Tarkshashtra

4.3 {Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZmVrb nXmMr ì¶mßVr … åhUyZ ‘A’ {dYmZmV CX²Xoí¶nX ho ì¶mßV AgVo
na§Vw {dYo¶ nX ‘mÌ Aì¶mßV AgVo.
{Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZmV EImXçm dJm©Vrb gd©
gXñ¶m§~m~V qH$dm H$mhr gXñ¶m§~m~VMm g§X^© AgVmo. (2) gd© ZmpñVdmMr ‘E’ {dYmZmVrb nXm§Mr ì¶mßVr …
nXmMr ì¶mßVr ˶mÀ¶m {dYmZmVrb dJm©À¶m g§X^m©Zwgma ‘E’ {dYmZ ho gd© ZmpñVdmMr {dYmZ Amho. ¶m
{ZpíMV Ho$br OmVo. Ooìhm EImXçm {dYmZmV g§nyU© {dYmZmMm Vm{H©$H$ AmH$ma ""EH$hr "C' "{d' Zmhr.''
dJm©À¶m gd© gXñ¶m§Mm {ZX}e Ho$bobm AgVmo Voìhm ˶m Agm Amho. CXm. EH$hr Mm¡H$moZ {ÌH$moU Zmhr. Mm¡H$moZ
{dYmZmMo nX ì¶mßV AgVo Am{U Ooìhm {dYmZmV H$mhr ¶m CX²Xoí¶ nXmMm dJ© "{ÌH$moU' ¶m dJm©VyZ nyU©nUo dOuV
gXñ¶mMm {ZX}e Ho$bobm AgVmo Voìhm {dYmZmVrb nX Ho$bobm AgVmo. åhUyZ ‘E’ {dYmZmMo CX²Xoí¶nX ì¶mßV
Aì¶mßV AgVo. ¶mà‘mUo {dYmZmMo à˶oH$ nX EH$Va Amho. {ÌH$moU ¶m {dYo¶nXmMm dJ© XoIrb EH$ g§nyU©
ì¶mßV AgVo qH$dm Aì¶mßV AgVo. dJm©Mm {ZX}e H$aVo. {ÌH$moU ¶m {dYo¶ nXmMm dJ© CX²Xoí¶
nX Mm¡ag ¶m dJm©nmgyZ nyU©nUo dJibobm Amho. åhUyZ
(1) gd© ApñVdmMr (A) {dYmZm§Vrb nXm§Mr ì¶mßVr ‘E’ {dYmZm§Mo {dYo¶ nX ì¶mßV Amho.
gd© ZmpñVdmMr ‘E’ {dYmZmVrb nXm§Mr ì¶mßVr
‘A’ {dYmZ ho gd© ApñVdmMr {dYmZ Amho. VH©$emñÌk ¶wba (Euler) ¶m§Zr nwT>rb AmH¥$VrX²dmao
˶m§Mm Vm{H©$H$ AmH$ma ""gd© "C' "{d' AmhoV.'' CXm. ñnîQ> Ho$br Amho.
gd© nmonQ> njr AmhoV.
Mm¡ {Ì
darb CXmhaU Ago Z‘yX H$aVo H$s, CX²Xoí¶ nXmMm
dJ© åhUOoM nmonQ>m§Mm dJ© nyU©nUo "njr' ¶m {dYo¶ "Mm¡' hm Mm¡agm§À¶m dJm©Mm Am{U "{Ì' hm
nXmÀ¶m dJm©V g‘m{dîQ> Amho. åhUyZ ‘A’ {dYmZmVrb {ÌH$moUm§À¶m dJm©Mm {ZX}e H$aVo.
CX²Xoí¶ nX ho ì¶mßV Amho. CbQ>njr {dYo¶ nXmMm dJ© åhUyZ E {dYmZmV CX²Xoí¶nX Am{U {dYo¶nX hr
"njr' hm nyU©nUo CX²Xoí¶ nXmÀ¶m (nmonQ>) ¶m g§nyU© XmoÝhr hr ì¶mßV AgVmV.
dJm©V g‘m{dîQ> Zmhr. {dYo¶ nXmÀ¶m njr ¶m dJm©Mm (3) {deof ApñVdmMr ( ‘I’ {dYmZ) {dYmZm§Vrb
Ho$di H$mhr ^mJM CX²Xoí¶ nXmÀ¶m "nmonQ>' ¶m dJm©V
g‘m{dîQ> Amho. åhUyZ ‘A’ {dYmZmVrb {dYo¶nX ho nXmMr ì¶mßVr …
Aì¶mßV Amho.

gd© ApñVdmMr ‘A’ {dYmZmVrb nXmMr ì¶mßVr
VH©$emñÌk ¶wba (Euler) ¶m§Zr nwT>rb AmH¥$VrX²dmao
¶WmW©nUo ñnîQ> Ho$br Amho.

n ‘I’ ho {deof ApñVdmMr {dYmZ Amho. ""H$mhr
nmo "C' "{d' AgVmV.'' hm ¶m {dYmZmMm Vm{H©$H$ AmH$ma
Amho. CXm. H$mhr g§Ìr Am§~Q> AgVmV. ¶m CXmhaUmVrb
"nmo' hm nmonQ> ¶m dJm©Mm {ZX}e H$aVmo Am{U "g§Ìr' ¶m CX²Xoí¶nXmÀ¶m dJm©Mm H$mhr ^mJ {dYo¶
"n' hm njr ¶m dJm©Mm {ZX}e H$aVmo. nXmÀ¶m "Am§~Q> ’$io' ¶m dJm©V g‘m{dîQ> AgVmo. åhUyZ
‘I’ {dYmZmVrb CX²Xoí¶nX ho Aì¶mßV Amho. {dYo¶ nX
"Am§~Q> ’$io' Mm dJ© hm A§eV… CX²Xoí¶nXmÀ¶m "g§Ìr' ¶m
dJm©V g‘m{dîQ> Amho. åhUyZ ‘I’ {dYmZmVrb {dYo¶nX ho
XoIrb Aì¶mßV Amho.

42

{deof AmpñVdmMr ‘I’ {dYmZmVrb nXmMr ì¶mßVr åhUyZ ‘O’ {dYmZmV CX²Xoí¶nX Aì¶mßV Amho.
VH©$emñÌ ¶wba ¶m§Zr nwT>rb AmH¥$VrX²dmao ñnîQ> Ho$br na§Vw ‘O’ {dYmZmVrb {dYo¶ nX ‘mÌ ì¶mßV Amho.
Amho.
Imbrb V³Vm nyU© H$am.
g§ Am§
Ho$db {dYmZ CX²Xoí¶nX {dYo¶nX
j ì¶mßV Aì¶mßV
A
"g§' hm g§Í¶m§Mm dJ© Am{U "Am§' hm Am§~Q>
’$im§Mm dJ© Amho. j hm XmoÝhr dJm©Mm gXñ¶ Amho. E
åhUyZ CXXoí¶nX Am{U {dYo¶ nX ho XmoÝhr
Aì¶mßV AmhoV. I

(4) {deof ZmpñVdmMr (‘O’ {dYmZ) {dYmZm§Vrb O
nXm§Mr ì¶mßVr …
‘O’ ho {deof ZmpñVdmMr {dYmZ Amho. ""H$mhr 4.4 AZw‘mZmMo àH$ma
"C' "{d' Zmhr.'' hm ¶m {dYmZmMm Vm{H©$H$ AmH$ma Amho.
CXm. H$mhr ‘m§Oao nm§T>ao àmUr ZgVmV. ¶m CXmhaUmV AZw‘mZ hr EH$ Aer à{H$¶m Amho. Á¶m‘ܶo
"‘m§Oao' ¶m CX²Xoí¶nXmÀ¶m dJ© "nm§T>ao àmUr' ¶m {dYo¶ {Xboë¶m ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm OmVmo. CXm.
nXmÀ¶m dJm©VyZ A§eV… dJibobm Amho. åhUyZ ‘O’ Ob‘¶ añ˶mMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z Hw$Urhr Agm {ZîH$f©
{dYmZmVrb CX²Xoí¶nX Aì¶mßV Amho. na§Vw "nm§T>ao H$mT>ob H$s BWo ‘wgiYma nO©Ý¶d¥îQ>r Pmbr Agmdr.
àmUr' hm {dYo¶ nXmMm dJ© "‘m§Oao' ¶m CX²Xoí¶nXmÀ¶m
dJm©VyZ A§eV… dJibobm Amho. åhUyZ ‘O’ {dYmZmVrb AZw‘mZ XmoZ àH$maMo AmhoV. d¡J‘{ZH$ AZw‘mZ
{dYo¶nX ì¶mßV Amho. Am{U Z¡J‘{ZH$ AZw‘mZ. nma§n[aH$$ VH©$emñÌmV
d¡J‘{ZH$ AZw‘mZ Am{U Z¡J‘{ZH$ AZw‘mZ ¶mVrb ’$aH$
{deof ZmpñVdmMr ‘O’ {dYmZmVrb nXm§Mr ì¶mßVr nwT>rbà‘mUo ñnîQ> Ho$bm Amho.
VH©$emñÌk ¶wba ¶m§Zr nwT>rb AmH¥$VrX²dmao ñnîQ> Ho$br
Amho. d¡J‘{ZH$ ¶wp³VdmXmV {deof {dYmZmnmgyZ gm‘mݶ
{dYmZ AZw‘m{ZV Ho$bo OmVo. CXm. gd© Moar bmb AmhoV.
‘m§ nm§ ho gm‘mݶ {dYmZ H$mhr Moar bmb Agë¶mMo {ZarjU
H$éZ {Zînm{XV Ho$bobo AgVo. Z¡J‘{ZH$ ¶wp³VdmXmV
gm‘mݶ {dYmZmnmgyZ {deof {dYmZ AZw‘m{ZV Ho$bo OmVo.

CXmhaUmW© …
(1) gd© ^maVr¶ ~wX²{Y‘mZ AmhoV.

amOrd ^maVr¶ Amho.

åhUyZ amOrd ~wX²{Y‘mZ Amho.

