27th Mechanical Engineers' Notebook

Psychrometric Chart - 97

PSYCHROMETRIC
CHART

Trend Control Systems Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1403 211888
St. Mark’s Court
North Street @trendcontrols
Horsham Email : [email protected]
West Sussex
RH12 1BW Website : www.trendcontrols.com

98 - Guidance for Control Valves in HVAC Applications

General Guidance for the Use of Control Valves Typical Mixing Valve Applications
in HVAC Applications
Mixing Circuit Load
This information is intended as a general guide for the application of Diverting Circuit Load
HVAC control valves. Please consult the manufacturer’s relevant data
sheets for detailed specifications. Load
• Control valves must be suitable for the medium and operating pressure Mixing Circuit with Bypass (Underfloor Heating)

• Modulating control valves must not be used where tight shut-off is Load
required
Injection Circuit with Straight-Through Valve
• Control valves can be manufactured with +/- 10% tolerance on the kvs 10 x DN (min 0.5m)
value and should not be used as a reference for balancing purposes
Load
• Mixing valves have 2 inlets and 1 outlet
Injection Circuit
• Diverting valves have 1 inlet and 2 outlets
Hints on Sizing Control Valves
• Most manufacturer’s valves are mixing valves and when used in a
diverting application, must be placed in the return The valve sizing chart is based on Siemens Building Technologies’
magnetic valve, kvs/size may vary for other types and manufacturers.
• Most valves will work when installed in any position (see relevant Control valves should be sized relative to the pressure drop in the
manufacturers’ details). However, they should be installed upright as far “variable flow part” of the circuit.
as possible

• Installing valves upside down should be avoided as any water leakage
will run into the electrical actuator and may result in damage

• Valves should be installed with sufficient room available for removing
the actuator and complete valves for inspection purposes

• Isolating valves and quick disconnect fittings should be installed to ease
removal

• Water systems should be cleaned, flushed and treated in accordance
with current good practice e.g. as described in BSRIA Application Guide
AG 1/2001: Pre-Commission Cleaning of Pipework Systems & AG 2/93
Water Treatment for Building Services Systems

• For further relevant information see CIBSE Guide B2

Valve Sizing Chart p max

. v
V[m³/h]
[l/h]
200 40
30
100 20
70
50 10
40 7
30 5
3
20 2

10 1
7 0,7
5 0,5
0,3
3 0,2
2
1
1 0,07
0,7 0,05
0,5 0,03

0,3 0,02
0,2 200 300 [kPa]

1 2 3 [bar]

0,07 2 3 5 7 10 20 30 50 100 pv
1 0,02 0,03 0,05 0,07 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1
0,01

Siemens Building Technologies Tel : 0330 403 5106

Sir William Siemens Square

Frimley @SiemensBT

Camberley [email protected]

Surrey GU16 8QD www.siemens.co.uk/buildingtechnologies

Remeha - Case Studies - 99

The Heat Challenge

One of the Government’s grand challenge missions is to improve the energy efficiency of UK buildings. Regardless of age or condition, all UK buildings
need to operate more sustainably to meet the stringent 80% emissions reduction target by 2050.
As a large user of energy in a building, heating has been identified as a natural target for improvement. But 60% of the buildings that will stand in 2050
are already built – and these older buildings will require very different heating solutions to efficiently-designed new properties. So let us start with the
low-hanging fruit.
Boilers are a core component of the plant room, whether the sole provider of heat or working alongside low carbon technologies. In buildings that still
rely on wasteful, ineffective non-condensing boilers for heat, a boiler replacement is one of the most practical, cost-effective solutions to increased
efficiency. Upgrading to high-efficiency gas condensing boilers and adding controls can, in our experience, reduce gas consumption by as much as half,
with an associated fall in costs and emissions.

At the same time, the increased reliability and control contributes to greater comfort levels leading to improved occupant productivity.

University reduces gas use by 50%

Aberystwyth University has been gradually replacing all the ageing boiler
plant across its estate with Remeha boiler products over the last decade –
with excellent results.
The University recently reported a 50% reduction in gas consumption and
costs at its Penglais student accommodation buildings after replacing old
boilers with Remeha’s wall hung Quinta Pro 65 models. By standardising the
equipment, the University can anticipate further future savings from easier
operation, maintenance and servicing.
“We recommend Remeha heating products for their quality and reliability,”
said contractor Aber Heating’s Sion Jenkins. “The boilers have been designed
for improved ease of installation, which helped us to meet the challenging
schedule on this project. And importantly, spare parts and ease of servicing
have also been addressed for long-term operational savings. The Quintas
are lovely to work on – you can not fault them.”

£35K annual gas savings for Council

South Ayrshire Council achieved outstanding annual gas savings of £35K
after replacing dated cast iron sectional boilers with high-efficiency Remeha
Gas 310/610 Eco Pro condensing boilers at its County Buildings
headquarters. This equates to an impressive carbon emissions reduction of
around 217 tonnes per annum.
Why choose Remeha? Familiarity with Remeha boilers combined with ease
of maintenance and the quality of training and service support provided were
influencing factors leading to the specification.
The design of the fully-assembled, lightweight, compact Remeha boilers
played a critical part in the success of the project, as the boilers needed to
be craned over the top of the building and through skylights into the basement
plant room.
Once inside the plant room, the integral castors on the new Remeha boilers
enabled them to be positioned quickly and easily.

35% primary energy savings

Installing lower carbon technologies in a hybrid system should also be an option, where appropriate.
Penrith Leisure Centre has achieved a total primary energy reduction of 35% since retrofitting a
Remeha R-Gen 20/44 kWe CHP unit alongside high efficiency Remeha condensing boilers. Accurate
sizing of the CHP unit was critical to maximise the energy and carbon saving benefits. Remeha’s
CHP team worked closely with contractor Thomas Armstrong throughout the project.

“The Remeha team are extremely knowledgeable about CHP technology and have provided valuable
advice and support at every stage,” said Thomas Armstrong’s Stephen Clarkson.

Implementing a Remeha CHP service plan has ensured continuous operation and optimum
performance from the start, for maximum end user benefit and installer peace of mind. Heating is
under the spotlight for improvement measures.
We at Remeha look forward to supporting mechanical engineers with our range of advanced heating
products, backed by expert product and technical support, to achieve the most appropriate heating
solutions in every building.

Remeha Tel : 0118 978 3434
Innovation House
3 Oaklands Business Centre @RemehaUK
Oaklands Park Email: [email protected]
Wokingham RG41 2FD Website: www.remeha.co.uk

100 - CALPEX Pipes - Heat Loss Data

Heating, 6 bar

CALPEX / CALPEX PUR-KING UNO

Heat losses q [W/m] for one UNO pipe

CALPEX UNO U-Value Average operating temperature TB [°C]

[W/mK] 40° 50° 60° 70° 80°

25/ 76* 0.1050 3.15 4.20 5.25 6.30 7.35
25/ 91 PLUS*
32/ 76* 0.0910 2.73 3.64 4.55 5.46 6.37
32/ 91 PLUS*
40/ 91* 0.1320 3.96 5.28 6.60 7.92 9.24
40/111 PLUS*
0.1110 3.33 4.44 5.55 6.66 7.77

0.1380 4.14 5.52 6.90 8.28 9.66

0.1140 3.42 4.56 5.70 6.84 7.98

50/111* 0.1420 4.26 5.68 7.10 8.52 9.94 a=0.1 m H=0.8 m
50/126 PLUS* 0.1260 3.78 5.04 6.30 7.56 8.82 TE λE
63/126* 0.1620 4.86 6.48 8.10 9.72 11.34
63/142 PLUS* 0.1420 4.62 5.68 7.10 8.52 9.94
75/142* 0.1750 5.25 7.00 8.75 10.50 12.25
75/162 PLUS 0.1616 4.85 6.46 8.08 9.70 11.31
90/162 0.2057 6.17 8.23 10.29 12.34 14.40

90/182 PLUS 0.1747 5.24 6.99 8.74 10.48 12.23

110/162 0.2957 8.87 11.83 14.79 17.74 20.70
110/182 0.2355 7.07 9.42 11.78 14.13 16.49
110/202 PLUS 0.1992 5.98 7.97 9.96 11.95 13.94
125/182 0.3026 9.08 12.10 15.13 18.16 21.18
125/202 PLUS 0.2771 8.31 11.08 13.86 16.63 19.40
140/202 0.3084 9.25 12.34 15.42 18.50 21.59

160/250** 0.3028 9.08 12.11 15.14 18.17 21.20

CALPEX / CALPEX PUR-KING DUO (flow and return in one pipe)

Heat losses q [W/m] for one DUO pipe

CALPEX DUO U-Value Average operating temperature TB [°C] 80°
[W/mK] 40° 50° 60° 70°
RL (return)

