Heating Solutions - 47
Zehnder
Zehnder products for the commercial sector are individually tailored for
a comfortable indoor environment.
From new construction to renovation; from the towel drying radiator to
the curved made-to-measure central heating radiator; from hot water
radiators to electric radiators; from systems for office heating and cooling
to air filtration units, Zehnder products and systems ensure a feeling of
wellbeing in every situation.
Radiators
Zehnder decorative radiators and towel rails combine style with
functionality. Ideal for both new build and renovation projects.
Panel
The Zehnder Nova is a slim and attractive panel radiator that provides
complete flexibility of design and installation. It is suitable for installation
on all hot water central heating systems.
Available in vertical or horizontal versions and in a wide range that
includes double panels or combinations of panel and convector fins, the
Zehnder Nova provides the total solution for any environment.
Column
Combining timeless elegance with substantial heat emissions, the
Zehnder Charleston is suitable for both traditional and modern
applications. Built to the highest quality, the radiators can be angled or
curved to successfully meet the requirements of the most complex
installation.
Convectors
As a low-profile radiator, the Zehnder Radiavector is suitable for perimeter
applications and locations that are traditionally difficult to heat.
Unobtrusive, and offering exceptionally high outputs, the Zehnder
Radiavector can be mounted in series on either the wall or the floor.
Trench Heating
Simple to install and virtually hidden, the Zehnder Terraline trench heater
complements any room without compromising the architectural design.
Exact to the nearest millimetre and with corner and angle options, it allows
for individual and economical solutions. It can be combined with additional
heating and ventilation systems to ensure the ideal indoor climate.
Radiant Heating & Cooling
Zehnder Systems for radiant heating and cooling offer a comprehensive
technology for achieving optimum indoor comfort.
Zehnder radiant ceiling panels have proven particularly effective for the
heating and cooling of production and sports halls, showrooms, offices
and public buildings, such as schools and hospitals. The Zehnder
Systems for radiant heating and cooling offer intelligent problem solutions
for frequently encountered planning challenges.
Ventilation
Our ventilation offering encompasses traditional and classic intermittent
extractor fans for bathrooms and kitchens, whole house ventilation with
heat recovery, innovative ducting systems and passive ventilation
solutions for windows, including acoustic products for new build
developments.
Accredited CPDs
Zehnder also provides bespoke, fit for purpose heating, cooling and
ventilation solutions to architects, consulting engineers and contractors
for all types of domestic and commercial projects such as houses,
hospitals, schools and offices.
Our CPD portfolio includes Radiant Heating, Radiant Conditioning, MVHR
in Passive House and Residential Cooling via Ventilation.
Zehnder Group UK Ltd Tel : 01276 605800
Concept House Zehnder Group UK Ltd
Watchmoor Point
Camberley @Zehnder_UK
Surrey GU15 3AD Email : [email protected]
Website : www.zehnder.co.uk
48 - Trace Heating Systems
nVent RAYCHEM
Trace Heating - HWAT - Hot Water Temperature Maintenance
Hot Water Services Engineering in Today’s Environment
Building Engineers actively seek opportunities to reduce energy and
increase use of renewable sources of energy. Energy savings in
centralised hot water distribution systems are a critical focus for designers
as a means to reducing a building’s carbon footprint.
Traditional hot water distribution throughout a building is the ‘flow & return’
system of re-circulated Domestic Hot Water Systems (DHWS).
The return pipework is the means to get the water back to the water
heater to be reheated. This cumbersome solution adds significantly to
the system heat losses, increasing overall inefficiency of the system. The
increased pipework requirements add to the amount of building materials
required, putting additional constraint on packed roof voids and risers
whilst adding cost and waste.
The nVent RAYCHEM Hot Water Temperature Maintenance system
(HWAT) offers a simple, proven, energy-efficient replacement for
re-circulated DHWS.
Rather than re-circulating the cooling water to be reheated, HWAT
compensates for the temperature loss in the pipe removing the need for
return pipework, fixings and insulation, whilst removing the energy losses
of the return pipework.
Because of the heat loss compensation, the redundant return pipework
makes way for other vital building services. HWAT delivers quality hot
water where needed in the most efficient way and reduces material waste
associated with older re-circulating methods.
An intermediate hybrid system set up is possible where nVent RAYCHEM
HWAT is applied on branch lines providing immediate hot water at the
tap without long waits or wasting energy or water. The system
complements the recirculation system on the main lines by ensuring
consistent hot water temperatures up until the last meters of the run out
pipes. nVent RAYCHEM is proud to offer CIBSE approved training for
Single Pipe DHWS solutions.
nVent RAYCHEM SaveWatt: Modelling the Energy & Cost
Benefit of a Single Pipe System
nVent provides a FREE OF CHARGE system comparison based on
specific project data. Let us prepare a detailed real project comparison
between re-circulating and single pipe hot water systems.
Contact us for more information.
Increasing Building Safety with Low Smoke Zero Halogen
(LSZH) Cables for Pipe Freeze Protection
Successful fire safety design requires an understanding of fire source,
smoke movement, heat transfer to the building structure, detection,
human behavior and toxicity. These requirements must also comply with
industry regulations and regional standards. Although heat-tracing
applications are a small part of the overall building material mass, their
performance in the event of a fire should not be overlooked.
RAYCHEM’s new pipe freeze protection self-regulating heating cables
offer full LSZH protection and provide:
Unparalleled building safety
• Up to 90% less smoke emissions: IEC 61034-2 tested & compliant
• Zero halogen: IEC 60754-1 tested & compliant
• Improved self-extinguishing properties under IEC 62395 flammability test
Superior quality & long-life expectancy
• Radiation cross-linked for extended life expectancy in excess of 25 years
• UV resistant: IEC 60068-2-5 & IEC 60068-2-9 tested & compliant
• Colourfast under UV exposure
• Resistant to mild inorganic substances
Energy efficiency
• Self-regulating technology: the heat output automatically adjusts
depending on the local temperature at every point along its length
• Major energy savings when used with the RAYCHEM “PASC” ambient
sensing controller compared with typical ambient control devices
nVent UK Limited Tel : 0800 969 013
3 Rutherford Road Fax : 0800 968 624
Stephenson Industrial Estate
Washington
Tyne & Wear Email : [email protected]
NE37 3HX Website : www.nVent.com/RAYCHEM
Trace Heating Engineering Support - 49
nVent RAYCHEM
nVent RAYCHEM Engineering Services provides support to engineers,
contractors and facilities managers across the world:
• Consultative support for design engineers & system optimisation
• Design support including Building Information Modelling (BIM)
• Installation & installation training
• Site supervision and/or system commissioning
• Maintenance & remedial services
Would you like to hear more about the available services?
Contact us on 0800 969 013 or at [email protected]
Building Information Modelling
for Building Services Applications
BIM has become an integral part of modern building design throughout
inception, concept development, build, commissioning, training and
handover, and building aftercare and management.
Whether to improve cost management, ensure technical performance, or
deliver post occupancy evaluation data, BIM continues to enhance
modern asset and facilities management.
In support of BIM, nVent has developed a trace heating Add-In for
AutoDesk Revit MEP to provide a customer-focused, easy-to-use,
modelling tool for pipe frost protection and hot water distribution services
applications.
RAYCHEM “Trace-It”, an Add-In software package for AutoDesk Revit
MEP, allows quick and easy system modelling and data generation,
including:
• Heat loss calculations for piped services
• Product selection based upon actual systems designed in Revit
• Automatic calculation of BOM including accessories
• Circuit information, power requirements & circuit lengths
• Engineering specification content for installed products
Trace-It is available, free of charge from Autodesk SEEK and from the
BIM link at www.buildingdesign.co.uk/bd-bim/pentair.htm
Would you like an introduction to RAYCHEM Trace-It?
Contact us at [email protected] for a one-to-one introduction
to the Trace-It Add-In.
Sharing & Developing Expertise
in Trace Heated Applications
With excellence built into RAYCHEM products, engineers can also expect
support on system design, installation, site supervision, commissioning
and ongoing maintenance.
nVent RAYCHEM Engineering Services provides support to engineers,
contractors and facilities managers across the world:
• Consultative support for design engineers & system optimisation
• Design support including Building Information Modelling (BIM)
• Installation & installation training
• Site supervision and/or system commissioning
• Maintenance & remedial services
Would you like to hear more about the available services?
Contact us on 0800 969 013 or at [email protected]
Products, Services & Peace of Mind
nVent’s unrivalled product quality is supported by a 10 Year Warranty for
total peace of mind.
Visit www.nVent.com for further details.
nVent UK Limited Tel : 0800 969 013
3 Rutherford Road Fax : 0800 968 624
Stephenson Industrial Estate
Washington
Tyne & Wear Email : [email protected]
NE37 3HX Website : www.nVent.com/RAYCHEM
50 - Leak Detection Refrigerant gas detection within a hotel room and a server room
New AT-G-ALERT Refrigerant Detector for occupied spaces
Aquilar Leak detected within a comms room floor
TraceTek TT1000 water sensing cable installed within the raised floor of a data centre
A specialist supplier of leak detection systems for refrigerant gas, water,
fuels and chemicals using the AquiTron and TraceTek brands used in
many of today's modern buildings to monitor and minimise leaks in air
conditioning systems and refrigeration plant chillers, heat and cooling
systems using water and backup generators for diesel fuels and oils.
Refrigerant / Air Conditioning Gas Detection
Refrigerant gas leak detection has become a high priority for many
companies in this environmentally sensitive age, coupled with responsibility
concerning health and safety within buildings.
The AquiTron systems have become critical for many of the air conditioned
and refrigerated spaces to give building owners an early warning system
to minimise losses of valuable gases.
Why Refrigerant Gas Detection?
Refrigerant loss from air conditioning and refrigeration plant is not just
expensive, it can also be detrimental to health and safety and is
environmentally unacceptable.
15% refrigerant gas leak equates to 100% increase in energy
consumption to maintain the same room temperature
As electricity prices increase, ensuring you have an efficient fixed leak
detection system in occupied and critical areas is vital. Building owners
need to be compliant with the F-Gas Regulations and BS EN 378.
System designers can benefit from installing a fixed system under BREEAM
Pol 01 (Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment
Method) which helps provide the best sustainable buildings. Many projects
have already benefited from the installation of AquiTron systems which add
vital credits to the scheme's total.
Systems are available to detect all common refrigerant / air conditioning
gases used today including CFCs, HFCs and HCFCs such as R410A,
R407c, R404A and R32. There is an extensive range of sensor
technologies available to choose from to detect a wide range of gases in
a variety of applications. Four types are used to suit the application and
gas: Semiconductor, Electrochemical, Catalytic and Infrared.
Applications
• Hotel bedrooms & apartments
• Offices
• Data centres, telecomms, server & equipment rooms
• Classrooms
• Hospitals
• Chiller plant rooms / HVAC corridors
Please refer to the Technical Data section of the Notebook for further details.
AquiTron & TraceTek
Water & Fuel Oil Leak Detection
Digital, addressable and analogue leak detection technology are all
available within the AquiTron and TraceTek range that offer simple, reliable
and flexible systems. The digital control panel provides you with pinpoint
accurate location of any leaks. The system can also detect multiple leaks
and can be networked to 128 channels.
No matter what your liquid leak detection need is, sensors are available to
suit your application.
Use Aquilar in
• Data centres
• Server, network, telecomms & computer rooms
• HVAC plant rooms & service risers
• Lift pits & lift motor rooms
• Museums, libraries & archives
• Hospitals
• Sensitive areas & high value spaces (luxury homes)
Many Liquid Sensors
• TT1000 for water detection
• TT1100 for water detection on overhead pipes
• AT-PROBE-TS for water detection in bunded areas, base of riser &
below equipment
• TT5000 for fuel oils: petrol/gasoline, diesel, jet fuel & other fuels
Aquilar Ltd Tel : 01403 216100
Unit 30 Lawson Hunt Industrial Park Aquilar-Ltd
Broadbridge Heath
Horsham @AquilarLtd
West Sussex RH12 3JR Email : [email protected]
Website : www.aquilar.co.uk
Underfloor Heating Systems - 51
Heat Mat Heat Mat Underfloor Heating
Heat Mat is a leading UK supplier of electric underfloor heating and ice Thermal Insulation Boards will increase energy efficiency
and snow melting systems. We manufacture premium, innovative electric
heating systems in the UK and Denmark and supply quality products, Heat Mat Combymat System Heat Mat Combymat System
covered by independent approvals, with lifetime warranties.
Outputs & Surfaces
Comprehensive Heated Floor Systems
Supplied in outputs of 110W, 160W or 200W per square metre, our mats
Heat Mat provides electric underfloor heating to fit beneath virtually any come in a large range of sizes, allowing you to select the perfect system
floor covering and have a dedicated technical team offering specialist whatever your room dimensions.
project services to architects, specifiers and construction professionals.
We provide comprehensive planning, specification and quotation 200W Mats
assistance, to ensure the correct systems or bespoke solutions are • Warm-up rapidly & can provide sole source heating
specified depending on requirements.
• Ideal for use beneath tile & stone
Heat Mat specifies systems for new developments, retrofit and 160W Mats
refurbishment projects and commercial or industrial construction. We can • Use beneath carpet, bonded wood floors & vinyl
also supply temporary ground heating mats to ensure groundwork can
continue onsite in winter. 110W Mats
• Designed for use in very well insulated properties
Systems include:
Environmental Benefits
• Direct-acting electric underfloor heating
All systems are suitable for use with Heat Mat Thermal Insulation Boards
• Sole source space heating which enables them to run more efficiently, benefiting both you and the
environment.
• Floor warming
• Mirror demisters ideal for hotel projects
• Thermal insulation boards
• In-screed cable systems
• Trace heating
• Driveway & ramp heating
• Gutter protection
• Pipe protection to stop frost damage
Electric Underfloor Heating Systems
Heat Mat’s main ranges include the following:
• 100% earth shielded under tile heating mats, in standard 110W/m²,
160W/m² & powerful 200W/m² categories
• Fully earth shielded, cut & turned under laminate system with an
output of 150W/m². Suitable beneath carpet & vinyl when used with
Combymat overlay boards
• Ultra-thin, fully earthed under tile heating cable allowing you to set
the output
• Robust 6mm in-screed heating cable for new build or major renovation
situations
• Cables suitable for installation beneath hot asphalt
• Intelligent programmable thermostats
• Robust external controls & moisture sensors
• Accessory products include mirror demisters, thermal insulation
boards, self-levelling compounds & cable monitors for ensuring the
system is safe during installation
Underfloor Heating Mats
Simple and trouble-free to install, our heating mats are particularly suited
to large areas where their installation will be quicker than a loose 3mm
cable system.
• Easy to install
• Suited to large areas
• Pre-spaced 3mm heating cable protected by mesh
• Available in outputs of 110W, 160W or 200W
• Heating cable is twin-conductor & earth shielded
• Can be cut & turned to achieve 100% coverage
• BEAB approved
• Supplied with a Lifetime Warranty
Heat Mat Ltd Tel : 01444 247020
Ashwyn Business Centre Fax : 01444 247121
Marchants Way
Burgess Hill @HeatMatLimited
West Sussex RH15 8QY Email : [email protected]
Website : www.heatmat.co.uk
52 - Intelligent Fluid Flow Equipment
Armstrong Fluid Technology
Armstrong Fluid Technology is known as an innovator in the design,
engineering and manufacturing of intelligent fluid flow equipment.
With expertise in demand-based control, digitalisation, fluid flow and heat
transfer, Armstrong Fluid Technology leads the fluid systems industry,
including HVAC, plumbing and fire safety.
We provide the most energy-efficient and cost-effective solutions to
building professionals and owners around the world, and have 1000
employees worldwide and manufacture products in 7 facilities on 4
continents.
Design Envelope
Design Envelope technology is a demand-based intelligent control
solution that models equipment and system behaviour, monitors actual
system conditions and dynamically adjusts equipment operation to match
system demand.
Design Envelope technology is at the core of Armstrong’s groundbreaking
advances in building performance.
Design Envelope technology enables the greenest, most flexible and cost
effective fluid-flow and HVAC systems on the planet – resulting in both
lowest installed and lowest operating cost with unmatched efficiency, the
simplest, fastest installation and commissioning together with optimised
lifetime performance through real-time insight and action.
Design Envelope Vertical In-Line Pump Design Envelope Tango & Vertical In-Line Pumps
To help the industry meet the challenge of providing cost-effective HVAC
operations, Armstrong has developed the Design Envelope Tango pump,
representing the pinnacle of energy performance.
With a shared casing and volutes for 2 motors, industry-leading hydraulic
efficiency, energy-saving iECM™ motors, and on-board Parallel
Senorless Pump Control™, Tango offers more value than any other
solution available today.
Our patented Parallel Sensorless technology delivers best efficiency-
point staging and enables a new approach to traditional duty standby
requirements through the inherent redundancy and control capabilities
of Design Envelope offerings. These unique capabilities combine to
further extend both the installed cost and energy savings available to our
customers.
Residential & Commercial Circulators
The Armstrong range of wet rotor circulators offers a broad range of
solutions for both residential and commercial heating, secondary hot
water, solar and geo-thermal applications.
Residential & Commercial Wet Rotor Circulators
Armstrong Fluid Technology Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 8444 145 145
Wolverton Street @ArmstrongFT
Manchester armstrong-fluid-technology
Lancashire [email protected]
M11 2ET www.armstrongfluidtechnology.com
Energy Efficient HVAC Solutions - 53
Armstrong Fluid Technology
Design Envelope Booster Sets Design Envelope 6800 Vertical MultiStage Boosters
The Armstrong Design Envelope 6800 Boosters are fully assembled,
programmed, integrated and factory-tested turnkey booster systems.
They are equipped with vertical multistage pumps and come in
arrangements of 2 to 5 pumps. The integrated controls allow for superior
performance and energy efficiency across broad operating envelopes.
Most suitable for applications where energy consumption and low
maintenance are critical, installation space comes at a premium and
occupant comfort is a high priority.
Plant Automation & Optimisation
Armstrong Automation & Controls Solutions include Intelligent Pumping
Systems (IPS) and Integrated Plant Control (IPC) Systems as well as
Startup and Commissioning Services. These solutions and services
leverage available data, technology and communications protocols to
coordinate, automate and optimise HVAC systems for extended operating
life and maximum energy efficiency.
Design Envelope Integrated Fluid Design Envelope IPS 4000
Management Systems (iFMS) & Packaged
Plant Rooms
Armstrong pre-fabricated systems are for any HVAC application and
include a combination of structural, intelligent devices, process
equipment, controls, electrical gear and even environmental enclosures
that are designed and fabricated to BS EN 1090 and to customers’ exact
specifications.
Off-site prefabrication is the best solution to deal with tight construction
schedules and ensure efficient design and cost containment. Off-site
prefabrication of a system improves project schedules, reduces on-site
costs, lowers waste and reduces project risks.
Active Performance Management Design Envelope Integrated Package Plant Room
Active Performance Management is Armstrong Fluid Technology’s
patented on-board software technology that learns, predicts, adjusts
automatically and makes optimisation recommendation in real-time. It
addresses changing situations such as system degradation and
performance drift. Active Performance Management is made available
through Armstrong’s Design Envelope solutions with subscriptions to
Performance Management Services.
Energy Upgrade Services
Armstrong applies a proven methodology to guide and inform the process
of optimising your building performance. The process starts with forming
a joint understanding of the challenges, opportunities, investment and
potential returns.
We can begin with a simple plant room walk through and progress to a
comprehensive energy audit. Armed with the knowledge gained, we work
with you to outline and overall plan that will help you to achieve savings
right from day one.
Design Envelope Intelligent Fluid Management System (iFMS)
Armstrong Fluid Technology Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 8444 145 145
Wolverton Street @ArmstrongFT
Manchester armstrong-fluid-technology
Lancashire [email protected]
M11 2ET www.armstrongfluidtechnology.com
54 - High Performance Insulation
Kingspan Industrial Insulation
Kingspan Industrial Insulation is the market leading manufacturer of
premium performance pipe insulation products and systems. Kingspan
Industrial Insulation products are among the thinnest and most efficient
products commonly available for the insulation of pipework in Building
Services/HVAC, process and petrochemical applications and refrigeration
services – saving energy, saving CO2 emissions and saving money.
Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation
Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation comprises sections of Kooltherm® Insulation
faced with a factory-applied foil vapour barrier jacket in silver or black,
autohesively bonded to the insulation core during manufacture.
Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation is CE Marked in accordance with BS EN
14314 and is available in a range of thicknesses to suit different
performance specifications and may be used on mild steel, stainless steel,
carbon steel, copper and plastic pipework in standard and non-standard
pipe diameters.
Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation is manufactured using state-of-the-art
continuous and bespoke manufacturing technologies. Both methods
feature use of a unique bore coating/coated liner and minimise production
wastage. Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation is supplied in 1 metre lengths.
Kooltherm® Pipe insulation is available in a standard density of 37 kg/m³.
Higher density pipe insulation sections and insulated pipe supports
fabricated from 60 kg/m³, 80 kg/m³ and 120 kg/m³ densities are also
available.
Kooltherm® Insulated Pipe Support Inserts
Kooltherm® Insulated Pipe Support Inserts provide optimal load bearing
capacity whilst offering protection against insulation compression.
Designed for use in pipe supports, hanger brackets and clamps, they will
support the compressive loads imposed by horizontal pipework carrying
water or other liquids, whilst maintaining thermal integrity.
Kooltherm® Insulated Pipe Support Inserts are available to suit a full range
of pipe diameters and in a full range of insulation thicknesses; however,
special sizes are available on request. In addition to allowing a continuous
vapour barrier on below ambient systems, thermal analysis of a +75°C
LTHW system to EN ISO 10211:2007 has shown that Kooltherm®
Insulated Pipe Support Inserts can limit heat loss by up to 4x more than
rubber lined pipe clips, 5x more than metal pipe clips and 10x more than
hardwood pipe support inserts.
Kooltherm® FireSleeves
Kooltherm® FireSleeves are a unique combination of high performance
phenolic insulation, intumescent and stainless steel. These innovative
products act as up to a two-hour fire stop to BS EN 1366, on both steel
and copper pipe service penetrations through timber frame and block wall
applications and incorporate the excellent fire and smoke performance
of Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation.
They comprise an outer sleeve of 0.5mm thick stainless steel which is
clasp fastening and 205mm in length. It is lined with intumescent material.
The stainless steel sleeve encloses a 300mm length of Kooltherm® Pipe
Insulation which is also lined with intumescent material. Kooltherm®
FireSleeves can be supplied in a range of sizes.