Z¡J‘{ZH$ AZw‘mZmMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.
j (1) Aì¶d{hV (2) ì¶d{hV

4.1.1 Aì¶d{hV AZw‘mZ …

"‘m§' hm ‘m§OamMm dJ© Am{U "nm§' hm nm§T>è¶m Aì¶d{hV AZw‘mZ hm Z¡J‘{ZH$ AZw‘mZmMm
àmʶm§Mm dJ© {ZX}{eV H$aVmo. "j' Ago {ZX}{eV Agm àH$ma Amho H$s Á¶mVrb {ZîH$f© WoQ> EH$mM
H$aVmo H$s Vmo ‘m§OamÀ¶m dJm©Mm gXñ¶ Amho. na§Vw AmYma{dYmZmVyZ BVa H$moU˶mhr AmYma {dYmZmÀ¶m
Vmo nm§T>è¶m àmʶm§À¶m dJm©Mm gXñ¶ Zmhr. ‘ܶñWr{edm¶ H$mT>bm OmVmo.

43

nma§n[aH$ ÑîQ>çm Aì¶d{hV AZw‘mZmMo XmoZ àH$ma (2) {dnarV {damoY …
AmhoV.
{dnarV {damoY hm XmoZ gm{d©H$/ gmd©{ÌH$
(1) {dYmZ {damoY AZw‘mZ {dYmZm§Vrb g§~§Y Amho. Á¶mMo CX²Xoí¶nX d {dYo¶nX
g‘mZ AgVo. na§Vw hr {dYmZo JwUVËdmZwgma {^ÝZ
(2) CËH$f©U AZw‘mZ / {ZîH$f©U AZw‘mZ AgVmV. {dnarV {damoY ‘A’ d ‘E’ {dYmZm‘ܶo AgVmo.

(1) {dYmZ {damoY AZw‘mZ …

g‘mZ CX²Xoí¶nX Am{U {dYo¶nX AgUmè¶m CXmhaUmW© … "gd© H$bmH$ma gO©Zerb 춳Vr
n[a‘mUmZo, JwUmZo qH$dm XmoÝhrV {^ÝZVm Agboë¶m ¶m AgVmV.' ho ‘A’ {dYmZ Amho. "EH$hr H$bmH$ma
XmoZ {Zanoj {dYmZmVrb g§~§Ymg {dYmZ {damoY Ago gO©Zerb 춳Vr ZgVo.' ho ‘E’ {dYmZ Amho. {dnarV
åhUVmV. A, E, I, O {dYmZm§À¶m OmoS>çm§Mm {dMma {damoY Imbrb V³Ë¶mà‘mUo Xe©dVm ¶oVmo.
Ho$bm AgVm ˶mVrb g§~§YmMo Mma àH$ma {‘iVmV, Oo
H$mhr ‘hËËdnyU© g˶ ‘yë¶m§er g§~§{YV Amho. AE EA
TF TF
(1) ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY F? F?

ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY hm XmoZ {Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZm‘Yrb (3) AY©{dnarV {damoY …
{damoY g§~§Y Amho, ¶mV CX²Xoí¶nX {dYo¶nX g‘mZ
AgVo. nU Vo JwU d n[a‘mU ¶m XmoÝhr ~m~VrV doJdoJio AY©{dnarV {damoY hm XmoZ {deofdmMr {dYmZmVrb
/ {^ÝZ AmhoV. åhUyZ ‘A’ {dYmZ Am{U ‘O’ {dYmZ ho g§~§Y Amho. Á¶mMo CX²Xoí¶nX d {dYo¶nX g‘mZ AgVo.
nañna {damoYr Amho. na§Vw Vr {dYmZo JwUVËdmZwgma {^ÝZ AgVmV. ‘I’ Am{U
‘O’ {dYmZm§‘ܶo AY©{dnarV {damoY AgVmo.
CXmhaUmW© … "gd© dH$sb gw{e{jV AgVmV.' ho ‘A’
{dYmZ Amho. Am{U 'H$mhr' dH$sb gw{e{jV ZgVmV CXmhaUmW© … "H$mhr lr‘§V ‘mUgo XoIUr
ho ‘O’ {dYmZ Amho. ˶mMà‘mUo ‘E’ {dYmZ Am{U ‘I’ AgVmV.' ho ‘I’ {dYmZ Amho. Am{U "H$mhr lr‘§V ‘mUgo
{dYmZ ho XoIrb nañna {damoYr AmhoV.
XoIUr ZgVmV.' ho ‘O’ {dYmZ Amho.
CXmhaUmW© … EH$hr d¡‘m{ZH$ gmJar A{^¶§Vm Zmhr. ho
‘E’ {dYmZ Amho Am{U H$mhr d¡‘m{ZH$ gmJar A{^¶§Vo AY©{dnarV {damoY Imbrb V³Ë¶mà‘mUo Xe©dVm
AmhoV. ho ‘I’ {dYmZ Amho. ¶oVmo.

XmoÝhr ì¶mKmVr {dYmZo$ EH$mMdoir g˶ dm IO OI
Ag˶ Agy eH$V ZmhrV. ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY Imbrb T? T?
V³Ë¶mà‘mUo Xe©dVm ¶oVmo. FT FT

AO EI (4) Cnm{lV {damoY …
TF TF
FT FT Cnm{lV {damoY hm XmoZ {Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZm§Vrb
g§~§Y Amho. Á¶mMo CX²Xoí¶nX d {dYo¶nX g‘mZ
OA IE AgVo. hr {dYmZo JwUVËdmZwgma g‘mZ AgVmV. na§Vw
TF TF n[a‘mUVËdmZwgma {^ÝZ AgVmV. ˶mà‘mUo ‘A’ Am{U
FT FT ‘I’ {dYmZo nañnam§er g§b½Z AmhoV.

CXmhaUmW© … EH$hr ßb°pñQ>H$Mr dñVy dmnaUo
ehmUnUmMo Zmhr. ho ‘E’ {dYmZ Amho Am{U H$mhr

44

ßb°pñQ>H$À¶m dñVw dmnaUo ehmUnUmMo ZgVo. ho ‘O’ {dYmZ {dYmZ {damoYmMr CXmhaUo …
Amho. gd©dmMr {dYmZ Am{U ˶mÀ¶mer g§b½Z Agbobo
{deofdmMr {dYmZ ¶mVrb {damoYmg Cnm{lV {damoY (1) H$moUVmhr VËËdk ehmUm AgVmo. ({Xbobo {dYmZ
åhUVmV. g§b½Z {dYmZmÀ¶m Aem H$moU˶mhr OmoS>r‘ܶo [‘A’])
gd©dmMr {dYmZmg ‘super-altern’ Am{U {deofdmMr
{dYmZmg ‘sub-altern’ (Cnm{lV) åhUVmV. Cnm{lV ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY (O) H$mhr VËËdk ehmUo
g§~§YmV (super-altern) gd©dmMr {dYmZ ˶mÀ¶m g§b½Z ZgVmV.
Agboë¶m {deofdmMr {dYmZmg (sub-altern) 춧{OV
H$aVo. H$moU˶mhr EH$m OmoS>rVrb gd©dmMr {dYmZ Oa {dnarV {damoY (E) EH$hr VËËdk ehmUm Zmhr.
g˶ Agob Va ˶mÀ¶mer g§b½Z Agbobo {deofdmMr
{dYmZhr g˶ AgVo Am{U H$moU˶mhr EH$m OmoS>rVrb Cnm{lV {damoY (I) H$mhr VËËdk ehmUo AgVmV.
gd©dmMr {dYmZ Oa Ag˶ Agob Va ˶mÀ¶mer g§b½Z
Agbobo {dYmZ A{ZpíMV AgVo. (2) EH$hr 춳Vr n[anyU© Zmhr ({Xbobo {dYmZ
[‘E’])
Oa H$moU˶mhr EH$m OmoS>rVrb {deof {dYmZ g˶
Agob Va ˶mÀ¶mer g§b½Z Agbobo gd©dmMr {dYmZ ho ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY (I) H$mhr 춳Vr n[anyU© AgVmV.
A{ZpíMV AgVo Am{U Oa EImXçm OmoS>rVrb {deof {dnarV {damoY (A) à˶oH$ 춳Vr n[anyU© AgVo.
{dYmZ Ag˶ Agob Va ˶mÀ¶mer g§b½Z Agbobo Cn{lV {damoY (O) H$mhr 춳Vr n[anyU© ZgVmV.
gm‘mݶ {dYmZ hr Ag˶ AgVo.
(3) AZoH$ YmVy OS> AgVmV. ({Xbobo {dYmZ [‘I’])
Cnm{lV {damoY Imbrb V³Ë¶mX²dmao XmIdVm ¶oVo.
ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY (E) EH$hr YmVy OS> ZgVmo.
AT IA
TT T? AY©{dnarV {damoY (O) AZoH$ YmVy OS> ZgVmV.
F? FF
Cnm{lV {damoY (A) gd© YmVy OS> AgVmV.
EO OE
TT T? (4) H$mhr {dXçmWu {Z¶{‘V ZgVmV. ({Xbobo {dYmZ
F? FF [‘O’])

nma§n[aH$ VH©$emñÌk A°[añQ>m°Q>bZo Mma àH$maÀ¶m ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY (A)gd© {dXçmWu {Z¶{‘V
{Zanoj {dYmZmVrb g§~§Y Imbrb Mm¡agmÀ¶m AmYmao AgVmV.
XmIdbm Amho.
AY©{dnarV {damoY (I) H$mhr {dXçmWu {Z¶{‘V
AgVmV.

Cnm{lV {damoY (E) EH$hr {dXçmWu {Z¶{‘V
ZgVmo.

A {dnarV {damoY E

ì¶ìmK¶mmKVHmV$H$ {d{damaoYmoY
Cnm{lV {damoY
Cnm{lV {damoY

I AY©{dnarV {damoY O

nma§n[aH$ {dYmZ {damoY Mm¡ag

45

Imbrb {dYmZm§Zm {damoY Xe©dm. 5. à˶oH$ ‘yb {ZamJg AgVo.
1. gd© ‘wËgX²Xr CXma‘VdmXr AgVmV. ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY …

ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ {dnarV {damoY …

{dnarV {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ Cnm{lV {damoY …

Cnm{lV {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ 6. EH$hr Ioi ‘Zmoa§OH$ Zmhr.
ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY …
2. EH$hr ‘m§Oa Hw$Ìm Zmhr.
ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ {dnarV {damoY …

{dnarV {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ Cnm{lV {damoY …

Cnm{lV {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ 7. H$mhr ì¶m»¶mZo aQ>mi AgVmV.
ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY …
3. H$mhr g§JrVH$ma Jm¶H$ AgVmV.
ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ AY© {dnarV {damoY …

{dnarV {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ Cnm{lV {damoY …

Cnm{lV {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ 8. AZoH$ {MÌnQ> emoH$m§{VH$m ZgVmV.
ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY …
4. H$mhr ~marH$ 춳Vr {ZamoJr ZgVmV.
ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ AY©{dnarV {damoY …

AY©[dnarV {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ Cnm{lV {damoY …

Cnm{lV {damoY … _________________________________

_________________________________ 9. d[aîR> A{YH$mar Zoh‘rM VUmdJ«ñV AgVmV.
ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY …

_________________________________

{dnarV {damoY …

_________________________________

AY©{dnarV {damoY …

_________________________________

46

10. Vnñdr H$Yrhr M§JidmXr ZgVmV. (2) ì¶mßVrMm {Z¶‘ …

ì¶mKmVH$ {damoY … AmYma {dYmZmVrb nX {dVarV Pmbobo Zgob Va
Vo nX n[adVuV ({ZîH$f©) ‘ܶohr {dVarV hmoV Zmhr.
_________________________________ Oa EImXo nX AmYma {dYmZmV Aì¶mßV Agob Va Vo
{ZîH$fm©‘ܶohr Aì¶mßVM Agbo nm{hOo.
{dnarV {damoY …
Imbrb CXmhaUm§À¶m AmYmao n[adV©ZmMo ñdén
_________________________________ ñnîQ> H$aVm ¶oVo.

