Innovative Technology
Designer Explorer
Computational
Thinker
Robot Digital
Programmer Citizen
Empowered Knowledge
Learner Constructor
Second Edition
ICTECH
Computing
D e v el oped By:
EdTech Department
The City School
Acknowledgements
Project Lead
General Manager Education Technology
Project Team
EDTECH Department
&
Regional Computing Curriculum Leaders
Group Head Office: 31 – Industrial Area, Guru Mangat Road,
Gulberg III, Lahore, Pakistan.
Ph: +92 (42) 111 444 123
Fax: +92 (42) 35773065
Website: www.thecityschool.edu.pk
The entire computing curriculum is mapped with the attainment levels of the
UK National Curriculum, ICDL and ISTE Student Standards 2017-2018.
ICDL
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any part by any
means at any time.
Internet Search Techniques & e-Safety ................................................................... 11
1.1. What is a Search Engine? .......................................................................................................................................................................12
1.2. How do Search Engines Work? ...........................................................................................................................................................12
1.3. Internet Searching Strategies ...............................................................................................................................................................13
1.4. Ethical Citation ...................................................................................................................................................................................................15
1.5. Digital Citizenship ............................................................................................................................................................................................15
1.6. Digital Resilience ..............................................................................................................................................................................................16
1.7. Cyber Bullying ....................................................................................................................................................................................................16
1.8. Fake News .............................................................................................................................................................................................................17
1.9. Pop-up Blocking ...............................................................................................................................................................................................17
able of Contents
1.10. Live Streaming ...................................................................................................................................................................................................18
1.11. Password Protection .....................................................................................................................................................................................19
1.12. Privacy Protection ..........................................................................................................................................................................................19
Advance Imaging .............................................................................................................22
2.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................23
2.2. What are Raster Graphics? ....................................................................................................................................................................23
2.3. Adobe Photoshop Interface ...................................................................................................................................................................24
2.4. Understanding Layers in Photoshop..............................................................................................................................................26
2.5. Selection Tools in Photoshop ................................................................................................................................................................27
T 2.6. Resolution, Color Mode and Color Adjustment .....................................................................................................................28
2.7. Resizing Image, Enlarging, and Compressing ........................................................................................................................30
2.8. Image Adjustments and Enhancements .....................................................................................................................................31
2.9. Gradient Fill .........................................................................................................................................................................................................32
2.10. Border, Shadow, Bevel and Emboss ...............................................................................................................................................34
2.11. Scale and Rotate .............................................................................................................................................................................................37
2.12. Layer Opacity and Blending..................................................................................................................................................................37
2.13. Layer Blending ..................................................................................................................................................................................................38
2.14. Hue and Saturation .......................................................................................................................................................................................39
2.15. Perspective crop tool ...................................................................................................................................................................................40
2.16. Retouch Tools .....................................................................................................................................................................................................41
2.17. Saving Images for Print Media ............................................................................................................................................................42
2.18. Saving Images for Web .............................................................................................................................................................................43
Handling Databases with Research......................................................................46
3.1. What is a Database? ................................................................................................................................................................................47
3.2. Introduction to MS Access ...................................................................................................................................................................47
3.3. Datatypes in MS Access ........................................................................................................................................................................48
3.4. Understanding Tables in MS Access ...........................................................................................................................................50
3.5. Creating Relationships Between Tables ..................................................................................................................................54
3.6. Constraints in Database .......................................................................................................................................................................56
3.7. Creating Relationships in MS Access..........................................................................................................................................57
3.8. Simple and Complex Queries in MS Access .........................................................................................................................58
3.9. Forms and Reports in MS Access .................................................................................................................................................62
able of Contents
3.10. Import and Export Data in MS Access ......................................................................................................................................66
3.11. Microsoft Forms ...........................................................................................................................................................................................68
Developing Applications ..............................................................................................75
4.1. What is User Interface Design ..........................................................................................................................................................76
4.2. Characteristics of Good User Interface ....................................................................................................................................76
4.3. Bad User Interfaces ...................................................................................................................................................................................78
4.4. Getting Started with Visual Studio .................................................................................................................................................79
4.5. Basic GUI Controls in Visual Basic .................................................................................................................................................82
T 4.6. Variables ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................83
4.7. Data Types.........................................................................................................................................................................................................86
4.8. Conditional Statements ..........................................................................................................................................................................87
4.9. Conditional Operators .............................................................................................................................................................................89
4.10. Looping Statements ..................................................................................................................................................................................90
4.11. Event Handling ...............................................................................................................................................................................................92
4.12. Functions and Subroutines .................................................................................................................................................................93
4.13. Modules ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................95
4.14. Program Debugging and Error Handling ..............................................................................................................................96
Programming Robots & Single Board Computers .................................100
5.1. Single-Board Computers .........................................................................................................................................................101
5.2. Introduction to Raspberry Pi ................................................................................................................................................101
5.3. Raspberry Pi Architecture .......................................................................................................................................................104
5.4. Python Basics ....................................................................................................................................................................................106
5.5. Variables in Python ......................................................................................................................................................................107
5.6. LIST in Python ...................................................................................................................................................................................108
5.7. Conditional Statements in Python ...................................................................................................................................110
5.8. Conditional and Logical Operators ................................................................................................................................111
5.9. Looping Statement in Python ..............................................................................................................................................112
able of Contents
5.10. Python Functions ............................................................................................................................................................................113
5.11. Getting Started with Python and Raspberry Pi ....................................................................................................113
5.12. Interfacing with SONAR Sensor .........................................................................................................................................117
5.13. Interfacing with Servo Motor ...............................................................................................................................................118
5.14. Building Smart Robotic Car ...................................................................................................................................................120
Appendix ....................................................................................................................130
Glossary .......................................................................................................................136
T
What is ICTECH Computing?