The Kingspan KoolDuct® System
The Kingspan KoolDuct® System is an advanced and innovative
pre-insulated rectangular HVAC ductwork system, which is installed in a
single fix. The System eliminates virtually all the problems associated
with galvanised sheet steel lagged with mineral fibre, whilst, at the same
time, offering additional advantages to the specifying engineer, the
architect, the M&E contractor, the fabricator, the facilities manager, the
property developer and the building owner.
Kooltherm® Duct & Therma™ Duct Insulation
Kooltherm® Duct Insulation and Therma™ Duct Insulation are premium
performance insulation products for use on rectangular, circular and
flat/oval ductwork, in internal and external applications.
Further Information
Full technical support and literature on the application and performance
of the Kingspan Industrial Insulation range is available from either the
website below or by contacting us on the number below.
Kingspan Industrial Insulation Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1457 890 400
Glossop Brook Road
Glossop @KingspanHVAC_UK
Derbyshire Email : [email protected]
SK13 8GP Website : www.kingspanindustrialinsulation.com
Pumping Solutions - 55
Grundfos Pumps Ordinary & high hazard sets are just part of a range of fire solutions
MAGNA3 high efficiency circulator
Grundfos is a UK leader in the supply of pumps and pump systems for Energy checks & pump audits will help improve efficiencies
a wide range of commercial applications that incorporate super-efficient Hydro MPC-E booster set
IE5 motors. We offer an extensive proven portfolio of innovative, energy
efficient products. These are just some examples of the products and
applications we can support:
HVAC
Grundfos MAGNA1 and MAGNA3 families are designed for circulating
liquids in a range of applications including heating systems, domestic
water systems, air conditioning and cooling systems, these high efficiency
pumps are the ideal option for both new and refurbishment projects.
Grundfos TPE2 and TPE3 inline pumps have proved themselves within
a variety of commercial and industrial roles and today they offer the
perfect solution for many different applications, including heating and
cooling. The moodels deliver unrivalled efficiencies and a wide range of
upgraded intelligent functions, allowing operation to be customised for
specific needs and frequently eliminating the requirement for pump
throttling valves.
Boosting
Models include the Grundfos Hydro MPC-E family, a range of large
energy efficient commercial booster systems that deliver 2-6 pumps in
cascade. They are easy to install, deliver perfect constant pressure and
are fully supported by application-optimised software. These sets are
WRAS approved.
Wastewater
Grundfos NB and NK end suction and SE/SEL/SEG submersible pumps
are ideal for commercial wastewater applications demanding reliable and
cost-efficient operation. The end suction range comprises a complete
series of close or long-coupled pumps in full compliance with either
EN733 or ISO 2858, whilst the submersible range offers an unrivalled
balance between efficiency and anti-blocking performance. Grundfos also
offers a variety of packaged wastewater lifting/removal solutions.
District Energy
District heating can be an excellent solution for a range of scaled projects,
from single office buildings, schools, colleges, hotels, hospitals and
apartment complexes, right through to whole neighbourhoods. With a full
line-up of energy efficient standard bloc and long-coupled pumps,
circulators, inline pumps, booster sets, pressurisation units, pressure step
degassers and dirt separators, plus extensive system design experience
inside and outside the UK, Grundfos has the answers.
Offsite Build
The demand for offsite build (OSB) is increasing. These solutions can
support larger building projects, industrial solutions and the water
industry, all of which can benefit from having packaged sets arrive on
site complete with all the necessary pumps, piping, valves, controls and
instrumentation.
Disinfection
We can offer a range of dosing and disinfection equipment including the
Oxiperm Pro chlorine dioxide generator, that is ideal for combating
unwanted micro-organisms in drinking water treatment or the disinfection
of water against legionella.
Fire Solutions
Fire suppression systems are a vital pump application. We can offer a
comprehensive range of approved equipment from domestic FireSAFE
units to high rise sprinkler and hydrant equipment.
Energy Checks & Pump Audits
At Grundfos, we have devised a range of tools that can help realise the
maximum efficiency from pumping equipment to save both money and
CO2. An energy check will assess the installed pump equipment and
produce a report suggesting changes, along with an overview on the
payback period. A pump audit is more comprehensive as it checks the
overall efficiency and highlights how much energy you could save via
system optimisation and switching to a more efficient pump.
CPD Seminars
Grundfos can deliver a range of CPD accredited
topics that can be presented in several ways –
including by webinar.
Grundfos Pumps Ltd Tel : 01525 850000
Grovebury Road
Leighton Buzzard @Grundfos_UK
Bedfordshire Email : [email protected]
LU7 4TL
Website : www.grundfos.co.uk
56 - Vacuum Drainage Systems
Eurovac Vacuum drainage benefits compared to gravity solution
Eurovac is the sole UK agent for Evac Vacuum Systems, which were first Amount of water
introduced more than 40 years ago in building applications. Evac’s saved with our Evac
vacuum technology has proven to be a winning combination of reliability
and durability. The Evac vacuum toilet solution minimises the use of fresh vacuum toilets
water for toilet flushes. At the same time, it offers you ultimate freedom 13 140 000 000 litres/year
of piping design. Additionally, the reuse of grey water contributes to a 3 471 million gallons/year
small water footprint at your building.
Today Eurovac is the premier supplier of vacuum systems to the UK
Building and Industrial markets, with most major supermarkets using Evac
Systems. Over 150 buildings in the UK are now equipped with a vacuum
drainage system, from space age hotel concepts such as Yotels,
high-tech laboratories like Diamond Light Source and everyday office
blocks for Vodafone to special buildings like St Pancras International
Railway Station and Heathrow T5.
Benefits of the Evac Solution
For building designers:
• Increased design flexibility
• No requirement for soil stacks or vents
• Pipes can be routed over & around obstacles
• Manufactured to European Standard ISO 9001 with BBA Certificate
• Opportunity for designers to earn BREEAM points for new buildings
For building owners:
• Less water required (only 1.2 litres per flush) = savings in water costs
• Less need for fresh water production, water treatment & storage
• Increased planning options
• Increased hygiene & better air movement in sanitary facilities
• No need for piping ventilation
For supermarkets:
• Flexible design & easy adjustment of future store plans
• Short construction schedules with minimum customer disruption
• No concrete & tile work when relocating or adding display cases
• Lower costs compared to under slab gravity waste piping
• No blocked drains & odours from under slab waste piping
• Quick & easy last-minute floor plan adjustments
• Safe, reliable & easily maintained waste collection system
Vacuum Toilets
The Evac Vacuum Toilet looks like any conventional toilet, but instead of
relying on gravity it creates a powerful vacuum to flush the toilet. Water
consumption is very low – only 1.2 litres per flush. Because the operation
is pneumatic, no electrical connections are needed. However, the Evac
Vacuum toilet for buildings is no noisier than a conventional gravity WC.
Vacuum Interface Units
The Vacuum Interface Unit allows standard sanitary items such as
showers, basins, washing machines etc to be connected into the vacuum
drainage system. The interface units can come in varying shapes and
sizes depending on the type and quantity of water to be collected. Just
like the vacuum toilet, there are no electrical connections required.
Vacuum Collection Units
The Vacuum Collection Unit creates the vacuum for the system and is
the only part of the system that consumes energy. It consists of a vacuum
tank, vacuum pumps, discharge pump and operating control panel. The
size and number of tanks and pumps depend on the size and type of the
project, number of toilets, frequency of use, etc.
Vacuum is not just for Sewage - Vacuum Food Waste
Collection
A growing source of waste in the western world is from food, and all food
waste must be managed. We all do this in our personal life by separating
our waste food matter in our homes and relying on a dedicated council
collection to remove this. We all believe it is the correct and environmental
thing to do. But doing this on a commercial scale in restaurants, kitchens
and food hall complexes produces a new set of challenges.
One of these is getting all the food waste from several areas of the building
to a central location for collection. This is where vacuum plays its part
once again as an efficient medium for conveying waste. Using our
expertise gained through our experiences in 50 years waste transfer in
the transportation and building sectors, the Evac brand offers the vacuum
food waste collection system.
European Vacuum Drainage Systems Tel : 01634 684 779
Unit 35 Lordswood Industrial Estate Fax : 01634 661 510
Gleamingwood Drive @EVDSltd
Chatham Email : [email protected]
Kent ME5 8RZ Website : www.evds.org.uk
Technical Data Index - 57
Acknowledgements & Useful Addresses ......... ...... . .. ... . .... . .... 58
59
Chilled Beams - Cooling & Heating Effects ................. . .... FRENGER Systems ......................... . ............. .......... 60
61
AET’s Underfloor Air Conditioning ........................ . . .............. AET Flexible Space ...................... . ................. .......... 62
63
Adiabatic Cooling Technologies . .. Refrion . .. 64
65
Fan Coil Units ........ ....................................... . . .... . TROX UK .......................................... . . ..................... 66
67
The Art of Handling Air ..................... . . ....... ............ TROX UK ............................. . .......... . ..................... 68
69
Close Control AC - High Density Cooling .................... .. ...... Uniflair .......................................................... ............ 70
71
Ecodesign Directive & F-Gas Regulation ............ . ..... Airedale International .............................. .. . .............. 72
73
Thermal Management Solutions .. .................... .. ........ VERTIV .. .... . ....... . ............. 74
75
Achieving Desirable Cooling Comfort ... . . Samsung Electronics .. ... . 76
77
Daikin UK - Case Study .............................................. . .. ....... Daikin UK ................................... . .............. ................ 78
79
VRF Air Conditioning ............................................. . ........ LG Electronics ............................ . ........... .................. 80
81
Dehumidification / Humidification / Upgrades ............ ....... Munters .................................... . .................... . ....... 82
83
Gilberts Natural Ventilation Systems ........................... . . . Gilberts ................................... . ............... . ............. 84
85
Heat Pumps for Heating . . ... Mitsubishi Electric ................................. . ....... . ........... 86
87
Air Conditioning, Ventilation & Controls .................. . ... ... Mitsubishi Electric ............................... . ............ . ........ 88
89
Daikin Applied Air Handling Units ................ .. . Daikin Applied ......................................... . ......... 90
91
Daikin Applied Chillers .......................... . .. Daikin Applied ........................................ . ........... 92
93
The Future of Design Regulations ....... ...... Breathing Buildings .............................................. . ....... 94
95
EC Fan Coils .................. . .............................. . ............ Advanced Air ........................................... . ......... 96
97
Halton Foodservice - High Performance Kitchens .. Halton Foodservice . . .. .. .. . 98
99
Innovative Technologies .. .. . Halton Foodservice . . .. .. .. . 100
101
Air Terminal Device Selection . .. Waterloo Air Products .. ... 102
103
Air Terminal Device Selection . .. Waterloo Air Products .. ... 104
105
Typical Specifications for StandardAir Filters . . . EMCEL Filters ................................................. . ............ 106
107
Trench Heating .. .. RCM Products .. . 108
109
Swimming Pool Ventilation Guidelines - Menerga ....... Systemair ............................... . ........... 110
111
Systemair’s Guide to Building Regulations Part L2 ... Systemair ............................... . ........... 112
113
Fan Coil Unit Acoustics & Room Noise Levels .. . ............. Dunham-Bush ........... . ............................ . .............. 114
115
Low Surface Temperature (LST) Radiators & Convectors ... ... Dunham-Bush ............ . ......................... . ................
Air Curtains .......... . .............................. . . . ... JS Air Curtains ............................................ . ... . ........
Why Choose a Heat Pump? ................................ . .. ...... Glen Dimplex ..................................................... .......
Trench Heating & Cooling ... . SPC .......................... . .. . .......
Thermatile TEN ..... . ......... SPC .................................. . .........
Hydronic System Designs: HVAC . ... .. ... Danfoss Heating . ..
Principles / Advantages of Inverter Drives .. Danfoss Drives ...... ..
Metering & Flow Control .................................... . .. ......... DMS Flow Measurement & Control Specialists ... . .....
BELIMO Energy Valve™ ....................... .. ................. . .... BELIMO Automation UK ................................. . ............
Building Energy Management System (BEMS) ............................... Trend Control Systems .................................... . ...........
Psychrometric Chart ..................................................... . .. ...... Trend Control Systems ................................... . ............
Guidance for Control Valves in HVAC Applications . ...... Siemens Building Technologies ...................... . ............
Remeha - Case Studies .... .... . ..... . ........ Remeha ........................... . ........
CALPEX Pipes - Heat Loss Data ....... . ....... . ........... Brugg Pipesystems ........................................ . .............
Heating with Gas Fired Boilers ................ . .......... . ...... Viessmann .................................................. . ................
Steam & Condensate Pipe Sizing ............ . ......... . .......... Spirax Sarco .............................................. . .................
Steam Tables / Data ....................... . .................. . ..... Spirax Sarco ................................................ . ...............
Energy Savings Using Radiant Heat .......... . ........... . ....... Zehnder .............................................. . ..............
Leak Detection / Design Guide ................................ . ..... Aquilar .............................................................. ........
nVent RAYCHEM Trace Heating Systems ..... . .......... . .. .. nVent RAYCHEM ................................. . .......................
nVent RAYCHEM Heating Cables - Product Selection .... . ...... nVent RAYCHEM ........................................ . ................
Armstrong Fluid Technology - Case Study ........ .. .. Armstrong Fluid Technology ..................... . ...........
Armstrong Fluid Technology - Case Study ........ .. .. Armstrong Fluid Technology ....................... . .........
Kooltherm® HVAC & Building Services Pipe Insulation . ... Kingspan Industrial Insulation ............ . .. ...........
Handy Pump References . .. Grundfos Pumps . .. .. .
Vacuum Drainage Technology . .. Eurovac .. . ..
Metric Conversions & Conversion Formulae . .. . .. ..
Addresses / Telephone Numbers .. ..
Project Team Details . .. ......
58 - Acknowledgements
Technical Data : Design Criteria : Checklists : Specification Guidelines
Compilation Useful Addresses
The information contained in the following sections has been compiled Association for Consultancy & Engineering
to assist Mechanical Engineers, Technicians, Project Managers and
Specifiers in the United Kingdom at all stages of design. Alliance House 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QL
It is not intended to provide a comprehensive design manual but to assist Tel : 020 7222 6557
experienced Engineers and Specifiers by providing recognised data in Email : [email protected]
an accessible format. www.acenet.co.uk
Data has been obtained from many sources based upon advice from
active Mechanical Engineers within the industry, which has been added Association for Decentralised Energy
to by selected Manufacturers.
6th Floor 10 Dean Farrar Street London SW1H 0DX
Applications Tel : 020 3031 8740
Email: [email protected]
The main purposes of Rules of Thumb are in: www.theade.co.uk
Simple Repetitive Designs
Domestic central heating is an example where main design parameters British Safety Council
and costs can often be provided by simple rules rather than detailed
estimating. 70 Chancellors Road London W6 9RS
Preliminary Assessments Tel : 020 3510 8355
Producing guideline parameters for alternative options at project Email : [email protected]
conception stage, e.g. to compare heating only against air conditioning www.britsafe.org
options.
Outline Design British Standards Institution
Deriving approximate dimensions and size implications at the sketch plan
stage of a project. 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL
Final Design Tel : 020 8996 9001
To check that the final design parameters are of the right order. This is Email : [email protected]
to avoid major errors passing unnoticed in detailed computations. www.bsigroup.com
Handing on Experience
To assist Junior Engineers to develop a feel for Common Sense Parameters. Building Controls Industry Association
Software Error Traps
To question the calculated results obtained from a computer programme c/o FETA 2 Waltham Court Milley Lane Hare Hatch
if it appears to be unreasonable in the light of known parameters. This Reading Berkshire RG10 9TH
could be due to an error in the software or, more likely, an error in inputting Tel : 0118 940 3416
data. Rules of Thumb built into software as common-sense checks are Email : [email protected]
known as Heuristics. They perform a checking function and send a www.bcia.co.uk
warning message to the operator, if detailed calculations provide a
“nonsense” answer. Building Engineering Services Association
Acknowledgements Rotherwick House 3 Thomas More Street St Katharine’s &
Wapping London E1W 1YZ
The publishers acknowledge with thanks the contributors to the technical Tel : 020 7313 4900
sections and the permission granted for including the extracts during its Email : [email protected]
compilation: www.thebesa.com
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Building Research Establishment
British Standards Institute Bucknalls Lane Watford Hertfordshire WD25 9XX
Tel : 0333 321 8811
Building Services Research & Information Association Email : [email protected]
www.bregroup.com
Liability
BSRIA Limited
BuildingDesign Media have made every effort to ensure accuracy of
information, collated from a number of sources, however cannot accept Old Bracknell Lane West Bracknell Berkshire RG12 7AH
any liability for: Tel : 01344 465600
Email : [email protected]
i) Errors & omissions www.bsria.co.uk
ii) Any loss or damage arising from their use Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
iii) Responsibility that the data listed conforms to legal, statutory 222 Balham High Road London SW12 9BS
or regulatory requirements Tel : 020 8675 5211
Fax : 020 8675 5449
www.cibse.org
NBS Construction Industry Council
The Building Centre 26 Store Street London WC1E 7BT
Tel : 020 7399 7400
Email : [email protected]
www.cic.org.uk
Federation of Environmental Trade Associations
2 Waltham Court Milley Lane Hare Hatch Reading RG10 9TH
Tel : 0118 940 3416
Email : [email protected]
www.feta.co.uk
Health and Safety Executive
Redgrave Court Merton Road Bootle Merseyside L20 7HS
Tel : 0300 003 1747
Contact : http:/www.hse.gov.uk/contact/index.htm
www.hse.gov.uk
NBS
The Old Post Office St Nicholas Street Newcastle Upon Tyne
Tyne & Wear NE1 1RH
Tel : 0191 244 5500
Email : [email protected]
www.thenbs.com
The Organisations listed above are for general information and do not endorse, support or sponsor this publication in any form.
Chilled Beams - Cooling & Heating Effects - 59
Thermal Comfort Principles
How we experience the thermal indoor climate depends primarily on our overall heat exchange with the surroundings. A person’s thermal comfort is
affected by the following: ● air temperature ● radiant temperature ● relative humidity ● air velocity ● activity ● clothing
Thermal comfort is realised when a person feels in thermal balance i.e. Frenger avoids such situations of high air velocities for passive chilled
they are neither too hot nor too cold. In addition, there should be no beam solutions by having 40% of their cooling by ‘Radiant’ absorption
unwanted heating or cooling of individual exposed body areas (draughts and the remaining 60% by convection (“X-Wing”). The radiant quotation
around the neck or the ankles). We primarily exchange heat to our provides cooling without any air movement; hence the total cooling air
surroundings via ‘Convection’ and ‘Radiation’. movement is approximately 35% lower air velocities than that of a
convective-only passive chilled beam (fin coil batteries are 95%
These two methods of transferring heat are approximately equal with convective). Frenger also limits total cooling capacities to 315 watts/linear
normal air movement in a room. Therefore, we are affected just as much meter for ‘Radiant’ passive chilled beams and 200 watts/linear meter if
by the room’s surface temperatures as we are by the air temperature. convective-only fin coil battery element, both of which when concealed
behind a perforated metal fascia and/or ceiling.
If the temperature of the room’s surface is decreased, fully or in part, the
air temperature can be increased by an amount corresponding to the Frenger avoids such situations for high air velocities for active chilled
decrease in the room surface’s mean temperature. Therefore, when we beam solutions by limiting the supply air discharge to not exceed 23
cool an environment with a radiant cooling device, the desired operative ltrs/sec/meter for a two-way discharge unit and through patented
temperature can be slightly higher. Vice versa, when we heat an registered designs. This creates the “Coanda” effect within the casing of
environment with a radiant heating device, the desired operative the product by means of a smooth (non-faceted) discharge curve and air
temperature can be slightly lower, thus energy savings are available. management discharge veins ‘AMDM’ mounted within the air chamber
at the point of discharge for a short fan shaped distribution pattern. This
Thermal comfort is also affected by the velocity and temperature of any short fan shaped distribution with the “Coanda” effect is particularly useful
air movement within the space. As a rule of thumb when cooling an indoor when two or more active beams are positioned closer together than 3m,
environment with a room temperature of 24°C, the air movement within as without such product features, care must be taken to avoid converging
the space should not exceed 0.25 m/s. air streams/turbulence intensity.
Excessive air speeds cause (draughts) discomfort which is measured by Frenger takes thermal comfort so seriously they have invested millions
the Percentage People Dissatisfied (‘PPD’). The European standard for of pounds in their UK Technical Facility to equip themselves with 3
such matters is ISO 7730: “Ergonomics of the Indoor Environment”. Climatic Test Labs, 2 Photometric Lighting Labs and an Acoustic Sound
Laboratory to not only enable their R&D to be one step ahead of the
Frenger always designs and selects its product solutions with thermal competition, but also to extensively test all disciplines (heating, cooling,
comfort as a fundamental starting position before meeting the required lighting and sound) of the products they develop and manufacture.
cooling and/or heating loads of the indoor environment. Frenger also gains secondary validation by using independent
laboratories for each discipline periodically. All Frenger’s Chilled Beam
Some companies just design or select their products to meet the cooling product performance have been independently tested and “Accredited”
and/or heating loads with little regard for thermal comfort, which can lead by the Eurovent Certification Scheme.
to occupancy complaints even though the environment may be at the
design temperature. Usually this is due to high air velocities below the
cooling device ‘if passive’, or in-between cooling devices ‘if active’.
Frenger Passive Beam Features Frenger Active Beam Features
40% Radiant Absorption / Fresh air introduced via the fascia / underplate.
Room air induced through fin coil cooling
60% Convective Passive System. batteries.
High cooling capacity of up to 1000 W/m.
Can be concealed behind micro perforated Heating capacity 500 W/m.
ceiling systems or within an MSCB or fully Can integrate lighting and other services,
exposed. including controls within an architectural metal
casing “MSCB” (Multiservice Chilled Beam).
Requires minimal control.
Compact®
75-135 W/m² cooling capacity when High output with shallow depth
concealed behind a ceiling or up to 315
W/linear meter as part of an MSCB.
X-Wing®
Single sinusoidal coil with no joints /
no risk of leaking
Running Cost / Energy Use – Chilled Beams
There are several aspects of an active chilled beam system that promote a more energy efficient operation than air-based systems such as fan coil units
and VAV. Typically, the chilled water is distributed to the chilled beams at 14-17°C to minimise the risk of condensation, whereas fan coil units operate
typically at 6-12°C. Elevated chilled water temperatures offer two principal benefits in terms of energy efficiency:
By operating the chiller plant at elevated temperatures, its co-efficient of performance (COP) is increased and energy consumption reduced. The efficiency
of the compressor can be increased by using a dry cooling system (inlet water 14°C instead of 7°C) with a percentage increase in COP of typically 22%.