Cnm{lV {damoY … (1) ‘A’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z JwU{df¶H$ {Z¶‘mà‘mUo
‘A’ qH$dm ‘I’ hmoD$ eH$Vo. VWm{n ‘A’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z
_________________________________ ‘A’ {dYmZmV hmoV Zmhr. CXm. "gd© Jwbm~ bmb AmhoV.'
hçmMo n[adV©Z "gd© bmb ’w$bo Jwbm~ AmhoV.' Ago hmoD$
(2) {ZîH$f©U … eH$V Zmhr. H$maU ì¶mßVrÀ¶m {Z¶‘mMo Cëb§KZ hmoVo.
åhUyZ ‘A’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z ‘I’ {dYmZmV hmoVo.
{ZîH$f©U hm Aì¶d{hV AZw‘mZmMm àH$ma Amho
H$r Á¶mV {ZîH$f© {dYmZ ho AmYma {dYmZmÀ¶m CX²Xoí¶nX CXm. gd© Jwbm~ bmb AmhoV. ho ‘A’ {dYmZ
Am{U {dYo¶nXmV AXbm~Xb H$éZ H$mT>bobo AgVo. Amho. åhUyZ ‘A’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z ‘I’ {dYmZmV hmoVo.
AmYma {dYmZ Oa g˶ Agob Va {ZîH$f© hr g˶ åhUOo "H$mhr bmb ’w$bo Jwbm~ AmhoV.'
AgVmo. Am{U Oa {ZîH$f© Ag˶ Agob Va AmYma
{dYmZhr Ag˶ AgVo. {ZîH$f©UmMo EHy$U gmV àH$ma (2) CX²Xoí¶nX Am{U {dYo¶nXmZo EH$mM ~m~rMm
AgVmV, ˶mn¡H$s XmoZ ‘yb^yV AmhoV. {ZX}e hmoV Agob Va ‘A’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z ‘A’
{dYmZmVM hmoVo.
‘yb^yV {ZîH$f©U (1) n[adV©Z Am{U (2)
à{VdV©Z Ago XmoZ àH$maMo AmhoV. CXm. ¶m ‘m{gH$mVrb gdm©V bhmZ boI CËH¥$îQ>
Amho ho EH$dmMr ApñVdmMr {dYmZ Amho na§Vw nma§n[aH$
(1) n[adV©Z … VH©$emñÌmV Vo gd© ApñVdmMr {dYmZ ‘A’ {dYmZ
g‘Obo OmVo. ¶m {dYmZmV CX²Xoí¶nX "gdm©V bhmZ'
n[adV©Z hr Aì¶d{hV AZw‘mZmMr Aer à{H«$¶m Am{U {dYo¶nX "CËH¥$îQ>' ¶m XmoÝhrZr EH$mM ~m~rMm
Amho H$s AmYma {dYmZmMo {dYo¶nX ho {ZîH$f© {dYmZmÀ¶m {ZX}e hmoVmo. Ooìhm ¶m {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z hmoVo. Voìhm
CX²Xoí¶nXmÀ¶m OmJr {b{hbo OmVo. Am{U AmYma CX²Xoí¶nX Am{U {dYo¶nXmMo ñWmZ n[adV©Z hmoVo. ¶m
{dYmZmMo CX²Xoí¶nX ho {ZîH$f© {dYmZmÀ¶m {dYo¶nXmÀ¶m {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z "¶m ‘m{gH$mVrb CËH¥$îQ> boI gdm©V
OmJr {b{hbo OmVo. åhUyZ n[adV©ZmV CX²Xoí¶nX Am{U bhmZ boI Amho' Ago hmoVo. ¶m {R>H$mUr ‘A’ {dYmZmMo
{ZîH$f©nXm§Mr AXbm~Xb hmoVo. ‘yi {dYmZ dm AmYma n[adV©Z ‘A’ {dYmZM AgVo.
{dYmZmg n[ad˶© Am{U AZw‘m{ZV {dYmZmg åhUOoM
{ZîH$f© {dYmZmg n[ad{V©V Ago åhUVmV. (3) ˶mMà‘mUo Ooìhm {dYo¶nX ho CX²Xoí¶nXmMr
ì¶m»¶m åhUyZ qH$dm CX²Xoí¶nXmÀ¶m {d{eîQ JwUm§Mm
n[adV©ZmMo H$mhr {deof {Z¶‘ AmhoV Vo {ZX}e H$aUmao AgVo. Voìhm XoIrb ‘A’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z
Imbrbà‘mUo. ‘A’ {dYmZmVM hmoVo.

(1) JwU{df¶H$ {Z¶‘ … CXm. ‘Zwî¶ hm {dMmaerb àmUr Amho. ¶m
{dYmZmMo n[adV©Z "{dMmaerb àmUr åhUOo ‘mZd hmo¶.'
{ZîH$fm©Mm JwU AmYma {dYmZmgmaImM Agbm Ago Amho ¶m CXmhaUmV ‘A’ Mo n[adV©Z ‘A’ M ahmVo.
nm{hOo. Oa AmYma {dYmZ ApñVdmMr Agob Va {ZîH$f©
XoIrb ApñVdmMrM Agbo nm{hOo Am{U Oa AmYma
{dYmZ ZmpñVdmMr Agob Va {ZîH$f© gwX²Ym ZmpñVdmMrM
Agbm nm{hOo.

47

H$maU ‘Zwî¶ ¶m nXmMr ì¶m»¶m Vmo "{dMmaerb àmUr 5. H$mhr ‘VXma CnpñWV AmhoV.
Amho' Aer Amho. Ooìhm ˶mMo n[adV©Z hmoVo Voìhm {dYmZ n[adV©Z …
Amho VgoM amhVo, ˶mbm "gab n[adV©Z' Ago åhUVmV.
_________________________________
(4) Ooìhm ‘E’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z ‘E’ {dYmZmVM hmoVo
Voìhm ˶mg "gab n[adV©Z' Ago åhUVmV. 6. gd© dmK qhò AgVmV.

CXm. EH$hr ^|S>r nmbo^mOr ZgVo. ¶m {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z …
n[adV©Z "EH$hr nmbo^mOr ^|S>r ZgVo.' Ago Amho.
_________________________________
(5) ‘I’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z ‘I’ {dYmZM AgVo. ˶mbm
gwX²Ym "gab n[adV©Z' åhUVmV. 7. EH$hr H$nmQ> bmH$S>r Zmhr.
n[adV©Z …
CXm. "H$mhr A{^ZoVo ZV©H$ AgVmV.' ¶m {dYmZmMo
n[adV©Z "H$mhr ZV©H$ A{^ZoVo AgVmV.' Ago Amho. _________________________________

(6) ‘O’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z e³¶ ZgVo H$maU JwUmÀ¶m 8. ‘wbo ³d{MVM ~{h‘w©I AgVmV.
{Z¶‘mZwgma n[adV©ZmMo JwUhr g‘mZ Agbo nm{hOoV. n[adV©Z …

‘O’ ho ZmpñVdmMr {dYmZ Amho. åhUyZ ˶mMo _________________________________
n[adV©Z XoIrb ZmpñVdmMrM Agbo nm{hOo Ogo H$s
‘O’ qH$dm ‘E’ {dYmZo. ¶m XmoÝhr àH$mamV CX²Xoí¶nX 9. H$mhr ^maVr¶ emH$mhmar AgVmV.
Oo H$s AmYma{dYmZmV A{dVarV AgVo, Vo {ZîH$fm©V n[adV©Z …
{dVarV hmoD$Z ‘O’ qH$dm ‘E’ {dYmZmMo {dYo¶nX ~ZVo.
_________________________________
Imbrb {dYmZm§Mo n[adV©Z H$am.
1. fQ>H$moZ åhUOo ghm^wOm§Mr ~hþ^wOmH¥$Vr hmo¶. 10. H$mhr {ejH$ H$R>moa AgVmV.
n[adV©Z …
n[adV©Z …
________________________________
_________________________________
Imbrb V³Vm nyU© H$am.
2. H$moUVmhr {MHy$ {nH$bobm Amho.
n[adV©Z … n[ad˶© n[adV©Z

_________________________________ A - gd© "C' "{d' AmhoV I - H$mhr "{d' "C'
AmhoV.
3. EH$hr H$mdim {M‘Ur Zmhr.
E - EH$ hr "C' "{d' Zmhr
n[adV©Z …
I - H$mhr "C' "{d' AmhoV.
_________________________________
O - H$mhr "C' "{d' ZmhrV.
4. AZoH$ {ñ̶m H$îQ>miy AgVmV.
n[adV©Z … (2) à{VdV©Z …

_________________________________ à{VdV©Z hr AZw‘mZmMr Aer à{H«$¶m Amho H$s,
Á¶mV AmYma {dYmZmVrb CX²Xoí¶nX {ZîH$fm©Vhr OgoÀ¶m
Vgo H$m¶‘ amhVo. na§Vw {ZîH$fm©Vrb {dYo¶nX ‘mÌ
AmYma {dYmZmVrb {dYo¶ nXmer ì¶mKmVr AgVo åhUyZ
à{VdV©ZmV Ho$di {dYo¶nX ~XbVo. ‘yi {dYmZmg qH$dm

48

AmYma{dYmZmg "à{Vd˶©' åhUVmV Am{U ˶mdéZ Imbrb {dYmZm§Mo à{VdV©Z H$am.
H$mT>boë¶m {ZîH$f© {dYmZmg "à{Vd{V©V' Ago åhUVmV. 1. gd© dmVm©ha boIH$ AgVmV.