25 + 25/ 91* 0.1635 4.91 6.54 8.18 9.81 11.45

25 + 25/111 PLUS* 0.1285 3.86 5.14 6.43 7.71 9.00 VL (flow)
32 + 32/111* 0.1690 5.07 6.76
32 + 32/126 PLUS* 0.1431 4.29 5.72 8.45 10.14 11.83
40 + 40/126* 0.1909 5.73 7.64
40 + 40/142 PLUS* 0.1594 4.78 6.38 7.16 8.59 10.02

9.55 11.45 13.36 H=0.8 m

7.97 9.56 11.16

50 + 50/162 0.1954 5.86 7.82 9.77 11.72 13.68

50 + 50/182 PLUS 0.1662 4.99 6.65 8.31 9.97 11.63

63 + 63/182 0.2381 7.14 9.52 11.91 14.29 16.67 TE
λE

63 + 63/202 PLUS 0.2075 6.23 8.30 10.38 12.45 14.53

75 + 75/202 0.2802 8.41 11.21 14.01 16.81 19.61

Note: Due to the planned revision of standards, the heat losses are not shown as specified within EN 15632

Type of installation, CPX UNO: 2-pipe, laid in the ground Heat loss during operation:
Type of installation, CPX DUO: 1-pipe, laid in the ground q = U (TB -TE) [W/m]
Pipe distance: a = 0.10 m U = Heat transfer coefficient [W/mK]
Cover above pipe: H = 0.80 m TB = Average operating temperature [ºC]
Ground temperature: TE = 10ºC TE = Average ground temperature [ºC]
Soil conductivity: λE = 1.0 W/mK VL = Flow
*Conductivity of PUR-KING foam: λPU = 0.0199 W/mK RL = Return
Conductivity of PUR foam: λPU = 0.0216 W/mK
**Conductivity of PUR foam: λPU = 0.0260 W/mK
Conductivity of PEX pipe: λPEXa = 0.38 W/mK
Conductivity of PE pipe: λPE = 0.33 W/mK

Brugg Pipesystems UK Ltd Tel : 01268 759567
Kelvin Road
Manor Trading Estate [email protected]
Benfleet Essex SS7 4QB www.bruggpipesystems.co.uk
A Member of the BRUGG Group
Dean Lowe : 07968 99 0112

Heating with Gas Fired Boilers - 101

Viessmann heats up efficiency for Kingsmills Hotel

Project Overview We took advice from consultant engineers and agreed that Viessmann
was the right company for the job. This was a significant investment from
The Kingsmills Hotel in Inverness is famed for hosting Robert Burns in our side, but the return will definitely make economic and environmental
1747, but how could an 18th century accommodation provide an efficient, sense, will ensure a stable and efficient boiler system for the hotel and
modern heating system to meet today’s sustainability and eco standards? will build on our green credentials.”
The hotel was acquired seven years ago and since then has undergone
a series of renovations and refurbishments, totalling an investment of Four new Vitodens 200-W were installed in a cascade formation, as
around £21 million during that time. The most recent overhaul has been multiple, cascaded boilers can operate individually as per hot water
of the heating system in the original hotel building, the oldest part of the requirements – perfect for staff and guests with varying requirements.
hotel, which houses 57 bedrooms. The team also refurbished the showers These smaller, more efficient units never use more energy than is needed
of the adjacent leisure centre. and clever controls ensure an even spread of use to extend the life span
of the whole package and to ensure the hotel is not without a boiler if one
By August 2012, the energy centre was delivering heating and hot water to the King’s Cross unit is serviced or out of operation.
site with two Vitomax 200 10 MW boilers
The wall-mounted system features a MatriX cylinder burner and an energy
cockpit with consumption indicator. Controlled via a colour touchscreen,
hotel staff can check the status and efficiency of the heating and hot water
system and can control the heating circuits’ operating conditions, change
room temperature and timing programmes as and when required.

The new system offers the most energy efficient fossil fuel burning boilers,
bringing huge energy and cost savings by replacing old, inefficient
non-condensing boilers.

Viessmann’s Commercial Sales Director, Jonathan Grist, says: ‘We were
honoured to work on such a prestigious refurbishment project as
Kingsmills Hotel. We know heating and water is of major importance to
hotel guests, so we were keen to work closely with the team to work
around the refurbishment schedule and to reduce disruption. The new
installation will give peace of mind to the team and will benefit guests,
staff and management for many years to come, while contributing towards
reducing energy consumption and overall running costs.”

Donview Construction of Aberdeen was commissioned to undertake the
work using Viessmann, the leading heating systems manufacturer, to
ensure a reliable and efficient system for staff and guests.

The hotel had a 40 year-old cast iron boiler, which was prone to breaking
down and had become inefficient and uneconomical to maintain.

James Story from Kingsmills Hotel says: “With over 75,000 guests per
year, we were keen to ensure the smooth running of our hotel facilities
while the works were underway, with as little disruption as possible for
staff and guests. We knew we had to replace our old boiler and explored
several suppliers.

Viessmann Limited James Story concludes: “It was a fantastic experience to work with
Hortonwood 30 Viessmann and while we’re not undertaking any refurbishment works at
Telford the moment, we will certainly approach them again for heating systems
Shropshire in other parts of our hotel. We are always looking for ways to make our
TF1 7YP venue more eco-friendly and to improve our energy efficiency.”

Project Details

Equipment: 4 x Vitodens 200-W
Rated output: Gas condensing boilers 396 kW
Location: Kingsmills Hotel, Inverness
Installer: Donview Construction

Tel : 01952 675000

@ViessmannUK
Email : [email protected]
Website : www.viessmann.co.uk

102 - Steam & Condensate Pipe Sizing

Capacity of Steam Pipes in kg/h

Practical experience shows that reasonable velocities for dry saturated steam mains are 25-40m/s.
Longer branch lines should be restricted to a velocity below 15m/s unless the pressure drop is also calculated.

Nominal Size Pipe (mm)

Pressure Velocity 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150
Bar (g) (m/s)
15.80 20.93 26.64 35.04 Actual inside pipe diameter Schedule 40 77.92 102.26
15
0.4 25 9 15 25 43 40.90 52.50 62.70 210 362 128.20 154.05
14 25 41 71 350 603
40 23 40 66 113 Pipeline capacity (kg/h) 561 965 569 822
15 10 18 29 51 251 433 948 1369
0.7 25 17 30 49 85 58 95 136 419 722 1517 2191
40 28 48 78 136 671 1155 681 983
15 12 21 34 59 97 159 227 292 503 1135 1638
1 25 20 35 57 99 487 839 1815 2621
40 32 56 91 158 154 254 363 779 1342 791 1142
15 18 31 50 86 427 735 1319 1904
2 25 29 51 83 144 69 114 163 712 1226 2110 3046
40 47 82 133 230 1139 1961 1156 1669
15 23 40 65 113 115 190 271 559 962 1927 2782
3 25 38 67 109 188 931 1603 3083 4451
40 61 107 174 301 185 304 434 1490 2565 1512 2183
15 28 50 80 139 689 1186 2520 3639
4 25 47 83 134 232 81 133 189 1148 1976 4032 5822
40 75 132 215 371 1836 3162 1864 2691
15 34 59 96 165 134 221 315 817 1408 3106 4485
5 25 56 98 159 276 1362 2347 4970 7176
40 90 157 255 441 215 354 505 2180 3755 2213 3195
15 39 68 111 191 947 1631 3688 5325
6 25 65 114 184 319 118 194 277 1578 2718 5901 8521
40 104 182 295 511 2525 4348 2563 3700
15 44 77 125 217 196 323 461 1073 1848 4271 6167
7 25 74 129 209 362 1788 3080 6834 9867
40 118 206 334 579 314 517 737 2861 4928 2904 4194
15 49 86 140 242 1198 2063 4841 6989
8 25 82 144 233 404 154 254 362 1996 3438 7745 11183
40 131 230 373 646 3194 5501 3242 4681
15 60 105 170 294 256 423 603 1455 2506 5403 7802
10 25 100 175 283 490 2425 4176 8645 12484
40 160 280 453 785 410 676 964 3880 6682 3938 5686
15 80 141 228 394 1951 3360 6563 9477
14 25 134 235 380 657 190 313 446 3251 5600 10502 15164
40 214 375 608 1052 5202 8960 5281 7625
316 521 743 8801 12708
14082 20333
506 833 1189

225 371 529

375 619 882

601 990 1411

261 430 613

435 716 1022

696 1146 1635

296 487 695

493 812 1158

788 1299 1853

330 544 775

550 906 1292

880 1450 2068

401 660 942

668 1101 1570

1069 1761 2512

537 886 1263

896 1476 2105

1433 2362 3368

Capacity of Condensate Pipes in kg/h The Release of Flash Steam

For condensate pipe sizing, use the starting load which will in most cases 15
be about twice the running load. This will make allowance for flash steam 14
and avoid high back pressure on start up. 12
Size the line on a resistance of 1.4 mbar per metre of travel for steam 10
pressure up to 10 bar. For higher pressures, increase the pipe size to
allow for larger volumes of flash steam. 8
6
4