Elevated temperatures enable a significant increase in the opportunity to avail free cooling from sources such as outdoor air or ground water heat sinks.
That is an annual increase from 800 hours to 2000 hours for a 12-hour day and 2100 to 5200 hours for 24 hour operation.
Fan coil units and VAV systems rely on a fan assisted cooling distribution; that is each fan coil unit incorporates a fan. Chilled beam systems utilise a
centralised fan that can be sized to deliver the amount of air to meet respiratory requirements (not additional air to compensate for cooling loads); with
a consequent reduction in capital cost, electricity consumption and maintenance cost.
Approximate Air Volume Required (l/s/m²) Fan Coil Unit Passive Chilled Beam Active Chilled Beam VAV System (12ºC) Displacement System
Reduced Electrical Energy Consumption (18ºC Supply Air)
1.2 1.2 1.2 8
Low Maintenance No Yes Yes No 14
Good Thermal Comfort No Yes Yes Medium No
No Yes Yes No Yes
Low Noise Level No Yes Yes Medium Medium
Yes
Frenger Systems Ltd Tel : 01332 295678
Riverside Road Fax : 01332 381054
Pride Park
Derby DE24 8HY @Frenger
Email : [email protected]
Frenger Systems Ltd is an FTF Group Company Website : www.frenger.co.uk
60 - AET’s Underfloor Air Conditioning
UfAC Product Overview
Underfloor air conditioning (UfAC) systems make use of the plenum beneath a raised access floor to create the air ventilation zone. Systems are configured
according to cooling load requirements and are typically comprised of standard and optional equipment options.
CAM Downflow Unit
The CAM-C / CAM-V delivers conditioned air into the supply plenum and receives return air either from the underfloor plenum (CAM-C) or at high level
(CAM-V) for re-conditioning. The units come with a 3-row coil as standard offering cooling capacities from 8-36kW and airflow from 2,130 to 12,010 m3/h.
Options include AC or EC fans, 1-row coil for hot water supply, 2 stage electric heater and humidity control.
Fantile (TU4/TU350)
The Fantile (Fan Air Terminal) is designed to replace a standard 600 mm x 600 mm raised access floor panel and is recessed into the floor. It extracts
conditioned air from the plenum below the raised floor and introduces it into the workspace, and also re-circulates room air. Fantiles feature two temperature
sensors (floor and room), a motorised damper and the integrated Fatronic controller allows user adjustment of fan speed and temperature. A master-slave
function can be configured for large zones with multiple units. Cooling capacity of up to 2.5kW is achieved with a nominal airflow of 500m3/h. Options
include standard or slimline units, AC or EC fans, electric trim heaters and hot water coil. A minimum clearance of 180mm is required under the floor.
Fantile Console Fresh Air Supply Air Grille
Console (TUC-500)
A floor standing fan terminal unit designed for areas unsuitable, or with inadequate space for recessed terminals. The unit is positioned over an opening
in the raised floor, extracts conditioned air from the plenum and delivers it into the space.
Fresh Air
The fresh air model FA7/FA5 draws additional fresh air from outside and delivers it directly into the CAM to mix with spent air often used when central air
treatment plants are not installed. They can also be used in the supply zone to boost airflow within large areas. The unit achieves nominal air flows of
430 m/h and 630 m/h.
Supply Air Grilles
Light aluminium alloy grilles featuring hatch access to the Fantile’s integrated controller. Designed to be part of the walkable surface and height adjustable
to fit level with different floor finishes. Circular or custom shape grilles and different colour finishes are available on request.
Return Air Grilles (CAM-C Systems only)
Light aluminium alloy grilles. They are designed to be part of the walkable surface and are height adjustable to fit level with different floor finishes. Different
colour finishes are available on request.
Floor Boxes (CAM-C Systems only)
Dust collection trays and acoustic cross-talk attenuators are available to fit underneath the return air grilles. The attenuator design is based on 90° duct
bend attenuation effect enhanced by high frequency absorbent lining.
Air Segregation Baffle (CAM-C Systems only)
Fire-resistant and airtight fabric made from glass fibre cloth which is used to divide the underfloor plenum into supply and return air channels.
Raised Access Floor
A raised access floor creates the underfloor plenum which becomes the ventilation zone for the supply (and return) of conditioned air. The substructure
must have slotted pedestals and stringers for maximum support and air tightness. 600mm carpet tiles or bonded floor finishes are recommended for future
reconfiguration of space.
Raised Floor FlexTouch Flexmatic Flexvisor
FlexTouch Controller
Wall mountable, touchscreen remote controller for Fantiles which allows user adjustment of fan speed and temperature and measures CO2 and humidity.
PIR sensor detection available. Master-slave function available for large zones with multiple units.
Flexmatic Display
Display unit allowing visual access and control of CAMs, Fantiles and zone communications. The Flexmatic can monitor up to 16 CAM.
Communications
All CAMs and Fantiles can work independently or connected in a network. Flexvisor BMS software is available for independent remote monitoring and
supervision, with local access using network IP address, or remote access using remote access web address. The Flexgateway interface module can
connect the UfAC system to the Flexvisor software, or to a central BMS using either Modbus or BACnet protocol.
AET Flexible Space Tel : 01342 310400
The Center Fax : 01342 310401
201-203 London Road
East Grinstead @AET_FSS
West Sussex RH19 1HA Email : [email protected]
Website : www.flexiblespace.com
Adiabatic Cooling Technologies - 61
Adiabatic Process System Efficiencies
Adiabatic coolers offer the benefit of the pre-cooling of ambient air stream Adiabatic Efficiency: A measure of an adiabatic cooling process ability to
entering the cooler, following the principles of adiabatic humidification. reach 100% saturation.
The entering air stream is cooled and humidified, at constant wet-bulb Typical efficiencies range from 80-90% for standard spray type adiabatic
temperature. systems up to 100% for hybrid systems.
Absorption Efficiency: A measure of the ability of the adiabatic system to
Benefits absorb the adiabatic supply water into the airstream. Typically, spray
systems incorporating atomising nozzles have a relatively high absorption
• Higher cooling output per m2 of plant space efficiency of upto 80%, whereas, flooded or cascading type systems have
• Ability to achieve lower leaving water temperatures at a specified a low absorption efficiency of under 10% and therefore normally
incorporate a collection basin and water recirculation pump.
entering ambient air condition
• Possibility of free cooling Approach
• Reduced power input for a specified cooling output & leaving water
Approach is defined as the difference between the ambient dry bulb
temperature temperature AFTER the adiabatic process and the water leaving
temperature. It is possible to achieve an approach temperature as low
as 1°C. However, consideration should be given to the physical size of
the plant, since a lower approach generally requires a much deeper coil
which can lead to excessive airside pressure drops.
Considerations
• Supply of water for the adiabatic process.
• Water treatment where applicable.
• Hygiene & prevention of legionella growth
• L8 Compliance
• Compliance with VDI2047-2
• Reduced CAPEX & OPEX Industrial Pad • Increased maintenance & logging
System Types Hybrid (H.S.S.)
Adiabatic Spray
Water is supplied to a distribution rack at low Water is supplied to a distribution pipe at the top Operation is similar to a standard adiabatic spray
pressure and subsequently sprayed in counter of a lattice of adiabatic pads positioned before system, however, the spray water is directed
flow direction against the incoming air through a the coil. Water subsequently cascades down the towards the coil at medium pressure.
network of nozzles. pads. Entering ambient air passes through the
pads where the air is adiabatically cooled. Hybrid systems have the added benefit of direct
The water is atomised through the nozzles to sensible cooling on the coil due to the lower
produce a fine mist. Any unevaporated water falls into a collection adiabatic water temperature. The absorption
basin. Cascading systems normally incorporate efficiency is similar to a standard spray system,
Recirculation of the spray water is not essential recirculation due to the low absorption efficiency. and therefore recirculation is not essential.
due to the relatively high absorption efficiency.
Adiabatic Efficiency: 90-95% Adiabatic Efficiency: up to 100%
Adiabatic Efficiency: 80-90% Absorption Efficiency: Low Absorption Efficiency: Med-High
Absorption Efficiency: High
System Comparison
Saturation Spray Pads - Open Circuit Pads - Close Circuit H.S.S.
Increasing R.H. ■■■■■■■■■■ 80% ■■■■■■■■■■ 99% ■■■■■■■■■■ 99% ■■■■■■■■■■ 100%
Air Temperature Reduction ■■■■■■■■■■ 30% ■■■■■■■■■■ 60% ■■■■■■■■■■ 60% ■■■■■■■■■■ 55%
Ventilation Energy Saving ■■■■■■■■■■ -5 K ■■■■■■■■■■ -8 K ■■■■■■■■■■ -8 K ■■■■■■■■■■ -10 K
Direct Energy Consumption ■■■■■■■■■■ 2/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 4/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 4/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 5/10
Water Consumption ■■■■■■■■■■ 1/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 1/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 3/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 1/10
Investment ■■■■■■■■■■ 4/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 9/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 3/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 5/10
Water Quality ■■■■■■■■■■ 2/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 5/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 6/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 3/10
■■■■■■■■■■ 6/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 3/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 3/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 8/10
Precision Cooling Ltd Tel : 01702 535135
33 Star Lane
Southend-on-Sea Email : [email protected]
Essex Website : www.drycoolers.co.uk
SS3 0PJ
62 - Fan Coil Units
Fan Coils
The Type PWX range of fan coil units comprises of six sizes to cover a range of airflows from 50 l/s to 636 l/s. The fan coils can also be matched to the
available TROX plenum/grille sets for system optimisation.
With heating and cooling (4-pipe) and cooling only (2-pipe) options available, the Type PWX is based around a standard base unit of 270 mm with 6 sizes
of unit available (600, 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, and 2050 mm).
With 16 different fan options available the Type PWX has 9 different air flow configurations.
A range of optional equipment and accessories is available including: Integrated controls package, inlet attenuator, discharge attenuator, inlet plenum,
electric heating and circular or rectangular discharge connection.
Controls
Type PWX fan coils can be supplied, as standard, with a wide range of controls from simple single zone (room) control to more sophisticated BMS
compatible BACnet controllers.
Integrated TROX control strategies, including energy efficient VAV functionality, are supplied as standard however project specific functionality can be
programmed upon request. In addition to electrical control, TROX are able to offer a complete package of waterside controls. Various sensor packages
can also be included to offer monitoring of all performance aspects.
Testing
Type PWX fan coil unit, attenuator and plenums have been independently evaluated at SRL Technical Services. UK based on-site testing facilities are
available for solution verification and project teams are welcome to observe testing.
Fan Type F7: (Guide NR35)
Airside Cooling Heating
Model FCU Supply Volume Total Sens. Water flow Water Pt Total Water flow Water Pt SFP
PWX-60/1 (l/s) m3/hr) (kW) (kW) (kg/s) (kPa) (kW) (kg/s) (kPa) (w/l/s)
127 457 2.02 1.67 0.080 12.4 2.20 0.029 1.3 0.19
PWX-90/1 158 568 2.68 2.22 0.107 10.0 3.32 0.044 3.7 0.23
PWX-90/2 213 767 3.46 2.87 0.138 15.7 4.03 0.053 5.2 0.19
PWX-120/2 284 1022 4.64 3.85 0.185 16.6 5.01 0.067 1.8 0.21
PWX-120/3 321 1156 5.14 4.26 0.205 19.8 5.41 0.072 2.1 0.20
PWX-150/3 351 1264 5.76 4.77 0.230 13.6 6.53 0.087 3.3 0.19
PWX-180/3 397 1429 6.58 5.45 0.262 12.3 7.77 0.103 5.2 0.21
PWX-180/4 441 1588 7.19 5.96 0.287 14.3 8.32 0.110 5.9 0.19
PWX-205/4 476 1714 7.79 6.45 0.310 13.1 9.34 0.124 8.0 0.20
Fan Type F10: (Guide NR35)
Airside Cooling Heating
Model FCU Supply Volume Total Sens. Water flow Water Pt Total Water flow Water Pt SFP
(l/s) m3/hr) (kW) (kW) (kg/s) (kPa) (kW) (kg/s) (kPa) (w/l/s)
PWX-60/1 - - - - - - - - - -
PWX-90/1 - - - - - - - - - -
PWX-90/2 242 871 3.85 3.19 0.153 18.8 4.36 0.058 6.0 0.21
PWX-120/2 309 1112 4.98 4.12 0.198 18.7 5.28 0.070 2.0 0.24
PWX-120/3 375 1350 5.83 4.83 0.232 24.4 5.94 0.079 2.4 0.22
PWX-150/3 411 1480 6.57 5.44 0.262 17.1 7.20 0.096 4.0 0.23
PWX-180/3 431 1552 7.06 5.85 0.281 13.8 8.21 0.109 5.8 0.25
PWX-180/4 502 1807 8.02 6.64 0.319 16.9 9.03 0.120 6.8 0.23
PWX-205/4 525 1890 8.46 7.01 0.337 15.2 9.94 0.132 8.9 0.21
TROX UK Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1842 754545
Caxton Way Fax : +44 (0) 1842 763051
Thetford
Norfolk @TROXUK
IP24 3SQ Email : [email protected]
Website : www.troxuk.co.uk
The Art of Handling Air - 63
TROX UK Ltd
TROX is the leader in the development, manufacture and sale of components and systems for the air conditioning and ventilation of rooms and facilities.
With subsidiary companies in 28 countries on all 5 continents and 14 production facilities, TROX is present in over 70 countries with a staff of 3,700
employees. The interaction between all technical building services can make or break the whole system. This is why TROX offers everything from a single
source. Air handling unit and ventilation components complement each other perfectly, which results in maximum energy efficiency while the coordination
effort during the design and installation stages for a project is reduced to a minimum.
Air Handling Units – X-CUBE Flow Control Units – VAV terminal units & CAV controllers
• Flexible with individual configuration options • Distinguished by their quality, easy commissioning & precise
• Eurovent certified, ErP ready function
• In addition to the standard AHU for commercial applications, • Able to meet the most demanding acoustic requirements
variants include: weatherproof for outdoor use, hygiene variant
for hospitals & laboratories • Suitable for air conditioning in all kinds of internal spaces
• Suitable for laboratories, clean room technologies, fume
cupboards & room control needs
Grilles & Diffusers Demand Based Room Control
Developed with renowned
designers and architects, TROX • Efficient individual room
provides a range of: control with X-AIRCONTROL
• Ceiling, swirl, floor, industrial, • Less design & commissioning
staircase & slot diffusers effort
• Air & roll down grilles • Adaptable if room use changes
• Jet nozzles • Optimisation of AHU based on
ventilation & air conditioning
parameters
• Zone modules combine
information from humidity, air
quality, temperature & PIP
sensors
Chilled Beams Also available Fan Coil Units
• Decentralised ventilation systems
• Active & passive chilled beams • Fire & smoke protection • An air conditioning terminal unit that, combined
• Silencers with a diffuser, provides air conditioning suited to
• Multi-service chilled beams (MSCB) can • Filter units & filter elements offices, hotel rooms, shops & restaurants
incorporate cooling & heating systems and • Ventilation & exhaust building fans
the following services: • Automation & system technology • Guaranteed noise levels, thermal & aerodynamic
performance – independently evaluated
- Lighting
- Public address systems • BIM/Revit files available for all product sizes &
- Smoke detectors & water sprinklers optional equipment
- CCTV & PIP sensors
- BMS, voice & data cables • 6 sizes of unit based around a base unit of length,
90mm & height 270mm
• 9 different air flow configurations with 16 different
TROX UK Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1842 754545
Caxton Way Fax : +44 (0) 1842 763051
Thetford
Norfolk @TROXUK
IP24 3SQ Email : [email protected]
Website : www.troxuk.co.uk
64 - Close Control AC - High Density Cooling
High Density Heat Loads AFPS
With the deployment of modern IT hardware, including blade servers and AFPS is the Automatic Floor Pressurisation System pioneered by Uniflair.
the like, today’s data centre is experiencing heat load concentrations Pressure sensors beneath the raised floor are used in conjunction with
which go far beyond the capabilities of traditional cooling solutions. That Uniflair downflow units with variable speed EC fans and AFPS software
said, in most data centres it is not necessary to cater for such a high heat to ensure a constant pressure within the void.
load throughout but it is essential to ensure that it is planned for in a This system fulfils two primary objectives:
particular high density area or areas.
Heavy promotion of “in-row” or “in-rack” cooling solutions in recent times 1 Adequate airflow within the floor void at all
has led to a popular misconception that downflow systems providing times, especially in conjunction with Active
cooling air via a raised floor void are inadequate to cope with high heat Floor® modules;
load densities. With the products and technologies offered by Uniflair,
this is simply not the case. Indeed, TÜV laboratories have certified the 2 Saving energy by automatically keeping
Uniflair solution at heat load densities up to 40kW/rack. downflow unit fan speeds to the minimum
necessary to meet the requirements of the
First Steps data centre at the time. This is especially
valuable when racks are only deployed or
The first steps in any modern data centre are to: loaded over a period of time according to
customer requirements.
1 “Go with the flow” of the servers themselves, with their cool air intake
at the front and exhaust at the rear, by adopting a “hot-aisle cold-aisle” Cool Pool
rack configuration;
For the ultimate heat load densities of
2 Ensure that the clear raised floor void is deep enough to ensure up to 40kW/rack, the Uniflair “Cool Pool”
adequate air distribution. This may be anywhere between 300 and solution is deployed.
1000mm depending upon the size of the area and the layout of cables This combines downflow units with EC
and other services beneath the floor; fans, AFPS, Active Floor® modules and
the segregation of the hot and cold air
3 Ensure that there are adequate floor grille outlets in the cold aisles streams which is achieved either by
for the cooling air requirements of the servers in the adjacent racks. cold aisle containment: enclosing each
cold aisle with transparent doors and
Active Floor ceiling; or by hot aisle containment in a
similar fashion.
As the heat load per rack approaches 15kW or more, then further steps Either method prevents any risk of
are required to ensure that there is an adequate supply of cooling air into short-circuiting of air from the hot aisle
back to the cold aisle.
the cold aisle in front of the servers that These techniques offer a solution which are as modular and scalable as
need it. Uniflair Active Floor® is a 600mm the in-rack or in-row alternatives but are much more flexible.
square unit that fits exactly into the space Required levels of redundancy are much more easily incorporated and
of one tile of an access floor. Located in the absence of water or other liquid coolants in or around the racks
the cold aisle directly in front of a rack, it minimises the risk of damage to hardware in the event of any leakages.
incorporates a variable speed EC motor- Uniflair is an ISO9001 and ISO14001 certified manufacturer and an official
driven fan controlled by temperature endorser of the EU Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency.
sensors, located at the rear of the rack to
automatically adjust airflow in accordance
with the instantaneous demand of the
servers within the rack. With its adjustable
diffuser vanes, it also ensures that the
cooling air can be directed across the whole of the front face of the rack,
avoiding any starving of the uppermost servers. With adequate cooling
and airflow available from the perimeter downflow units, installation of
Active Floor® enables the handling of heat loads of up to 25kW per rack.
Uniflair Limited Tel : 01702 219494
33 Star Lane Estate Fax : 01702 219898
Southend-on-Sea
Essex Email : [email protected]
SS3 0PJ Website : www.uniflair.co.uk
Ecodesign Directive & F-Gas Regulation - 65
Ecodesign Regulation F-Gas Regulation
Ecodesign defines minimum requirements for energy-related products to Fluorinated Gases (F-Gases) are man-made substances of which a
improve product design and energy efficiency. It is a European framework particular type, HFCs, are widely used as refrigerants. Although effective
designed to help the European Union meet its 2020 energy efficiency in air conditioning systems, many HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases
targets. Directive implementation is via product group-specific regulations, that have long-lasting effects on the environment if released into the
and relevant products have been divided into “Lots” with specific atmosphere.
implementing measures.
F-Gas has a European Commission regulatory action as part of its policy
Airedale products appear under Lot 21. to combat climate change. It is a phasedown rather than a ban, aimed at
reducing the CO2 equivalent emissions from hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Ecodesign: Our Responsibility by 79% (relative to 2015) by 2030.
As a British Manufacturer, we are driven by quality and efficiency at every The first F-Gas Regulation was adopted in 2006. The new regulation
stage of our research, development and manufacturing process. We meet replaces this and came into effect in 2015. By 2030 it will cut the EU’s
the challenges of regulatory changes head on with our innovating spirit F-gas emissions by two-thirds compared with 2014 levels.
that is at the heart of everything we do.
F-Gas: Our Responsibility
Ecodesign: Implementation
As with Ecodesign, Airedale takes both the legislation and its commitment
to the environment seriously.
Much of our R&D resources are focused on ensuring our suite of offers
are compatible with lower GWP (Global Warming Potential) refrigerants
such as R32. We have precedent in this area too we led the market
years ago with the change from R22 to R407C refrigerant in 1994 on the
ACC range of chillers and we were the first to market with a range of
chillers utilising R1234ze in 2013.
Lot 21: Ecodesign applies in two steps: Newer refrigerants in many cases are classified as flammable and are
not drop-in replacements for existing gases, so care has to be taken when
Step 1 – from January 2018 onwards; designing, testing, installing and servicing air conditioning systems that
use them.
Step 2 – tighter requirements active from 1 January 2021
Airedale is already investing heavily in our ability to design and
What is Covered? manufacture such systems and are always on hand to offer advice to
clients who are also on this journey. Airedale have experts who can advise
Precision Air Conditioning, Comfort Chillers and High Temperature on the regulations and we can offer CPD seminars to clients who would
Process Chillers are all covered by the Ecodesign regulations in certain like to find out more.
scenarios. Airedale have experts who can advise on this and we can offer
CPD seminars to clients who would like to find out more.
Performance Tested
Quality is assured by our onsite, world-class testing facilities that set the
standard as one of the most advanced testing centres of its kind within
the global air conditioning industry. This facility is integral to our
development process and ensures our team of designers and engineers
conduct a rigorous test programme to produce and improve each of our
manufactured units.
Airedale International Air Conditioning Ltd Tel : 0113 239 1000
Leeds Road Fax : 0113 250 7219
Rawdon @AiredaleAC
Leeds Email: [email protected]
LS19 6JY Website : www.airedale.com
66 - Thermal Management Solutions
Vertiv Thermal Management Solutions for Top-Tier Data Centres
Vertiv offers a comprehensive Thermal Management portfolio designed to meet your needs in terms of efficiency, energy savings and minimised footprint.
Our constant product innovation, combined with unparalleled product features, makes our thermal management products the most reliable on the market,
providing unprecedented quality and customised solutions.