à{VdV©ZmMo H$mhr {d{eîQ> {Z¶‘ Imbrb à‘mUo : à{VdV©Z …

(1) JwU{df¶H$ {Z¶‘ … _________________________________

{ZîH$fm©Mm JwU AmYma{dYmZmÀ¶m {dê$X²Y Agmdm. 2. EH$hr qgh emH$mhmar ZgVmo.
Oa AmYma {dYmZ "ApñVdmMr' Agob Va {ZîH$f© {dYmZ à{VdV©Z …
ZmpñVdmMr hmoB©b Am{U Oa AmYma {dYmZ ZmpñVdmMr
Agob Va {ZîH$f© {dYmZ ApñVdmMr hmoB©b. _________________________________

(2) n[a‘mUmMm {Z¶‘ … 3. H$mhr {df¶ ‘Zmoa§OH$ AgVmV.
à{VdV©Z …
à{VdV©ZmMo n[a‘mU ({ZîH$f©) AmYma
{dYmZmgmaIoM Agbo nm{hOo. Oa AmYma {dYmZ gd©dmMr _________________________________
{dYmZ Agob Va {ZîH$f© {dYmZ XoIrb gd©dmMr {dYmZ
AgVo Am{U Oa AmYma {dYmZ {deofdmMr {dYmZ Agob 4. H$mhr {Z‘m©Vo lr‘§V ZgVmV.
Va {ZîH$f© {dYmZ XoIrb {deofdmMr {dYmZ AgVo. à{VdV©Z …

(3) {dYo¶nXmMm {Z¶‘ … _________________________________

{ZîH$f© {dYmZmVrb {dYo¶nX AmYma{dYmZmVrb 5. à˶oH$ AmB© qMVmJ«ñV AgVo.
{dYo¶nXmer ì¶mKmVr Agbo nm{hOo. à{VdV©Z …

à{VdV©ZmMo ñdén Imbrb CXmhaUmÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo _________________________________
ñnîQ> H$aVm ¶oVo.
6. EH$hr H$mR>r gai Zmhr.
(A) ‘A’ {dYmZmMo à{VdV©Z ‘E’ {dYmZmV hmoVo. à{VdV©Z …

CXm. "gd© a{hdmer ‘VXma AmhoV.' ¶mMo à{Vd{V©V _________________________________
"EH$hr a{hdmgr "Z' - ‘VXma Zmhr' Ago hmoVo.
7. AZoH$ nwñVHo$ ‘hmJ AgVmV.
(~) ‘E’ {dYmZmMo à{VdV©Z ‘A’ {dYmZmV hmoVo. à{VdV©Z …

CXm. "EH$hr n§M njnmVr ZgVmo.' ¶mMo à{Vd{V©V _________________________________
"gd© n§M Z- njnmVr AgVmV' Ago hmoVo.
8. ‘wbo H$Yr H$Yr d³Vera AgVmV.
(H$) ‘I’ {dYmZmMo à{VdV©Z ‘O’ {dYmZmV hmoVo. à{VdV©Z …

CXm. "H$mhr ’w$bo a§JrV AgVmV,' ¶mMo à{VdV©Z _________________________________
"H$mhr H$mhr ’w$bo Z-a§JrV ZgVmV.' Ago hmoVo.
9. gd© J°OoQ> AmYw{ZH$ AmhoV.
(S>) ‘O’ {dYmZmMo à{VdV©Z ‘I’ {dYmZ AgVo. à{VdV©Z …

CXm. "H$mhr Kao Eogn¡g ZgVmV.' ¶mMo à{VdV©Z _________________________________
"H$mhr Kao Z- Eogn¡g AgVmV. Ago hmoVo.
10. AZoH$ {ejH$ CËV‘ d³Vo AgVmV.
à{VdV©Z …

________________________________

49

Imbrb {Xbobm V³Vm nyU© H$am. CXmhaUmW© … Oa Xoe ñdÀN> R>odbm Va n¶©Q>H$ A{YH$
g§»¶oZo Xoembm ^oQ> XoVrb.
à[Vd˶© à{VdV©Z
Oa A{YH$ g§»¶oZo n¶©Q>H$ Xoembm ^oQ> XoVrb Va
A - gd© "C' "{d' E - H$moUVmhr "C' Z XoemMr Am{W©H$ àJVr hmoB©b.
AmhoV "{d' Zmhr.
åhUyZ Xoe ñdÀN> R>odbm Va XoemMr Am{W©H$
E - EH$ hr "C' "{d' àJVr hmoB©b.
Zmhr
(2) d¡H$pënH$ g§dm³¶ …
I - H$mhr "C' "{d'
AmhoV. d¡H$pënH$ g§dm³¶ hm Agm Z¡J‘{ZH$ ¶wp³VdmX
Amho H$s, Á¶mV n{hbo AmYma {dYmZ ho d¡H$pënH$ {dYmZ
O - H$mhr "C' "{d' AgVo Oo H$s {dH$ën {ZX}{eV H$aVo Am{U Xþgao AmYma
ZmhrV. {dYmZ ho ˶m d¡H$pënH$ {dYmZmVrb n{hë¶m {dH$ënmMm
{ZfoY AgVmo. ¶mdéZ åhUyZ d¡H$pënH$ {dYmZmVrb
4.4.2 ì¶d{hV AZw‘mZ … Xþgam {dH$ën, {ZîH$f© H$mTy> eH$Vmo.

ì¶d{hV AZw‘mZ hm Z¡J‘{ZH$ AZw‘mZmMm Agm CXmhaUmW© …
àH$ma Amho H$s, Á¶m‘ܶo XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ AmYma
{dYmZm§VyZ EH${ÌVnUo {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm OmVmo. g§dm³¶ VH©$emñÌk ho VËËdk qH$dm J{UVk AgVmV.
hm {ZJ‘ZmMmM EH$ àH$ma Amho. na§Vw Vmo ì¶d{hV
AZw‘mZmMm àH$ma AgyZ Á¶mV XmoZ AmYma {dYmZm§Mm VH©$emñÌk VËËdk ZgVmV.
EH${ÌV {dMma H$éZ {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm OmVmo. g§dm³¶mMo
VrZ àH$ma Imbrb à‘mUo. åhUyZ VH©$emñÌk J{UVk AgVmV.

(1) gmnoj g§dm³¶ (3) {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dm³¶ …

(2) d¡H$pënH$ g§dm³¶ {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dm³¶ åhUOo Agm Z¡J‘{ZH$
¶wp³VdmX Á¶m‘ܶo VrZ {Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZo AgyZ Á¶mV
(3) {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dm³¶ EH${ÌVnUo VrZ nXo AgVmV. ˶mVrb à˶oH$ nX XmoÝhr
KQ>H$ {dYmZmV ¶oVmV.
(1) gmnoj g§dm³¶ …
CXmhaUmW© … EH$hr S>m°³Q>a d{H$b ZgVmo.
gmnoj hm Agm Z¡J‘{ZH$ ¶wp³VdmX Amho H$s,
Á¶mVrb XmoÝhr AmYma {dYmZo gmnoj {dYmZo AgVmV. H$mhr àmܶmnH$ d{H$b AgVmV.
Á¶mV n{hë¶m AmYma {dYmZmMo CËVam§J Am{U Xþgè¶m
{dYmZmMo nydmªJ g‘mZ AgVo. Aem AmYma {dYmZmnmgyZ åhUyZ H$mhr àmܶmnH$ S>m°³Q>a ZgVmV.
Omo {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm OmVmo Vmo XoIrb gmnoj {dYmZM
AgVmo. Á¶mV n{hë¶m {dYmZmMo nydmªJ Am{U Xþgè¶m
{dYmZmMo CËVam§J g‘m{dîQ> AgVo.

50

gmam§e
J«rH$ VËËdk A°[añQ>m°Q>b hm nma§n[aH$ VH©$emñÌmMm OZH$ Amho.
Vm{H©$H$ {dYmZmÀ¶m CX²Xoí¶ Am{U {dYo¶ Aem ñdénmV AgUmè¶m eãX qH$dm eãXg‘whmg nX Ago åhUVmV.
{dYmZmMo VrZ KQ>H$ AgVmV. CX²Xoí¶, {dYo¶ d g§¶moOH$.
nma§n[aH$[a˶m {dYmZm§Mo dJuH$aU 1. gmonm{YH$ {dYmZ Am{U 2. {Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZ Ago Ho$bo OmVo.
gmonm{YH$ {dYmZo XmoZ àH$maMr AgVmV.
1. gmnoj {dYmZ 2. d¡H$pënH$ {dYmZ
{Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZm§Mo Mma àH$mamV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. A, E, I, O n[a‘mUmÀ¶m AmYmao {dYmZm§Mo dJuH$aU
gd©dmMr Am{U {deofdmMr Ago Ho$bo OmVo.
JwUm§À¶m AmYmao {dYmZm§Mo dJuH$aU AmpñVdmMr Am{U ZmpñVdmMr {dYmZ Ago Ho$bo OmVo.
åhUyZ {dYmZm§Mo Mma àH$ma AmhoV.
1. gd© AmpñVdmMr. 2. gd© ZmpñVdmMr 3. {deof AmpñVdmMr. 4. {deof ZmpñVdmMr
‘A’ {dYmZmV CX²Xoí¶nX ì¶mßV AgVo Am{U {dYo¶ nX Aì¶mßV AgVo.
‘E’ {dYmZmV CX²Xoí¶nX Am{U {dYo¶nX XmoÝhr ì¶mßV AgVmV.
‘I’ {dYmZmV CX²Xoí¶nX Am{U {dYo¶nX XmoÝhr Aì¶mßV AgVmV.
‘O’ {dYmZmV CX²Xoí¶nX Aì¶mßV AgVo Va {dYo¶nX ì¶mßV AgVo.
Ooìhm nX g§nyU© dJm©Mm {ZX}e H$aVo Voìhm Vo ì¶mßV AgVo. na§Vw Ooìhm Vo g§nyU© dJm©Mm {ZX}e Z H$aVm dJm©À¶m
H$mhr ^mJmMm {ZX}e H$aVo Voìhm Vo Aì¶mßV AgVo.
AZw‘mZ XmoZ àH$maMo AgVo. 1. Aì¶d{hV 2. ì¶d{hV
Aì¶d{hV AZw‘mZ XmoZ àH$maMo AgVo. 1 {dYmZ à{V¶moJ 2. {ZîH$f©U
{dYmZ à{V¶moJ hm {Zanoj {dYmZm§Vrb Agm g§~§Y Amho H$s, Á¶mVrb CX²Xoí¶ Am{U {dYo¶ gmaIoM AgVmV.
na§Vw ˶m§À¶mV n[a‘mU, JwU qH$dm JwU Am{U n[a‘mU ¶m XmoÝhr AZwf§JmZo ’$aH$ AgVmo. hr {dYmZo Mma àH$maMr
AgVmV.
1. ì¶mKmVH$ 2. {dnarV 3. AY©{dnarV 4. Cnm{lV
{ZîH$f©U XmoZ àH$maMr AgVmV. 1. n[adV©Z Am{U 2. à{VdV©Z
n[adV©ZmV CX²Xoí¶ Am{U {dYo¶Mr AXbm ~Xb hmoVo.
¶mV n[adV©ZmMo JwU VgoM amhVmV. Am{U Omo n¶ªV Vo AmYma {dYmZmV ì¶mßV hmoV Zmhr Vmo n¶ªV Vo nX ì¶mßV
hmoV Zmhr.