The ICTech (Innovation in Curriculum through Technology) Curriculum is based on
the best practices in learning and teaching with technology to improve higher order
thinking skills of students to prepare them for their future in a competitive global
job market. In this curriculum, technology is used as a tool to integrate 21st century
competencies and expertise such as communication, leadership, critical thinking,
complex problem solving and collaboration in different subjects.
Structure of the Book
• Internet Search Techniques and e-Safety: techniques to surf internet and staying
safe in online world
• Advanced Imaging: working with photo editing and manipulation and creating
graphics for digital and print media
• Handling Database with Research: working with data using database software
• Developing Applications: designing and building desktop applications
• Programming Robots and Single-Board Computers: using python programming to
program robots
Book Features
Student Learning Outcomes
These appear at the start of each chapter and define the skills students will be
equipped with after completing the lesson.
ISTE Student Standard Coverage
These represent the ISTE student standards covered in each chapter. A complete
description of ISTE student standard can be found here.
Chapter Opener
These appear at the start of every chapter and are designed to grasp learners
attention related to the topic. Chapter openers consist of useful bits of information
related to the topic.
Checkpoint
Checkpoints are learning bits that appear within the chapter at different stages to
reinforce the important learning concepts.
Food for Neurons
Food for neurons consist of fun facts or trending news about the topic. These appear
within each chapter.
Let’s Review
Each chapter ends with the key learning points that provide a complete overview of
the chapter.
Chapter Highlights
Key terms appearing throughout the chapter are highlighted to draw learner’s
attention.
My Notes
My Notes section appears at the end of the chapter. Here learners can write important
learning points or reflect on their learning.
Glossary
Contains the important terminology covered in the book.
Stay Online...Stay Safe
Stay safe.... Do not give out your S
personal information
M Do not meet anyone who you have
only become friends online with
Do not accept messages and friend A
requests from people who are strangers
R Check the authenticity of any news or
person from reliable sources
Tell your parents or teachers if someone T
or something makes you uncomfortable
Internet Search
Techniques & e-Safety
Student Learning Outcomes
After going through this chapter, students will be able to:
1. Understand what search engines are
2. Identify how search engines work and gather information
3. Use keywords to specify search
4. Use boolean and arithmetic operators to search
5. Extract information from different websites to create a report
6. Understand the ethical purpose of citing sources
7. Understand how to protect personal information and private life on the internet
8. Understand digital resilience
9. Identify bullying and how to avoid it
10. Identify fake news, pop-up blocking and live streaming
11. Understand password protection and privacy protection
ISTE Student Standard Coverage
Empowered Digital Knowledge Global
Learner Citizen Constructor Collaborator
1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d 3a 3b 3c 7c
The City School 2021-2022
1.1. What is a Search Engine?
A search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web by using
specified keywords. The search results are usually presented in a list commonly called
hits. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types
of files. Below are some of the most common search engines:
Search Engine Purpose
google.com For generally searching anything
images.google.com For image searching
scholar.google.com For educational and research searches
books.google.com For searching books online
yahoo.com For generally searching anything
duckduckgo.com For organic searching
1.2. How do Search Engines Work?
Internet search engines are special sites on the web that are designed to help people
find information stored in other sites. There are differences in the ways various search
engines work, but they all perform three basic tasks:
They search the They keep an index They allow users to
internet or select of the words they look for words or
pieces of the internet find, and where they combinations of words
based on important find them. found in the index of
words. words.
Early search engines held an index of a few hundred thousand pages and documents
and received maybe one or two thousand inquiries each day. Today, a top search
engine will index hundreds of millions of pages, and respond to tens of millions of
queries per day.
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Google receives over 63,000 searches per second on any given day. That’s the
average figure of how many people use Google a day, which translates into at least
2 trillion searches per year, 3.8 million searches per minute, 228 million searches per
hour, and 5.6 billion searches per day.
Search engines are very different from subject echniques and e-safety
directories. While humans organize and
catalogue subject directories, search engines
rely on computer programs called spiders or A single second delay in loading time
robots to crawl the Web and log the words on on a web page can result in a 7%
loss in conversions. It’s also
each page. With a search engine, keywords important to note that 40% of
related to a topic are typed into a search box. internet users will bounce back out if
the page takes longer than 3
The search engine scans its database and seconds to load.
returns a file with links to websites containing Internet Search T
the word or words specified. Because these databases are very large, search engines
often return thousands of results. Without search strategies or techniques, finding what
you need can be like finding a needle in a haystack.
1.3. Internet Searching Strategies
Nowadays keywords search on search engines based on improper or slang language
which also results in improper outcomes. To use search engines effectively, it is
essential to apply techniques that narrow results and push the most relevant pages
to the top of the results list. Below are several strategies for boosting search engine
performance.