Our technologies are designed for data centres and IT facilities of all sizes, in addition to state-of-the-art controls that maximise efficiency.
Our extensive product range includes custom chilled water, direct expansion and indirect evaporative solutions; all of which enables Vertiv to best meet your
needs and evolving industry standards that quickly expand the range of acceptable data centre temperatures.
Liebert® HPC Liebert® AFC
Wide range of high efficiency free cooling The Adiabatic Free Cooling Chiller
chillers from 40 to 1600 kW available from 500 to 1450 kW
• Designed specifically for data centre • Integrated adiabatic pad system
• High free cooling capacity
applications and to work with SmartAisle™ • 100% compressor back up
• Premium energy efficiency version
• ICOM™ control featured SmartAisle™
Liebert® PDX / Liebert® PCW • Aisle containment
• Provides highest energy efficiency
Liebert® PDX available from 15 to 165 kW • Works with any Liebert® Thermal Management Unit
Liebert® PCW available from 30 to 220 kW
• Premium energy efficiency
• Eurovent certified performance
• Unique control capabilities with ICOM™ control
Liebert® CRV
Row-based high efficiency cooling
units available from 10 to 60 kW
in DX and CW versions
• Full airflow and cooling
capacity modulation to match
server load and to save
energy
• Best footprint capacity with the
highest efficiency
• Six different control modes to
ensure greater flexibility
Liebert® EFC
Indirect Evaporative Free Cooling Unit
from 100 to 450 kW
• ICOM™ control featured
• New generation EC Fans
• Eurovent certified heat exchanger
LIFE™ Liebert® DCL
Through LIFE™, we deliver a 24/7 remote diagnostic and preventive Close loop rack cooling up to 35 kW
monitoring service, providing early warnings of Thermal Management
unit conditions and out of tolerances. This allows for effective proactive • Two different architectures -
maintenance, fast incident response time and remote troubleshooting. Closed Loop & Hybrid Loop
Proactive equipment maintenance ensures uptime enhancement and • Multiple combinations for up to
extends equipment life which, in turn, maximises return on investment 4 server racks
and increases system availability.
• Dual CW coil version for
redundancy
Vertiv Tel : 023 8061 0311
George Curl Way Vertiv
Southampton
Hampshire @VertivCo_UK
SO18 2RY Email: [email protected]
Website : www.vertiv.co.uk
Achieving Desirable Cooling Comfort - 67
Still Air
ASHRAE defines ‘still air’ as a condition where the velocity of the air is lower than 0.15m/s, a level where people cannot detect air movement.
Wind-Free™ Cooling
Samsung has developed Wind-Free™ technology to achieve ‘still air’, maintaining a dispersed gentle soft flow of cool air through thousands of micro holes.
The innovative technology was launched as a split system wall unit and now extends to 1-way and 4-way cassette units for single split and VRF systems.
2 Stage Process
The 2 stage process initially utilises standard operation through wide louvre blades to reduce the temperature of the room. Then Wind-Free™ operation
disperses a gentle flow of cool air to maintain the temperature and comfort condition.
4-Way (600x600): 9,000 Micro Holes Based on Internal Test (AS140NN4DKH/EU(14.0kW) @ 122m²
Wind-Free™cooling mode eliminates draughts and cold spots, achieving ultimate comfort conditions.
Conventional 4-Way Wind-Free™ 4-Way
Applications 1-Way
1-Way
1-way cassettes can be installed into hotel bedrooms as an
alternative to ducted units and provide superior comfort.
4-way cassettes can be applied to offices and retail stores to
achieve ideal comfort conditions for building occupants, staff and
customers.
Samsung Electronics Air Conditioner Tel : 01932 575604
Europe B.V.
Evert van de Beekstraat 310 @SamsungUK
118 CX Schiphol Email : [email protected]
Netherlands Website : samsung.com/climate
68 - Daikin UK - Case Study
A grand air conditioning solution for extension of York’s top hotel
York’s only five star hotel – The Grand Hotel & Spa – has opened a 101-bedroom extension with Daikin VRV IV heat recovery air conditioning. It was
also the first UK hotel development where Daikin’s ground-breaking auto cleaning duct was specified for the fan coil units in every guest room.
This technology combination is set to maximise
efficiency and economy:
● Apart from the ability to provide simultaneous
cooling and heating, the three-pipe heat recovery
system offers greater efficiencies than two-pipe
systems
● The auto cleaning duct prevents any build-up of
dust that could otherwise inhibit efficiency of a
ducted fan coil unit and increase operating costs
of the overall system
● The auto cleaning duct’s dust storage container
can be emptied when necessary by housekeeping
staff with a vacuum cleaner, it avoids the cost of
manual cleaning of the filters. In most rooms, the
vacuum access points are neatly concealed in a
cupboard
● Improves air quality by removing dust and
particulates from circulation within the room
Grand Hotel property manager Martin Jenkinson says
the auto cleaning ducts bring a rapid payback with the
savings on filter cleaning alone.
He says: “It takes three or four days to clean the filters
in the rest of the hotel, which has air conditioning
systems from another manufacturer. And dust can start
to accumulate again very quickly.”
Slim ducted
The hotel, close to the city’s station and the National Railway Museum, was built between 1900 and 1906. It was originally the impressive headquarters
of the North Eastern Railway, in its
heyday one of the UK’s richest
companies.
After a £25 million conversion it opened
as the Grand Hotel in 2010, and the
Grade II listed property was acquired by
current owners, Splendid Hospitality
Group (SHG), four years later.
Virtually doubling the award-winning
hotel’s capacity, the new extension has
been created in a £15 million project
involving the new ‘Rise’ restaurant and
conversion of an adjacent office
building, Roman House.
When the office building was vacated
by a major insurance company, it was
earmarked for conversion into 47 luxury
apartments, but was acquired by SHG
from the intending developer.
Daikin D1+ partner Maximum Climate Control, which had already installed Daikin systems for the new restaurant, was appointed to undertake the full
mechanical installation in the extension.
The air conditioning element consists of 12 VRV IV heat recovery condensing units serving the ducted fan coil units. The three-pipe system includes
multi-way Daikin branch selector boxes.
Two Daikin ERQ condensing units serve the temperature coils in the third party air handling unit that provides a constant supply of fresh, tempered air
to the guest rooms.
Simplified room controllers are provided in each guest room, and each is fitted with a bespoke antique brass faceplate to match the décor. Leak detection
monitors – in a bespoke purple colour – are fitted in every room.
The systems are centrally controlled by a Daikin iTouch Manager with expansion card for connection to the hotel’s building management system.
A 7kW Daikin R32 split unit provides cooling for a communications room.
London-based SHG is billed as one of the UK’s fastest-growing privately owned hotel groups. With more properties in the pipeline, its nationwide portfolio
of 19 branded and independent hotels ranges from limited service to luxury. It has two other properties in York.
Daikin UK Tel : 01932 879000
The Heights
Brooklands @Daikinuk
Weybridge Website : www.daikin.co.uk
Surrey KT13 0NY
VRF Air Conditioning - 69
Technology within LG’s MULTI V 5 VRF System
Dual Sensing Control
One of the most impressive features of LG’s MULTI V 5 is its Dual Sensing Control which helps the air conditioning unit evaluate climate conditions
down to the smallest detail. Unlike conventional air conditioners which only track temperature, the MULTI V 5 measures both temperature and humidity
levels for outdoor and indoor environments. This comprehensive understanding of multiple climate conditions helps the solution determine its
parameters to achieve optimal energy efficiency and maximum indoor comfort levels.
Efficient systems like Smart Load Control makes it possible to control outdoor unit discharge refrigerant temperature, increasing energy efficiency
anywhere from 15 to 31% depending on humidity conditions. Typical VRFs normally fluctuate considerably to maintain a set indoor temperature,
making them highly inefficient. The MULTI V 5’s Dual Sensing Control also has a Comfort Cooling function which maintains operation around the
desired temperature, delivering maximum user comfort.
Ultimate Inverter Compressor
The LG MULTI V 5’s new Ultimate Inverter Compressor offers unrivaled efficiency, reliability and durability. Improving on the 15 to 150 Hz operational
range of its predecessor, it operates from 10 Hz to 165 Hz. This widened range increases part load efficiency and enhances the MULTI V 5’s ability
to quickly reach the desired temperature.
The MULTI V 5 features an enhanced bearing system layered with PEEK (Polyetheretherketone) – an advanced material normally used in aeroplane
engines – this efficient infrastructure allows the MULTI V 5 to operate for sustained periods without any oil. In addition, the MULTI V 5’s Smart Oil
Management uses sensors to check the compressor's oil balance in real time, minimising unnecessary oil recovery operation.
Large Capacity ODU
With an innovative biomimetic fan, 4-sided heat exchanger, and improved compressor performance, the
MULTI V 5’s efficiency and capacity have each been enhanced, making it possible for a single ODU to
reach 26 HP. Utilising research from the Seoul National University’s Department of Mechanical and Humpback Whale
Aerospace Engineering, the engineers behind the MULTI V 5 drew on inspiration from humpback whale Design
flippers when designing the fan. Moreover, the solution's advanced biomimetic fan significantly increases
wind capacity.
Ocean Black Fin
Equipped with LG’s exclusive Ocean Black Fin, the MULTI V 5 is protected from corrosive substances Clam Shell
such as salt, sand and other elements brought in by sea winds as well as industrial pollution. The black Pattern
coating of the Ocean Black Fin heat exchanger keeps water from accumulating to minimise moisture
build up. This durability enhancement prolongs the product's lifespan and lowers maintenance costs,
paving the way for improved performance.
Active Refrigerant Control
LG’s Active Refrigerant Control automatically regulates the amount of refrigerant circulating each cycle.
Thanks to its ability to increase the flow of refrigerant incrementally, this precise five-step system leads to a 3% improvement in energy efficiency.
Oil Separator Oil Separator
No loss in
suction gas
Compressor Oil Sensor
MULTI V 5
Compressor
CONVENTIONAL
Heat Exchangers
The Variable Heat Exchanger Circuit, which implements LG’s patented variable heat exchanger technology, automatically controls the heat exchanger’s
surfaces, selecting the optimal path hot and cold streams. This reduces energy loss and contributes a 15% increase to integrated energy efficiency.
1) Conventional 2) MULTI V 5
The number and the direction of the path are fixed independent of Variable Heat Exchanger Circuit adjusts the path operation modes,
temperature and operation mode. A fixed path limits efficiency. thereby contributing to an increase in energy efficiency.
Compromising efficiency for each operation. Maximising efficiency for all operations.
COOLING HEATING COOLING HEATING
Advantages of a Split Coil
1) Split defrost. 2) Optimising efficiencies cooling, heating and partial load. 3) Allows cooling down to -10ºC by using single coil.
LG Electronics UK Ltd Tel : 01932 331400
AE Dept Velocity 2
Brooklands Drive Brooklands @LGUK_B2B
Weybridge Website : partner.lge.com/uk
Surrey KT13 0SL
70 - Dehumidification / Humidification / Upgrades
Munters Desiccant Rotor Technology Munters Adiabatic Humidification & Cooling
Munters desiccant dehumidifiers attract moisture from the air by creating Water is circulated through a pump station and supplied to the top of the
an area of low vapour pressure at the surface of the desiccant. The cooling pad via a distribution manifold. A distribution pad on the top of
pressure exerted by the water in the air is higher, so the water molecules the cooling pad ensures an even water distribution. The water flows down
move from the air to the desiccant and the air is dehumidified. the corrugated surface of the GLASdek evaporative cooling pad.
Munters desiccant dehumidifiers make use of changing vapour pressures Part of the water is evaporated by the warm and dry air that passes
to dry air continuously in a repeating cycle described by the simple through the pad.
diagram below. As the desiccant picks up moisture from the surrounding
air, dry air is discharged to the process area and the reactivation air The heat that is needed for the evaporation is taken from the air itself.
stream discharges the wet air outside. The air that leaves the pad is therefore cooled and humidified
simultaneously without any external energy supply for the evaporation
Munters units can operate in a wide range of temperatures, including at process. This is nature’s own cooling process.
low temperatures down to -40°C.
Modular design fits all AHUs, for airflows from 0.5 to 30m³/s.
Munters Desiccant Rotor Principle
Munters Direct Evaporative Cooling systems reject heat without adding
Process air Dry air moisture to data centres, hospitals, airports, correctional and power
facilities. Evaporative cooling is an energy efficient solution for industry,
where hot indoor climates lead to low yields, reduced productivity and
unsatisfied working staff.
Air heater
Wet air Reactivation air
Drive motor
Munters PowerPurge™ - Save up to 35% Energy EC Plug Fan Upgrades
PowerPurge works in a similar way to the standard desiccant rotor, yet Upgrading dehumidifiers and air handling units (AHUs) with EC Plug fan
it has its own small fan that circulates the air between the two additional technology can realise significant savings.
sectors. PowerPurge saves energy in two ways: Benefits include:
• Reduce energy consumption by up to 75%
The unique patented PowerPurge acts as an energy recovery system, • Reduce running costs
collecting waste heat off the hottest section of the desiccant wheel and • Save on labour & maintenance
using it to help with the regeneration by pre-heating the coolest part of • No more belts to change
the rotor. This reduces the energy required for reactivation while also • Reduce CO2 – help meet targets
reducing the discharge temperature of the process air, resulting in lower
energy costs for post-cooling; • Improve speed control
• Upgrading rather than replacing AHUs
PowerPurge can also save on first cost. Equipping a desiccant system
with PowerPurge can reduce the size of the desiccant rotor without saves time, money & resources
diminishing the dehumidification capacity.
Munters offer a FREE, full survey report and data logging service. This
Munters Rotor Principle with PowerPurge™ ensures any proposals are based on actual power use, enabling Munters
engineers to forecast expected savings.
Dry air Munters unique modular frame and fan plate systems enable fast
installation, reducing downtime.
Process air
Wet air Air heater
Cold air Reactivation air
PowerPurge™
air stream Warm air
Drive motor
Benefits of Munters PowerPurge™
• Reduced reactivation energy
• Reduced post cooling energy
• Energy savings
• Improved drying performance
Munters Ltd Tel : 01480 432243
Knowledge Centre
Wyboston Lakes @MuntersUK
Great North Road Wyboston Email : [email protected]
Bedfordshire MK44 3BY Website : www.munters.com
Gilberts Natural Ventilation Systems - 71
Natural ventilation, unlike mechanical fan forced ventilation, simply uses the naturally occurring pressure
differential forces of air movement, wind and buoyancy to deliver a steady supply of fresh air for building ventilation
and space cooling.
In an age where energy conservation is at a premium, this sounds ideal And so it is!
Naturally ventilating a building can offer the best of both worlds, combining little or no energy consumption with
low capital costs, whilst still providing adequate fresh air and comfort temperature conditions throughout the year.
With plant room also eliminated, services space minimised and lower servicing/maintenance costs, natural
ventilation now makes for one of the most practical choices of the day.
Natural Ventilation Strategies
Gilberts’ Mistrale is designed to satisfy wind driven, buoyancy (stack effect) and hybrid wall or façade ventilation
design strategies.
Stack Effect
A conventional solution where a vertical stack or shaft can be used to allow warmer air to naturally migrate and rise through the building up to high level
outlets whilst drawing fresh, cool air in from low level.
Wind Effect
In some locations and building designs, wind alone can be used as the principal driving force. In wind driven systems, the air on the windward side of the
building creates positive pressure with a corresponding negative pressure generated on the leeward side. Using this effect, air can be more easily drawn
through the building.
Stack Driven Wind Driven Fusion Mixed Effect
Warm stale Warm stale + VE + VE One of the latest innovations in ventilation is our Fusion cassette which
air out air out pressure pressure is able to provide an extremely low cost ventilation solution from a single
façade, with the added benefits of heat recovery. Mistrale Fusion is a
Cool Warm hybrid style of natural ventilation incorporating an ultra-low power fan
fresh air stale air assistance feature, able to energise in poor air movement conditions to
out ensure adequate ventilation at all times.
in A standalone system, Fusion can provide adequate ventilation and cooling
without the need for supportive systems such as opening windows.
Warm stale Achieving the 8 litres/sec/person fresh air required by the current
air rises Department of Education Building Bulletin (BB101) and PBSP Guidelines,
Fusion is engineered to absorb noise in keeping with BB93 Classroom
Cool fresh Cool fresh Windward Leeward Criteria. It also remains compliant with Building Regulations Approved
air in air in Document L: attaining air leakage better than legislative requirements –
5m³/HR/m² and a U-value of 1W/m²/°C.
Benefits of Natural Ventilation
• Energy savings through reduction in cooling energy • Healthy building conditions due to ample fresh air supply
• Reduced capital cost • Simple, reliable & robust
• Quieter sustainable building • Low repair & maintenance costs
Mistrale Design Solution
Mistrale is a complete natural ventilation air distribution solution comprising louvres, volume control dampers, internal grilles and rooftop turret louvres with
installation options encompassing windows, walls, floors and ceilings. Designed by air distribution experts for dependable performance, the latest innovation
is Mistrale Fusion, a hybrid unit providing a single wall or façade natural ventilation solution with both heating and heat recovery features.
Key Features
U-Value: As low as 0.96 Watt/m²/K
Leakage: As low as 5m³ per hour per sq/m
External Weather Rating: Up to Class A (BS EN 13030)
This high design standard and flexibility makes Mistrale the ideal partner for your next natural ventilation project.
Gilberts (Blackpool) Ltd Tel : 01253 766911
Clifton Road Fax : 01253 767941
Blackpool
Lancashire Email : [email protected]
FY4 4QT Website : www.gilbertsblackpool.com
72 - Heat Pumps for Heating The products are now proving themselves in schools, offices, showrooms,
in farming and in almost any situation calling for reliable, renewable
Legislation & ErP heating.
Ecodan®, the award-winning renewable air source heat pump system, Ecodan is not only providing the heating for the Rhino Pool at Edinburgh
provides domestic and commercial heating and hot water, cutting annual Zoo, it is also acting as a community heating system for 24 flats for a
fuel bills and CO2 emissions. homeless charity in London and is being specified in more projects as the
full potential of the product’s adaptability is realised.
The Energy Related Products (ErP) Directive requires all space and water
heating products to display an energy label to identify the most energy The Ecodan CAHV heat pump boiler system delivers reliable heating with
efficient products available. The Ecodan range has achieved the highest design flexibility and comes in units of 43kW (@ -3ºC), to offer space
space heating band of A++ rating. heating and sanitary hot water up to 70ºC. It is also available with multiple
unit control to provide 688kW of renewable heating.
Ecodan is ideal for both new-build and retro-fit projects where the property
has been thermally upgraded, making Ecodan suitable for most UK District & Community Heating
properties.
Ecodan is being used to deliver community heating to the multi award-
Meeting Domestic Mass Market Needs winning Kingston Heights project, which sees 132 apartments and a
142-bed hotel get their renewable heating from the River Thames.
If society is to find sustainable alternatives to traditional gas and oil
heating, products must be delivered that are flexible in design, easy for For situations offering the scope for water or ground source heat pumps,
skilled engineers to install and straightforward for building operators to use. Ecodan offers up to 960kW of renewable heating and water flow
temperatures of up to 65ºC.
Ecodan has been specifically designed to answer these needs, with a
range that offers the ability to provide heating from 4kW to 14kW for both In addition to being suitable for water source application such as rivers
residential and small commercial applications as well as in new-build and and aquifers plus ground source, whether through slinkies or boreholes,
retro-fit situations. the system can take waste heat from server cooling or industrial process.
The ultra-quiet Ecodan also virtually eliminates the need for planning Ecodan® Heat Pumps
permission.
Ecodan harvests renewable energy from the outdoor air, ground or open
The fifth generation of Ecodan includes a new range of cylinders using a water and upgrades it to provide heating and hot water for homes and
completely new way of heating the water in domestic situations, with a commercial properties.
plate heat exchanger and patented Scale-Stop technology to eliminate
the effect of limescale. With Ecodan, for every 1kW of energy fed in, you get at least 3.2kW of
heat energy out, because the air source heat pump harvests at least
All the developments have focused on improving hot water recovery 2.2kW of renewable energy from the ambient air. This gives Ecodan an
efficiency and time, and ease of installation and use. average Co-efficient Of Performance (COP) of 3.2 across the year.
Mitsubishi Electric has also introduced remote energy monitoring on every Unlike many other air source heat pumps, Ecodan’s advanced inverter
Ecodan that leaves the factory, with the company believing that this is key controls regulate the energy consumption to ensure that Ecodan only
to demonstrating the effectiveness of heat pumps and helping home consumes the exact energy needed at any given time to give a constant
owners qualify for incentive payments. supply of hot water and heating. This also makes Ecodan super quiet –
reflected in the fact that it has received the official backing of the Noise
The range offers three different options for homeowners: Abatement Society which has awarded a ‘Quiet Mark’ of approval to the
domestic heating range.
Standard Level which is pre-installed at the factory, offering remote
energy monitoring using partial estimation of energy use;
Level Two which includes the addition of an electric meter;
Level Three which adds a Metering and Monitoring Service Package
(MMSP) heat meter, enabling homeowners to receive an additional RHI
payment of £230 per year for seven years.
High Efficiency for New-Build
A new domestic Ecodan 4kW unit has been developed specifically to meet
the demands of modern homebuilding techniques.
The unique design of the Ecodan QUHZ air source heat pump delivers
efficient hot water whilst still providing renewable heating to answer the
high hot water, low heating requirement of highly insulated homes.
Commercial Heating
Designed specifically for use in commercial properties, our larger air
cooled and water cooled renewable Ecodan products (CAHV and CRHV)
use proven heat pump technology to deliver effective low carbon heating,
providing a simple solution that can replace traditional systems.
Heating accounts for more than half of the total energy consumed by an
average commercial property, so this is the obvious area to target to make
the required difference.
Mitsubishi Electric Enquiries Tel : 01707 278666
Travellers Lane
Hatfield @meuk_les
Herts Email : [email protected]
AL10 8XB Website : www.les.mitsubishielectric.co.uk
Air Conditioning, Ventilation & Controls - 73
Building the UK’s Greener Future A Comprehensive Chiller Range
Radical change to how we produce and consume energy is required as With the acquisition of the Climaveneta range, Mitsubishi Electric is now
the nation’s fossil-fuel supplies dwindle, along with our energy able to offer the UK market a comprehensive range of advanced,
independence. bespoke, of air source and water-cooled chillers able to suit almost any
application. The addition of the RC Group also means that we can supply
Other key drivers, from climate change and fuel poverty, to Government high performance and dedicated IT cooling systems with low running
legislation and increasing consumer pressure, are also at work. costs and emissions, backed up by superb technical support.