51

åhUyZ {Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZmV
SAP Mo n[adV©Z PIS
SEP Mo n[adV©Z PES
SIP Mo n[adV©Z PIS
SOP Mo n[adV©Z e³¶ Zmhr.
à{VdV©ZmV {ZîH$f© {dYmZmMo {dYo¶nX ‘yi {dYmZmg nyaH$ AgVo.
à{VdV©ZmV {ZîH$f© {dYmZmMo n[a‘mU VgoM amhVo. na§Vw JwU ~XbVmV. åhUyZ
SAP Mo à{VdV©Z SEP
SEP Mo à{VdV©Z SAP
SIP Mo à{VdV©Z SOP
SOP Mo à{VdV©Z SIP

{Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZo n[adV©Z à{VdV©Z

A I E

(C {d) ({d C) (C {d)

E E A

(C {d) ({d C) (C {d)

I I O

(C {d) ({d C) (C {d)

O (hmoV Zmhr) I

(C {d) (C {d)

g§dm³¶ ho ì¶d{hV AZw‘mZ hmo¶. ˶mMo VrZ àH$ma AmhoV.
1. gmonm{YH$ g§dm³¶ 2. d¡H$pënH$ g§dm³¶ 3. {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dm³¶

ñdmÜ`m`

à. 1. H§$gmVrb `mo½` eãX {ZdSy>Z [aH$må¶m OmJm ^am. (3) .......... ho gmonm{YH$ {dYmZ Amho.
(1) .......... hm nma§n[aH$ VH©$emñÌmMm OZH$ Amho.
(d¡H$pënH$ / {Zê$nm{YH$)
(A°[añQ>m°Q>b / ßboQ>mo) (4) .......... {dYmZmV XmoÝhr nXo ì¶mßV AgVmV.
(2) .......... ‘ܶo {ZîH$f© XmoZ EH${ÌV AmYma
(E / I)
{dYmZm§nmgyZ H$mT>bm OmVmo.
(5) Ooìhm nX g§nyU© dJm©Mm {ZX}e H$aVo Voìhm Vo
(g§dmŠ` / {ZîH$f©U) .......... AgVo.

(ì¶mßV/ Aì¶mßV)

52

(6) .......... AZw‘mZ hm Z¡J‘{ZH$ AZw‘mZmMm Agm (2) ‘A’ {dYmZ ‘E’ {dYmZmer ì¶mKmVr AgVo.
àH$ma Amho H$s Á¶mMm {ZîH$f© XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$
AmYma {dYmZm§Zm J¥{hV YéZ H$mT>bm OmVmo. (3) Cnm{lV {dYmZmV gd©dmMr {dYmZ ˶mÀ¶mer
g§b½Z Agboë¶m {deofdmMr {dYmZmg 춧{OV
(ì¶d{hV / Aì¶d{hV) H$aVo.
(7) .......... Aì¶d{hV AZw‘mZ Amho.
(4) n[adV©ZmV {dYmZmMo JwUVËËd ~XbVo
({dYmZ à{V¶moJ / g§dm³¶)
(8) .......... ‘ܶo {dYo¶ AmYma {dYmZmÀ¶m (5) ‘O’ {dYmZ {deof ZmpñVdmMr {dYmZm§Mm {ZX}e
H$aVo.
{dYo¶nXmer nyaH$ AgVo.
(6) ‘E’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z ‘E’ {dYmZmVM hmoVo'
(nardV©Z / à{VdV©Z) ¶mbm gab n[adV©Z Ago åhUVmV.
(9) ‘A’ Am{U ‘I’ {dYmZmV .......... g§~§Y AgVmo.
(7) CX²Xoí¶nXmMm dJ© Am{U {dYo¶ nXmMm dJ©
(Cnm{lV / AY©{dnarV) ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§YmMm {ZX}e H$aUmao {dYmZ åhUOo
(10) .......... EH${ÌVnUo g˶ ZgVmV na§Vw gmnoj {dYmZ hmo¶.

EH${ÌVnUo Ag˶ Agy eH$VmV. (8) à{VdV©Z hm {ZîH$f©UmMm àH$ma Amho.

({dnarV / AY©{dnarV) (9) g§dm³¶ åhUOo d¡J‘{ZH$ AZw‘mZ hmo¶.

(11) Ooìhm EImXçm {dYmZmV XmoZ nXm§Mm AW© g‘mZ (10) {Zar{jV dñVwpñWVrÀ¶m AmYmao {ZîH$f© H$mT>ʶmMr
AgVmo Voìhm ‘A’ Mo à{Vd{V©V .......... AgVo. H¥$Vr åhUOo AZw‘mZ hmo¶.

(A / I) (11) XmoZ AY©{dnarV {damoY EH${ÌVnUo g˶ Agy
(12) "H$mhr eoVO‘rZ CnbãY Amho.' ho .......... eH$V ZmhrV.

{dYmZ Amho. (12) "gd© ^maVr¶ ~m¡X²{YH$ H$m‘Jma AmhoV', ho gd©
ApñVdmMr {dYmZ Amho.
(I / O)
(13) à{VdV©ZmV Omon¶ªV AmYma {dYmZmVrb nX ì¶mßV
(13) nma§n[aH$ VH©$emñÌmV EH$dmMr {dYmZmg AgV Zmhr Vmo n¶ªV {ZîH$f© {dYmZmVrb nXhr
.......... {dYmZ g‘Obo OmVo. ì¶mßV ZgVo.

(gd©dmMr / {deofdmMr) (14) nX g˶ qH$dm Ag˶ Agy eH$V Zmhr.
(14) ........... {dYmZmV CX²Xoí¶nX Aì¶mßV AgVmo
(15) ‘O’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z ‘I’ {dYmZ AgVo.
Va {dYo¶ nX ì¶mßV AgVo.
à. 3. OmoS>çm bmdm.
(A / O)
(15) .......... ho Ago {dYmZ AgVo H$s Oo Aem "A' JQ> "~' JQ>

CnmYrMm {ZX}e H$aVo H$s {OÀ¶mnmgyZ H$mhr 1) ì¶d{hV AZw‘mZ A) {deof ApñVdmMr
n[aUm‘ KSy>Z ¶oVmo.
{dYmZ
(gmonm{YH$ / d¡H$pënH$)
2) Aì¶d{hV AZw‘mZ ~) {Zê$nm{YH$ g§{dYmZ
à. 2. Imbrb {dYmZo gË` H$s AgË` AmhoV Vo gm§Jm.
3) {Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZ H$) XmoZ gm{d©H$
(1) {Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZmV ‘A’ {dYmZmMo à{VdV©Z ‘E’ {dYmZmVrb g§~§Y
{dYmZmV hmoVo.
4) {dnarV S>) {ZîH$f©U

53

à. 4 Imbrb {Xbëo ¶m {dYmZm§gmR>r VH©$emñÌr¶ g§km (3) ‘O’ {dYmZmMo n[adV©Z e³¶ Zmhr.
gmJ§ m. (4) ‘A’ {dYmZmMo à{VdV©Z ‘E’ {dYmZmV hmoVo.
(5) ‘A’ {dYmZmMo à{VdV©Z ‘I’ {dYmZ AgVo Ooìhm Vo
(1) {Zanoj {dYmZmV dmnabm OmUmam eãX.
gm‘mݶ {dYmZ AgVo.
(2) Vm{H©$H$ {dYmZmV CX²Xoí¶ Am{U {dYo¶mg OmoS>Umam à. 6. Imbrb {dYmZm§Mo ñnîQrH$aU> H$am.
eãX. (1) {Zanoj {dYmZm§Mr nma§n[aH$ aMZm.
(2) ‘A’ {dYmZmVrb nXm§Mr ì¶mßVr.
(3) Á¶m{df¶r {ZdoXZ Ho$bo Amho Vo nX. (3) ‘E’ {dYmZmVrb nXm§Mr ì¶mßVr
(4) ‘I’ {dYmZmVrb nXm§Mr ì¶mßVr.
(4) Ago {d{eîQ> {dYmZ H$s Á¶mV H$mhr EH$ AQ> (5) ‘O’ {dYmZmVrb nXm§Mr ì¶mßVr.
춳V Ho$bobr AgVo. (6) {Zanoj {dYmZm§Mm ì¶mKmVr g§~§Y.
(7) {dn[aV {damoY
(5) {dH$ënmMm {ZX}e H$aUmao {dYmZ. (8) AY©{dn[aV {damoY
(9) {Zanoj {dYmZmVrb Cnm{lV g§~§Y.
(6) Ago {dYmZ H$s Oo CX²Xoí¶nXmMm dJ© Am{U {dYo¶ (10) n[adV©ZmMm {Z¶‘.
nXmMm dJ© ¶mVrb ghg§~§YmMm {ZX}e H$aVo. (11) à{VdV©ZmMm {Z¶‘.
à. 7. Imbrb {dYmZm§À¶m {damoYr {dYmZ Xçm.
(7) nma§n[aH$ VH©$emñÌmVrb EH$dmMr ZmpñVdmMr (1) gd© bmb dmhZo "~oñQ>' ~gog hmoV.
{dYmZ. (ì¶mKmVH$, {dn[aV)
(2) EH$hr H$mdim nm§T>am ZgVmo.
(8) {Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZ, Á¶mV CX²Xoí¶nX ì¶mßV AgVo ({dnarV, Cnm{lV)
na§Vw {dYo¶nX Aì¶mßV AgVo. (3) H$mhr ZmJ[aH$ Xoe^³V AgVmV.
(ì¶mKmVH$, AY©{dnarV)
(9) Z¡J‘{ZH$ AZw‘mZ, Á¶mVrb {ZîH$f© BVa (4) H$mhr MwH$m jå¶ ZgVmV.
H$moU˶mhr AmYma {dYmZmÀ¶m ‘ܶñWr{edm¶ WoQ> (AY©{dnarV, Cnm{lV)
EH$mM AmYma {dYmZmVyZ H$mT>bm OmVmo. (5) H$moUVohr ’$i nmofH$ AgVo.
({dnarV, Cnm{lV)
(10) Aì¶d{hV AZw‘mZ Oo {Zénm{YH$ {dYmZmVrb (6) EH$hr Ord {Zén¶moJr Zmhr.
g§~§Y Xe©{dVo. (ì¶mKmVH$, Cnm{lV)

(11) Á¶m {dYmZmV EH$mM {d{eîQ> 춳Vr ~X²XbMo
CX²Xoí¶nX pñdH$mabo qH$dm ZmH$mabo OmVo.