1. Identify Keywords
When performing a search, break down the topic into key concepts. For example, to
find information on what the FCC has said about the wireless communications industry,
the keywords might be: FCC Wireless Communication
2. Boolean AND
Connecting search terms with AND tells the search engine to retrieve web pages
containing ALL the keywords: FCC AND wireless and communication
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The search engine will not return pages with just the word FCC. Neither will it return
pages with the word FCC and the word wireless. The search engine will only return
pages where the words FCC, wireless, and communication all appear somewhere on
the page. Thus, AND helps to narrow your search results as it limits results to pages
where all the keywords appear.
3. Boolean OR
Linking search terms with OR tells the search engine to retrieve web pages containing
ANY and ALL keywords. For example, FCC OR wireless OR communication.
When OR is used, the search engine returns pages with a single keyword, several
keywords, and all keywords. The boolean OR does the following:
1. The OR expands your search results.
2. Use OR when you have common synonums for a keyword
3. Surround OR statements with parentheses for best results
4. To narrow results as much as possible, combine OR statements with AND
statements. For example, the dollowing search statement locates information on
purchasing a used car (Car OR automobile) AND (buy OR purchase) AND used
4. Boolean AND NOT
AND NOT tells the search engine to retrieve web pages containing one keyword but
not the other. For example, Dolphins AND NOT Miami. The above example instructs
the search engine to return web pages about dolphins but not web pages about the
“Miami Dolphins” football team. Use AND NOT when you have a keyword that has
multiple meanings. The need for AND NOT often becomes apparent after you perform
an initial search. If your search results contain irrelevant results (e.g., Saturn the car
rather than Saturn the planet), consider using AND NOT to filter out the undesired
websites.
5. Implied Boolean Plus and Minus (+ & -)
In many search engines, the plus and minus symbols can be used as alternatives to full
Boolean AND and AND NOT. The plus sign (+) is the equivalent of AND, and the minus
sign (-) is the equivalent of AND NOT. There is no space between the plus or minus sign
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and the keyword. For example; +welding +process, +Saturn -car, couch sofa
NOTE: AltaVista’s Simple Search requires the use of plus and minus rather than AND,
OR, and AND NOT.
1.4. Ethical Citation echniques and e-safety
It is important to cite sources you used in your research for several reasons:
Internet Search T
To avoid plagiarism by quoting To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to
words and ideas used by other other researchers and acknowledging their
authors. ideas.
To allow your reader to track down To show your reader you’ve done proper
the sources you used by citing them research by listing sources you used to
accurately in your paper by way of get your information.
footnotes, a bibliography or reference
list.
1.5. Digital Citizenship
If you are a citizen, this means you belong to a group of people. You could be a citizen
of your classroom or your neighbourhood. Being a digital citizen means you are a part
of the group of people that use technology to communicate. There are rules that you
need to follow when you are a digital citizen, to protect yourself and to protect others.
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1.6. Digital Resilience
A digitally resilient person will be able to:
Understand when Know what to do to Learn from their Recover when things
they are at risk online. seek help. experiences. go wrong.
1.7. Cyber Bullying
Cyber bullying is bullying that occurs online, often
through instant messaging, text messages, emails,
and social networks. If someone is repeatedly unkind
or harasses another person online, then they are a
cyberbully. Cyber bullying usually involves people you
know. It is often accompanied by traditional, offline,
bullying.
Examples of Cyber Bullying
Writing hurtful things through Posting derogatory messages Posting or sharing Creating a fake profile of
instant messaging, text on social media to humiliate a embarrasing videos or photos someone to humiliate or hurt
messaging or online games. person or communiity over the social media. them.
How to Avoid Cyber Bullying?
Do not reply to the Block all the messages from Keep all the e-mails and Report the bullying to the
messages sent by bully. the bully. messages that the bully sends. parent or a trusted adult.
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1.8. Fake News
You may have heard of the term fake Checkpoint
news talked about in the media or
between friends. There are different A search engine is designed to search for
types of fake news. Some fake news is information on the World Wide Web by using echniques and e-safety
specified keywords.
deliberately made up stories or images Digital citizenship being part of the group of
people that use technology to communicate.
to make people believe something that Cyberbullying is bullying that occurs online,
isn’t true. Others have some truth to often through instant messaging, text
them, but may be misleading, including messages, emails, and social networks.
some false information that hasn’t been checked properly or with facts that
have been exaggerated by the author.
• Has the story been repeated elsewhere? Check other reputable sites.
• Does the image look believable? Is it used elsewhere? For example, an edited photo Internet Search T
of a pink giraffe flying across the moon is a big clue that the story isn’t real!
• Does the web address (URL) look strange? Or is it from a trusted site?
• Do you know who the author is? Have you heard of the organization reporting it?
• Are you familiar with the organization or company? Are they reputable?
Anybody can make mistakes online. Even if you are careful, accidents can happen.
You may feel unsafe and people can be unkind. Sometimes bad things happen. Don’t
worry, it isn’t your fault. The most important thing is that you know how to get help
and recover. Thinking about what you do online, and getting support, will help you to
recover – from whatever has happened. You can even learn from your experience and
become more resilient. What will you do when things go wrong online?
1.9. Pop-up Blocking
Sometimes messages pop up in a small window on the
screen when you open certain websites. Often the popups are
adverts for products and services and other times they are
phishing scams asking you to enter personal details to claim
an unbelievable prize. You should avoid clicking on the
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popup links just in case they are unreliable or a scam. This term in the online world is
also called Click-Bait. You can just close them by clicking the only the small x on the
top right-hand corner of the popup box.