Flash Steam Pressure
2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20

kg Flash per kg Condensate
Approximate frictional resistance in mbar per m travel Pressure on the traps (bar)
2.5 bar
0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.4 2.0 bar
(140 Pa) 1.5 bar
(30 Pa) (50 Pa) (60 Pa) (80 Pa) (100 Pa) 1.0 bar
220 0.5 bar
15mm 95 130 140 160 180 500 20 bar
20mm 220 290 320 370 420 940
25mm 410 540 600 690 790 2040
32mm 890 1180 1300 1500 1700 3100
40mm 1360 1790 2000 2290 2590 6000
50mm 2630 3450 3810 4390 4990 12100
65mm 5350 6950 7730 8900 10150 18700
80mm 8320 10900 12000 13800 15650 38000
100mm 17000 22200 24500 28200 31900

Spirax Sarco Limited Tel : 01242 521361
Charlton House Fax : 01242 573342
Cheltenham @Spirax_Sarco_UK
Gloucestershire Email : [email protected]
GL53 8ER Website : www.spiraxsarco.com/uk

Steam Tables / Data - 103

Saturated Steam Tables

Pressure Temperature Water (hf) Specific Enthalpy Steam (hg) Specific Volume
Steam
bar kPa °C kJ/kg Evaporation (hfg) kJ/kg m³/kg

0.30 30 69.10 289.23 kJ/kg 2,625.30 5.2290
0.50 absolute 50 81.33 340.49 2,645.90 3.2400
0.75 75 91.78 384.39 2,336.10 2,663.00 2.2170
0.95 95 98.20 411.43 2,305.40 2,673.20 1.7770
0 100.00 419.04 2,278.60 2,676.00 1.6730
0 gauge 10 102.66 430.20 2,261.80 2,680.40 1.5330
0.1 20 105.10 440.80 2,257.00 2,684.20 1.4140
0.2 30 107.39 450.40 2,250.20 2,687.60 1.3120
0.3 40 109.55 459.70 2,243.40 2,691.00 1.2250
0.4 50 111.61 468.30 2,237.20 2,693.90 1.1490
0.5 70 115.40 484.10 2,231.30 2,699.50 1.0240
0.7 90 118.80 498.90 2,225.60 2,704.50 0.9230
0.9 110 121.96 512.20 2,215.40 2,709.20 0.8410
1.1 130 124.90 524.60 2,205.60 2,713.30 0.7730
1.3 150 127.62 536.10 2,197.00 2,717.10 0.7140
1.5 170 130.13 547.10 2,188.70 2,720.80 0.6650
1.7 190 132.54 557.30 2,181.00 2,724.00 0.6220
1.9 220 135.88 571.70 2,173.70 2,728.60 0.5680
2.2 260 140.00 589.20 2,166.70 2,733.90 0.5090
2.6 300 143.75 605.30 2,156.90 2,738.70 0.4610
3 340 147.20 620.00 2,144.70 2,742.90 0.4220
3.4 380 150.44 634.00 2,133.40 2,746.90 0.3890
3.8 450 155.55 656.30 2,122.90 2,753.00 0.3420
4.5 550 162.08 684.60 2,112.90 2,760.30 0.2920
5.5 650 167.83 709.70 2,096.70 2,766.50 0.2550
6.5 750 173.02 732.50 2,075.70 2,771.70 0.2270
7.5 850 177.75 753.30 2,056.80 2,776.20 0.2040
8.5 1100 188.02 798.80 2,039.20 2,784.80 0.1630
11 1350 196.62 837.90 2,022.90 2,791.10 0.1360
13.5 1600 204.38 872.30 1,986.00 2,795.70 0.1170
16 1850 211.25 903.10 1,953.20 2,799.00 0.1020
18.5 2100 217.35 931.30 1,923.40 2,801.40 0.0906
21 2400 224.02 962.20 1,895.80 2,803.10 0.0797
24 2700 230.14 990.70 1,870.10 2,804.00 0.0714
27 3000 235.78 1017.00 1,840.90 2,804.10 0.0645
30 3500 244.26 1057.70 1,813.30 2,803.20 0.0554
35 4000 251.94 1094.60 1,787.00 2,800.90 0.0485
40 4600 260.13 1135.30 1,745.50 2,796.90 0.0421
46 5000 265.26 1160.80 1,706.30 2,793.60 0.0386
50 1,661.60
1,632.80

Heat Emission from Pipes (W/m)

Heat emission from bare horizontal pipes with ambient temperatures between 10°C and 21°C and still air conditions.

Temp. Diff. Pipe Size
Steam to Air
15mm 20mm 25mm 32mm 40mm 50mm 65mm 80mm 100mm 150mm
ºC
54 65 79 103 W/m 155 188 233 324
56 68 82 100 122 198 236 296 410
67 83 100 122 149 108 132 241 298 360 500
78 99 120 146 179 289 346 434 601
89 116 140 169 208 136 168 337 400 501 696
100 134 164 198 241 392 469 598 816
111 159 191 233 285 166 203 464 555 698 969
125 184 224 272 333 540 622 815 1133
139 210 255 312 382 205 246 623 747 939 1305
153 241 292 357 437 713 838 1093 1492
167 274 329 408 494 234 285 808 959 1190 1660
180 309 372 461 566 909 1080 1303 1852
194 271 334

321 394

373 458

429 528

489 602

556 676

634 758

Spirax Sarco Limited Tel : 01242 521361
Charlton House Fax : 01242 573342
Cheltenham @Spirax_Sarco_UK
Gloucestershire Email : [email protected]
GL53 8ER Website : www.spiraxsarco.com/uk

104 - Energy Savings Using Radiant Heat

The most important consideration when choosing a heating and cooling 4. System Temperatures
system is energy efficiency. Zehnder radiant heating and cooling systems
can save more than 40% in energy compared to other systems. And all The future of heating is in the low-temperature field. These systems use
with a pleasant indoor climate. less energy and the energy that they do use is used very efficiently. Heat
• Save energy by achieving a higher perceived temperature than the transfer systems that work using radiant heat and have a low storage
mass are ideally suited to low-temperature systems.
actual room temperature Zehnder ceiling-mounted heating and cooling systems are a perfect
• Even temperature distribution across the full height of the room example of this. Requiring very low flow temperatures is important,
• Very high heat output to EN 14037 especially when pumping heat. For example, if you use a heat transfer
• Short heating & cooling time system that runs at a flow temperature of 50ºC, you will use around 90%
• Free choice of energy source including alternative energies, heat more energy than with a system that runs a flow temperature of 30ºC.

pumps, condensing appliance technology or process waste heat Sample Calculations
• No additional power costs for propulsion energy
The energy costs are mainly dependent on the type of system and the The energy saving potential of over 40% can be demonstrated and
energy source. The biggest cost factor is the inefficient distribution of heat determined more precisely in accordance with DIN V 18599. As an
within the room. example, we will use a comparison between radiant ceiling panels and
Zehnder ZBN radiant ceiling panels are particularly efficient and achieve air heaters.
energy savings of over 40%. Numerous facilities equipped with Zehnder Boundary Conditions: Hall height 20m, room temperature regulation for
provide proof of this, day after day. both systems via PI regulations, air distribution at a normal induction rate,
lateral air outlet.
1. Human Temperature Perception
Basic Information: Calculation formula under DIN V 18599
Human perception of temperature is the arithmetic mean of the indoor air
temperature and the surface temperature e.g. of the walls, ceiling and
floor. Due to the radiation and hence the higher surface temperature of
ceiling-mounted cooling and heating systems, the indoor air temperature
during heating can therefore be kept lower, can be higher during cooling
and still be perceived as pleasant. Energy costs are reduced, both when
heating and when cooling, due to the lower or higher air temperature.

2. Heat Distribution up to Ceiling Height

With air heating systems the heated air rises, and radiant ceiling panels
generate heat where the heat radiation meets objects (walls, floors and
people). This results in an even temperature distribution throughout the
entire room at ceiling level, and thus a considerably lower energy
consumption.
Although the perceived temperature remains the same, the actual indoor
air temperature can be up to 3K lower (for heating) or higher (for cooling).
The consequential smaller difference between indoor air temperature and
outdoor temperature means that heat loss is dramatically reduced.

3. Reaction Time & Controllability

Buildings are becoming increasingly well insulated and thus need less
and less energy. Even small variations in the heat load can result in major
temperature fluctuations. The result is that users manually intervene in
the system and remove the excess heat from the room, e.g. via ventilation.
The conclusion from this is that systems are required that can react quickly
to changes in the heat load or temperature fluctuations in a room –
systems with a rapid reaction time and very good controllability.