(12) Á¶mV CX²Xoí¶nX Am{U {dYo¶nXmMr AXbm~Xb
hmoVo Ago {ZîH$f©U.

(13) Ago {ZîH$f©U Á¶mV {dYmZmMo JwUVËËd ~XbVo.

(14) ì¶d{hV AZw‘mZ Á¶mVrb {ZîH$f© Ho$db XmoZ
AmYma {dYmZm§nmgyZ H$mT>bm OmVmo.

(15) gd©dmMr {dYmZ Am{U ˶mÀ¶mer g§b½Z Agbobr
{deof {dYmZo ¶mVrb {damoY.

à. 5. H$maUo Xçm.

(1) ‘I’ Am{U ‘O’ ¶m {dYmZmVrb g§~§Ymbm
AY©{dn[aV {damoY åhUVmV.

(2) nma§n[aH$ VH©$emñÌmV EH$dmMr {dYmZmg gd©dmMr
{dYmZ åhUVmV.

54

(7) AZoH$ VËËdk namonH$mar AgVmV. (21) ³d{MVM {dXçmWu Aä¶mg H$aVmV.
(AY©{dnarV, Cnm{lV) (AY©{dnarV, ì¶mKmVH$)
(8) H$mhr nwéf daMT> ZgVmV. (22) gd© d¡‘m{ZH$ hþema AgVmV.
(ì¶mKmVH$, Cnm{lV) ({dnarV, ì¶mKmVH$)
(9) à˶oH$ Am§~m JmoS> Amho. (23) H$mhr ¶moJr A§Vkm©Zr AgVmV.
(ì¶mKmVH$, Cnm{lV) (AY©{dnarV, Cnm{lV)
(10) EH$hr ñÌmoV nwaogm Zmhr. (24) {hao Zoh‘rM ‘m¡ë¶dmZ AgVmV.
({dnarV, ì¶mKmVH$) ({dnarV, ì¶mKmVH$)
(11) ‘wbo Zoh‘r O§H$ ’y$S> ImVmV. (25) EH$hr dVw©i {ÌH$moU ZgVmo.
(ì¶mKmVH$, Cnm{lV) (ì¶mKmVH$, Cnm{lV)
(12) ³d{MVM ‘wbo ‘¡XmZr Ioi IoiVmV. 26. AmpñVH$ Zoh‘rM Ym{‘©H$ AgVmV.
(AY©{dnarV, ì¶mKmVH$) ({dnarV, ì¶mKmVH$)
(13) AZoH$ hdmB© gw§Xar gw§Xa AgVmV. 27. H$mhr S>m°³Q>a lr‘§V ZgVmV.
(Cnm{lV, AY©{dnarV) (AY©{dnarV, Cnm{lV)
(14) EH$hr YZdmZ namonH$mar ZgVmo. 28. à˶oH$ dmVm©ha CnpñWV Amho.
({dnarV, ì¶mKmVH$) (ì¶mKmVH$, {dnarV)
(15) Omo H$moUr l‘ H$aVmo ˶mbm ‘mo~Xbm {Xbm OmVmo. 29. EH$hr JmT>d ObX YmdV ZgVo.
({dnarV, Cnm{lV) (ì¶mKmVH$, Cnm{lV)
(16) {dO¶ dma§dma gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. 30. gd© àmܶmnH$ nXì¶wËVa nXdrYmaH$ AgVmo.
(AY©{dnarV, ì¶mKmVH$) (Cnm{lV, {dnarV)
(17) H$mhr Ðmjo {hadr ZgVmV. à. 8. Imbrb {dYmZm§Mo n[adV©Z d à{VdV©Z Xçm.
(Cnm{lV, AY©{dnarV) (1) gd© ^maVr¶ Xoe^³V AmhoV.
(18) gd© ^maVr¶ ~wX²{YdmZ AmhoV. (2) H$moUVmhr ì¶dñWmnH$ A{^¶§Vm ZgVmo.
(Cnm{lV, ì¶mKmVH$) (3) ~hþVoH$ A{^ZoVo à{gX²Y AgVmV.
(19) Ioi H$YrM H§$Q>midmUo ZgVmV. (4) H$mhr ’w$bo gwJ§{YV ZgVmV.
({dnarV, Cnm{lV) (5) à˶oH$ narjm AmìhmZmË‘H$ AgVo.
(20) H$mhr agm¶Zo {dfmar AgVmV. (6) EH$hr dJ©Imobr àH$me‘mZ Zmhr.
(Cnm{lV, ì¶mKmVH$) (7) H$mhr ZoVo g‘mOgwYmaH$ AgVmV.

55

(8) H$mhr nmZo {hadr ZgVmV. (20) gd© IoimSy> CËgmhr AgVmV.
(9) à˶oH$ CnpñWVr ~§YZH$maH$ Amho. (21) EH$hr A{e{jV ZmoH$aXma ZgVmo.
(10) AZoH$ ‘mo~mB©b Jo‘ ì¶gZmYrZ ~ZdUmao AmhoV. (22) H$mhr do~gmB©Q> ‘m{hVrnyU© AgVmV.
(11) H$mhr Q>°³gr H$miçm ZgVmV. (23) H$mhr noZ {Zio ZgVmV.
(12) IoiUr Zoh‘rM a§JrV AgVo. (24) à¶ËZ H$YrM dm¶m OmV ZmhrV.
(13) {dH«o$Vo H$Yrhr A§V‘w©I ZgVmV. (25) à˶oH$ {dYmZ dm³¶ AgVo.
(14) H$mhr Jm¶H$ ZV©H$ ZgVmV. (26) H$mhr A{^ZoVo ‘hmZ g§emoYH$ AgVmV.
(15) à˶oH$ àmܶmnH$ kmZr AgVmo. (27) H$mhr H$bmH$ma ZmardmXr AgVmV.
(16) H$mhr ¶wp³VdmX d¡Y AmhoV. (28) H$moUVmhr g‘mOgodH$ ì¶dñWmnH$s¶ g§ñWm
(17) EH$hr ‘{hbm d¥X²Y Zmhr.
(18) ~hþVoH$ ‘hm‘mJ© {dñV¥V AgVmV. ZgVmV.
(19) H$mhr Hw$Qw>§~o EH${ÌV ZgVmV. (29) gd© Am¡fYr H$S>dQ> ZgVmV.
(30) EH$hr aoS>rAmo Om°H$s ’w$Q>~m°b IoimSy> ZgVmo.

vvv

56

5 g§dmŠ` (Syllogism)

AJmoXaÀ`m àH$aUmV AmnU ì`d{hV AZw‘mZmÀ¶m CXmhaU …
AWm©Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm. AmnUmg ‘m{hV Amho H$s g§dmŠ`
ì`d{hV AZw‘mZ Amho. hçm àH$aUmV AmnU {Zê$nm{YH$ gd© ’$io {nH$bobr AmhoV.
g§dmŠ`mMo {ddoMZ H$aUma AmhmoV.
gd© g’$aM§X ’$io AmhoV.
gd©gmYmaUnUo {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dm³¶ ho Z¡J‘{ZH$
¶wp³VdmX AgyZ Á¶mV {ZîH$f© AmYma{dYmZm nbrH$S>o åhUyZ gd© g’$aM§X {nH$bobr AmhoV.
OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.
darb g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o (`wpŠVdmX) n{hbr XmoZ
AmVm AmnU XmoZ {Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZo AmYma {dYmZo {dYmZo AmYma {dYmZo AmhoV Am{U {Vgao {dYmZ {ZîH$f©
åhUyZ KoD$ {dYmZ Amho.