1.10. Live Streaming
Live streaming is the broadcasting of real-time, live, video to an audience over the
internet. All you need is an internet-enabled device, such as a smartphone or tablet,
and a platform to broadcast on.
Some Risks of Live Streaming
• You never know who’s watching – if your live stream is popular with loads of
viewers, it might be promoted so people who don’t
follow you can tune in too if your profile is public.
• You never know what you’re going to see – when
watching someone else’s live stream, you can never tell
what’s about to happen. This can be part of the fun of
live streaming. But you might be exposed to harmful or
upsetting content by other users.
• Not all viewers are friendly – viewers can comment on
your live stream as it happens, and their comments
might be mean, rude or inappropriate and can make you feel sad or scared.
• Letting people know where you are – you should be mindful of what you’re
revealing in your live stream. If you’re in your school uniform or close to your house,
you could be letting strangers know where you go to school and where you live,
even if you don’t verbally say it.
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1.11. Password Protection
A password is a secret word, phrase or combination of
characters that allows you access to protected information
or an account. A strong password is one that is secure
and not easy to guess. It can be used to help protect your echniques and e-safety
information online, keeping it private. Following are some
tips to create strong and protective passwords:
1. Create different passwords for different accounts.Choose a password that is not
easy to guess.
2. Use a mixture of numbers, characters and lower and upper-case letters.
3. Avoid obvious words such as your name or your pet’s name.
4. Avoid obvious numbers such as your date of birth, age or phone number.
5. Instead of just one word, think of a short phrase that nobody would guess. Internet Search T
6. Keep your passwords secret, even from your best friend.
1.12. Privacy Protection
It is important to protect your information when you’re online and think carefully about
what it is ok to share and make public for everyone to see and what it is best to keep
private.
Sharing too much personal information such as your full date of birth or your full
name and address could leave you vulnerable for several reasons:
1. There are identity thieves who may try
to steal your personal information to
create an identity. Checkpoint
2. Identity thieves may use your
information to pretend to be you online. Fake news is deliberately made up stories or
images to make people believe something
that isn’t true.
3. There are some people who want to Live streaming is the broadcasting of real-time,
harm and harass others online. live, video to an audience over the internet.
A password is a secret word, phrase or
combination of characters that allows you
access to protected information or an account.
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Let’s Review
1. A search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide
Web by using specified keywords.
2. Search engines rely on computer programs called spiders or robots to crawl
the Web and log the words on each page.
3. Ethical citation involves avoiding plagiarism, by giving credit to work of other
scholars, allow your reader to track down the sources cited.
4. Digital citizen refers to the group of people that use technology to
communicate.
5. Cyberbullying is bullying that occurs online, often through instant messaging,
text messages, emails, and social networks.
6. Fake news is deliberately made up stories or images to make people believe
something that isn’t true.
7. Popups are adverts for products and services and other times they are
phishing scams.
8. Live streaming is the broadcasting of real-time, live, video to an audience
over the internet.
9. A password is a secret word, phrase or combination of characters that allows
you access to protected information or an account.
My Notes!
20
Things You
Can Do with Imaging Tool
Photo Editing Artwork Web Graphics
Cropping Photos Match Fonts Web Design
Brochures and Flyers 3D Text Photo Editing Mockups
Advance Imaging
Student Learning Outcomes
After going through this chapter, students will be able to:
1. Develop an understanding of what graphics are.
2. Learn the difference between raster and vector graphics
3. Familiarise with the interface of Adobe Photoshop
4. Understanding of resolution, colour depth and colour mode
5. Understand layers, text layers and layer styles in Photoshop
6. Apply adjustments, filters and effects on an image
7. Apply gradient, stroke borders, drop shadow, bevel and emboss
8. Use Scale and rotate
9. Manage the Layer opacity
10. Apply Blend modes
11. Use of Prospective crop tool
12. Use of retouch tools
13. Saving images for web and print media
ISTE Student Standard Coverage
Empowered Knowledge Creative Innovative
Learner Constructor Communicator Designer
1a 1d 3c 3a 3b 3c 4a 4b
The City School 2021-2022
2.1. Introduction
Adobe Photoshop CC 2018 is a popular image
editing software that provides a work environment
consistent with Adobe Illustrator, Adobe InDesign,
Adobe Photoshop, and other products in the Adobe
Creative Suite although Adobe Photoshop is a
raster-based graphic software.
2.2. What are Raster Graphics?
In computer graphics, a raster graphics or
bitmap image is a dot matrix data structure
that represents a generally rectangular grid of
pixels (points of colour), viewable via a monitor,
paper, or other display media. Raster images
are stored in image files with varying formats. A
bitmap is a rectangular grid of pixels, with each
pixel’s colour being specified by a number of
bits.
A bitmap might be created for storage in
the display’s video memory or as a device-
independent bitmap file. A raster is technically
characterized by the width and height of the
image in pixels and by the number of bits per
pixel (or colour depth, which determines the
number of colours it can represent). Vector Zoom-Sharp Raster Zoom-Pixalated
Image Image
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2.3. Adobe Photoshop Interface
Colors and swatches
Image name window
Option menu
Toolbar
Layers Panel
Image
Menu Bar
If you look at the top of the screen you will see the Menu bar, which contains all the
main functions of Photoshop, such as File, Edit, Image, Layer, Type, Select, Filter,
Analysis, 3D, View, Window, and Help.
