ėǰÿąÿöǰǰ
ǰ ĒúąúčÖúćöÖúć÷đðîŨ ðâŦ ĀćĔĀâŠêćööćǰìĚÜĆ ìđĊę øćìÜĚĆ ÙĎóŠ ÷ć÷ćöǰ
ǰ ðøïĆ Ùüćöđ×ćš ĔÝÖîĆ ĒúšüǰĒêŠÖĘ÷ĆÜĕöéŠ ×Ċ îċĚ ǰÖćøĀ÷ćŠ ǰÝċÜđðŨîǰ ǰ
ǰ ìćÜĂĂÖìéęĊ ìĊ Ċÿę čéÙøĆïǰđóČęĂĔĀšĒêúŠ ąÙîĕéđš øĉęöêîš ßĊüĉêĔĀöŠ

ðúéĆ Ăõßĉ ćêǰ ǰǰ"MMǰSJHIUǰUIFO
ǰJGǰCPUIǰPGǰZPVǰBSFǰXJMMJOHǰUPǰHFUǰ
ǰ ǰ EJWPSDFE
ǰ*ǰTIBMMǰQSPDFFEǰBDDPSEJOHMZ ǰ%PǰZPVǰIBWFǰǰ
ǰ ǰ DIJMESFOǰUPHFUIFS
ǰ đĂćúąŠ ÙøïĆ ǰđöĂČę Ùèč ǰ ǰÙîǰÿöĆÙøĔÝìÝęĊ ąÝéìąđïĊ÷îĀ÷ćŠ ÖîĆ ǰǰ
ǰ ñöÖĘÝąéćĞ đîîĉ ÖćøĔĀšǰǰĕöŠìøćïüćŠ Ùèč ìĆĚÜÙĎöŠ Ċïêč øéüš ÷ÖîĆ ö÷ĆĚ ÙøïĆ


"OOZ ÿöđÖ÷Ċ øêǰĉ ǰ/P
ǰTJS
ǰ ǰ ĕööŠ ǰĊ ÙŠą ÙøïĆ


ðúéĆ Ăõĉßćêǰ ǰ"OEǰEPǰZPVǰIBWFǰBOZǰTIBSFEǰXFBMUI 49
ǰ ǰ öĊÿîĉ ÿöøÿøüŠ öÖĆîöĚ÷Ć ÙøĆï


"OOZǰ ǰ/P
ǰTJS
ǰ ǰ ĕööŠ ĊÙŠą


ðúĆéĂõĉßćêǰ ǰ.BZǰ*ǰIBWFǰBǰDPQZǰPGǰZPVSǰJEFOUJųDBUJPOǰDBSEǰPSǰǰ ǰ
ǰ ǰ QBTTQPSUǰBOEǰZPVSǰNBSSJBHFǰDFSUJųDBUFǰUPǰQSPDFFEǰǰ
ǰ GVSUIFS
ǰQMFBTF
ǰ øïÖüî×ĂđĂÖÿćøǰÿćĞ đîćïêĆ øðøąÝĞćêüĆ ðøąßćßî ÿĞćđîć
ǰ óćÿðĂøêŤ ǰĒúąìąđïĊ÷îÿöøÿǰðøąÖĂïÖćøÝéìąđï÷Ċ îĀ÷ćŠ ǰ
ǰ éüš ÷ÙøïĆ


"OOZ ÿöđÖĊ÷øêǰĉ ǰ)FSFǰZPVǰHP
ǰTJS
ǰ ǰ îĊÙę ąŠ ÙøĆï


ÿöđÖĊ÷øêǰĉ ǰ"OEǰJTǰUIFSFǰBOZǰGFF
ǰ ǰ öĊÙćŠ íøøöđî÷Ċ ööĆĚ÷ÙøïĆ


ðúéĆ Ăõĉßćêǰ ǰ5IFSFǰJTǰOPǰGFFǰGPSǰHFUUJOHǰBǰEJWPSDFǰDFSUJųDBUFǰBUǰUIFǰǰ
ǰ ǰ SFHJTUSBUJPOǰPGųDF
ǰ ÖćøĀ÷ŠćìęÿĊ ćĞ îĆÖìąđï÷Ċ îĕöŠöÙĊ ŠćíøøöđîĊ÷öÙøïĆ


ÿöđÖĊ÷øêĉ "OOZǰ ǰ5IBOLǰZPV
ǰTJS
ǰ ǰ ×ĂïÙèč ÙøïĆ ÙŠą