H$mhr ^maVr` àm‘m{UH$ AmhoV. g§dmŠ` ho ì`d{hV AZw‘mZ Agë`mZo Aì`d{hV
AZw‘mZmnmgyZ {^ÝZ Amho. {ZîH$f©U Am{U {dYmZ
EH$hr ^maVr` ‘wI© Zmhr. {damoY ¶mÀ¶m {dnarV g§dmŠ`mMm {ZîH$f© XmoZ AmYma
{dYmZm§nmgyZ EH${ÌVnUo {ZînÝZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Vmo àË`oH$
Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVm EH$ {ZîH$f© AMyH$ Amho AmYma{dYmZm§nmgyZ ñdV§ÌnUo H$mT>bm OmV Zmhr.
H$s Omo darb AmYma {dYmZm§nmgyZ àmßV hmoVmo?
5.2 {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mMr aMZm
1. H$mhr ^maVr` ‘wI© AmhoV.
{Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mV KQ>H$ {dYmZmMo VrZ
2. H$mhr àm‘m{UH$ ì`ŠVr ‘wI© ZgVmV. nXm§‘Ü`o {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. {ZîH$fm©Vrb {dYo`nXmbm
gmÜ`nX major term åhQ>bo OmVo. "gm' `m AjamZo
5.1 {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ` Xe©{dbo OmVo. {ZîH$fm©Vrb CX²Xoí`nXmbm njnX minor
term åhQ>bo OmVo. Vo "n' `m AjamZo Xe©{dbo OmVo.
A°[añQ>m°Q>bZo {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dm³¶mMr g§H$ënZm Oo nX XmoÝhr AmYma {dYmZm§‘Ü`o A§V©^yV AgVo ‘mÌ
‘m§S>br Amho. {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dm³¶mMr ì¶m»¶m Aer {ZîH$fm©‘Ü`o ZgVo Ë`mg ‘Ü`‘ nX middle term
Ho$br OmVo H$s {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dm³¶ åhUOo Agm EH$ åhQ>bo OmVo. Vo "‘' AjamZo Xe©{dbo OmVo.
Z¡J‘{ZH$ ¶wp³VdmX Omo VrZ {Zê$nm{YH$ {dYmZo Am{U
VrZ nXm§Mm ~Zbobm AgyZ Á¶mV à˶oH$ nX ’$³V Á`m AmYma {dYmZmV gmÜ`nX A§V©^yV AgVo
XmoZ KQ>H$ {dYmZmV$ AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ¶m ‘Vo Ë`mg gmÜ` {dYmZ major premise åhUVmV.
{Zê$nm{YH$ g§dm³¶ ho EH$ Ago AZw‘mZ Amho H$s Á¶mV Á`m {dYmZmV njnX AgVo Ë`mg nj{dYmZ minor
‘ܶ‘ nXmMm BVa nXm§er åhUOoM CX²Xoe d {dYo¶nX premise åhUVmV. ‘Ü`‘nX ho gmÜ`nX d njnXmer
¶m§À¶mer {ZpíMV g§~§Y AgVmo. {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ` ho g§~§{YV AgVo. ‘Ü`‘ nX Am{U BVa XmoZ nXm§Vrb g§~§Y
ì`d{hV AZw‘mZ AgyZ Á`mV XmoZ {dYmZm§nmgyZ {ZîH$f© EH$Va hmoH$mamWu AgVmo qH$dm ZH$mamWu AgVmo.
{Zînm{XV Ho$bm OmVmo.
{Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ` AmH$m[aH$ AZw‘mZ Amho.
Ë`mMr d¡YVm AmYma {dYmZo d {ZîH$f© `m§À`m Ame`mda
Adb§~yZ ZgVo åhUyZ g§dmŠ`mË‘H$ `wpŠVdmX gm§Ho${VH$
ñdê$nmV ‘m§Sy> eH$Vmo Am{U Ë`mMr d¡YVm AmYma {dYmZo
d {ZîH$f© {dYmZ `m§À`mVrb AmH$m[aH$ g§~§Ymdê$Z

57

R>adbr OmVo. Oa AmYma {dYmZo {ZîH$fm©g ì`§{OV H$aV AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3 … {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mÀ`m {Vgè`m
AgVrb Va AZw‘mZ d¡Y AgVo Am{U AmYma {dYmZo AmH¥$VrV ‘Ü`‘ nX ho gmÜ` Am{U nj `m XmoÝhr AmYma

{ZîH$fm©g ì`§OrV H$aV ZgVrb Va AZw‘mZ Ad¡Y AgVo. {dYmZm§À`m CX²Xoem§À`m {R>H$mUr AgVo.

{Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mMr d¡YVm {Xboë`m ‘ gm
`wpŠVdmXmVrb KQ>H$ {dYmZm§À`m H«$‘mda Adb§~yZ ZgVo.
na§Vw Ooìhm g§dmŠ` Vm{H©$H$ AmH$mamV ‘m§S>bm OmVmo Voìhm ‘ n
Imbr {Xboë`mà‘mUo {d{eîQ> H«$‘mZo 춳V hmoVmo.
gmÜ` {dYmZ \ n gm
nj {dYmZ
{ZîH$f© AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4 … {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m
AmH¥$VrV AmYma {dYmZmVrb ‘Ü`‘ nX gmÜ` {dYmZmMo
5.3 {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mÀ`m AmH¥$Vr {dYo` nX Am{U nj {dYmZmMo CX²Xoí` nX AgVo.

AmYma {dYmZmVrb ‘Ü`‘ nXmÀ`m ñWmZmdê$Z gm ‘
{Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ` EH$‘oH$m§nmgyZ doJio R>aVo. ‘Ü`‘
nXmMo ñWmZ AmYma {dYmZm§Vrb CX²XoemMo qH$dm {dYo`mMo ‘ n
AgVo. AmYma {dYmZmVrb ‘Ü`‘ nXmÀ`m ñWmZmZwgma
g§dmŠ`mMo Mma àH$ma gm§{JVbo OmVmV. Ë`m§Zm AmH¥$Vr \ n gm
åhUVmV. J°boZ- Galen `m§Zr g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o Mm¡Ï¶m
AmH¥$VtMm g‘mdoe Ho$bm Amho. åhUyZ g§dm³¶mÀ¶m Mma 5.4 {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mMo {Z`‘
AmH¥$˶m AmhoV.
nma§n[aH$ VH©$emñÌkm§À`m Ago {ZXe©Zmg Ambo
g§dm³¶mMr AmH$¥ Vr åhUOo AmH$ma ho AmYma H$s AmnU g§dmŠ`mMr d¡YVm H$mhr {Z`‘m§À`m AmYmao
{dYmZmV§ rb ‘ܶ‘ nXmÀ¶m ñWmZmdéZ {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmV.o nS>VmiyZ nmhÿ eH$Vmo. Ooìhm `m {Z`‘mZwgma {Zê$nm{YH$
{Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mÀ`m AmH¥$Vr Imbrbà‘mUo hmVo . g§dmŠ`mMo {ZîH$f© {Zînm{XV Ho$bo OmVmV Voìhm Vo g§dmŠ`
d¡Y R>aVo. Ooìhm {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ` ¶mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1 … {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mÀ`m n{hë`m {Z`‘mMo CëbK§Z H$aVo Voìhm Vo Ad¡Y R>aVo. H$moUË`mhr
AmH¥$VrV AmYma {dYmZmVrb ‘Ü`‘ nX gmÜ` {dYmZmMo {Z`‘mMo Cëb§KZ H$aUo hr {d{eîQ> àH$maMr MyH$ Amho.
CX²Xoí`nX d nj {dYmZmMo {dYo` nX AgVo. åhUyZ Ooìhm {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ` Ad¡Y AgVo Voìhm
VH©$Xmof KS>Vmo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. hr MyH$ `wpŠVdmXmÀ`m
‘ gm AmH$mamg§~§YrV Amho. åhUyZ `m VH©$Xmofmg AmH$m[aH$
VH©$Xmof Ago åhUVmV. àË`oH$ AmH$m[aH$ VH©$Xmofmg
n ‘ nma§nm[aH$ Zmd Amho Vo Imbrbà‘mUo ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho.

\ n gm {Z`‘ H«$. 1… aMZm {df`H$ {Z`‘

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2 … {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mÀ`m Xwgè`m (1) gd©gm‘mݶnUo g§dmŠ`mV VrZ d ’$ŠV VrZM
AmH¥$VrV AmYma {dYmZm§Vrb ‘Ü`‘ nX gmÜ` {dYmZ {dYmZo Agbr nm{hOoV …
Am{U nj {dYmZ `m XmoÝhrMohr {dYo`nX AgVo.
g§dmŠ` ho ì`d{hV AZw‘mZ AgyZ Á`mV
gm ‘ XmoZ ñdV§Ì AmYma {dYmZm§Mm EH${ÌV {dMma H$ê$Z
{ZîH$fm©Mr gË`Vm R>a{dbr OmVo. `m g§dmŠ`mÀ`m
n ‘ ì`m»`oZwgma g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o XmoZ AmYma {dYmZo d EH$
{ZîH$f© {dYmZ AgVo. åhUOo `oWo EHy$U ’$ŠV VrZ
\ n gm

58

{dYmZo AgVmV. Oa AmYma {dYmZo XmoZ nojm OmñV nXm§n¡H$s H$moU˶mhr nXmÀ¶m ~m~VrV CX²^dy eH$Vmo.
AgVrb Ë`mg g§dmŠ` åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm (1) X²{dAWu gmÜ`nX Xmof (2) X²{dAWu
‘Ü`‘nX Xmof (3) X²{dAWu njnX Xmof Ago åhUVmV.
CXmhaU …
{Zénm{YH$ {dYmZmVrb nXm§Mo {dVaU
gd© ‘mZd ‘Ë`© AmhoV.
{Zénm{YH$ CX²Xoí¶ nX {dYo¶ nX
gd© ‘mZd àmUr AmhoV. {dYmZo
ì¶mßV Aì¶mßV
gd© àmUr gOrd AmohV. A ì¶mßV ì¶mßV
Aì¶mßV Aì¶mßV
åhUyZ gd© gOrd ‘Ë`© AmhoV. E Aì¶mßV ì¶mßV