Commercial building stocks – characterised by a disproportionate A Modern Update to Chillers
number of old structures and a slow rebuild rate – remain massive
consumers of energy. To reach the ambitious emission reduction targets The e-Series chiller range delivers a unique modular approach to chiller
the UK has set itself, our occupied spaces must be made more energy- technology in cooling-only and heat pump modules. Offering capacities
efficient, less carbon intensive and incorporate renewable energy where from 90kW to 1080kW, larger systems can also be installed with minimal
possible. The good news is that many of the solutions are affordable, service space requirements.
scalable and available now.
Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation
Modern air conditioning is an ideal way of controlling the internal
environment of any building, large or small. It does not only provide Lossnay’s simultaneous air exhaust to air supply heat transfer element
cooling when required, but also heating and often hot water can be provides effective ventilation with total heat recovery (sensible and
supplied from the same system. latent), providing a comfortable air temperature and environment within
the room. The energy saved by using Lossnay contributes towards
Providing heating and hot water as part of an integrated air conditioning lowering the running costs and minimising the size of air conditioning
system is far more efficient than traditional heating methods such as gas, systems needed. Both residential (Lossnay VL) and commercial
and as a result reduced running costs and emissions can be realised. (Lossnay RVX) are available, giving Mitsubishi Electric a ventilation
solution for any type of building application.
Advanced Air Conditioning
Advanced Controls & Internet Access
Mitsubishi Electric has one of the largest ranges of small, medium and
large air conditioning systems available on the market, to provide Mitsubishi Electric’s controls package is one of the strongest controls
advanced environmental control to almost any building. Many of our product ranges on the market and includes the widest range of BEMS
systems are also available utilising low GWP R32 refrigerant. interfaces in the industry, including BACnet, Modbus and Trend for both
VRF and split systems. Cloud-based control for a wide range of the
The company’s City Multi VRF range not only has higher seasonal systems on offer from Mitsubishi Electric is also available with the
efficiencies but can also allow operators to optimise control of their MELCloud App which provides users with effortless control of their air
system based on either heating demand or energy efficiency with the conditioning via a wide range of PC, Tablets and Smartphones.
new High Performance-Heating and COP Priority modes.
The company has also developed sector-specific control solutions with
Less Refrigerant in Occupied Spaces the MELCotel2 Hotel Interface – a unique product which can control up
to 250 hotel rooms with or without the integration of a key card system.
The R32 Hybrid VRF (HVRF) range uses water to transfer heating or
cooling to occupied spaces, combining the function of a 4-pipe fan coil The controller offers functionality such as night setback, temperature
system with the efficiency and flexibility of VRF air conditioning in one adjustment and window contact control, all of which provide a higher level
system. The system utilises a unique hybrid branch controller box to of control, therefore more energy saving and a reduction in running costs.
provide simultaneous heating and cooling in a simplified, two-pipe design. The AE200 centralised controller offers a large 9-inch touchscreen
display with easy control of up to 50 indoor units. The controller also has
The HVRF operates without using refrigerant in occupied spaces, features such as annual and weekly schedules, optimised start and
removing the need for leak detection equipment and allowing more refrigerant status function to name a few.
properties to take advantage of phased installation through the system’s
modular design.
WR2/WY Series Ground Source Heat Pumps
Mitsubishi Electric’s water-cooled City Multi range is listed on the
Government's renewable energy list.
Tests at the company’s Hatfield headquarters have proven that this
technology is 300% more efficient at heating and cooling an office than a
traditional gas-fired boiler and rooftop chiller combination. The systems
can be integrated with ground loops and boreholes to use the geothermal
energy of the earth like a battery to store heating and cooling energy.
R22 Replacement
Both the City Multi and Mr Slim ranges of air conditioning systems offer
the ability to replace and update antiquated R22 models often using
existing pipework to allow replacement in days rather than weeks.
With both heat pump and heat recovery versions available, the Replace
range allows older, less efficient air conditioning systems to be upgraded
to some of the most efficient units available on the market.
Mitsubishi Electric Enquiries Tel : 01707 282880
Travellers Lane
Hatfield @meuk_les
Herts Email : [email protected]
AL10 8XB Website : les.mitsubishielectric.co.uk
74 - Daikin Applied Air Handling Units
The Impact of the Energy Related Products (ErP) Directive on AHU Selection
Daikin Applied UK Air Handling Unit Range from standard to fully bespoke Air Handling Units (AHUs), ranging from 0.3m³/s to more than 55m³/s.
The introduction of the Ecodesign European Directive along with the new Energy-Related Products Directive (ErP) has had a significant impact in the UK
HVAC industry. Recent changes to the legislation and standards are to encourage manufacturers to improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption
in Air Handling Units (AHUs), but its design impact can be limited with the benefit of Daikin Applied’s experience in AHU design and selection tools.
In the UK, before the implementation of the 40 D-AHU Professional
Ecodesign Regulation 1253/2014, the driver Professional
behind energy efficiency has been the increasing • Pre-configured sizes
Part L efficiency requirements in terms of reducing
overall SFP (Specific Fan Power). This has seen 34 • Tailored to the individual customer
levels greater than 2.2 W/l/s reduce to 1.6 W/l/s • Modular construction
and lower.
28
Manufacturers have been tasked to reduce fan
power consumption via lower overall internal unit 25
resistances using low pressure loss filter systems
and lower component pressures through reduced Modular R Modular P Modular L
unit velocity along with improved fan/motor • Pre-configured sizes
efficiencies and AHU design. • Pre-configured sizes • Pre-configured sizes • Plug & Play concept
• EC fan technology
Whilst not all improvements can be achieved from 22 • Plug & Play concept • Plug & Play concept • High efficiency aluminium
the base AHU, designers are also tasked with
closer system designs with reduced external • EC fan technology • EC fan technology counter flow plate heat
resistances. exchanger
Air flow (m³/s x 1,000) • Heat recovery wheel • High efficiency aluminium • Low height unit
The new regulation – 1253/2014 covering the • For false ceiling applications
design of ventilation units was implemented in (sorption & sensible counter flow plate heat
January 2016 and is in addition to the Part L D-AHU
requirements. This has a significant impact on 19 technology) exchanger Modular L
Non-Residential Ventilation Units (NRVU). These
are the legislative reference for AHUs. • Compact design • Compact design 0.07 m³/s
up to 0.7 m³/s
The regulation now imposes Heat Recovery on 16
virtually all systems which are classed as Bi-
directional Ventilation Units (BVU). However, there 14
are some exceptions; generally, if there is a
mechanical extract, the rule of thumb should be to 11 D-AHU D-AHU
incorporate a Heat Recovery Systems (HRS). Modular R Modular P
5.5
0.13 m³/s 0.13 m³/s
0.21 m³/s up to 6.95 m³/s up to 14.16 m³/s
up to 40 m³/s
0
Within traditional systems in the UK, there has been a large use of free cooling mixing arrangements coupled with air quality management to provide
energy efficient air systems. However, under the new regulations, standard mixing is no longer considered efficient heat recovery. Heat Recovery Systems
are now needed on most supply and extract systems.
The second area to impact on existing heat recovery systems is the increased efficiency requirements, which for Run Around Coil Systems has become
a real challenge. Heat Recovery Efficiencies within the new legislation have increased further in January 2018 and when compared to the previous UK
guidelines from Part L, the new standards have imposed significant increases:
Minimum Dry Efficiency Part L Ecodesign from Jan 16 Ecodesign from Jan 18
Plate Heat Exchanger 50% 67% 73%
Heat Wheel 65% 67% 73%
Run Around Coils 45% 63% 68%
The new regulation also requires that all HRS systems shall have a thermal bypass facility.
For the calculation of HRS system devices installed within AHUs, the standard requires that the efficiency of the HR device is based on equal air flows
and dry conditions. Most operational conditions generally have a degree of latent heat energy within either the supply or extract airstream and many
systems have unbalanced airflow between supply and extract. However, the heat recovery device needs to be selected at the operational conditions with
an iteration of proving calculations then conducted that simulate equal flow and dry conditions to meet the ErP Directive. Daikin Applied can run these
calculations on all AHU selections.
The efficiency of the HRS based on dry conditions will also require a higher efficiency device to meet dry conditions. This then increases the heat transfer
surfaces of the device with resultant increases in cost and operating pressures which will need to be mitigated to maintain SFP levels. This then can
become a vicious circle of increased efficiency/pressure drop and/or increased size to reduce velocity and pressure drop while maintaining SFP levels.
This is now making the optimisation of AHU selection critical in all applications.
A big impact moving forward is the new filter standard change to ISO 16890 and further legislation requirements as more clients
consider air quality as a major factor in their building design. The higher filtration requirements will lead to high pressure drops
which could result in larger footprint AHUs to be in line with the ErP requirements, or further innovation to minimise the impact
whilst delivering the best indoor air quality at the lowest energy input.
Daikin Applied can assist in all aspects of the HVAC system design.
Daikin Applied (UK) Ltd Tel : 0345 565 2700
Bassington Lane Industrial Estate
Cramlington @DaikinAppliedUK
Northumberland Website: www.daikinapplied.uk
NE23 8AF Email: [email protected]
Daikin Applied Chillers - 75
Efficiency in Chillers
The evolution of a chiller has come a long way since the first ice production thermal storage machines from over 100 years ago, with a number of significant
technological advances that mean chillers being supplied to the market today are more efficient than ever. In more recent times, the introduction of inverter
technology to chillers such as those using screw compressors has seen a 15% increase in capacity and a 25% increase in efficiency for reduction in cost
profile and all for a similar footprint chiller when compared to just 5 years ago.
Choosing inverter technology in chillers offers the best efficiency at full load and part load conditions, offering a rapid return on investment. The Daikin
inverter screw solutions offer some key benefits, including:
• Perfect comfort level provided with infinitely variable load regulation for precise leaving water temperature control thanks
to step-less regulation
• Compact footprint without compromise on duty output or efficiency
• Ultra-quiet operation down to 67dB(A) sound pressure power at full load & even lower at part load thanks to enhanced
acoustic solutions
• Unrivalled & proven reliability through extensive testing of chillers & components in laboratories, Daikin factories & selected job sites – even at extreme
working conditions
• Reduced inrush currents & high displacement power factor correction
Ecodesign - New Efficiency Targets
Whilst the advances in chiller technology have been primarily driven by market demands and manufacturers’ desire for continuous product development,
efficiency targets are set to rise further. With building cooling demands ever increasing, central chiller plant is essential to meet client demands however
HVAC machineries contribute to greenhouse gas emissions via the following:
• INDIRECT emissions – linked with the machinery power consumption (and energy efficiency) EU Countermeasure: Ecodesign Directive
• DIRECT emissions – due to possible leakages of refrigerant into the atmosphere EU Countermeasure is F-GAS Regulation
These countermeasures will be what drives chiller technology advancement over the coming years and are what should be considered when designing
HVAC plant within buildings.
Direct emissions have been under regulation for some time and are largely unchanged in recent times with F-gas requirements for refrigerant handling,
chiller leak detection and regular inspection regimes now common place in the market. These will continue to drive the reduction in direct emissions of
refrigerant gases into the atmosphere.
The indirect emissions will be coming under a new legislation countermeasure to enhance the efficiency of equipment supplied to the market. The Ecodesign
requirements are in a number of elements – firstly is the new European benchmark calculation for efficiency, to be known as SEER, under EN14825. This
will undoubtedly cause some understandable confusion in the market as today we already have both ESEER and SEER for Part L calculations for chiller
efficiency. The European Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (ESEER) has been the standard European benchmark calculation for nearly 10 years and is a
weighted formula considering the variation of chiller efficiency (EER) with the partial load and variation of air inlet condenser temperatures.
The more recent index used in the UK is the SEER which follows the same calculation method as ESEER, however can look at more localised ambient
weather data which for the UK can offer lower average ambient temperatures when compared with the ESEER. Also building bespoke part load data, if
known, can be used in the SEER calculation. With both potential reduction in ambient and change in load profile leads to a more tailored SEER calculation
and higher SEER result for your building, but as it is not a fixed set of conditions it makes comparing two different chiller efficiencies extremely difficult. The
potential confusion in the market will be with the new SEER (EN14825) which is a benchmark figure as dedicated by a new calculation method.
The new SEER calculation is important as this is the benchmark figure used in definition of Ecodesign Lot 21 for cooling only chillers.
Lot 21 is the critical minimum design efficiency legislation that all chillers will have to meet in order to be sold in the European market. Ecodesign came into
force on the 1st January 2018 and sets out minimum chiller efficiency targets, the requirements to be met and a tiered implementation structure.
Ecodesign Lot 21 - Tier 1 (1st Jan 2018) Tier 2 (1st Jan 2018)
Minimum efficiency requirements for water chiller units. min. requirements min. requirements
Note*: Capacity defined at 23/18°C EWT and 35°C OAT (A/C)/30/35°C CWT (E/C). Chiller type Capacity (kW)* ŋs (%) ** SEER ŋs (%) ** SEER
Note**: ŋs (5) & SEER are linked with the following formula SEER=(ŋs /100 +K)*2,5 A/C <400 ≥149 ≥3,80 ≥161 ≥4,10
where k=1,3 for A/C chillers and l=0,8 for W/C chillers A/C ≥400 ≥161 ≥4,10 ≥179 ≥4,55
W/C <400 ≥196 ≥5,10 ≥200 ≥5,20
W/C ≥227 ≥5,88 ≥252 ≥6,50
W/C ≥400 & <1500 ≥245 ≥6,33 ≥272 ≥7,00
≥1500
Why is Ecodesign Lot 21 Important for the Market? What Does it Mean for Different Chillers?
Ecodesign is in force for all chillers sold into the EU from the 1st January 2018. Any chiller not meeting the Tier 1 requirements by this date will not be able
to be supplied to the market. It is important for 3 main aspects:
1 HVAC equipment suppliers need to ensure that any chillers supplied meet these standards and have a duty to inform the market of the new
requirements and design based around the standards.
2 Consulting engineers and designers need to ensure that all design works from 2018 onwards, as design based on chillers meeting these minimum
efficiency standards.
3 Contractors will need to ensure that any procurement of equipment that is to be shipped to site after the enforcement dates will meet the standard.
The Ecodesign will gradually eliminate low efficiency products from the market whilst driving manufacturers to enhance existing product ranges to meet the
upcoming benchmarks. The solution that will be at the forefront of design will be the inverter chiller solution.
Daikin Applied (UK) Ltd Tel : 0345 565 2700
Bassington Lane Industrial Estate
Cramlington @DaikinAppliedUK
Northumberland Website: www.daikinapplied.uk
NE23 8AF Email: [email protected]
76 - The Future of Design Regulations
PSBP (FOS) & BB101 (2018) – The Future of Design Regulations
In August 2018, the Education & Skills Funding Agency (ESFA) published a fully revised and updated edition of Building Buletin101 ‘Guidelines on
ventilation, thermal comfort and indoor air quality in schools’. Having been an integral part of the working group which developed this revised document,
Breathing Buildings are uniquely placed to help contractors and designers ensure their school project fully complies with the latest letter of the law.
With rising awareness of how indoor environments impact on health and wellbeing, BB101 (2018) looks at the key design elements of modern ventilation
systems in schools, and encourages designers to deliver low-energy solutions with superb indoor conditions.
Operative Temperature
Operative temperature is now the de-facto measure of thermal comfort. CIBSE Guide A, defines operative temperature as:
operative temperature = ½ (air temp) + ½ (mean radiant temp)
Weather Files
BB101 (2018) mandates the use of 2020 Design Summer Year weather data. These future climate projections are typically warmer than historical weather
data, making it ever more challenging to demonstrate compliance with summertime thermal comfort criteria.
Breathing Buildings’ dynamic thermal modelling software 4DFlo automatically generates outputs in terms of both air temperature and operative
temperature, enabling us to readily assess designs against the new thermal comfort criteria.
Adaptive Comfort
One aspect of the adaptive comfort philosophy is that a person’s thermal history modifies their thermal expectations and preferences.
As an example, when the weather has been seasonably warm for the past few days, occupants tend to feel comfortable at slightly higher temperatures
than if the weather has been cool during the preceding days.
Air Freshness
Maximum allowable CO2 limits are now defined separately for mechanical and natural ventilation systems:
Mechanical Vent: Daily average CO2 < 1000ppm. Peaks must not exceed 1500ppm for more than 20 consecutive minutes.
Natural Vent: Daily average CO2 < 1500ppm. Peaks must not exceed 2000ppm for more than 20 consecutive minutes.
Thermal Comfort
In addition to summertime thermal comfort, there is a new emphasis on the importance of thermal comfort in colder weather, and in particular, the mitigation
of uncomfortable cold draughts. There is now a requirement for pre-mixing of outdoor air, ruling out simple openings close to the occupant.
NVHR® or E-Stack® hybrid ventilation systems offer an automatic alternative to opening windows, providing tempered fresh air in wintertime and assisted
natural ventilation in summer.
The Science of Cold Draughts
We are often told by consultants, clients and engineers that the two main problems with natural ventilation are cold draughts or high energy use; previously
associated with alleviating draughts. This is precisely where E-Stack® and NVHR come into their own.
Using our patented mixing system, we introduce turbulence to promote mixing and thereby mitigate cold draughts in a low-energy way, recycling heat
gains from the space to temper in-coming fresh air.
Summer Boost Winter Mixing
Breathing Buildings Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1223 450 060
The Courtyard BreathingBuildings
15 Sturton Street @BreathingBuild
Cambridge
CB1 2SN Email : [email protected]
Website : www.breathingbuildings.com
EC Fan Coils - 77
EPIC Fan Coils 100 35
87
The EPIC fan coil range provides the designer with the opportunity to
achieve very low specific fan power levels. This is becoming an increasingly Air/Water % 80 Air
important issue as successive building regulations slash the allowable total Water 4
carbon emissions from a building.
60
The horizontally mounted ECM motor gives many benefits which may be
summarised as follows: 40
• The most energy efficient fan coil unit 20
• Infinitely variable speed 61 2
• Variable air volume can be easily achieved with further savings in 0
energy consumption 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
• Single motor as opposed to multiple motors means greater reliability Heating Dead Band Cooling
• Lower noise levels
• Ability to pre-set air volumes at the factory & fully commission the unit
VAV Fan Coils
For the last 45 years, virtually all fan coils have been constant fan speed
and consequently Constant Air Volume (CAV).
Any changes in cooling or heating were adjusted by the water valve i.e.
varying the water volume. However, with the fans running at full speed all
the time, this is a needless waste of energy.
By varying the air volume, significant reductions in energy can be achieved
and typical values for a wide range of constant and VAV fan coils are shown
in the energy comparison graph.
Controls
The control philosophy is relatively simple as can be seen from the diagram
opposite. At maximum cooling the fan is running at 100% with the water
valve fully open. As the cooling load reduces, the fan air volume is reduced
to a minimum of 60%.
If the cooling load reduces further, the water valve is progressively closed
until the dead band is reached. In other words, the fan air volume is reduced
first, followed by a progressive reduction in the water-cooling volume.
On heating, the early morning boost has maximum air volume and heating.
On the heating cycle, the air volume is kept constant to ensure there is no
stratification within the room.
The heating requirement is usually a short period just prior to occupation of
the building and therefore does not significantly impact on carbon emissions.
ECM Technology
Advanced Air EPIC 280 fan coil units include pressure independent
discharge fans, which means the air volumes can be pre-set in the factory.
Due to its “smart” motor technology, the fan is self-commissioning as any
change in external resistance is recognised by the “smart” controller and
the fan automatically compensates to achieve its set-point.
The “smart” motor has feedback capabilities which via the BMS can be used
to indicate dirty filters and can be programmable to suit varying room
condition loads.
Assessed to BS EN ISO 9001:2000
Cert No. FM01714
Advanced Air (UK) Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1842 765657
Burrell Way Sales Tel : +44 (0) 1842 855545
Thetford
Norfolk Fax : +44 (0) 1842 762032
IP24 3QU Email : [email protected]
Website : www.advancedair.co.uk
78 - Halton Foodservice - High Performance Kitchens
Halton Foodservice Completes the Technology Circle of High Performance Kitchens
These results enable significant savings to the energy consumption of
commercial kitchens. It also means:
• Fast payback times due to reduced ductwork size, fan dimensions
and space needs for the technical installations
Air Diffusion Air Quality Energy • Enhanced working conditions due to a good air quality, lower acoustic
Control Recovery levels and the absence of drafts inside the kitchen
Human kW kW
Centric Light Recirculation Establish your kitchen wherever you choose and breathe the healthiest
Units Pollution air with the Eurovent accredited range of Halton AHUs.
Emissions Control
Capture Our Ecology units, PEU for Extract, AEU for Supply and XEU combining
both extract and supply, offer the widest range of kitchen specific Eurovent
Fire Duct accredited air handling units with exclusive pollution and air quality control
Suppression Monitoring technologies. Combine hygiene, safety and air quality with efficient heat
recovery and increased filter lifetime.
Mechanical Intuitive
Filtration Controls Get rid of neighbourhood complaints, even in the most densely populated
areas, breathe the healthiest air and benefit from massive savings.
Specialist Airflow
Filtration Optimisation Through our passion for innovation, Halton Foodservice completes the
technology circle and provides the most efficient solutions for all stages
Automatic of kitchen ventilation systems. From containment to extraction and
Cleaning discharge of the air to atmosphere, through to providing the cleanest and
healthiest replacement air, our depth of knowledge and experience in our
teams is second-to-none, a factor recognised by respected professionals
within the industry.
Using Capture Jet™ technology drastically improves the capture efficiency
of smoke, particulates and the thermal plume compared to traditional
ventilation canopies, thereby reducing the exhaust airflow duties required.
This can result in up to 40% less exhaust airflow rates: the main benefit
of Capture Jet™ technology.
Through Halton’s innovation and development, we have made and
continue to make sustained improvements on energy efficiency within the
commercial kitchen ventilation system, not just the air for extraction, but
also the replacement fresh air.
‘ON DEMAND’ TECHNOLOGY
Proven energy efficiency for end users, clients and consultant specifications
M.A.R.V.E.L. is an ‘On Demand’ Controlled Kitchen Ventilation system
(DCKV) that can recognise the thermic signature of the cooking appliances
by scanning each surface and then adjusting the airflow rates to the lowest
level while still removing all the smoke and heat released.
M.A.R.V.E.L. also has the unique ability to carry out this adjustment in real
time and area by area.
If just one of the canopies is operational, the others will continue to operate
at a low flow rate. This means unrivalled energy savings as the exhaust
airflow rates (and fresh supply air rates) can offer a reduction of up to 64%
with the five times awarded M.A.R.V.E.L. technology.