Toolbar
Most of the major tools are located in the Toolbar for easy access.
The Image
The image will appear in its own window once you open a file.
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Image Name
The name of any image that you open will be at the top of the image window as
shown above.
Option Menu
Options bar which changes constantly depending on what tool you have selected. Advance Imaging
Colour, Swatches, Style
The colour palette displays the current
foreground and background colours and RGB
values for these colours. You can use the sliders
to change the foreground and background
colours in different colour modes. You can also
choose a colour from the spectrum of colours
displayed in the colour ramp at the bottom of
the palette.
In the swatches palette, you can choose a
foreground or background colour and add a
customized colour to the library.
The styles palette allows you to view, select, and
apply pre-set layer styles. By default, a pre-set
style replaces the current layer style. You can use
the styles in the palette or add your own using the
Create New Style icon.
Q uick tip
Press the Tab key on your keyboard to show or hide all
active panels.
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2.4. Understanding Layers in Photoshop
Layers let you organize your work into distinct levels Checkpoint
that can be edited and viewed as individual units.
Every Photoshop CC document contains at least one Adobe Photoshop is
raster-based photo editing
layer. Creating multiple layers lets you easily control tool
A bitmap is a rectangular grid
how your artwork is printed, displayed, and edited. of pixels
You will use the Layers palette often while creating a
document, so it is crucial to understand what it does
and how to use it.
1. Layer Visibility: the eye shows that the selected
layer is visible. Click on or off to see or to hide a
layer.
2. Layer Locking Options: click the chequered square
icon to lock Transparency, click the brush icon to
lock the Image, click the arrow icon to lock the
Position, and click the lock icon to lock all options.
3. Layer Blending Mode: defines how the layer’s
pixels blend with underlying pixels in the image.
By choosing a particular blending mode from
the drop-down menu you can create a variety of
special effects.
4. Fill: by typing in a value or dragging the slider you
can specify the transparency.
5. Opacity: by typing in a value or dragging the slider, you can specify the
transparency of the entire layer.
6. Layer Mask: allows you to hide certain parts of the layer, which can then be
revealed by using the paintbrush and the white paint colour to expose portions of
the layer.
7. Create New Fill or Adjustment Layer: have the same opacity and blending mode
options as image layers and can be rearranged, deleted, hidden and duplicated in
the same manner as image layers. Click the icon and select an option to create a
new fill or adjustment layer.
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8. Create New Layer: click this icon to create a new layer.
9. Layer Lock: the icon shows when the layer is locked and disappears when it is
unlocked. Double-click the icon to unlock the layer.
10. Link Layers: can be used to link layers together.
11. Layer Styles: if a layer has a style, an F icon shows at the bottom of the Layers
palette. Click the little black triangle to see style options. Advance Imaging
2.5. Selection Tools in Photoshop
Move
Used to select and move objects on the page. Click the tool button, then click on any
object on the page you wish to move.
Marquee
Selects an object by drawing a rectangle or an ellipse around it. Click the tool button,
choose a rectangular or an elliptical marquee. Drag the marquee over the area of the
image you wish to select.
Lasso
Selects an object by drawing a freehand border around it. Click the tool button, drag to
draw a freehand border around the area of the image you wish to select.
Magic Wand
Selects all objects in a document with the same or similar fill colour, stroke weight,
stroke colour, opacity or blending mode. By specifying the colour range or tolerance,
you can control what the Magic Wand tool selects.
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Transformation Tool
Select the area of your image which you want to transform and press Ctrl+T to enable
the transformation tool on that selection. You will see a familiar transformation tool
around your object.
2.6. Resolution, Color Mode and Color Adjustment
Resolution
PPI & DPI (Pixel per inch and Dots per inch respectively) are
the standard units for measuring image size. Resolution is
the number of pixels on a printed area of an image. The 1”
higher the resolution, the more pixels there are on the page,
the better the quality of the image. However, high resolution
increases the size of the file. The standard recommended
resolution for printed images is 150-300 dpi, for Web images
it is 72 dpi.
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Color Mode
Choose a colour mode that will best fit your project. For example, when making a
graphic for a web site, choose RGB. When making an image for print choose CMYK.
Color Adjustment
Colour adjustment options in Photoshop CC 2018 can help you to make your digital Advance Imaging
photos look more natural. To colour correct your images, follow these steps:
1. Open the image you wish to correct.
2. In the main menu, go to
Image > Adjustments
> Levels. You will see a
dialogue box displaying a
diagram of the colours in
your image.
3. Make sure the Preview box is
checked off.
4. In the Channels dropdown
menu, you can choose
between RGB. These indicate whether your changes affect all the colours, or just
one (red, green, or blue).
5. Choose the channel you wish to change and drag the triangles.
6. The black triangle is for shadows, the grey is for mid-tones, the white is for
highlights.
• Dragging the black triangle to the right will make the shadows in your photo darker.
• Dragging the grey triangle to the left will make the mid-tones in your photo lighter.
• Dragging it to the right will make the mid-tones darker.
Indesign vs. Photoshop vs. Illustrator?
• Use Indesign when you need to create miltipage documents.
• Use Photoshop when you need to edit and retouch photos.