Test Series

To simulate the miscellaneous inertias of various systems, tests were
carried out using a radiant ceiling panel, an underfloor heating system
and an active building system. All systems were cooled to a surface
temperature of 17ºC. The systems were then subjected to the same mass
flow and the same flow temperature until each system had achieved a
surface temperature of approximately 35ºC.
For example, a conference room is heated to 20ºC in the winter. The
participants enter the room and give off body heat. This, plus additional
heat loads from lighting, projectors, computers etc makes the temperature
of the room rise. The result is that to quickly bring the sharply increased
room temperature back down to the desired 20ºC, the windows are
opened – and precious energy is wasted.

Zehnder Group UK Ltd Tel : 01276 605800
Concept House Zehnder Group UK Ltd
Watchmoor Point
Camberley @Zehnder_UK
Surrey GU15 3AD Email : [email protected]
Website : www.zehnder.co.uk

Leak Detection / Design Guide - 105

Design Guide - Design Guide -
AquiTron Refrigerant Gas Detection AquiTron & TraceTek Liquid Leak Detection

Whether you are designing a refrigerant gas (air conditioning gas) leak AquiTron and TraceTek leak detection systems can be utilised in a variety
detection system for a hotel, an apartment building, office space, concert of installations to detect water, chemical or fuel leaks. TraceTek sensor
hall or public building, gas leaks and emissions are a concern. cables detect and locate leaks along their entire length. AquiTron water
You should ensure that your systems are safe, that adequate monitoring sensing probes detect leaks at a specific point. Virtually any number of
is in place and that you are complying with regulations whilst still keeping point sensors can be combined with sensor cables on a leak detection
costs under control. single circuit. The following information is provided for initial guidance only.
There are many different worldwide standards, however, the main reason Complete product information, including selection guides, data sheets,
for detection of gas is to protect personnel, protect the environment and installation instructions and operating manuals can be downloaded from
save costs. our website.
For reference, the standards in the UK and parts of Europe are:
F-Gas Regulations, BS EN 378 and BREEAM Pol 01. Sensor Selection

Exposure Limits The first design task is to select the most appropriate sensor type based
on the liquid to be detected and the area to be monitored.
Refrigerant gas manufacturers supply MSDS and COSHH data sheets that Water Detection
typically state 1000ppm for an 8-hour period which is a time weighted AT-PROBE should be selected for areas requiring only a single point of
average (TWA). detection, such as lift pits, drip trays under HVAC units and plant rooms.
TT1000 sensor cable should be selected for areas in commercial building
When Do I Need Refrigerant Detection? applications where larger area coverage is required, such as under raised
floors in computer or telecomms rooms, in building service/utility areas, etc.
There are guidelines on the maximum volume of refrigerant that could be TT1100-OHP sensing cable has been specially designed for suspended
discharged into a space without the need for a fixed refrigerant sensor, piping applications where the cable is attached to the bottom of the pipe.
also known as “practical limits”. These two examples have been taken from Fuel Oil Detection
BS EN 378 Part 1 and have been widely used for air conditioning TT5000 sensor cable should be selected for fuel and oil detection, such as
applications for hotel bedrooms and small office spaces. diesel used in generators.
For example, the value 0.42kg/m³ is for R410A, (QLMV) contact us for AT-OPSEN optical sensor probe should be selected for areas requiring
other gases. Above this value a sensor is required. Other international only a single point of detection, such as lift pits, below diesel tanks and
standards use similar values as a guide. generators.

How Many Sensors Do I Need? Sensor Layout

In many applications, such as small offices and hotel rooms, one sensor The next design task is to determine the optimum sensor layout. The
mounted at low level will provide the desired level of protection. This does sensing cable or point probe should be positioned so that leakage from the
depend on the size of the room and the quantity of air conditioning units. potential leak sources will contact the sensor quickly, before reaching any
There are no published regulations or standards to help with this. critical equipment, cables or other items to be protected.
There have been various “good practices” and “good rules of thumb” which
engineers have used in the past: Alarm Module Selection

• One sensor for every 36m² of floor area Depending on the size of the leak detection system and accessibility of the
sensors, an appropriate alarm (or alarm and locating) module must be
• One sensor for each air conditioning unit within the space selected.
Small Area Circuits for small leak detection circuits (normally those less
These guides typically do not apply to chiller and plant rooms. than 30 metres of sensor cable in a single area), a simple alarm module
may be selected. The EcoLeak ECO-1 and AT-SZA modules provide local
Where Should Sensors be Placed? indication of the system operating status via LEDs, plus voltage-free
contacts for remote connection to external alarm signals, remote alarm
The ability of a system to detect / measure the refrigerant leak is dependent panels, water shut-off valves or building management systems. Multi Zone
on the location of the sensor. The sensor may be remotely located up to panels (AT-MZA and Eco-6) allowing up to 8 different rooms to be
100 metres from the controller. The controller and sensor should be firmly monitored on one panel.
mounted indoors. The controller should be in an area where the display is Large Circuits, Concealed Sensors or Separated Areas for large circuits
easily seen. (normally more than 30 metres or where sensors are distributed between
The sensor location should be approximately 200 to 300mm above the several separate areas) or installations where the sensor is concealed and
floor in an area where refrigerant vapours are most likely to accumulate. normally inaccessible, an alarm and location module is most appropriate.
Sensors should be in low-lying areas for occupant safety, or near each The digital TTDM-128 or TS-12 panel provides voltage-free alarm contacts
potential leak source if refrigerant conservation is a high priority, such as and digital communication via simple RS-485 wiring and the ModBus RTU
ceiling voids. protocol. Alternatively, TTSIM modules can be connected either to the
Systems used to protect personnel should have their sensors located in TTDM-128/TS-12 or directly to a building management system via RS-485
such positions that they monitor the concentration at heights of the wiring. The TTSIM supports ModBus directly, providing complete sensor
occupants, considering the characteristics of the refrigerant used e.g. at status and leak location information digitally to the host system. The
less than bed height with heavier than air gases in a hotel room. TTDM-128 can be connected to as many as 128 TTSIMs via a single
BS EN 378 states that a ceiling void is regarded as part of the human RS-485 network, allowing extremely large leak detection systems to be
occupied space unless it is airtight, therefore monitoring in ceiling voids easily configured and integrated.
would not be acceptable.
Systems shall operate a supervised and/or audible and visual alarm so
that appropriate action may be taken by the occupants or initiated by trained
personnel and/or shall close the fractured refrigerant line by suitable valves
to limit the rise in concentration within the human occupied space. In chiller
rooms and plant rooms, these sensing points should be considered:

• Low level close to the chiller

• Pressure vent line (monitoring leaks from the safety valve)

• Extract duct

For further information contact our technical department

Aquilar Ltd Tel : 01403 216100
Unit 30 Lawson Hunt Industrial Park Aquilar-Ltd
Broadbridge Heath
Horsham @AquilarLtd
West Sussex RH12 3JR Email : [email protected]
Website : www.aquilar.co.uk

106 - nVent RAYCHEM Trace Heating Systems

Trace Heating Systems - Design Guide

TraceCalc for Buildings

TraceCalc Pro for Buildings is an intuitive, easy-to-use, online design tool
that lets you create simple or complex heat-tracing designs for pipes for
the following applications:

• Pipe Freeze Protection

• Hot Water Temperature Maintenance

• Flow Maintenance / Grease Line Flow Maintenance
This advanced tool lets you create a design project that can contain
multiple applications, multiple circuits and multiple pipe segments with
different design parameters on a single circuit. Additionally, it lets you
save your projects for future use. The Service is online therefore no
software download is required to company computers.
Register now for your private design account.
Email: [email protected] or contact us on 0800 969 013

Hot Water Temperature Frost Protection for Pipes Frost Protection Snow Melting for Ramps, Access Ways & Footpaths
Maintenance for Gutters &
Downpipes
Cable type HWAT-L HWAT-M HWAT-R 10XL2-ZH 15XL2-ZH 26XL2-ZH 32XL2-ZH FS-C10-2X EM2-XR EM2-MI EM2-CM EM4-CW
230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC GM-2X/GM2-XT 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 400 VAC
Nominal
voltage 7 W/m at 9 W/m at 15 W/m at 5°C 10 W/m at 5ºC 230 VAC
45ºC 55ºC
Nominal power 12 W/m at 10 W/m at 5ºC 26 W/m at 5ºC 31 W/m at 5ºC 36 W/m in ice at 90 W/m at 50 W/m 300 W/m² 25 W/m
output (*on 70ºC 22 W/m at 40 ºC 0ºC 0ºC
insulated metal
pipes) 18 W/m in air at 0ºC