CMOD (Cold Mist ‘On Demand’) is designed primarily for ‘solid fuel’/open
flame cooking. Ideal for high temperature cooking where airborne grease
particles stay longer in vapour stage, the cold water mist penetrates the
grease particle causing it to become viscous (sticky) and heavy so it drops
out of the airstream and/or sticks to the plenum.
Cold Mist creates efficient grease removal, cools the air temperature in
the filter housing and removes sparks/heat through evaporative cooling,
by default becoming a spark arrester and helping protect ductwork.
CMOD only activates when strictly required and stops automatically when
the cooking appliance emissions stop. Proactive controls use IR sensors
to monitor cooking activity in ‘real time’ – no need for continuous cold mist
and standard extraction is still in operation, even when water is not
required, ensuring sufficient ventilation.
In ‘live’ site tests, the client achieved environmental targets, saved 66%
in water consumption and over £2200 in running costs.
UVOD (UV ‘On Demand’) is a new control system that provides enhanced
functionality to existing UV pollution control systems. UVOD is designed
to activate the UV-C filtration only when needed by automatically detecting
cooking activity using patented detection technology.
This new technology contributes to energy saving objectives with the
added benefit of reduced levels of excess ozone at the discharge. In ‘live’
site tests, the client reduced UV usage by 44% and saved over £1200 in
running costs from only 12 tubes.
Halton Foodservice Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1634 666111
11 Laker Road Fax : +44 (0) 1634 666333
Airport Industrial Estate
Rochester @GroupHalton
Kent ME1 3QX Email : [email protected]
Website : www.halton.com/foodservice
Innovative Technologies - 79
Halton Skyline Brings Life to Light
Halton Skyline is an innovative lighting technology that offers much more
than just enhanced energy savings and unrivalled payback times when
compared to the multitude of LED lights available today.
It truly distinguishes itself by also providing real improvements in the
working conditions and a direct contribution to hygiene control.
Comfort and well-being!
See for yourself how much Halton Skyline respects food colouring and
plasticity while providing stable illumination over time without dazzling.
It also has the ultimate capability to reproduce the colour variation of
daylight. Live the experience of a light that follows your biorhythm.
Enhanced food safety!
Better lighting leads to better awareness of dirt and contamination risks.
Innovative Technologies at all Steps of your Kitchen Ventilation System
Pollution & Air Quality Control Automatic Cleaning
Air Diffusion Airflow & Energy Management
Human Centric Light Advanced & Intuitive Controls
Emissions Capture Automatic Cleaning
Mechanical Grease Filtration Duct Monitoring
Mechanical Grease Filtration Recirculating Units
Halton Foodservice Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1634 666111
11 Laker Road Fax : +44 (0) 1634 666333
Airport Industrial Estate
Rochester @GroupHalton
Kent ME1 3QX Email : [email protected]
Website : www.halton.com/foodservice
80 - Air Terminal Device Selection
Introduction
Frequently the type and location of a grille or diffuser will be determined by architectural or other requirements. If this is the case, performance data can
be applied directly to determine whether the resulting performance is acceptable. Usually, the sizing and design of a terminal device is based on the
throw, but at each stage, it is necessary to check that any acoustic or pressure drop specification is satisfied.
Having decided which type of grille or diffuser is required, apply the following techniques for selection in conjunction with necessary information, such as
total airflow rate and room size. It is helpful to have scale drawings of air terminal device layouts. Table 5.1
Mixed Flow Applications Class of ATD Air change rate per hour
8
Table 5.1 provides very approximate typical air change rates for various types of air terminal devices. Grilles 10
Consideration must be given to the following which will determine the final selection. Linear Grilles
• Mounting position Slot & Linear Diffusers 15
• Size of ATDs Rectangular Diffusers 15
• Blade divergence Perforated Diffusers 15
• Acceptable local velocities Circular Diffusers 20
• Noise criteria Swirl Diffusers 20-30
Table 5.2
Sidewall Grilles Ceiling Height (m) 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0
Maximum Throw (m) 2.5 3.3 4.5 6.3 8.0
Sidewall supply grilles may be selected or adjusted to discharge air to
take advantage of the ceiling effect with or without spread in the horizontal Table 5.3
plane. The blade angle can be used to balance the spread and throw for Terminal device Distance between terminal device & ceiling surface ‘X’
the required air flow rate. The maximum available throw should be based 300mm 300-600mm 600-1000mm 1000mm +
on the recommended ceiling height and throw shown in table 5.2.
If the required throw exceeds the maximum throw shown in table 5.2, Diffusers 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7
consider an alternative scheme. Choose suitable grille locations and Linear Grilles 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.7
calculate the individual grille duty.
Grilles 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7
Determine the most suitable terminal velocity on which the throw is to be
based; in general, a jet terminal velocity of 0.25 – 0.4 m/s will be
satisfactory for year-round air conditioning schemes using sidewall grilles.
Using selection tables or nomograms, select the most suitable grille size.
Grilles with an aspect ratio (width to height ratio) between 2:1 and 5:1 produce a better air diffusion pattern than square
grilles and are less likely to cause draught problems due to excessive drop of the supply jet.
When the terminal device is mounted away from a surface (a free jet) the velocity decay is more rapid, and throw is less
than surface clinging jets. Table 5.3 gives typical ratios of throw.
Approach 1
It is recommended that the space between ATDs should be equal to 1/3 of the ATDs throw.
Be aware that an ATD installed close to the ceiling may cause a Ceiling Effect. This may cause the throw to be extended
beyond the data in a manufacturers’ guidelines.
Taking this into account divide the room into equal sections along the length (L) ensuring that each individual section
has a width:length aspect ratio of at least 1:3 or more (see Figure 5.3).
The example shows 4 ATDs, for which the air flow rate for each can be acquired by dividing the total air flow rate (Qt)
by the total amount of ATDs as represented in the following expression = Qt/4.
Upon obtaining the air flow rate for individual ATDs, the exact throw can be ascertained relative to the segment length
(W) from the manufacturer’s technical data.
To prevent causing draughts, identify an acceptable air flow drop (based on velocity) which ensures the air flow envelope
does not breach the occupied zone, normally a height of 1.8m (see Figure 5.2).
Select an ATD size relative to the specific data of the ATD. Remember to consider the above along with temperature
differential and position of the ATD in relation to the ceiling.
Approach 2
By dividing the room area lengthwise, it increases the amount of ATDs (see Figure 5.4). This in turn lowers the air flow
rate per ATD.
Proceed as per Approach 1.
Approach 3
Begin by dividing the room by the same aspect ratio (1:3) as seen in Approach 1. Then, maintaining the widths of the
segments, divide the room area lengthwise (see Figure 5.5).
Set the blades to 22° and proceed as before.
Waterloo Air Products Plc Tel : 01622 711500
Quarrywood Industrial Estate
Mills Road @WaterlooHVAC
Aylesford Email : [email protected]
Kent ME20 7NB Website : www.waterloo.co.uk
Air Terminal Device Selection - 81
Linear Grilles
Continuous grilles mounted at high level on a sidewall or bulkhead may be treated in a similar manner to linear slot L = Active Length
diffusers. If the grille is mounted to take advantage of the ceiling effect, this is always beneficial with cooling Qt = Total Air Flow Rate
differentials as the risk of dumping is minimised. Qm = Active Quantity per meter run
To avoid draughts at head level, the maximum throw should be limited to the figures shown in table 5.4, based on 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0
3.3 4.5 3.6 8.0
ceiling height:
2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0
If the required throw exceeds the maximum throw shown above, consider Table 5.4 5.5 6.5 9.5 12.0
supplying air from both sides of the room or using an alternative terminal device. Ceiling Height (m) 2.5
Calculate the grille duty by dividing the maximum available active length into the Maximum Throw (m) 2.5
total flow rate.
Determine the most suitable terminal velocity for the application; for year-round Table 5.5
air conditioning with linear grilles, a terminal velocity of 0.3 – 0.4 m/s is satisfactory. Ceiling Height (m) 2.5
4.0
Using selection nomograms, determine the most suitable grille height based on Maximum Throw (m)
the required duty and throw.
Linear Slot Diffusers
These diffusers can be selected or set to provide horizontal diffusion in one or two directions across a flat ceiling surface drawing up on the ceiling effect.
As the supply jet entrains room air, it expands its depth and must be prevented from prematurely entering the occupied zone. Table 5.5, illustrates
recommended maximum throws for differing ceiling heights.
One Way Throw
For continuous slot diffuser arrangements, divide the ceiling area into convenient strips, based on the maximum throw.
Determine the available active lengths of diffuser sections, then calculate the diffuser duty by dividing the active length into the total air flow rate to be
supplied.
With the available information of maximum throw and diffuser duty, draw two lines on the selection nomogram; one passing through the minimum throw
and the other passing through the maximum throw. This produces a band of possible selections.
It is now necessary to find the optimum selection for comfort (maximum number of slots to produce the ideal room air movement for the application).
If the optimum selection falls below a one-slot diffuser, then the active length can be reduced as necessary.
If the optimum selection is greater than eight slots, it is possible that a slot diffuser arrangement is not practical and further advice should be obtained.
Two Way Throw
If selecting a linear diffuser with a two-way throw, the two throws should be selected on a nomogram as though they are separate diffusers.
After working out the Qm, divide that air flow rate by the number of Slots on the Linear Diffuser.
Example: A 3-Slot Diffuser with an air flow rate of 180l/s/m would give 60l/s/m through each slot.
If the slot is to be configured with two slots diffusing one way, but the third to diffuse in the opposite direction, then selections would be for a two-slot
configuration of 120l/s/m and a one-slot configuration of 60l/s/m.
Circular, Square & Swirl Diffusers
Circular diffusers produce a radial air diffusion pattern while square and rectangular
devices can be selected or adjusted to produce 4, 3, 2 or 1-way directional air Table 5.6
patterns and drawing up on the ceiling effect. Wherever possible, select a 4-way Ceiling Height (m) 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0
or radial pattern as this results in the most efficient air diffusion. Using table 5.6, 5.5 6.5 9.5 12.0
determine the maximum recommended radial throw based on the zone ceiling Maximum Throw (m) 4.0
height. This will prevent the supply jet from entering the occupied zone prematurely,
as it expands in the vertical plane.
Standard Selection
Using a scaled ceiling plan, divide the area into convenient squares twice the size of the derived maximum radial throw. A circular or square diffuser at
the centre of each area can now be selected to handle its proportion of the total airflow rate.
Using selection tables or nomograms, determine the diffuser sizes which satisfy the throw parameter. The most economical selection will produce a
minimum radial throw very close to the required throw. However, the optimum selection will probably be a compromise between the most economical
selection and that which will produce the most comfortable room air movement.
If the maximum radial throw produced by the smallest available diffuser is less than the required throw, then insufficient room air movement and high-level
stratification will result. An alternative air terminal device should be considered.
Similarly, if the minimum radial throw produced by the largest available diffuser is greater than the required throw, it is probable that the air terminal device
is unsuitable.
Wherever possible, diffuser selections should be within the limits given in the tables; extrapolating data down to very low-neck velocities will usually result
in poor air diffusion – for example, high-level stratification with heating cycles and draughts due to dumping with cooling cycles.
Swirl diffuser units usually have a circular pattern of radial vanes which generate a swirling air motion when used in supply mode. This highly turbulent
swirl effect allows the unit to introduce high volumes of air into the conditioned space, taking advantage of the rapid entrainment and intermixing
characteristics. As a result, the unit can deliver high room air change rates as compared to conventional diffusers.
Waterloo Air Products Plc Tel : 01622 711500
Quarrywood Industrial Estate
Mills Road @WaterlooHVAC
Aylesford Email : [email protected]
Kent ME20 7NB Website : www.waterloo.co.uk
82 - Typical Specifications for Standard Air Filters
EMCEL Filters Ltd
EMCEL specialises in the design and manufacture of a wide range of filters for air and gas purification applications ranging from simple air conditioning
to complex chemical systems. Please find below typical performance data based on some of our ranges.
Activated Carbon Filter Units
EMCEL specialises in producing carbon filter units to suit specific duties requiring adsorption of odours and gaseous contaminants. Filters can be tailored
to suit AHU dimensions or space restrictions and suit any air volume flow rate. The standard range of filters cover airflows from 0.25m³/sec to 1.0m³/sec
with dwell times from 0.1 to 0.5 seconds for increased carbon weight loading and adsorption efficiency. Larger airflows can be accommodated with
specifically designed filter units or combinations of standard units.
Maxicarb Airflow Dwell Time Dimensions Maxicarb Airflow Dwell Time Dimensions
Reference Capacity (Secs) Reference Capacity (Secs)
(m³/sec) ABC (m³/sec) B
305 610 550 610
NV1 0.25 0.1 305 610 950 1MXB1 0.25 0.2 A 610 C
NV2 0.50 0.1 457 610 950 1MXB2 0.25 0.3 355 610 950
NV3 0.75 0.1 610 610 950 1MXB3 0.25 0.5 355 610 950
NV4 1.00 0.1 2MXB1 0.50 0.2 355 610 1150
2MXB2 0.50 0.3 660 610 950
Typical Carbon Filter Unit 2MXB3 0.50 0.5 660 610 950
3MXB1 0.75 0.2 660 610 1150
3MXB2 0.75 0.3 965 610 950
3MXB3 0.75 0.5 965 610 950
4MXB1 1.00 0.2 965 610 1150
4MXB2 1.00 0.3 1270 610 950
4MXB3 1.00 0.5 1270 950
1270 1150
Containment System
Please see table and diagram below for containment systems, which can contain pre, HEPA and carbon filtration. Please note dimensions are approximate
only, for further details, please contact EMCEL. Optional shut off or flow control dampers and header sections to suit customer requirements.
AB A 830
D
F
566 C
E
Sections A B CDE F FF
Long / Airflow
System Damper Main Filter Housing Only 1 Main & 1 Pre Filter Housing 2 Main & 1 Pre Filter Housing
(m³/sec)
(Optional) Add 200 mm if Cell Dampers fitted Add 200 mm if Cell Dampers fitted Add 200 mm if Cell Dampers fitted
1
2 420 943 274 179 289 828 1136 1686
3 420 1774 274 179 289 828 1136 1686
4 420 2614 380 232 342 934 1242 1792
5 420 3454 486 285 395 1040 1348 1898
6 420 4294 592 338 448 1146 1454 2004
420 5134 592 338 448 1146 1454 2004
EMCEL Filters Ltd Tel : 01403 253215
Blatchford Road Fax : 01403 259881
Horsham Sales Fax : 01403 217011
West Sussex Email : [email protected]
RH13 5RA Website : www.emcelfilters.co.uk
Trench Heating - 83
RCM Heating is introducing a new and exciting range of trench Ecological & BMS Friendly
heaters, designer radiators and towel rails. The range includes radiant Models with modern tangential ventilators 24V DC EC allow for
convector heaters, designed to heat residential rooms, corridors, implementation into low temperature heating systems, making use of
dust-free production rooms and public spaces and will operate in any thermal pumps and other ecological heating sources. Trench heaters with
heating system. Exchanger convectors with modern heating elements the EC fan technology combined with a modern digital thermostat can
can be used for offices, commercial areas, car showrooms and hotels. easily be incorporated into building management systems (BMS).
Trench heaters are embedded directly in the floor, do not disturb the Radiators
interior space design and do not occupy any space that could otherwise
be used for furniture. Trench heaters take in cold air from the surrounding Beautiful curves, imaginative design, try choosing just one of the many
environment – this air enters the trench heaters either by means of natural designs to finish your luxury interior. Exceptional construction made of
circulation or it is displaced using the installed tangential fans. resistant stainless steel. Designed for customers looking for high quality
and originality.
A heat exchanger is a basic component of each trench heater. This is
where the air is heated and subsequently rises back into the room. The Stylish & Unique Radiator Designs
air forms a heat curtain in front of a cool glass surface which separates
this cool surface from the inner space of the room and prevents air If you are looking for something a little bit different, unique to your
humidity condensation on its surface. requirements and perhaps tailored for the perfect fit, then our range of
stylish radiators will provide you with the perfect solution.
Discover this beautiful and versatile range of bathroom and designer
radiators and towel rails now available from RCM Heating; eye-catching Available in a range of stunning designs, featuring both classic and
products which will compliment any of your developments. Customers contemporary styles.
will always require the classical functions of heating, but with the RCM
range of radiators, towel rails and trench heaters, they can choose from With a comprehensive selection of quality finishes, colours and
units that not only warm, but also make a visual statement complementing connection options, we aim to provide our customers with a combination
the overall aspect of any room. to suit most installations.
Trench Heating
Natural Convection or Fan Assistance
Our range of trench heaters are available as natural convection and fan
assisted units. The 24V DC tangential fans are designed with longitudinal
tangential rotors. These ensure maximum coverage of the heat
exchanger which combined with the low energy motors, make the units
highly efficient.
Controlled by thermostat only and with optimum heating catering to the
needs of the user, they provide economic operation and so much more.
Wide Range of Cover Grilles & Finishes Wide range of types and dimensions
Maximum coverage of the heat exchanger by fan rotors
Aluminium Grilles – Roll-up grilles are made up of transverse lamellas Continuous control of trench heaters with fans
of aluminium alloy which are connected by a pre-tensioned spring and Silent operation
evenly spaced by a cured plastic roller. The surface is anodised, tinted Very low working voltage
and available in a selection of powder coated RAL shades. Low energy consumption
Use in low-temperature systems & heat-pump systems
Wooden Grilles – Lamellas made from Oak or Beech are available with Easy implementation in the BMS systems
a raw or stained surface. The grille constitutes the final design – invisible internal
components
Stainless Steel Grilles – With an impressive robust look and feel, these
grilles are also available as a rigid structure.
RCM Products Tel : 01234 843303
12-14 Sunbeam Road Fax : 01908 483930
Woburn Road Industrial Estate
Kempston Email : [email protected]
Bedford MK42 7BY Website : www.rcmheating.co.uk
84 - Swimming Pool Ventilation Guidelines - Menerga
Typical Conditions Pool Hall Air Distribution
The pool hall temperature in most public pools is maintained around 30°C. The best unit in the world cannot compensate for poor air distribution.
To limit the evaporation of water from the water surface, it is common to The air distribution should be able to bring the evaporated moisture direct
have the pool water temperature 1-2°C lower than the pool hall to the return air inlet. There are two reasons that make this function
temperature. With respect to the comfort conditions for the bathers, it is significant.
acceptable for the humidity to remain within a range of 50% to 60%.
One is to get the moisture out, the other is to get rid of the disinfection
Pool halls require more energy than any other public building (by an order by products coming in to the pool hall with the evaporation of the water.
of magnitude) with virtually year-round heating (in the UK). Fan motor The best method for this is a floor level induction diffuser and a return air
power consumption is high because the ventilation system runs system which takes the air out with several inlets.
continuously. Ensuring minimum energy for the air supply has a much
bigger impact than focusing on the water (which can only be heated at Dry supply air parallel to 37ºC dew point: 13ºC
a rate of 0.5ºC per day and once at temperature requires minimal input). window surface - 25% twindow = 31ºC
Menerga slot diffusers
When calculating the amount of fresh air required for dehumidification, air velocity approx 4 m/s 33ºC
please consider the following: 30%
● The surface area of the pool & characteristics of the pool usage 30ºC 40ºC
55% 20%
● The difference between the vapour pressure of the pool water & the
vapour pressure of the saturated air in the pool hall Menerga slot diffusers reduce:
- transmission heat loss by approx 20%
● The air changing rate should be between 4-6 per hour according to - fan motor power consumption by more than 25%
the air distribution principle
Evaporation rate (kg/h)Outside Air Requirement
● CIBSE guidance currently states 10 l/s per m² total floor area (based
on a public pool 25 x 13m) 30% min OA dehumidification rate CIBSE B2
140
To calculate the heating demands of the pool hall, the following
calculations are required: 120
● Transmission loss 100
● Energy lost due to the heat required for water evaporation 80
● Heat energy required to cover the water evaporation Dehum effect
60
Temperature, Humidity Control & Energy
Consumption Evaporation rate
Most pool units are designed to ventilate, heat and dehumidify a space. 40
To ensure the best performance at the lowest lifecycle cost, several key 20
factors should be noted:
0
● Fully controllable eC direct drive fans – no one should be using belts -20 -10 0 10 20 30
in this day & age
OA temperature (ºC)
● The ability to maintain a small negative pressure at all times – through
varying usage & volume requirement, with as close to balanced air 25 x 13m pool @ 29ºC
flows to maximise heat recovery Pool hall 35 x 19.5 x 6m
● High passive heat recovery efficiency – so there is no penalty for Under UK CIBSE guidance, a minimum of 30% outside air is required at
introducing outside air >95% all occupied times to supply a public swimming pool. For much of the
year, this proportion of outside air is sufficient to dehumidify the pool hall.
● Minimal (ideally no) metallic parts in the air paths to avoid corrosion By maximising heat recovery efficiency there is no penalty to introducing
or acid attack more outside air when required, ensuring running costs are simply for
top up heating to overcome fabric transmission losses within the space,
● Polypropylene based recuperators, ABS grade fixtures & fittings, and power for the constantly running fans. The ability to have full outside
flexible duct connections, plastic damper cogs air bypass is critical to ensuring good conditions year-round in the UK.
By eliminating the need for a heat pump, you can reduce electricity costs,
● Accurate, self-contained, real time control systems – the unit must maintenance costs and minimise the number of components that can fail.
be able to calculate the most efficient mode of operation from real Why pay for a heat pump and additional circulation electricity when the
time measurements of outside & return air conditions at all times outside air required by law can dehumidify for you for the cost of running
the fans?