• Use Illustrator when you need to create logos, one-page print piece or illustrations
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7. You will be able to see the changes in your image. (underexposed image) shows a
photo which is underexposed. By correcting the highlights and making the image
lighter, we can make the photo appear much brighter (corrected image).
Underexposed image Levels Window Corrected Image
2.7. Resizing Image, Enlarging, and Compressing
To resize your image to different size:
1. In the main menu, go to Image > Image Size.
2. In the Image Size dialogue box, you can readjust your image by typing in the width
and height that is needed for your resizing.
3. An important reminder is that if your document is not already 300ppi or a high-
resolution photo, making your image drastically larger than what it already is can
distort the document, thus the same for making a large document smaller.
4. Photoshop measures in pixels, so altering sizes of a photo can reduce the quality.
5. It is best to adjust size first before doing any editing.
You can alter the following parameters to change the image size:
1. Under Dimensions, you can see your original document size. If you use the drop-
down arrow, you can see different units of measurements for your document. Use
the original size to determine the proportions for your resizing.
2. Adjust your new height and width by typing in the desired new proportions.
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3. Type in your desired resolution (150-300 PPI
for high-quality prints and 72 PPI is good for
web images).
4. Have the resample checked to tell Photoshop
to try and keep your pixels together if you are
making a drastic change. Advance Imaging
5. Click OK.
6. Your document should be now of the desired
proportions, if you are dissatisfied, you can
hold Ctrl+Z to undo the sizing adjustment, or
you can use the crop tool to get the desired look.
2.8. Image Adjustments and Enhancements
Filter and Effects
A filter can be applied to the active layer or a smart object. Filters applied to a
smart object are non-destructive and can be readjusted at any time.
Do one of the following:
• to apply a filter to an entire layer, make sure the layer is active or selected.
• to apply a filter to an area of a layer, select that area.
• to apply a filter non-destructively so you can change your filter settings later, select
the Smart Object that contains the image content you want to filter.
Filter Gallery
The filter gallery provides a preview of many of the special effects & filters. Multiple
filters can be applied/used on the same object/image, turn on or off the effect of a
filter, reset options for a filter, and change the order in which filters are applied. When
you are satisfied with the preview, you can then apply it to your image. Press Ctrl+F to
open the filter gallery.
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A. Preview
B. Filter gallery
C. Thumbnail of selected filter
D. Show/Hide filter thumbnails
E. Filters pop up menu
F. Options for selected filter.
G. List of filter effects to apply or arrange
H. Filter effect selected but not applied
I. Filter effects applied cumulatively but not selected
J. Hidden filter effect
2.9. Gradient Fill Checkpoint
The gradient tool creates a gradual transition Resolution is the number of
between multiple colours. You can choose from pixels on a printed area of an
image
preset gradient fills or create your own. Gradient PPI-Pixels per inch
tool cannot be used with the bitmap or indexed- DPI-Dots per inch
colour images.
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Advance Imaging
Linear black to Multiple colour Linear colour to Radial colour to
white gradient linear gradient transparency gradient white gradient
Apply Gradient Fill
1. To fill part of the image, select the desired area. Otherwise, the gradient fill is
applied to the entire active layer.
2. Select the Gradient tool . (If the tool isn’t visible, hold down the Paint Bucket tool.)
3. In the options bar, choose a fill from the wide gradient sample:
4. Select an option to determine how the starting point (where the mouse is pressed)
and ending point (where the mouse is released) affect gradient appearance.
Linear Gradient
Shades from the starting point to the ending point in a straight line.
Radial Gradient
Shades from the starting point to the ending point in a straight line.
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Angular Gradient
Shades from the starting point to the ending point in a straight line.
Reflected Gradient
Mirrors the same linear gradient on either side of the starting point.
Diamond Gradient
Shades from the middle to the outer corners of a diamond pattern.
2.10. Border, Shadow, Bevel and Emboss
In Photoshop all layers can be individually
customizable in various aspects, for
Layer Style option double click on the
layer from the layer panel. Layer styles
window will pop-up from where you can
apply effects, such as colour overlays,
drop shadows, glow, or bevel & emboss,
to the primary layer. To create a rollover
pair, turn the layer style on or off and
save the image in each state.
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A. Layer effects icon
Advance Imaging
B. Click to expand show layer effects
C. Different layer effects applied on the layer.
Drop Shadow Outer Glow Inner Glow
Adds a shadow that falls Add glows that emanate Add glows that emanate
behind the contents on from the outside edges from the inside edges of
the layer. of the layer’s content. the layer’s content.
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Bevel and Emboss Color Overlay Gradient Overlay
Add various combinations Fills the layer’s content Fills the layer’s content
of highlights and shadows with color. with gradient.
to a layer.
Pattern Overlay
Fills the layer’s
content with pattern.
Stroke as Gradient Stroke as Pattern Stroke as Colour
Outlines the object in current Outlines the object in current Outlines the object in
layer using gradient. layer using gradient. current layer using colour.
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2.11. Scale and Rotate
The free transform command lets you apply transformations (rotate, scale, skew,
distort, and perspective) in one continuous operation. You can also apply a warp
transformation. Instead of choosing different commands, you simply hold down a key
on your keyboard to switch between transformation types. Advance Imaging
1. Select what you want to transform.
2. Open Edit Menu > Free Transform (Short Key
Ctrl+T).