C-type circuit- max.20A max.20A max.20A max.16A max.20A max.16A max.16A max.20A max.20A max.50A max.20A max.20A max.20A
breaker 215 m 20A 160 m 20A 135 m 20A 118 m 20A 180 m 20A 80 m 20A
according to 180 m 100 m 100 m 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 85 m 50A 136 m 21 m 250 m
selected kit 20A 20A 20A 65ºC 65°C 65ºC 85ºC 90ºC 65ºC 50 mm 50 mm (12.6m²) 30 mm
10 mm 10 mm 10 mm
Max. circuit -
length 65ºC 65ºC 80ºC
100ºC 250ºC 65ºC 65ºC
Min. bending
radius

Max.
continuous
exposure
temperature

Max. exposure 85ºC 85ºC 90ºC 85ºC 85°C 85ºC 90ºC 90ºC 85ºC 110ºC 250ºC 65ºC 65ºC
temperature
(power-on-
condition
-800 h.
cumulative)

Max. 13.8 x 6.8 13.7 x 7.6 16.1 x 6.7 13.8 x 6.8 13.8 x 6.8 13.8 x 6.8 13.8 x 6.8 16 x 6.8 13.7 x 6.2 18.9 x 9.5 min 4.8 5.0 x 7.0 5.0 x 7.0
dimensions in 0.12 kg/m 0.12 kg/m 0.14 kg/m 0.13 kg/m 0.14 kg/m 0.13 kg/m 0.27 kg/m max 6.3
mm (W x H) 0.13 kg/m 0.13 kg/m 0.13 kg/m --
- CE / VDE
Weight
BS / ÖVE / VDE / SEV / CSTB / SVGW / DVGW / CE / VDE
Approvals

Control units HWAT- HWAT- HWAT- AT-TS-13 AT-TS-13, AT-TS-14, AT-TS-13 AT-TS-13 AT-TS-13 EMDR-10 Raystat-M2 Raystat-M2 Raystat-M2 Raystat-M2
T55 T55 T55 AT-TS-14 RAYSTAT-CONTROL-10, AT-TS-14 AT-TS-14 AT-TS-14 GM-TA VIA-DU-20 VIA-DU-20 VIA-DU-20 VIA-DU-20
HWAT- HWAT- HWAT- RAYSTAT-CONTROL-10 RAYSTAT-ECO-10, RAYSTAT-CONTROL-10 RAYSTAT-CONTROL-10 RAYSTAT-CONTROL-10*
ECO ECO ECO RAYSTAT-ECO-10 RAYSTAT-CONTROL-11- RAYSTAT-ECO-10 RAYSTAT CONTROL-11- RAYSTAT-ECO-10
RAYSTAT-CONTROL-11- DIN RAYSTAT-CONTROL-11- DIN RAYSTAT-CONTROL-11-
DIN DIN DIN

Connection system

Junction box - - - - - - - JB16-02 - VIA-JB2 VIA-JB2 VIA-JB2 VIA-JB2
CE20-01 RayClic VIA-CE1 -
Connection kit RayClic RayClic RayClic RayClic RayClic RayClic RayClic Pre-installed
JB-SB-08 included in kit -
Support bracket included included included included in kit included in kit included in kit included in kit --
in kit in kit in kit

*For max circuit, Raystat controller will be required

nVent RAYCHEM Integrated Electrical Safety & System Control Panels

Product Range Application Number of Circuits Available (xx = number of circuit)

SBS-xx-SV Multi-circuit frost protection of pipes 3, 6, 9 and 12 circuit configurations

SBS-xx-HV-ECO-10 Multi-circuit hot water temperature maintenance 1, 3, 6 and 9 circuit configurations

SBS-xx-SNR Multi-circuit frost protection of sprinkler pipes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 pipe configurations (therefore up to 12 heater circuits including the redundant heater)
(including redundant circuit switching in accordance with BS EN 12845)

SBS-xx-VV-20 Multi-surface heating control for ramps and access ways with EM2-XR self regulation heater technology 3, 6, 9 and 12 circuit configurations

SBS-xx-MV-20 Multi-surface heating control for ramps and access ways with EM2-MI mineral insulated heater technology 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 circuit configurations

SBS-xx-EV-10 Multi-circuit heating control for gutter, roof and drain ice and snow protection 3, 6, 9 and 12 circuit configurations

If the extensive standard range of panels does not precisely fit the project requirements, a bespoke panel service can be offered

Product Range Application Number of Circuits Available (xx = number of circuit)

ACS-30 All building construction applications (pipe frost protection, hot water maintenance, sprinklers, surface Modular system up to 260 circuits (suitable for multiple building installations)
snow melting, roof and gutter snow melting and de-icing, and floor heating)

nVent UK Limited Tel : 0800 969 013

3 Rutherford Road Fax : 0800 968 624

Stephenson Industrial Estate

Washington Email : [email protected]

Tyne & Wear NE37 3HX Website : www.nVent.com/RAYCHEM

nVent RAYCHEM Heating Cables - Product Selection - 107

Dimensions of Power Cable Connections

Maximum power (Cold Lead) cable lengths based on circuit breaker sizing and cable conductor cross sectional area.

C-type Cable Type Max. Circuit Max. Length of Power Cable
Circuit Length (m)
Breaker HWAT-L 3 x 1.5 mm² 3 x 2.5 mm² 3 x 4 mm² 3 x 6 mm² 3 x 10 mm² 3 x 16 mm²
(Ampères) HWAT-M 80
HWAT-R 50 120 205 325 490 n.a. n.a.
10 FS-C10-2X 50 185 310 490 740 n.a. n.a.
10XL2-ZH 110 135 220 355 535 n.a. n.a.
13 15XL2-ZH 140 50 85 135 205 n.a. n.a.
26XL2-ZH 90 40 66 106 159 n.a. n.a.
16 31XL2-ZH 80 41 69 110 165 n.a. n.a.
GM-2X/GM2-XT 67 27 45 71 107 n.a. n.a.
20 EM2-XR 40 27 45 72 107 n.a. n.a.
25 HWAT-L 17 45 70 115 175 n.a. n.a.
32 HWAT-M 110 50 85 135 205 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-R 65 95 155 250 375 n.a. n.a.
FS-C10-2X 65 120 200 325 485 n.a. n.a.
10XL2-ZH 130 115 190 300 455 n.a. n.a.
15XL2-ZH 195 45 70 115 175 n.a. n.a.
26XL2-ZH 120 29 48 76 114 n.a. n.a.
31XL2-ZH 110 31 52 83 124 n.a. n.a.
GM-2X/GM2-XT 88 19 32 52 78 n.a. n.a.
EM2-XR 50 20 34 54 82 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-L 22 35 60 95 140 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-M 140 40 65 105 160 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-R 80 70 115 185 280 n.a. n.a.
FS-C10-2X 80 105 175 280 420 n.a. n.a.
10XL2-ZH 150 90 150 245 370 n.a. n.a.
15XL2-ZH 215 40 65 100 150 n.a. n.a.
26XL2-ZH 155 11 43 69 104 n.a. n.a.
31XL2-ZH 135 24 40 64 96 n.a. n.a.
GM-2X/GM2-XT 110 16 26 42 64 n.a. n.a.
EM2-XR 60 16 27 44 65 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-L 28 30 50 75 115 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-M 180 30 50 80 125 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-R 100 n.p. 90 145 220 365 n.a.
FS-C10-2X 100 n.p. 145 230 345 570 n.a.
10XL2-ZH 180 n.p. 120 195 295 490 n.a.
15XL2-ZH 215 n.p. 45 70 110 n.a. n.a.
26XL2-ZH 160 11 43 69 104 n.a. n.a.
GM-2X/GM2-XT 135 23 38 62 93 n.a. n.a.
31XL2-ZH 80 16 26 42 64 n.a. n.a.
EM2-XR 118 n.p. 35 60 85 145 n.a.
EM2-XR 45 15 25 40 61 n.a. n.a.
55 n.p. n.p. 50 75 130 n.a.
n.p. n.p. n.p. 65 105 n.a.

n.a. = Not applicable
n.p. = Not permitted

For a FREE complete technical and design brochure, call 0800 969 013 (Please mention that you have seen the Mechanical Engineers’ Notebook)

nVent UK Limited Tel : 0800 969 013

3 Rutherford Road Fax : 0800 968 624

Stephenson Industrial Estate

Washington Email : [email protected]

Tyne & Wear NE37 3HX Website : www.nVent.com/RAYCHEM

108 - Armstrong Fluid Technology - Case Study

Queen Street, Glasgow

Armstrong Fluid Technology has played a key role in the delivery
of the CONNECT11ONS project at 110 Queen Street, Glasgow.

A fully integrated packages plantroom for heating and air
conditioning of the new building was off-site manufactured by
Armstrong at its factory, speeding installation and reducing traffic
at this busy city centre site.