Annual Running Cost Comparison Pool Hall Ventilation for 25 x 15m Pool
Conventional equipment meeting 2010 Part L £/year 17188
High efficiency units exceeding 2010 Part L £/year 4920
YEARLY Swimming pool hall vent system energy saving £/year 12268
Assumptions made:
● 3.8m³/s air volume
● Pool hall 30ºC 60% rh, year average 10ºC 84% rh
● Conventional AHU SFP 2.0W l/s heat recovery efficiency 60% year
average
● High efficiency AHU SFP 1.6W l/s heat recovery efficiency 90% year
average
Systemair Ltd Tel : 0121 322 0200
Unit 28 Fax : 0121 322 0201
Gravelly Industrial Park
Birmingham systemairuk
West Midlands @SystemairUK
B24 8HZ Email : [email protected]
Website : www.systemair.co.uk
Systemair’s Guide to the Building Regulations Part L2 - 85
The Building Regulations - Conservation of Fuel & Power, Part L2A 2014
Non-Domestic Buildings
Recommended Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards for Building Services Specific Fan Power (SFP)
Air Distribution Systems New Buildings Existing Buildings
Central balanced mechanical ventilation with Heating and Heat Recovery*
Central balanced mechanical ventilation with Heating and Cooling and Heat Recovery* 1.9 2.2
Central - All other balanced mechanical ventilation systems with Heat Recovery* 2.0 2.6
1.5 2.0
Central balanced mechanical ventilation with Heating and Cooling 1.6 2.2
Central balanced mechanical ventilation with Heating only 1.5 1.8
Central - All other balanced mechanical ventilation systems 1.1 1.6
Zonal supply and extract with Heating and Heat Recovery (ceiling void, roof, single room or zone) 1.9 1.9
Zonal supply system - Fan is remote from zone (i.e. ceiling void or roof) 1.1 1.4
Zonal extract system - Fan is remote from zone (i.e. ceiling void or roof) 0.5 0.5
Local supply and extract system serving single area with Heating and Heat Recovery (e.g. wall / roof) 1.6 1.6
Local supply or extract ventilation units serving single area (e.g. toilet - window / wall / roof) 0.3 0.4
Local - Other supply or extract units 0.5 0.5
Fan coil units (rating weighted average) 0.5 0.5
Kitchen extract fan - Remote from zone with grease filter 1.0 1.0
Extended SFP values for additional components in a central system +1.0 +1.0
HEPA Filter 0.1 0.1
Humidifier / Dehumidifier
Return air filter for heat recovery +0.1* +0.1*
Heat recovery - Thermal Wheel, Plate Heat Exchanger +0.3* +0.3*
*Included in central heat recovery figures above
Ecodesign Directive 1253/2014 - Air Handling Units
The Ecodesign directive outlines minimum requirements for heat recovery efficiency, fan efficiency and SFP internal values.
The directive applies to occupied spaces ventilated with outdoor fresh air, process ventilation e.g. heat removal is not covered by the directive.
Non-Residential (NRVU) units are classified under the directive with airflows from 280 l/s onwards.
Bidirectional (BVU) units are those producing an airflow between indoor and outdoor via supply and extract fans.
All BVU products must incorporate heat recovery in the form of Thermal Wheel, Counterflow, Plate or Run Around Coil.
Air recirculation (Mixing) is only permissible if the fresh air content is 10% or less of the total ventilation rate without a separate heat recovery device.
Recommended Minimum Dry 1:1 Heat Recovery Efficiency 2018
Run Around Coil 68%
Thermal Wheel, Plate & Counterflow 73%
Effective from 6th April 2014, the table above details the recommended minimum requirements for ventilation products in air distribution systems and
comfort cooling chillers.
The Specific Fan Power (SFP) is a ratio of power consumed to the amount of air moved by a ventilation system i.e. W/I/s or kW/m³/s. SFP is greatly
influenced by system resistance and reducing by design is an effective method of achieving the requirements of Part L2A.
The requirements are defined by application and differentiate between a new build and an existing building.
Central System - A supply and extract system serving the whole or major parts of a building.
Zonal System - A system which serves a group of rooms forming part of a building (i.e. a zone where ducting is required).
Local Unit - An unducted ventilation unit serving a single area.
Kitchen Extract - A new category for 2013.
All Systemair products meet the ErP requirements of 2017 and are CE marked accordingly. Incorporating the highly energy efficient EC (electronically
commutated) permanent magnet (PM) motors (IE4) for up to a third reduction in energy consumption compared to conventional AC motors to meet the
demanding requirements of Part L 2014.
Systemair manufactures one of the largest ranges of high efficiency EC products incorporating thermal wheels and demand controls.
Systemair Ltd Tel : 0121 322 0200
Unit 28 Fax : 0121 322 0201
Gravelly Industrial Park
Birmingham systemairuk
West Midlands SystemairUK
B24 8HZ Email : [email protected]
Website : www.systemair.co.uk
86 - Fan Coil Unit Acoustics & Room Noise Levels
1. Introduction
The selection of fan coil units is governed not only by thermal or air volume flow 1) Sound power levels of the fan coil unit - Sound power levels are specified as
two separate sets of acoustic data, namely discharge in-duct sound power levels
rate requirements, but also by any constraints on the level of noise permitted in the and inlet and case radiated sound power levels.
2) Outlet ductwork - Size, length and type of ductwork, together with the quantity
room. Frequently, the manufacturer is required to select fan coil units based on the of bends incorporated into it, affect the level of discharge in-duct sound reaching
the supply air plenum.
predicted noise levels in the room because of the fan coil unit application. However, 3) Supply air plenum - Acoustic characteristics of supply air plenum are affected
by its size, number of duct connections and whether it is acoustically lined.
these are influenced not only by the fan coil unit, but also by the room itself. During 4) Supply air grille - Type and size of the supply air grille affects the level of the
discharge in-duct sound radiated into the room. High air velocities through the grille
the preliminary design stages, not all the room conditions may be known but certain may result in noise regeneration.
5) Position of supply air grille - Proximity of the grille to one or more major room
assumptions allow the room noise levels to be approximated. surfaces affects the level of discharge in-duct sound radiated into the room,
transmitted via the direct sound path to the listener.
2. Sound Pressure Level 6) Ceiling construction - Level of inlet and case radiated sound transmitted into
the room space is dependent upon the acoustic characteristics of the ceiling.
The human ear reacts to fluctuations in air pressure caused by sound. The level of 7) Position of return air grille - This affects the inlet and case radiated sound
sound heard by the human ear (and measured by an acoustic meter) is known as emitted into the room. Return air grilles should be installed as far as possible from
the inlet to the fan coil unit.
the sound pressure level (SPL). The ear reacts logarithmically over a very broad 8) Room conditions and position of the listener - Sound pressure levels resulting
from the component of sound transmitted from the ceiling and the grilles via the
range of sound levels and therefore sound pressure levels are quantified on a reverberant sound path is affected by both the surface area of the room space and
logarithmic scale relative to a reference sound pressure. They are measured in the quality of the room surfaces. As sound travels further from the source, both
acoustic energy and hence sound pressure levels reduce.
decibels (dB) above the pressure corresponding to the threshold of hearing for a
8. Noise Assessment
typical human ear.
Noise rating (NR) curves are the most commonly used method for assessing noise
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is given by SPL = 20 Log10 P / Pr level. Each curve connects predefined sound pressure levels, which consider the
where P = sound pressure being measured (Pa) response of the human ear at each of the octave bands. The noise level at a point
in space is represented by the value of the NR curve whose constituent sound
Pr = sound pressure reference i.e. limits of hearing (2 x 10-5 Pa) pressure levels are either greater than or equal to those calculated or measured.
3. Sound Power Level Figure 2: Noise Rating (NR) curves with typical SPL data plotted. Noise level in this case is said to be NR35
In generating sound, the source will expend energy. The rate of transfer of acoustic 70
energy from the source to the medium through which the sound is transmitted is
known as the sound power level (SWL). In a similar manner to sound pressure
levels, sound power levels are measured on a logarithmic scale in dB above the
power corresponding to the threshold of hearing for a typical human ear.
Sound Power Level (SWL) is given by SWL = 10 Log10 W / Wr
where W = sound power of source (W)
Wr = sound power reference (1 x 10-12 W)
4. Frequency & Octave Band Spectra
Sound is oscillatory in nature and the speed of oscillation is measured as a
frequency in Hertz (Hz). In practice, virtually all sound consists of components at
different frequencies; each component has a sound power level at its relevant
frequency. The human ear is sensitive to sound with a frequency between 30Hz
and 20kHz. Since frequency is a continuous variable, sound levels (both SPL and
SWL) are grouped in frequency bands for convenience. These are referred to as
octave bands (as their width is typically one octave) and the mid-band frequency 60
is used to identify them.
Octave Band - mid-frequencies (Hz)
32 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16000
For fan coil unit applications, octave bands 125Hz, 250Hz, 500Hz, 1kHz, 2kHz and 50 NR55
4kHz are critical. Each octave band, for a piece of equipment such as a fan coil
NR50
unit, has a corresponding sound power level, from which an equivalent sound
40 NR45
pressure level at the same frequency may be derived. Noise level (dB)
NR40
5. The Relationship between SWL & SPL
30 NR35
In simple terms, the SWL is the rate at which acoustic energy is transferred to a SPL
NR30
room and the SPL is a measure of the effect of the SWL at a given point within the
room. A useful analogy is to consider a heater; the output of a heater is measured 20 NR25
as power in Watts (W) and the effect of the output of the heater is measured as
temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
6. Sound Path
It is important to consider sound can be emitted from different sources to the listener.
1) Inlet and case radiated sound is transmitted through the ceiling into the room
space.
2) In-duct sound is carried along the duct and through the supply air diffusers to
the room space. NR20
It is also important to consider that sound is transmitted via more than one route. 10
125
1) The direct sound path is a straight uninterrupted path between source and listener. 250 500 1000 2000 4000
2) Reverberant sound paths are any path, beginning at the source, along which Octave band centre frequency (Hz)
sound is reflected off one or more surfaces prior to reaching the listener.
7. Factors Affecting Room Sound Pressure Levels 9. Common Problems with Fan Coil Unit Installations
Certain criteria must be known to determine room sound pressure levels. 1) Undersized outlet ductwork - Leads to high air velocities and external static
pressures and noise regeneration in the duct. As a guide, the maximum air velocities
Figure 1: A typical fan coil unit application with factors affecting room sound levels should be limited to 3m/s in typical office environments and to a lower figure in noise
critical areas. Recommended air volume flow rates for duct sizes of Ø250mm,
A In-duct discharge sound power levels Ø200mm and Ø150mm are 145l/s, 95l/s and 55l/s respectively.
B Inlet and case radiated sound power levels 2) Excessive quantities of flexible ducting - For a given air volume flow rate,
flexible ducting produces a higher pressure drop than an equivalent length of rigid
ducting. Higher pressure drops may lead to noise regeneration.
3) Position of return air grilles - Installation of return air grilles too close to the
inlet of the fan coil unit results in more of the inlet and case radiated sound reaching
the room via the grille. The length of the air path between the inlet of the fan coil
unit and return air grille should be maximised to minimise the level of inlet and case
radiated sound that is transmitted through the return air grille into the room space.
4) Hard acoustic conditions - Predominantly hard surfaces result in higher sound
pressure levels. Addition of soft furnishings to room space yields lower noise levels.
5) Poor ceiling attenuation - Some inlet and case radiated sound will reach the
room space via the ceiling. Use of acoustic ceiling tiles with low sound transmission
and good absorption properties reduces the level of inlet and case radiated sound.
6) Listener too close to supply air outlet - Sound pressure levels reduce with
increasing distance between the listener and the supply air outlet.
Dunham-Bush Ltd Tel : 023 9247 7700
Downley Road
Havant @dunham_bush_UK
Hampshire Email : [email protected]
PO9 2JD Website : www.dunham-bush.co.uk
Low Surface Temperature (LST) Radiators & Convectors - 87
Safe Heating for Buildings Standards for Testing
Safety is paramount in all buildings; designers have a duty of care to CE marking on heating devices is a mandatory requirement for
eliminate or minimise all risks to building occupants as is reasonably construction products and can only be applied to products that have been
practical. Buildings such as day centres, playrooms, surgeries, nurseries successfully tested to an EU standard by a notified body, accredited under
and care homes are used by people of all ages who are vulnerable. Risk the Construction Products Regulations (305/2011/EU-CPR).
assessment, provided by the Management of Health and Safety at Work The only accredited body in the UK is BSRIA, who test in accordance
Regulations 1999, will enable the designer to identify hazards, assess with the harmonised standard:
the risk of injury and decide appropriate measures. All occupants are
deemed to be at risk and some are more vulnerable than others to BS EN 442 Specification for Radiators and Convectors
scalding or burning from hot surfaces or water temperatures; research
has shown that partial thickness burns to skin can be inflicted by solid Part 1 1996 Technical Specifications and Requirements
surfaces at temperatures of 45°C or more for a period 2+ hours (a possible
occurrence if the occupant is rendered immobile or unconscious). Part 2 1997 Test Methods and Rating
Heating systems are typically designed using Low Pressure Hot Water
(LPHW) with a flow temperature of 80°C and a return temperature of Part 3 2003 Evaluation of Conformity
60°C; if the surface temperature of a heating device is between these
two, then the average person could receive a partial thickness burn in Part 1 provides technical specifications for radiators and convectors
about one second, with a full thickness burn being inflicted after which are permanently installed in a building and fed with hot water or
approximately ten seconds. Hence, a heating device should operate with steam below 120°C from a remote heat source.
a maximum surface temperature when running at design output, which Part 2 specifies the laboratory apparatus, test method and criteria for
can be achieved by installing a heating device designed to have a low selecting test samples. It also specifies the correct information that a
surface temperature. manufacturer shall provide from the test data.
Part 3 specifies how radiators and convectors are evaluated to comply
with the standard.
A radiator or convector can be tested to BS EN 442 and its thermal output
can be measured at various water temperatures, enabling characteristic
equations to be determined for different sizes or models of the same type.
Similarly, surface temperatures are measured at various water
temperatures and characteristic equations can be derived to predict
surface temperatures at different operating conditions.
NHS Estates Health Guidance Note ‘Safe’ Hot Water & Surface Low Surface Temperature (LST)
Temperatures 1998 provides guidance for designers on safe surface Natural Convector
temperatures of components and services. The guidance recommends
that heating devices should have a maximum surface temperature of The table below shows performance data for a typical Low Surface
43°C when operating under design conditions. Temperature (LST) natural convector which is wall mounted with a casing
Heating devices should be designed so there are no surface ‘hot spots’. width of 1500mm.
All openings (e.g. grilles) should prevent small hands entering the device The casing includes an outlet grille on the casing top and inlet grille on
and touching hotter surfaces inside the device. They should be designed the casing bottom, with a hot water emitter connected to LPHW flow and
to be easily cleaned as a routine maintenance activity, to prevent dust return. Air temperature is taken at 0.75m above finished floor level.
and debris build-up and to control infection. Consideration should also A review of the results can yield the following conclusions:
be given to exposed horizontal or vertical pipework within 2m of floor
level, since this will present the same risk as the heating device. Pipework i) Greater output is achieved from the stack effect; an increase in the
to the device should therefore be boxed or insulated. For most heating height of the casing will induce better airflow and heat transfer, leading
devices, the outlet grille has the highest surface temperature. However, to higher thermal output.
a risk assessment may deem the outlet grille does not present a
significant hazard. Therefore, higher grille temperatures may be ii) This in turn leads to reduced maximum surface temperatures at the
acceptable since casing temperatures will always be significantly lower outlet grille on top of the casing.
than grille temperatures.
iii) Reducing the return temperature will only lead to a lower mean water
temperature; this reduces output but will not reduce grille surface
temperature which is determined by the water flow temperature.
iv) Reducing the water flow temperature will reduce output as well as
bring the grille surface temperature down to an acceptable value when
selected in conjunction with an appropriate casing height.
v) A reduced room design temperature will increase heat output by a
greater mean temperature difference across the emitter, and lead to
reduced grille surface temperatures.
Space ∆T = 55k ∆T = 50k ∆T = 50k ∆T = 57k
Heating (LPHW 80/70°C Air 20°C) (LPHW 76/65°C Air 20°C) (LPHW 80/60°C Air 20°C) (LPHW 80/70°C Air 18°C)
Device
Height BS EN 442 Standard Conditions
(mm)
Thermal Output Max Touch Thermal Output Max Touch Thermal Output Max Touch Thermal Output Max Touch
1140 (W) Temperature (W) Temperature (W) Temperature (W) Temperature
740 746 (°C) 656 (°C) 656 (°C) 783 (°C)
715 628 628 751
340 601 39 527 38 527 39 632 37
43 42 43 41
56 53 56 54
Dunham-Bush Ltd Tel : 023 9247 7700
Downley Road
Havant @dunham_bush_UK
Hampshire Email : [email protected]
PO9 2JD Website : www.dunham-bush.co.uk
88 - Air Curtains
Selection Guide
The maximum height of installation depends on the conditions of the premises
Model Exposed Recessed Revolving Vertical Horizontal Cold store Commercial/ Industrial/ EC fan Clever
Public Warehouse option control
Essensse Neo ■ ■ ■ ■ option
■ ■ ■ building/ ■ ■
Finesse ■ ■ ■ ■ Retail ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Invisair ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Kool ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■
Max ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■
Maxwell ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■
Mini Optima ■ ■ ■
■ ■
Recessed Optima ■ ■ ■ ■
■
Rotowind ■ ■ ■ ■
■
Rund ■ ■
Smart ■
Standesse ■
VCP ■
Windbox ■
Industrial Windbox ■
Recessed Windbox ■
Zen ■
JS Air Curtains Tel : +44 (0) 1903 858656
Member of the Condair Group Fax : +44 (0) 1903 850345
Artex Avenue
Rustington Littlehampton @JSAirCurtains
West Sussex BN16 3LN Email : [email protected]
Website : www.jsaircurtains.com
Why Choose a Heat Pump? - 89
Heating, Hot Water, Heat Recovery & Cooling with Monobloc Heat Pumps
Heating & Hot Water GSHP kW Capacity (B0/W35) COP (B0/W35) Max Flow Temp
17.5 4.7 62
Heat pumps can provide low carbon and low running cost heating and hot Model 22.9 4.4 58
water systems for buildings or industrial processes. SI 18 TU * 26.7 4.9 62
SI 22 TU * 34.8 4.8 62
Typical applications of Dimplex heat pumps include schools, colleges, SI 26 TU * 52 5 62
university buildings, multiple unit apartment blocks, offices, museums and SI 35 TU * 73.5 4.8 62
public spaces, residential dwellings, retail and supermarkets. SI 50 TU 86 4.7 62
SI 75 TU 138.1 4.6 62
The high efficiency LA TU, LI TE and SI TU ranges are perfect for heating SI 90 TU
only applications, with COPs of up to 4.5 and 5.4 respectively. SI 130 TU
The Dimplex SIH TE range is perfect for hot water systems, with flow
temperatures up to 70ºC.
Cooling ASHP kW Capacity (A7/W35) COP (A7/W35) Max Flow Temp
26.1 4.4 58
Reversible heat pumps can provide low carbon and low running cost Model 35.7 4.4 58
heating, cooling and hot water systems for buildings or industrial processes. LA 25 TU * 60.1 4.1 65
Typical applications of Dimplex reversible heat pumps include schools, LA 40 TU * 7.7 4 60
colleges, university buildings, multiple unit apartment blocks, offices, LA 60 TU 10 4.2 60
museums and public spaces, residential dwellings, supermarkets and retail. 16.4 4 60
The high efficiency LA TUR+ and SI TUR+ ranges are perfect for heating LI 9 TES 17.7 4.1 60
and cooling applications, with COPs of up to 4.5 and 4.4 respectively for LI 11 TES 23.4 3.9 60
heating and 3.2 and 6.7 for cooling. LI 16 TES 27.8 3.5 60
LI 20 TES 35.7 4.4 58
Waste Heat Recovery LI 24 TES
LI 28 TES
Heat pumps are perfect for heat recovery applications, often they can be LI 40 AS
designed to provide both cooling and heating at the same time.
Potential heat recovery applications include: High Temp GSHP
• Exhaust air from data centres, clean rooms or central ventilation stacks
• Water cooled fridges/cold stores Model kW Capacity (B0/W35) COP (B0/W35) Max Flow Temp
• Integration with chiller system 4.4 70
• Integration with swimming pool plant SIH 20 TE 21.4 4.1 70
• Waste water & sewage 4.3 70
Dimplex’s reversible SI TUR+ and LA TUR+ ranges of heat pumps include SIH 40 TE 34.2
heat recovery features as standard, providing DHW and cooling
simultaneously. SIH 90 TU 88.6
Reversible ASHP in Cooling Mode
Model kW Capacity (A35/W9) EER (A35/W9) Min Flow Temp
9
LA 35 TUR+ 24.9 2.8 9
LA 60 TUR+ 48.5 2.3
Reversible GSHP in Cooling Mode
Model kW Capacity EER (B20/W9) Min Flow Temp
(B20/W9)
Indwelling Heat Pumps Utilising 9
Low Temperature Networks SI 35 TUR 40.1 6 9
9
The Zeroth Energy System is an innovative community heating network SI 70 TUR 86.5 6.1
using a refrigerant free, water-to-water energy loop to provide heating,
cooling and hot water. SI 130 TUR+ 129 5.6
The system’s uniquely low operating temperatures permit a broader range Zeroth Heat Pump
of heating or cooling equipment, simpler pipework designs and smaller
plant room equipment to provide for the energy needs of the dwellings, Heating Cooling
resulting in less energy lost into the communal areas of the building.
kW CoP kW EER
Low temperature networks address the overheating issue, which can leave (W25/W35) (W25/W14)
modern apartments with corridor temperature up to 30°C in summer.
ZHP4-180H 48 N/A N/A
As the water energy loop within the system is between 15°C and 25° there
are virtually no heat gains from the pipework into corridors, reducing ZHP6-180H 6 8.3 N/A N/A
temperatures, waste, running costs and carbon.
ZHP4-180C 4 8 3 4.1
ZHP6-180C 6 8.3 5 4.4
* MCS approved
Glen Dimplex Heating & Ventilation
Millbrook House
Grange Drive Hedge End Tel : 0344 879 3587
Southampton Email : [email protected]
Hampshire SO30 2DF Website : www.gdhv.com
90 - Trench Heating & Cooling
Trench Heating is an ideal solution for creating comfort in rooms where there are areas of floor to ceiling glazing. The floor
convectors fit into a trench or false floor in the perimeter of the building close to glazing. As well as providing comfort to
the room (heating or cooling) they can reduce cold down draughts from glazing and offset heat losses in winter and solar
gains in summer. A range of anodised finishes is available for the grilles to enhance room design and décor.