3. To scale by dragging, drag a handle. Press
Shift as you drag a corner handle to scale
4. proportionately.
5. To rotate by dragging, move the pointer
outside the bounding border (it becomes a
6. curved, two-sided arrow), and then drag.
7. Press Shift to constrain the rotation to 15°
increments. A. Original image B. Layer flipped
C. Selection border rotated D. Part of
object flipped
2.12. Layer Opacity and Blending
Layer Opacity
A layer with 1% opacity appears nearly transparent,
whereas one with 100% opacity appears completely
opaque. In addition to overall opacity, which affects
layer styles and blending modes applied ta layer,
you can specify fill opacity. Fill opacity affects only
pixels, shapes, or text on a layer without affecting
the opacity of layer effects such as drop shadows.
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2.13. Layer Blending
By default, the blending mode of a layer is pass through, which means that the layer
has no blending properties of its own. When you choose a different blending mode
for a layer, you effectively change the order in which the image components are put
together. Choose a blending mode other than pass through for the layer.
Original image-1 Original image-2
Hard light Linear light Vivid light Pin light
More Blending Options
Original Picture Normal 50% opacity Dissolve 50% opacity Color burn
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Advance Imaging
Linear burn Lighten Screen Clear
Darken Multiply Colour Dodge Linear Dodge (Add)
Overlay Soft light
2.13. Hue and Saturation
The Hue/Saturation command adjusts the Hue
(colour), Saturation (purity), and lightness of the
entire image or individual colour components in
an image.
Use the Hue slider to add special effects, to
colour a black and white image (like a sepia
effect), or to change the range of colours in a
portion of an image. This adjustment is especially
good for finetuning colours in a CMYK image.
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1. Image Menu > Adjustment > Hue/Saturation. (Short key Ctrl+U)
2. Choose Master to adjust all colours at once. Alternatively, choose one of the other
pre-set colour ranges listed for the colour you want to adjust. To modify the colour
range.
Original Picture Entire image changed to Magenta color targeted in
speia using colorize option the edit menu and changed
using hue slider
2.14. Perspective crop tool
A much easier and faster way to correct images that suffer only from perspective
distortion is to use the perspective crop tool.
1. In this case, we will be extracting
the painting from the wall.
2. Select the Perspective Crop Tool
from the Tools panel.
3. Click and drag to create a
rectangle that covers your whole
image.
4. Drag the corner handles so that
the horizontal and vertical lines of
the grid align with the respective
lines of your subject.
5. Press Enter to crop.
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2.15. Retouch Tools
Retouch with the Healing Brush tool: The healing brush tool lets you correct
imperfections, causing them to disappear into the surrounding image. Like the
cloning tools, you use the Healing Brush tool to paint with sampled pixels from an
image or pattern. However, the Healing Brush tool also matches the texture, lighting,
transparency, and shading of the sampled pixels to the pixels being healed. As a Advance Imaging
result, the repaired pixels blend seamlessly into the rest of the image.
1. In this example by using the healing tool, we will remove the cell phone.
2. Select the Healing Brush tool
3. Specify the source for repairing pixels by holding the Alt key and left-click and
release the Alt key.
4. Use the Healing brush on the effected area i.e. cell phone, healing tool will use the
pixels from the source and adjust on the destination.
Before After
Retouch with the Clone Stamp Tool: The clone stamp tool paints one part of an image
over another part of the same image or over another part of any open document
that has the same colour mode. You can also paint part of one layer over another
layer. The Clone Stamp tool is useful for duplicating objects or removing a defect in an
image.
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1. In this example using the Clone Stamp tool,
we will add another paper clip.
2. Select the Clone Stamp tool
3. Specify the source for copying the pixels
by holding the Alt key and left-click and
release the Alt key.
4. Use the Clone Stamp tool on a similar Before
place where you want to paste the paper
clip.
5. Clone Stamp tool will use the pixels from
the source and paste it on the destination.
After
2.16. Saving Images for Print Media
Originally when we are working in Photoshop with layers and objects Photoshop saves
the document in PSD format whereas if need to save the picture for print media it is
recommended to save images in JPEG format with the resolution up to 200 to 300 DPI,
saving the image at this resolution avoids pixelation at a later stage. To save an image
in Photoshop follow these steps:
1. Click on File menu.
2. Click Save As (Short Key
Ctrl+Shift+S).
3. Type the name for the picture
4. Select a file format for your
image.
5. Click the save button.
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2.17. Saving Images for Web
While saving pictures for the web we have to be careful about the size of the file
as on the web we are always keen to keep the file size small, this helps the website
load quickly as all the content on the webpage downloads on your computer via the
internet. Therefore, it is highly recommended to save files intended for webpages in a
smaller size. The recommended format is GIF, PNG and JPEG. Advance Imaging
1. Click on File Menu.
2. Click Export > Save for Web (Short Key
Ctrl+Alt+Shift+S).
3. Select Fit on Screen to check the
overall look of the image.
4. Select an appropriate file format.
5. Set your required quality.
6. Check the estimated file size to meet
the desired requirement.
7. Click the Save button to save the file.
Checkpoint
The gradient tool creates
gradual transition between
multiple colours.
Layer opacity determines to
what degree it obscures or
revelas the layer beneath it.
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Let’s Review
1. A raster graphics or bitmap image is a dot matrix data structure that
represents a generally rectangular grid of pixels (points of colour), viewable via
a monitor, paper, or other display media.