The new development at 110 Queen Street (the site of the former bank) “Armstrong’s extensive experience was invaluable to ensuring the final
is expected to provide the centre of Glasgow with 143,000 sq ft of product was delivered on time, to a high standard of workmanship, and
offices and over 20,000 sq ft of retail space. nearly two years later, remains defect free.”

When designing the HVAC facilities for the new building it was decided Gavin Wilcox
that off-site manufacture would have particular benefits. The specifier
at BAM had worked on projects involving integrated packaged Senior Project Services Engineer
plantrooms before, and recognised the significant opportunities that BAM Construction
off-site manufacture could bring for the Queen Street project.

Armstrong Fluid Technology was involved early in the project and
utilised the latest 3D modelling technology to optimise the design of the
plantroom and streamline the logistics of delivery and installation. The
plantroom was fully assembled at Armstrong’s factory and, in line with
the building schedule, was delivered to site requiring location on the
roof and final connections only.

As the site is in one of the busiest parts of Glasgow, off-site
manufacture of the plantroom meant that contractor traffic relating to
this aspect of the project could be minimised, reducing health and
safety risk and easing disruption in the immediate vicinity.

Off-site manufacture also meant that assembly of the plantroom would
be carried out concurrently with the construction phase of the building,
rather than having to wait until the building was completed before it
could begin.

The choice of Armstrong components for the HVAC systems housed in
the plantroom will also provide the new building with outstanding levels
of energy efficiency. Installed are Armstrong Design Envelope IVS
pumps which adjust automatically to changes in load, matching energy
consumption to demand and reducing wastage.

In addition to ensuring that the installation is compliant with the latest
legislation on motor efficiency, the in-built intelligence of the variable
speed pumps delivers significant energy savings and reductions in
carbon emissions.

The Armstrong Design Envelope pumps are also capable of HIGHEST LOWEST LOWEST
adjusting to changes in load across a wider range of operational ENERGY INSTALLED OPERATING
conditions than any other available pump range. This means that EFFICIENCY
energy efficiency can be maintained across the various changes COST COST
in occupancy and usage of the building.

LOWEST LOWEST
ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT &
OPERATING
COST
RISK

Armstrong Fluid Technology Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 8444 145 145

Wolverton Street @ArmstrongFT

Manchester armstrong-fluid-technology

Lancashire [email protected]

M11 2ET www.armstrongfluidtechnology.com

Armstrong Fluid Technology - Case Study - 109

Blackburn Meadows, Sheffield

An important district heating scheme in Sheffield, which generates
heat and energy from waste wood, has come to fruition with the
help of an integrated packaged pump solution from Armstrong
Fluid Technology.

The pump solution incorporates six large Armstrong 4300 Series The specification of integrated pump solutions from Armstrong Fluid
variable speed pumps with built-in inverters, integrated with Technology also had significant advantages in that it harnessed the
Armstrong’s IPS 4000 pump controller, which optimises operation of all benefits of off-site manufacture. Instead of being constructed in the
6 pumps to minimise energy consumption. traditional way (with components being delivered individually and
assembled on-site) the integrated pump solution was assembled,
When planning the pump house for the district heating scheme, RK integrated and tested off-site, at Armstrong’s purpose designed factory
District Heating Limited had a number of priorities. The pumping in Halesowen.
requirements for the scheme are complex and involved handling of
water at high maximum temperatures (up to around 115°C). The plant The completed pump solution was supplied to site ready-assemble just
needs to offer outstanding levels of energy efficiency across a wide requiring final connection. Off-site manufacture ensured that all
range of operating conditions, as the district heating scheme is being components for the pump solutions were connected and integrated
expanded incrementally over time. exactly as required, maximising control over the final quality of the
systems and ruling out the risk of errors.
In addition, the demanding timescales for the project meant that the
equipment needed to be installed within shorter than average lead times. Using this approach, the timescales for delivery of the project were also
reduced significantly, with assembly of the packaged plant able to
At the heart of the system are six Armstrong 4300 DE variable speed progress concurrently with on-site construction, unaffected by adverse
pumps integrated with Armstrong’s IPS 4000 pump controller. The weather or other potential delays.
variable speed pumps incorporate on-board inverters which enable
them to respond instantaneously and automatically to changing “I have had favourable experience of Armstrong’s work in the past and
requirements, adjusting their motor speeds and drawing only the power had no hesitation in specifying them for this project.”
required to meet the load.
David Forrest
As they are Armstrong Design Envelope models, they also provide
energy efficient operation across a wider operational range than other Project Manager
pumps, providing flexibility to adapt in the future without the need for RK District Heating
replacement or system over-sizing.

The pumps are controlled by the Armstrong IPS 4000 which
calculates how best to meet demand and automatically manages
pump operation accordingly.

The IPS 4000’s advanced control technology ensures that pumps are
operated at their most efficient points at all times, and are phased in
and out in the best possible configurations to deliver the required
capacity. By treating the system holistically, and balancing supply
across all 6 pumps, the IPS 4000 is able to achieve levels of efficiency
that exceed those made possible by less sophisticated capacity-based
control methodologies.

As the biomass-based district heating scheme has a particularly wide
range of operating scenarios, the advanced control made possible by
the IPS 4000 ensures that energy efficiency is optimised whatever
variations may occur.

In the future, as additional plantrooms across Sheffield are integrated
with the district heating scheme, the IPS 4000 will ensure that the
pumps adapt to accommodate the changing requirements whilst still
maintaining optimum energy efficiency.

The additional flexibility and sophisticated control provided by the
Armstrong pumps and IPS 4000 controller means that the energy
wastage associated with over-sizing of systems is avoided.

Armstrong Fluid Technology Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 8444 145 145

Wolverton Street @ArmstrongFT

Manchester armstrong-fluid-technology

Lancashire [email protected]

M11 2ET www.armstrongfluidtechnology.com

110 - Kooltherm® HVAC & Building Services Pipe Insulation

Thermal Performance Fire

With a robust declared lambda of 0.025 W/mK at 10°C to EN 14314, Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation has a highly cross-linked structure that is
based on the time averaged value over 25 years, Kooltherm® Pipe difficult to ignite. The European fire classification for Kooltherm® Pipe
Insulation is one of the most thermally efficient insulation material Insulation of BL-s1, d0 is the highest possible classification for phenolic
commonly used. A low thermal conductivity allows specified thermal foam insulation. The subscript L indicates that Kooltherm® has been
performance standards to be achieved with thinner insulation. correctly tested as pipe insulation as placed on the market in accordance
with the requirements of CE Marking and BS EN 14314.
The superior thermal performance of Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation derives
mainly from its closed cell properties. Its closed cell structure has been The excellent fire and smoke performance characteristics of Kooltherm®
optimised to resist heat transfer. Pipe Insulation clearly demonstrate the suitability for the designated
application.
The closed cells have a small solid to void volume ratio which are small
and uniform in size, and their construction is very fine with extremely thin Fire Test Classifications
walls and minimum point contact (struts). They are filled with a thermally
efficient CFC/HCFC-free blowing agent with zero Ozone Depletion Property Test Method Typical Result
Potential (ODP) and low Global Warming Potential (GWP).
Reaction to fire EN 13501-1 BL-s1, d0
As a result of its closed cell structure, Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation is
unaffected by air infiltration – problems that can be experienced with Fire propagation BS 476-6 Test results combine to enable Class 0 /
mineral fibre and which can reduce thermal performance. Flame spread BS 476-7 Low Risk classification

Moisture Resistance FM Pipe Chase Test FM Class 4924 FM Approved to Class 4924

Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation has a 90% (or greater) closed cell structure. Flame spread ASTM E 84 Class 1 or A (FSI 25/SDI 50)
Smoke developed
The risk of moisture absorption into the insulation is effectively eliminated
as the factory-applied aluminium foil facing to Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation
System products provides a high performance vapour barrier jacket.