• Made in Leicester, UK
• Independently tested to BS EN 16430
• High outputs for heating & cooling
• Natural units
• Whisper quiet fans used for fan assisted units
• Corner kits & angled sections available
• Bespoke solutions upon request
Heat Outputs - Natural Units Heat Outputs - Powered Units
Trench Width 150mm 225mm 300mm Trench Width (mm)
Trench Height 90mm 145mm 200mm 90mm 145mm 200mm 90mm 145mm 200mm Trench Length (mm) 180mm 225mm 260mm 300mm
1100 470 782 971
Trench 1091
Length (mm) 1129
1167
900 120 197 278 180 337 368 239 430 491 1200 494 813 1003 1205
1000 141 232 327 211 397 433 281 506 578 1300 518 844 1036 1243
1100 162 266 376 243 456 497 323 581 664 1400 542 875 1068 1281
1200 183 301 425 274 515 562 365 657 750 1500 566 906 1100 2169
1300 204 336 473 306 574 627 407 732 836 1600 590 937 1132 2207
1400 225 370 522 337 633 691 449 808 922 2245
2283
1500 246 405 571 369 693 756 491 883 1009 1700 932 1553 1931 2321
2359
1600 267 439 620 400 752 820 533 959 1095 1800 956 1584 1963 3247
3285
1700 288 474 669 432 811 885 575 1034 1181 1900 980 1615 1996 3323
1800 309 509 2000 1004 1646 2028 3361
1900 330 543 717 463 870 950 617 1110 1267 2100 1028 1677 2060 3399
2000 351 578 2200 1052 1708 2092 3437
2100 372 612 766 495 929 1014 659 1185 1353 2300 1394 2324 2891 3475
2200 393 647 3513
815 526 989 1079 701 1261 1440 3551
864 558 1048 1143 743 1336 1526
913 589 1107 1208 785 1412 1612
2300 414 682 961 621 1166 1273 827 1487 1698 2400 1418 2355 2923
2400 435 716 1010 652 1225 1337 869 1563 1784 2500 1442 2386 2956
2500 456 751 1059 684 1285 1402 911 1638 1871 2600 1466 2417 2988
2600 477 785 1108 715 1344 1466 953 1714 1957 2700 1490 2448 3020
2700 498 820 1157 747 1403 1531 995 1789 2043 2800 1514 2479 3052
2800 519 855 1205 778 1462 1596 1037 1865 2129 2900 1538 2510 3084
2900 540 889 1254 810 1521 1660 1079 1940 2215 3000 1562 2541 3117
3000 561 924 1303 841 1581 1725 1121 2016 2302
3100 582 958 1352 873 1640 1789 1163 2091 2388 3100 1586 2572 3149
Heat Output in Watts: Based on LPHW @ 80 / 60ºC. Room air @ 20ºC. Medium speed for powered units. All powered units are 110mm high.
Trench Cooling Unit 360mm wide x 150mm high Trench Cooling Unit 270mm wide x 205mm high
Clg1 Clg2 Htg Clg1 Clg2 Htg
Trench Fan Speed Fan Speed Fan Speed Trench Fan Speed Fan Speed Fan Speed
Length Length
(mm) Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High (mm) Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High
1100 288 436 549 484 735 927 442 679 858 1100 216 327 412 363 551 695 309 475 601
295 443 556 499 751 943 462 699 878 221 332 417 374 563 707 323 489 615
1200 303 451 564 515 767 959 482 719 898 1200 227 338 423 386 575 719 337 503 629
1300 1300
1400 310 458 571 531 782 975 502 739 918 1400 233 344 428 398 587 731 351 517 643
1500 318 466 579 547 798 990 522 759 938 1500 239 350 434 410 599 743 365 531 657
1600 325 473 586 562 814 1006 542 779 958 1600 244 355 440 422 611 755 379 545 671
1700 590 886 1112 997 1500 1884 922 1396 1754 1700 443 665 834 748 1125 1413 645 977 1228
1800 597 893 1119 1013 1516 1900 942 1416 1774 1800 448 670 839 760 1137 1425 659 991 1242
1900 605 901 1127 1029 1532 1916 962 1436 1794 1900 454 676 845 772 1149 1437 673 1005 1256
2000 612 908 1134 1044 1547 1932 982 1456 1814 2000 459 681 851 783 1160 1449 687 1019 1270
2100 620 916 1142 1060 1563 1947 1002 1476 1834 2100 465 687 857 795 1172 1460 701 1033 1284
2200 627 923 1149 1076 1579 1963 1022 1496 1854 2200 470 692 862 807 1184 1472 715 1047 1298
2300 669 1002 1256 1133 1699 2132 981 1479 1855
2300 892 1336 1675 1510 2265 2842 1402 2113 2650 2400 674 1007 1262 1145 1711 2143 995 1493 1869
2500 680 1013 1268 1157 1723 2155 1009 1507 1883
2400 899 1343 1682 1526 2281 2857 1422 2133 2670
2500 907 1351 1690 1542 2297 2873 1442 2153 2690
2600 914 1358 1697 1558 2312 2889 1462 2173 2710 2600 686 1019 1273 1169 1734 2167 1023 1521 1897
2700 922 1366 1705 1573 2328 2905 1482 2193 2730 2700 692 1025 1279 1180 1746 2179 1037 1535 1911
2800 697 1030 1284 1192 1758 2190 1051 1549 1925
2800 929 1373 1712 1589 2344 2920 1502 2213 2750
2900 937 1381 1720 1605 2360 2936 1522 2233 2770 2900 703 1036 1290 1204 1770 2202 1065 1563 1939
3000 944 1388 1727 1621 2376 2952 1542 2253 2790 3000 708 1041 1295 1216 1782 2214 1079 1577 1953
3100 714 1047 1301 1228 1793 2226 1093 1591 1967
3100 952 1396 1735 1637 2391 2968 1562 2273 2810
Clg1 based on CHW = 13/17°C and room air temperature = 25°C (∆T = 10°C) Clg1 based on CHW = 13/17°C and room air temperature = 25°C (∆T = 10°C)
Clg2 based on CHW = 6/10°C and room air temperature = 25°C (∆T = 17°C) Clg2 based on CHW = 6/10°C and room air temperature = 25°C (∆T = 17°C)
Htg based on LPHW = 80/60°C and room air temperature = 20°C (∆T = 50°C) Htg based on LPHW = 80/60°C and room air temperature = 20°C (∆T = 50°C)
SPC Tel : 0116 249 0044
SPC House Fax : 0116 249 0033
Evington Valley Road
Leicester @SPCHVAC
LE5 5LU Email : [email protected]
Website : www.spc-hvac.co.uk
Thermatile TEN - 91
The Thermalite TEN is a radiant panel designed to drop into suspended ceiling grids.
It is based on the 3 core SPC aluminium sandwich panel finished in matt white with a high performance 10mm ‘D tube’ cartridge affixed to the rear with
final connections from 10mm o/d copper.
It is available from stock in a nominal width of 600mm to suit the grid spacing and a range of different nominal lengths from 600mm to 3600mm in 600mm
increments.
The panels are designed to optimise radiant heat output, but may also be used for cooling in seasonal change-over systems.
Panels can be used for runs which exceed 3600mm though in such situations individual panels should be piped in parallel to prevent excessive pressure
drops. Panels are supplied, as standard, with rigid foil backed insulation board to minimise heat loss into the void.
Flexible hoses, hanging kits and control sets are available as options.
Each panel will be individually packaged and display order / project details.
Nominal Length Dim A Dim B Dim C Hanging
Length (mm) 130 1 330 Points
(mm)
590 4
600
1200 1190 230 1 730 4
1800 1790 330 2 565 6
2400 2390 430 2 765 6
3000 2990 430 2 1065 6
3600 3590 430 3 910 8
1200mm long panel with insulation removed for clarity
1200mm long panel showing dimensions (other lengths as above but length increased in 600mm increments)
Nominal Length (mm) 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
W kPa W kPa W kPa W kPa
Water Flow/Return/Air 170 0.03 373 0.24 559 0.7 745 1.51 W kPa W kPa
(°C) 669 0.38
466 0.16 932 2.76 1119 4.52
80/70/20 336 0.14
80/60/20 150 0.02 301 0.05 452 0.11 836 0.69 1003 1.18
70/50/20 117 0.01 233 0.04 350 0.09 648 0.46 778 0.76
60/40/20 84 0.01 168 0.04 252 0.08 420 0.21 504 0.3
Heat outputs and pressure drops for common conditions. Independently measured to EN 14037.
SPC Tel : 0116 249 0044
SPC House Fax : 0116 249 0033
Evington Valley Road
Leicester @SPCHVAC
LE5 5LU Email : [email protected]
Website : www.spc-hvac.co.uk
92 - Hydronic System Designs: HVAC
AB-PM Hydronic Balancing & Control FLOW [L/H] Sizing Graph - ∆P/maximum flow
Allow for great zone flexibility in commercial use. 55000
When only one terminal unit is used in the zone, the AB-PM acts as a 50000
Pressure Independent Balancing Control Valve (PIBCV) that can be used 45000
to control that unit meaning no additional valves are needed. 40000
35000
Application for Variable Flow Systems 30000
25000
AB-PM DN 40-100 should be mounted in the return pipe. 20000
The arrow on the valve body should correspond with the flow direction 15000
of the medium. 10000
The impulse tube should be connected to the supply pipe using the
included 1/4”-1/16” adaptor. 5000
Product Characteristics AB-PM HP DN 10-32
• Pressure class: PN16 0
• Maximum pressure drop across AB-PM: 4 bar 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
• Temperature range: -10 to 120°C ∆Pr [kPa]
• Installation: in return pipe with connection via impulse tube to flow or
Stagged Commissioning / Installation of Terminal Unit
return pipe
• Setting range: Flow: 40-100% DPCV: several fancoils with PIBCV: zone control for DPCV: zone control for
• Nominal flow at factory setting ∆pr 25 kPa: individual room control one terminal unit several fancoils
○ 5000 l/h (DN40)
○ 6500 l/h (DN50)
○ 16800 l/h (DN65)
○ 19600 l/h (DN80)
○ 21000 l/h (DN100)
• Minimum differential pressure across valve and zone at factory setting:
○ 45 kPa (DN40, DN50)
○ 60 kPa (DN65-100)
AB-PM Range Setting
< Factory ∆p Setting
Setting
∆pa = Po -P3 Nominal < 100% 5 Turns 10 Turns 15 Turns 20 Turns
∆pr = Po -P1 Diameter 0 Turns
(∆pr >=20 kPa) (∆pr >=25 kPa) (∆pr >=30 kPa) (∆pr >=35 kPa)
∆pa (kPa)
DN40 42 52 63 74 85
DN50 42 52 63 74 85
DN65 60 72 83 94 105
∆pv DN80 60 72 83 94 105
Q = needed design flow for the loop DN100 60 72 83 94 105
∆pr = need differential pressure for the loop
∆pv = differential pressure on AB-PM
∆pq = minimum needed differential pressure over both AB-PM and loop
∆pa = ∆pv + ∆pr
Danfoss Ltd Tel : 0330 808 6888
Capswood Oxford Road @Danfoss_UK
Denham
Berkshire Danfoss Heating
UB9 4LH Email : [email protected]
Website : www.heating.danfoss.co.uk
Principles / Advantages of Inverter Drives - 93
The VLT® HVAC Drive - The best is now better than ever Refrigeration Systems
Optimised features make the drive tougher and smarter with improved The performance of a refrigeration system is expressed using the Energy
process efficiency and enhanced accessibility ensuring reliable operation Efficiency Ratio (EER) or the Co-efficient of Performance (COP). This is
in the harshest conditions. VLT® HVAC Drive is a must for sophisticated the ratio of the generated cooling or heating capacity to the power
HVAC systems in today’s intelligent buildings. consumed and is usually based on full-load operation. However, it is not
enough to rate refrigeration units at just one load level, since most
Motor Independency for Building Services refrigeration systems operate under partial load conditions. This means
that significant energy savings can be obtained using speed control.
Frequency converter control of fans, pumps and compressor motors
brings significant energy and operational benefits in terms of simple and Refrigeration System without Speed Control
flexible overall control.
Legislation has reinforced the need for higher efficient systems, resulting In a refrigeration system without speed control the refrigerant compressor
in a more diverse offering of high efficient induction, permanent magnet always runs at full speed, regardless of the cooling capacity required.
and synchronous reluctance motors. The cooling output is regulated by the evaporator, which is filled by the
Danfoss Drives are at the forefront by providing a solution where one expansion device. Since the expansion valve constantly tries to fill the
drive fits all motor types. This gives motor independency to installers, evaporator optimally, this adjustment causes the pressure to change and
OEM and end users, helping to future-proof the building services system. therefore creates oscillation in the system. Because of this oscillation,
Maximum possible energy savings can therefore be achieved using the the evaporator never properly fills and operates ineffectively and therefore
best motor technology for the application whilst reducing the total cost of the cooling capacity of the refrigerant is not optimal.
ownership.
Do it differently – One Danfoss Drive for all motors. Refrigeration System with Speed Control
EC+ Technology for Building Services Continuous variable speed control by VLT® Refrigeration Drive FC103
makes intelligent capacity control possible. By creating stability whilst
When building an HVAC system, to get the highest performance and balancing the capacity to the actual load, system wide COP/EER
system efficiency, the individual components (motor, drive and fan) need improves providing significant energy savings. Intelligent compressor and
to be flexible and broadly compatible with each other. condenser fan control is a “must” in any optimised refrigeration system.
If you specify a high-efficiency motor that is only compatible with lower
efficiency fans, the overall system efficiency would suffer and would not
reflect the high performance and investment in the individual components.
Danfoss Drives EC+ concept allows ventilation system designers to
combine a HVAC Drive with the most efficient fan and permanent magnet
motor. A practical example can be seen in the EC version of radial fans
with external-rotor motors illustrated below.
To achieve extremely compact construction, the motor extends into the
intake area of the impeller. This impairs the efficiency of the fan, and
therefore the efficiency of the entire ventilation unit. As a result, high
motor efficiency does not lead to high system efficiency.
System efficiency is calculated according to VDI DIN 6014 by multiplying the efficiencies of the components. The following positive effects can be achieved in a refrigeration system
with variable-speed compressor operation:
The stated drive efficiencies (converter x motor) are based on measurements, while the fan efficiencies
are taken from manufacturer catalogues. Due to the directly driven fan, ƞcoupling=1 Compressor
Multi-Fan Control • Stable suction pressure
• Increased capacity using smaller compressor
Plug Fans and Axial Fans in parallel are becoming more and more popular • Built-in soft starter function
in AHU, RTU, condenser and multi-fan applications. Use of high efficiency • Reduced mechanical load
PM Motors has so far required separate drives for each motor. • Fewer starts & stops extends lifetime
Danfoss Drives now takes technology development to the next level with • Eliminate mechanical capacity control
the multi-fan feature enabling one HVAC Drive to control multiple fans
with IE5 permanent magnet motors. Condenser Fan Control
• Load dependent capacity control
• Stable condensing pressure
• Reduced charge of refrigerant
• Less dirt build up on condenser
• Stand-alone optimised control with VLT® Refrigeration Drive FC103
Pumps in A/C or Indirect Cooling Systems & Fans in
Air Conditioning Systems
• Coolant pump capacity according to demand
• Stable coolant flow & pressure
• Optimised operation of air handling units
• High efficiency
• Airflow according to demand
• Stand-alone optimised control with VLT® Refrigeration Drive FC103
• Operate from direct signal (0/4-20mA or 0-10v DC)
Depending on the application, speed control can result in energy
savings ranging from 10% to as much as 70%.
Danfoss Drives Tel : 0330 808 6888
Capswood Ireland Freephone : 1 800 946 332
Oxford Road
Denham DanfossDrives
Buckinghamshire @DanfossDrives
UB9 4LH Email : [email protected]
Website : www.danfoss.com/en-gb
94 - Metering & Flow Control
Superstatic - The Credible Alternative to Ultrasonic CMeX Series
Why? The Top 10
The CMeX Series is ready to use with no configuration required in the
• Same meter for heating & cooling: -20ºC +130ºC field. The possibility of stacking the CMeX enables one CMe to handle
• Complete range of flows qp 0.6-1500 m³/h, DN15-DN500 multiple M-Bus 2-wire buses isolated from each other. After installation,
• Only 0.5 bar system pressure required the device shows an indication if the installation was successful and no
• Same meter for horizontal, vertical riser & vertically down pipework short-circuit was detected on the bus. The RS232 interface enables
• Best result at AGFW (Germany) durability test communication to any system using M-Bus over RS232 (Tridium,
• No influence from water impurities – thanks to the self-cleaning effect Honeywell, Trend).
from the fluid oscillator jet • M-Bus standard open protocol
• No reflection or misdirection of the signals – as with ultrasonic sensors
• Replaceable sensor head without removing from pipework • M-Bus Slaves 32 / 64 / 128 / 256
• More than 65 cooling liquids (Glycols) programmed!
• Complete range of flow capacities qp 1-1500 m³/h, DN15-DN500 • GSM/GPRS data transmission (CMe2100 required)
• Transparent M-Bus dataflow
• I/O modules
• D/A modules to read input signals
Superstatic Heat Meter Control Valve – AB-QM Pressure Independent
(Fluid Oscillator Technology) Balancing & Control Valve
In the oscillator, the liquid is fed to a nozzle and accelerated to a vibrating The AB-QM can be used separately as an automatic flow limiter valve or
jet. Through one of the nozzles opposite to the tongue, the jet is diverted as a combined flow limiter and control valve when fitted with an actuator.
left or right into a canal that leads to the measuring head which contains In addition, the setting is extremely user friendly and reliable, making the
a piezoelectric sensor. AB-QM maintenance free.
The AB-QM valve is the obvious choice for balancing and controlling
The liquid produced by the pressure on the piezoelectric sensor creates terminal units such as fan coils, chilled ceilings and air handling units.
an electric pulse and flows back. The flow is directed in the other channel For the Commissioning Engineer it is straightforward to set the maximum
where the process is repeated. The piezoelectric sensor is surrounded designed flow – just turn the pre-setting scale at the desired flow. A built-in
by the liquid from the other side and another pulse is generated. The diaphragm then maintains a constant low differential pressure across the
process is repeated through the fluid in motion – the fluid oscillation. The setting cone on the AB-QM. This ensures that the maximum set flow is
frequency of the oscillation is proportional to the flow. not exceeded.
An additional positive benefit is the self-cleaning effect of the oscillating
jet due to the increased speed of the jet.
DMS Ltd Tel : 01773 534555
X-Cel House Chrysalis Way
Langley Bridge @dmsltd2011
Eastwood Email : [email protected]
Nottingham NG16 3RY Website : www.dmsltd.com
Belimo Energy Valve™ - 95
The Concept
The unique Belimo Energy Valve™ combines many functions in a single
installation-friendly unit, hydronic balancing, air bubble-tight shut off, pressure-
independent flow control, permanent volumetric flow measurement and energy
monitoring.
Energy consumption for heating and cooling is determined on a continuous
basis and saved on the web server, integrated in the actuator, for 13 months.
Using a laptop (RJ45 Ethernet interface) or by means of the management
system, the values can be viewed, analysed and if necessary optimised on site,
directly through the valve.
With the integration of the Belimo Energy Valve™ into the Belimo Cloud, the
users create their own account to have full transparency about the energy
consumption in the cooling/heating application.
Technical Configuration
The Belimo Energy Valve™ is a characterised control valve with adjustable flow
rate and sensor-operated flow control, as well as a power and energy-monitoring
function, 2-way, internal thread, with flange PN16:
• For closed cold & warm water systems
• For modulating water-side control of air purification & heating systems
• Nominal Voltage AC/DC 24V
• Ethernet 10/100 Mbit/s, TCP/IP, Integrated web server
• Communication via BACnet IP, BACnet MS/TP, MP-Bus or conventional control
• Optional Belimo Cloud connection
Advantages
Building owners, facility managers, contractors and system integrators will not fail to recognise the advantages of this intelligent technology, such as:
• Quick & certain dimensioning as well as simple commissioning
• Energy-saving through automatic, permanent hydronic balancing
• Correct volume of water despite differential-pressure changes & partial loads
• Efficient operation ensured through the Delta-T management
• 7 Year Warranty with the integration of the Belimo Energy Valve™ into the Belimo Cloud
Valve, Electronic Flow Rate Controller & Energy Monitoring in a Single Valve
Temperature sensors Energy-efficient operation Data recording
Integrated web server
Actuator
Optimisation / maintenance Analysis / monitoring
Characterised Measuring pipe with velocity sensor
control valve Sensor electronics
(CCV) Tel : 01932 260460
Fax : 01932 269222
BELIMO Automation UK Ltd
Shepperton Business Park Email : [email protected]
Govett Avenue Website : www.belimo.co.uk
Shepperton
Middlesex TW17 8BA
96 - Building Energy Management System (BEMS)
A Trend Building Energy Management System (BEMS) is the best investment for life-long building performance and energy management.
Our solutions are low risk and provide a fast ROI through energy and resource efficiencies.
Regardless of the application or sector being considered, today’s building owners and managers demand
a control system that can accommodate regular changes in the use of its buildings.
However, these developments must be sustainable, affordable and above all else, remain compliant
and resilient.
The BEMS that monitors and controls this built environment needs to offer flexibility and backwards
compatibility to maximise the use of existing resources, and provide a high quality, fit for purpose
environment for its occupiers and services, whatever the application or market sector.
Lighting is the second largest consumer of energy in a building. Integrating your lighting system with
your Building Energy Management System (BEMS) will further improve the efficiency of your lighting
systems, without compromising the comfort and performance of the space.
Trend has been partnering with building owners for more than 30 years, providing expertise at every
stage of a building’s lifecycle: from engineering the right solution, to maintaining its effective operation
and continuing to optimise performance as occupant requirements change.
It’s all about Partnerships
Trend’s ability to supply the worldwide market via its extensive and well established third-party Partner
network gives end users the reassurance of knowing that, wherever they are located, a Trend specialist
is never far away.
Our Partner network offers the end customer a genuine choice of supply, which is important not only
when a customer first installs a system, but also if the system is later modified, expanded or extended
into other buildings.
Market Sectors
Trend systems are to be found in virtually every type of non-residential building, from schools, hospitals and leisure facilities to office blocks, shops and
factories. Suitable for the largest building complexes and multi-site applications, they are still cost-effective in even very small premises.
Commercial Healthcare
In the modern commercial environment, Trend BEMS play a key role in Trend systems have been installed in many of the National Health
satisfying the aspirations of developer, tenant and owner-occupier. Service’s largest and best-known hospitals, as well as a huge number of
its smaller premises, including health centres, clinics and GP surgeries.
Education Data Centres
A Trend BEMS controls and monitors all facets of HVAC, classroom Trend’s proven solutions consistently add value and peace of mind to
ventilation, energy and lighting. Whatever the energy targets may be, an those delivering compliant, resilient and sustainable data centres across
educational establishment must be fit for purpose and provide an the globe.
environment conducive for learning.
Trend Control Systems Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1403 211888
St. Mark’s Court
North Street
Horsham @trendcontrols
West Sussex Email : [email protected]
RH12 1BW Website : www.trendcontrols.com
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27th Mechanical Engineers' Notebook
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