2. PPI & DPI (Pixel per inch and Dots per inch respectively) are the standard units
for measuring image size.
3. Recommended resolution for printed images is 150-300 dpi, for Web images it
is 72 dpi.
4. Resolution is the number of pixels on a printed area of an image.
5. In the swatches palette, you can choose a foreground or background colour
and add a customized colour to the library.
6. The free transform command lets you apply transformations (rotate, scale,
skew, distort, and perspective)
7. The Hue/Saturation command adjusts the Hue (colour), Saturation (purity)
and lightness of the entire image,
8. The gradient tool creates a gradual transition between multiple colours.
9. The healing brush tool lets you correct imperfections, causing them to
disappear into the surrounding image.
My Notes
My Notes!
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Practical Uses of
Databases
Online Television Personal Cloud
Streaming Storage Sports
Finances Government Social Media
Organizations
eCommerce Healthcare Weather
Handling Databases
with Research
Student Learning Outcomes
After going through this chapter, students will be able to:
1. Organize and create tables in MS Access
2. Create relationships between tables
3. Understand use of different data types in the database
4. Identify concept of primary and secondary key
5. Create simple and complex queries
6. Creare forms and reports through wizard feature
7. Import and export data in and out of MS Access
8. Creating, editing and sharing forms in Microsot Forms
ISTE Student Standard Coverage
Empowered Computational Creative
Learner Thinkiner Communicator
1a 1d 5a 5b 5c 6a 6d
The City School 2021-2022
3.1. What is a Database?
A structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various
ways is called Database. A database is usually controlled by a Database Management
System (DBMS). Together, the data and the DBMS, along with the applications
that are associated with them, are referred to as a database system, often shortened
simply to database.
The common language among electronic database is SQL. It works at the backend of
most of the user interface in any application. MS Access is one of the software which
uses the same structure of SQL. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).
3.2. Introduction to MS Access
Microsoft Access is a database management system (DBMS) from Microsoft that
combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface
and software-development tools. Access is an easy-to-use tool for creating business
applications, either from templates or from scratch. With its rich and intuitive design
tools, Access can help in creating appealing and highly functional applications in a
minimal amount of time.
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1. Quick Access Toolbar: the quick access toolbar lets you access common
commands no matter which tab is selected. You can customize the commands
depending on your preference.
2. The Ribbon: the ribbon contains all of the commands you will need to perform
common tasks in Access. It has multiple tabs, each with several groups of
commands.
3. Tell Me: the tell me box works like a search bar to help you quickly find tools or
commands you want to use.
4. Microsoft Account: from here, you can access your Microsoft account information,
view your profile, and switch accounts.
5. Navigation Pane: the navigation pane displays all of the objects contained in your
database. The objects are grouped by type. Double-click an object to open it.
6. Documents Tab Bar: all open objects are displayed in tabs on the document tabs
bar. To view an object, click its tab.
7. Record Navigation Bar: the record navigation bar allows you to navigate records
one at a time. Click the arrows to navigate through the records. You can jump to a
specific record by typing its ID number into the box.
8. Record Search Box: you can use the record search box to search for any term
in the current object. The first result will be selected automatically. To navigate
through additional results, press the Enter key on your keyboard.
3.3. Datatypes in MS Access
Every field in a table has properties. Properties define the field’s characteristics and
behaviour. The most important property for a field is its data type. A field’s data type
determines what kind of data it can store.
MS Access supports different types of data, each with a specific purpose. Here are
some of the most common data types you will find used in a typical Microsoft Access
database.
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Types of Data Description
Short Text Text or combinations of text and numbers, including numbers
that do not require calculating (e.g. phone numbers).
Long Text Lengthy text or combinations of text and numbers.
Number Numeric data used in mathematical calculations.
Advance Imaging
Date/Time Date and time values for the years 100 through 9999.
Currency Currency values and numeric data used in mathematical
calculations involving data with one to four decimal places. Handling Databases with Research
AutoNumber A unique sequential (incremented by 1) number or random
number assigned by Microsoft Access whenever a new
record is added to a table.
Yes/No Yes and No values and fields that contain only one of two
values (Yes/No, True/False, or On/Off).
Creating Database in MS Access
Follow the steps below to create your first database in MS Access:
1. To create a database from a
template, we first need to open
MS Access.
2. Select Blank Database. Enter the
name and click the Create button.
3. Access will create a new blank
database and will open up the
table which is also completely
blank.
4. After selecting a template related
to your requirements, enter a
name in the File name field and
you can also specify another
location for your file if you want
and save it with your relevant
name.
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3.5. Understanding Tables in MS Access
All tables are composed of horizontal
rows and vertical columns, with small
rectangles called cells in the places
where rows and columns intersect. In
Access, rows and columns are referred to
as records and fields respectively.
A field is a way of organizing information by type. Whereas, A record is one unit of
information. Every cell on a given row is part of that row’s record.
Each record has its own ID number. Within a table, each ID number is unique to its
record and refers to all of the information within that record. The ID number for a
record cannot be changed.
Creating Tables in MS Access
When you create a database, you store your data in tables. You should always start
your design of a database by creating all of its tables and then creating any other
object. Before you create tables, carefully consider your requirements and determine
all the tables that you need.
Create the first table that will store the basic contact information concerning the
employees as shown in the following table:
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