Insulation Thickness Table to Control Heat Loss

Water at 60°C Water at 75°C

Steel Pipe Size Kooltherm® max. heat loss Kooltherm® max. heat loss

NB NB OD (W/m) (W/m)
(inches) (mm) (mm)

10 17.2 15 6.60 15 8.90

3

½8 15 21.3 15 7.13 15 9.28

¾ 20 26.9 15 7.83 20 10.06

1 25 33.7 20 8.62 20 11.07

1¼ 32 42.4 20 9.72 20 12.30

1½ 40 48.3 20 10.21 20 12.94

2 50 60.3 20 11.57 25 14.45

2½ 65 76.1 25 13.09 25 16.35

3 80 88.9 25 14.58 25 17.91

4 100 114.3 25 17.20 30 20.77

5 125 139.7 25 19.65 30 23.71

6 150 168.3 25 22.31 30 26.89

8 200 219.1 30 27.52 30 32.54

10 250 273.0 30 32.40 35 38.83

Estimated Mean Temperature of Insulation: +50°C

Ambient Air Temperature: +15°C

Surface Emissivity (Outer Surface): 0.05

Assumed Thermal Conductivity (k-value) of Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation: 0.025 W/m K

Indicative Thickness (mm) of Insulation for Non-Domestic Hot Water (60°C) and Low Temperature Heating Service Areas (75°C) to Control Heat Loss

(Based on Non-domestic Building Services Compliance Guide: 2010 Edition, Section 11; TIMSA HVAC Guide Sections 6.2.1 & 6.2.2; and BS 5422:2009 Tables 15 & 17)

General Physical Properties (Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation)

Property Test Method Unit Typical Value

Nominal Density (EN ISO 845) kg/m³ 37

Thermal Conductivity at +10°C Declared to EN 14314 (time averaged value at +10°C) W/mK 0.025

Colour Pink

Closed Cell Content (EN ISO 4590) Method 1 % >90
Operating Temperature
Upper Limit °C +110
Minimum Compressive Strength at +23°C Lower Limit °C -50

(EN 826) kPa 150
Parallel kPa 100
Perpendicular

Kingspan Industrial Insulation Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1457 890 400

Glossop Brook Road

Glossop @KingspanHVAC_UK

Derbyshire Email : [email protected]

SK13 8GP Website : www.kingspanindustrialinsulation.com

Handy Pump References - 111

Useful information to help you make better pump selections

Grundfos delivers a wide range of products that encompass a huge number of applications. Our pumps are designed to provide excellent reliability and
meet or exceed current energy efficiency regulations. To deliver a complete solution, we offer a comprehensive range of drives, controls, energy-efficient
motors and sensors, which are combined to offer seamless functionality and integration.

This page has been compiled to identify some of the basic requirements that will help you to understand the various options and therefore make better
pump selection choices.

Different types of centrifugal pumps - Single-stage Different types of centrifugal pumps - Multi-stage

Inline single-stage Horizontal norm Horizontal norm Horizontal Vertical inline Immersible Submersible
pump long-coupled pump close-coupled multi-stage multi-stage multi-stage multi-stage
pump
pump pump pump

Pump curves - explained

The pump performance curve shows the correlation between media flow rate (Q) and the pressure differential or head (H) that the pump creates.
Flow is normally given in m3/h or l/s. Pressure differential or head is given in kPa or m (meter water column). For variable-speed pumps, the performance
curve is given at minimum and maximum RPM.

The QH-curve

The QH-curve shows the head, which the pump is able to perform at a
given flow. Head is measured in meter water column [m]; normally the
unit meter [m] is applied. The advantage of using the unit [m] as the unit
of measurement for a pump’s head is that the QH-curve is not affected
by the type of liquid the pump has to handle.

Efficiency - the η-curve

The efficiency is the relation between the supplied power and the utilised
power. In the world of pumps, the efficiency ηP is the relationship between
the power, which the pump delivers to the water (PH) and the power input
to the pump shaft (P2).

Power within the pump P2 P1
PH P2
Power consumption (P)

Pumps are made of several components. The power consumption of the different components is
designated in the following way:
P1 The power input from the mains or, put in another way, the amount of power the consumer

has to pay for.
P2 The power input to the pump or the power output from the motor. Often referred to as

shaft power.
PH Hydraulic power – the power that the pump transfers to the liquid in the shape of flow

and head.

For the most common pump types, the term “power consumption” normally refers to P2.
Power is measured in W, kW.

Grundfos Pumps Ltd Tel : 01525 850000
Grovebury Road
Leighton Buzzard @Grundfos_UK
Bedfordshire Email : [email protected]
LU7 4TL
Website : www.grundfos.co.uk

112 - Vacuum Drainage Technology

Applications & Advantages Health & Hygiene

The building sector has been slow to move to vacuum drainage Unlike conventional toilets which permit bacteria and odours to enter the
technology, but with the confines placed on new projects such as small atmosphere, the Evac toilet takes out up to 100 litres of air on each flush,
conduit and service ducts and the growing awareness of the need to limit removing viruses, bacteria and odours from the bowl and into the system.
water consumption, the system is now finding a place in the building This cycle of air will keep the toilet accommodation fresh, enhancing
sector. As the system is capable of lifting sewage from appliances such hygiene and personal comfort within washrooms.
as WCs and running in voids above these appliances, the system offers As the complete pipework system is held under a vacuum, it is impossible
the designer greater flexibility and freedom to position appliances where for infestations or rats to live and breed in the drainage. Every Evac
most suitable for the building. system, when installed, is a closed loop. This is particularly important
The Evac Vacuum Toilet System could not be simpler. Instead of relying where an organisation requires waste to be contained if contamination
on traditional solutions which use the principle of gravity to remove waste is considered high risk e.g. hospitals, research facilities and prisons.
and are heavily reliant on the location of service cores and outgoing sewer
connections, the Evac system creates a powerful vacuum to flush the Water Savings & Energy Consumption
toilet which works like this...
Once the flush button is pushed, a pneumatic signal is sent to the control Water and energy consumption will be dependent on the size, type and
mechanism which opens the discharge valve by allowing a vacuum from use of the building and its vacuum drainage system. Evac systems are
the pipework system to enter the discharge valve diaphragm, thus very environmentally friendly – one of the biggest savings on natural
connecting the bowl to the vacuum system. Air at atmospheric pressure resources is the dramatic reduction in water consumption.
then forces sewage through the discharge valve and into the piping. A conventional toilet consumes between 4.5 and 6 litres of water every
The water valve is opened, and pressurised rinse water cleans the bowl time it is flushed. The Evac toilet typically uses just over one litre of water
simultaneously. The whole operation is performed using just vacuum – per flush – 1/6 of that used by a conventional toilet.
NO electrical connections Using less water will bring significant cost savings as water rates rise and
are required. as Evac toilets have very low water consumption, the actual amount of
Evac toilets can be re- sewage produced is also reduced, helping to ease the burden on
flushed more than 4 times overloaded public sewage plants. Vacuum retention tanks can also be
faster than conventional discharged during off-peak periods.
gravity toilets; on average,
an Evac toilet will take 5 Total Water Cycle
seconds to complete a
flush cycle as there is no When considering a vacuum toilet system and comparing it against a
toilet cistern to refill. gravity system, you must compare the complete water cycle. There is a
Evac systems also reduce saving in both the cost and power by bringing less water into your building.
leakage problems. If that water must be stored in the building, then the use of vacuum toilets
The problem of leakage due to pipe fracture is reduced – as a vacuum will reduce the size of any storage tanks, freeing up valuable floor space
exits throughout the system, any leakage is directed inward rather than or reducing excavations for underground tanks. If the tanks are to be
outward. sited at the top of the building, the structural requirements of the building
Whilst the Evac vacuum toilet is an integral part of the system, the system can also be reduced.
will also accept waste from all other gravity fixtures, including wash Once your water is in the building, you will have to move the water around
basins, baths and showers using a Vacuum Interface Valve which is it. The larger the building, the more power will be consumed in this
similar in operation to the Evac vacuum toilet. The manually operated process, so the small amount of water that you must move, the less power
push button is replaced by an activator which is triggered when a static you will need to consume.
head has been built up in the grey water tank. After the water has been used to flush a toilet, it must be disposed of. In
The whole operation is automatic and no electrical connections are large buildings with conventional gravity toilets, this can mean several
required. The valves allow standard bathroom fittings to be connected to sewage pumping stations located around the building to get the sewage
the vacuum drainage system in new build projects and eliminates the from the building into the main sewer. By consuming less water, the
need to replace existing fittings in a refurbishment project. Evac gives vacuum toilet system also produces less sewage.
the building designer complete freedom from the restrictions of gravity The flexibility of a vacuum drainage system means that all the sewage
fed plumbing. Bathrooms and toilets do not need to be tied into a services from the building can be brought back to one location in the building. If
core but can be located where best suits the design. the black water is to be treated in-house then the lower level of sewage
will impact on the size and type of sewage treatment plant required,
Increased Design Flexibility saving costs, space and energy.

Evac toilets can be installed just about anywhere in a building. Pipes are Case Study - Travelodge Welwyn Garden City
small bore (normally 50-75mm) and can be routed around and even over
obstructions. As they are not reliant on the locations of service cores and When Travelodge discovered a vacant office in the centre of town, it was
do not need vent stacks, design flexibility is maximised. Anywhere you soon determined that it would prove an excellent venue for their ever
can imagine an Evac toilet system in the design of your new build or increasing portfolio of inner city hotel accommodation.
refurbishment project, it can be achieved. Not only was the building in the centre of town, but also positioned
Evac systems are not dependent on gravity; therefore waste pipes do immediately next to a railway station which is just 30 minutes into London
not need to slope downwards which means that Evac toilets can flush Kings Cross. However, this particular building proved challenging as the
along the level – even upwards when downward flushing is inconvenient. vacant office space sat directly above multiple retail outlets.
This opens a wealth of design opportunities, especially in refurbishment, Converting this space into a hotel would have resulted in sewage pipes
extensions and retro-fit projects. from the rooms above running directly into the retail areas below.
Evac systems give vertical lift of up to 5m, giving unparalleled flexibility The design team then looked at the prospect of a vacuum drainage
in installation. Toilet cubicles, urinals, showers and hand basins can be system. The complete design team were taken to an existing Evac
positioned wherever you want, regardless of conventional soil stack vacuum drainage project to be able to not only see and understand a
practice. As there is no need to be adjacent to a central soil stack, the previously installed system, but talk with that buildings facilities team and
location of toilet accommodation can vary from floor to floor. gain confidence in the integrity of the system.
In speculative buildings, a prospective tenant will often wish to plan the Eurovac were able to work with the architect and consultants and assist
space available in a building to suit its business operation. The Evac with the design where 55 of the rooms were fitted with the Evac vacuum
system gives you this extra capability. Final decisions on the floor plan drainage system thus allowing the small bore pipes to run at high level
can be delayed leaving maximum room to manoeuvre and giving the in the communal corridors before dropping down at a convenient point
client maximum flexibility to plan space. to enter the main vacuum drainage plant.
It is hoped that Travelodge will consider the Evac system for future
projects.

European Vacuum Drainage Systems Tel : 01634 684 779

Unit 35 Lordswood Industrial Estate Fax : 01634 661 510

Gleamingwood Drive @EVDSltd

Chatham Email : [email protected]

Kent ME5 8RZ Website : www.evds.org.uk

Metric Conversions / Conversion Formulae - 113

Inches Millimetres Miles Kilometres Cu Feet Cu Metres Gallons Litres

0.039 1 25.400 0.621 1 1.609 35.315 1 0.028 0.220 1 4.546

0.079 2 50.800 1.243 2 3.219 70.629 2 0.057 0.440 2 9.092

0.118 3 76.200 1.864 3 4.828 105.944 3 0.085 0.660 3 13.638

0.157 4 101.600 2.485 4 6.437 141.259 4 0.113 0.880 4 18.184

0.197 5 127.000 3.107 5 8.047 176.573 5 0.142 1.100 5 22.730

0.236 6 152.400 3.728 6 9.656 211.888 6 0.170 1.320 6 27.277

0.276 7 177.800 4.350 7 11.265 247.203 7 0.198 1.540 7 31.823

0.315 8 203.200 4.971 8 12.875 282.517 8 0.227 1.760 8 36.369

0.354 9 228.600 5.592 9 14.484 317.832 9 0.255 1.980 9 40.915

Feet Metres Sq Feet Sq Metres Cu Yards Cu Metres Ounces Grams

3.281 1 0.305 10.764 1 0.093 1.308 1 0.765 0.035 1 28.350

6.562 2 0.610 21.528 2 0.186 2.616 2 1.529 0.071 2 56.699

9.843 3 0.914 32.292 3 0.279 3.924 3 2.294 0.106 3 85.049

13.123 4 1.219 43.056 4 0.372 5.232 4 3.058 0.141 4 113.398

16.404 5 1.524 53.820 5 0.465 6.540 5 3.823 0.176 5 141.748

19.685 6 1.829 64.583 6 0.557 7.848 6 4.587 0.212 6 170.097

22.966 7 2.134 75.347 7 0.650 9.156 7 5.352 0.247 7 198.447

26.247 8 2.438 86.111 8 0.743 10.464 8 6.116 0.282 8 226.796

29.528 9 2.743 96.875 9 0.836 11.772 9 6.881 0.317 9 255.146

Yards Metres Sq Yards Sq Metres Pints Litres Pounds Kilograms

1.094 1 0.914 1.196 1 0.836 1.760 1 0.568 2.205 1 0.454

2.187 2 1.829 2.392 2 1.672 3.520 2 1.137 4.409 2 0.907

3.281 3 2.743 3.588 3 2.508 5.279 3 1.705 6.614 3 1.361

4.374 4 3.658 4.784 4 3.345 7.039 4 2.273 8.818 4 1.814

5.468 5 4.572 5.980 5 4.181 8.799 5 2.841 11.023 5 2.268

6.562 6 5.486 7.176 6 5.017 10.559 6 3.410 13.228 6 2.722

7.655 7 6.401 8.372 7 5.853 12.318 7 3.978 15.432 7 3.175

8.749 8 7.315 9.568 8 6.689 14.078 8 4.546 17.637 8 3.629

9.843 9 8.230 10.764 9 7.525 15.838 9 5.114 19.842 9 4.082

The Key Figure printed in Bold in the centre column can be read as either the metric or British measure, thus 1 metre = 1.094 yard or 1 yard = 0.914 metre.

Conversion Formulae

To convert Multiply by To convert Multiply by To convert Multiply by
Length Area continued Capacity
Inches to centimetres 2.54 Sq yards to sq metres 0.8361 Pints to millilitres 568.26125
Centimetres to inches 0.3937 Sq metres to sq yards 1.1959 Millilitres to pints 0.001759
Feet to metres 0.3048 Acres to hectares 0.4046 Gallons to litres 4.546
Metres to feet 3.2808 Hectares to acres 2.471 Litres to gallons 0.2199
Yards to metres 0.9144 Sq miles to sq kilometres 2.5899
Metres to yards 1.0936 Sq kilometres to sq miles 0.3861 Weight 28.3495
Miles to kilometres 1.6093 Ounces to grams 0.03527
Kilometres to miles 0.6213 Volume 16.387 Grams to ounces 453.59
Cu inches to cu centimetres 0.06102 Pounds to grams 0.002204
Area 6.4516 Cu centimetres to cu inches 0.02831 Grams to pounds 0.45359
Sq inches to sq centimetres 0.155 Cu feet to cu metres 35.3147 Pounds to kilograms 2.2046
Sq centimetres to sq inches 0.0929 Cu metres to cu feet 0.76455 Kilograms to pounds 1016.0469
Sq feet to sq metres 10.7639 Cu yards to cu metres 1.30795 Tons to kilograms 0.000984
Sq metres to sq feet Cu metres to cu yards Kilograms to tons

International Paper Sizes

A mm A mm A mm A mm

AO 1189 x 841 A2 594 x 420 A4 297 x 210 A6 148 x 105

A1 841 x 594 A3 420 x 297 A5 210 x 148 A7 105 x 74

Temperature

32 40 50 60 70 75 85 95 105 140 175 212 ºF
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 60 80 100 To convert degrees F to degrees C:
Deduct 32 & Multiply by 5/9

To convert degrees C to degrees F:
Multiply by 9/5 & Add 32
ºC

114 - Addresses & Telephone Numbers

Name Address Number

Project Team - 115

Project Title Project Ref No. Fax No.
Clerk of Works Site No. Mobile
Fax No.
Client Fax No.
Address Representative Mobile
Position.
Architect Tel No. Fax No.
Address Email Mobile

Quantity Surveyor Representative Fax No.
Address Position Mobile
Tel No.
Structural Engineer Email Fax No.
Address Mobile
Representative
Services Consultant Position Fax No.
Address Tel No. Mobile
Email
Management/Main Contractor Fax No.
Address Representative Mobile
Position
Mechanical Sub-Contractor Tel No. Fax No.
Address Email Mobile

Electrical Sub-Contractor Representative
Address Position
Tel No.
Email

Representative
Position
Tel No.
Email

Representative
Position
Tel No.
Email

Representative
Position
Tel No.
Email

AET : Refrion : TROX UK : Uniflair : Airedale : Vertiv : Samsung : Daikin UK : LG Electronics : Space Air : Munters : Mitsubishi Electric : Daikin Applied

MTG. DATE TITLE PROJECT REF.
ITEM
ACTION

Technical literature, reference information, additional notebooks - visit the website :- www.buildingdesign.co.uk
Titon : Gilberts : Breathing Buildings : Halton Foodservice : Advanced Air : Britannia Kitchen Ventilation : Waterloo Air Products : EMCEL Filters

Systemair : RCM Products : Dunham-Bush : JS Air Curtains : SPC : Glen Dimplex : Danfoss : DMS : Trend : BELIMO : Siemens : Remeha : FRENGER

MTG. DATE TITLE PROJECT REF.
ITEM
ACTION

Technical literature, reference information, additional notebooks - visit the website :- www.buildingdesign.co.uk
Brugg : Uponor : Spirax Sarco : Viessmann : Zehnder : nVent RAYCHEM : Aquilar : Heat Mat : ARMSTRONG : Kingspan : Grundfos Pumps : Eurovac