darb `wpŠVdmXmV VrZ AmYma {dYmZo d EH$ I
{ZîH$f© {dYmZ Aer EHy$U Mma {dYmZo AmhoV. åhUyZ
Agm `wpŠVdmX VH©$Xmof `wŠV R>aVmo. Aem `wpŠVdmXmbm O
gmoamBQ²g - Sorites `wpŠVdmX åhUVmV.
{Z`‘ H«$. 2. nXm§À`m {dVaUmMm {Z`‘ …
(2) {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mV ’$ŠV VrZ Am{U VrZM
nXo Agbr nm{hOoV … (1) AmYma {dYmZmVrb ‘Ü`‘ nX H$‘rV H$‘r EH$Xm
Var ì`mßV AgboM nm{hOo …
àË`oH$ d¡Y {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mV VrZM nXo
g‘m{dîQ> Agbr nm{hOoV. Ë`mnojm OmñVhr Zmhr Am{U {Zénm{YH$ g§dm³¶m‘ܶo ‘ܶ‘ nXmMo H$m¶© nj
H$‘rhr Zmhr. Oa VrZ nojm OmñV nXo g‘m{dîQ> AgVrb nX d gmÜ` nX `m§À`m ‘Ü`o g§~§Y OmoS>Uo ho Amho.
Va {Zénm{YH$ g§dmŠ` Ad¡Y R>aVo. `mVyZ Omo VH©$Xmof ho H$m`© ‘Ü`‘ nX AmYma {dYmZmV EH$Xm Var ì`mßV
KS>Vmo Ë`mg MVwînmX (MmanXm§Mm) VH©$Xmof åhUVmV. Agë`m{edm` H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Ooìhm nXmZo EImXçm
`m‘Ü`o EImXo nX g§{X½Y AgVo åhUOo Ë`mMm dmna XmoZ dJm©Mm nyU© {ZX}e Ho$bm OmVmo Voìhm Vo nX ì`mßV AgVo
doJdoJù`m AWm©Zo hmoVmo. dñVwV… eãX g§{X½Y AgVmo nX Am{U Ooìhm EImXçm dJm©Mm A§e (AnyU©) {ZX}e Ho$bm
Zìho nXmbm ñnîQ> d Zo‘H$m AW© AgVmo. Ooìhm eãX ho OmVmo Voìhm Vo Aì`mßV R>aVo. `m {Z`‘mMo Cëb§KZ
nX hmoVo Voìhm Vo {dYmZmVrb CX²Xoí` qH$dm {dYo` AgVo. Pmë`mg Ë`mg Aì`mßV ‘Ü`‘ nX VH©$Xmof Ago åhUVmV.
Ooìhm "eãX' ho "nX' hmoVo Voìhm Ë`mbm EH$mnojm OmñV
AW© ZgVmV. Ooìhm nX g§{X½Y[aË`m dmnabo OmVo Voìhm CXmhaU …
Ë`mg AZoH$mWu VH©$Xmof åhUVmV.
gd© YmVy OS> AgVmV.
CXmhaU …
gd© XJS> OS AgVmV.
àË`oH$ K§Q>oMm ZmX hmoVmo.
åhUyZ gd© XJS> YmVy AgVmV.
H$mhr ZmX dmB©Q> AgVmV.
darb `wpŠVdmXmV XmoÝhr AmYma {dYmZmV "OS>'
åhUyZ H$mhr K§Q>m dmB©Q> AgVmV. `m ‘Ü`‘ nXmMo ñWmZ ‘A’ {dYmZmMo {dYo` Amho. XmoÝhr
AmYma {dYmZmV {dYo` åhUOo ‘Ü`‘ nX Aì`mßV Amho.
darb CXmhaUmV ‘Ü`‘ nX "ZmX' g§{X½Y Amho. ‘ܶ‘ nX ì¶mßV hmoV Zgë¶m‘wio ‘ܶ‘ nXmMm Omo ^mJ
gmܶ {dYmZmV Ë`mMm EH$ AW© "AmdmO' hmoVmo Am{U gmܶ {dYmZmer g§~§{YV Amho Vmo ^mJ H$Xm{MV nj
nj {dYmZmV "N>§X' Agm hmoVmo. AZoH$mWu VH©$Xmof VrZ {dYmZmer g§~§{YV Agy eH$Uma Zmhr. åhUyZM ‘ܶ‘
nX XmoZ nXm§Zm OmoS>ʶmMo H$m‘ H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr. `m
VH©$Xmofmbm Aì`mßV ‘Ü`‘ nXmMm VH©$Xmof Ago åhUVmV.

59

(2) H$moUVohr nX Oa AmYma {dYmZmV nX ì`mßV CXmhaU …
Zgob Va {ZîH$fm©Vhr ì`mßV Agy eH$Uma Zmhr …
gd© gñVZ àmUr AmhoV. (gmÜ` {dYmZ)
Ooìhm {ZîH$fm©V nX ì`mßV AgVo. na§Vw AmYma
{dYmZmV ì¶mßV ZgVo. `mMm AW© Agm hmoVmo H$s {ZîH$f© EH$hr gñVZ àmUr njr ZgVmo. (nj {dYmZ)
Ë`mÀ`m AmYma {dYmZmVrb nwamì`mnbrH$So> OmVmo Am{U
hm `wpŠVdmX Z¡J‘{ZH$ Agë`mZo Vmo Ad¡Y R>aVmo. `m åhUyZ EH$hr njr àmUr Zmhr. ({ZîH$f©)
Xmofmbm nXm§À`m Aì`mßV / Ad¡Y à{H«$`oMm Xmof Ago
åhUVmV. darb `wpŠVdmXmV "àmUr' ho gmÜ`nX gmÜ`
{dYmZm‘Ü`o Aì`mßV Amho. na§Vw Vo {ZîH$fm©V ì`mßV
{ZîH$fm©‘Ü`o XmoZ nXo AgVmV, nj nX Am{U Amho. åhUyZ `mV Aì`mßV gmÜ` Xmof KS>Vmo.
gmÜ` nX. Ë`mZwgma XmoZ àH$maMo VH©$Xmof KS>VmV Vo
nwT>rb à‘mUo hmoV. Imbr {Xboë`m g§dmŠ`mV H$moUVm AmH$m[aH$ VH©$Xmof
KS>Vmo? H$m?
(1) Ad¡Y / Aì`mßV nj Xmof
H$moUVmhr ‘Zwî` MVwînmX ZgVmo.
(2) Ad¡Y / Aì`mßV gmÜ` Xmof
H$mhr ‘Zwî` C§M AgVmV.
(1) Ad¡Y / Aì`mßV nj Xmof …
åhUyZ H$moUVrhr C§M ì`ŠVr MVwînmX Zmhr.
CXmhaU …
_____________________________
H$moUVrhr ä`mS> ì`ŠVr YmS>gr ZgVo.
(gmÜ` {dYmZ) _____________________________

gd© ä`mS> ì`ŠVr A{dídgZr` AgVmV. {Z`‘ H«$. 3 JwU{df`H$ {Z`‘
(nj {dYmZ)
(1) XmoZ ZmpñVdmMr AmYma {dYmZm§VyZ H$moUVmhr
åhUyZ H$moUVrhr A{dídgZr` ì`ŠVr YmS>gr {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm `oV Zmhr …
ZgVo. ({ZîH$f©)
H$moUVohr ZmpñVdmMr {dYmZ åhUOo ‘E’ d ‘O’
"A{dídgZr`' ho njnX, nj {dYmZmV Aì`mßV dJm©Mo g‘mdoeZ ZmH$maVmV. hr {dYmZo Ago gm§JVmV H$s
Amho. H$maU Vo ‘A’ {dYmZmMo {dYo¶nX Amho. na§Vw Vo EImXçm dJm©Vrb gd© / H$mhr gXñ` Xwgè`m dJm©VyZ
{ZîH$fm©V ‘E’ {dYmZmMo CX²XoenX Agë¶mZo ì`mßV Amho. dJibobo AmhoV. åhUOo {ZîH$fm©Vrb CX²Xoí` / {dYo`
åhUyZ `m CXmhaUmV Aì`mßV nj Xmof KS>bm Amho. nyU©V… qH$dm A§eV… ZmpñVdmMr AmYma {dYmZmVrb ‘Ü`‘
nXmÀ¶m dJm©VyZ dJibo OmVo. XmoZ AmYma {dYmZmVrb
(2) Aì`mßV gmÜ` Xmof AndO©Z AmYma {dYmZ Am{U {ZîH$f© {dYmZ `m‘Yrb
g§~§YmMo g‘W©Z H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr Am{U åhUyZ Agm
Ooìhm {ZîH$fm©V gmܶ nX ì¶mßV AgVo na§Vw gmܶ `wpŠVdmX Ad¡Y Amho. `mg AmYma {dYmZmMm {ZfoYmË‘H$
{dYmZmV ì¶mßV ZgVo Voìhm Aì¶mßV gmܶ Xmof KS>Vmo. Xmof Zmd Amho qH$dm `mg ~{hîH¥$V AmYma {dYmZo Ago
åhUVmV.

60

CXmhaU … (3) Ooìhm XmoÝhr AmYma {dYmZo ApñVdmMr AgVrb
Voìhm {ZîH$f© XoIrb ApñVdmMrM AgVmo VgoM
EH$hr H$‘i Jwbm~ Zmhr (ZmpñVdmMr) CbQ>njr åhUVm ¶oB©b.

H$mhr ’w$bo Jwbm~ ZmhrV (ZmpñVdmMr) CXmhaU …

åhUyZ H$mhr ’w$bo H$‘i ZmhrV ({ZîH$f©) gd© ‘mZd àmUr AmhoV.

darb ¶wp³VdmXmV XmoZ {ZfoYH$ {dYmZm§VyZ {ZîH$f© gd© àmUr ‘˶© AmhoV.
{Zînm{XV Ho$bm Amho. åhUyZ {Z¶‘mMo Cëb§KZ Pmbo
Am{U {ZfoY AmYma {dYmZmMm VH©$Xmof KS>bm. åhUyZ gd© ‘mZd ‘˶© AmhoV.

(2) XmZo AmYma {dYmZmn§ H¡ $s EH$ ZmpñVdmMr Agë`mg Imbr {Xboë`m g§dmŠ` `wpŠVdmXm‘Ü`o H$moUVm
{ZîH$f© ZmpñVdmMrM AgVmo Am{U VgMo CbQ>njr… AmH$m[aH$ VH©$Xmof KS>bm Amho? H$m?

{ZfoY {dYmZmVrb XmoZ dJmªn¡H$s EH$ dJ© CX²Xoe gd© ^maVr` Am{e`mB© AmhoV.
qH$dm {dYo¶ nyU©V… qH$dm A§eV… EH$‘oH$mVyZ dJibobo
AgVo. ¶mCbQ> hmoH$mamË‘H$ {dYmZmV XmoZ dJmªn¡H$s EH$ EH$hr Am{e`mB© A‘o[aH$Z Zmhr.
dJ© CX²Xoe qH$dm {dYo¶ nyU©V… qH$dm A§eV… Xþgè¶m
dJm©V g‘m{dîQ> AgVmo. Oa AmYma {dYmZmV {Vgè¶m åhUyZ gd© A‘o[aH$Z ^maVr` AmhoV.
dJm©{df¶r CëboI Agob Á¶m‘ܶo n{hbm dJm©Mm
g‘mdoe AgyZ Xþgam dJ© AmYrM ˶mV g‘m{dîQ> Agob _____________________________
VaM hmoH$mamË‘H$ {dYmZ ˶mVyZ AZw‘m{ZV H$aVm ¶oVo.
ho VoìhmM e³¶ hmoB©b Ooìhm XmoÝhr {dYmZo hmoH$mamË‘H$ _____________________________
{dYmZo AgVrb.
5.5 ^maVr` Xe©ZmVrb ݶm¶Xe©ZmVrb Am{U
Ooìhm darb {Z¶‘mMo CëbK§Z hmoVo Voìhm {ZfoY A°[añQ>m°Q>bMr g§dmŠ` {df`H$ g§H$ënZm …
AmYma {dYmZmVyZ hmoH$mamË‘H$ / hmoH$mamWu {ZîH$f©
H$mT>ë¶mMm VH©$Xmof KS>Vmo. ^maVr¶ VH©$emñÌmV AZw‘mZmMr ì¶m»¶m ""EH$m
kmZm ‘mJmo‘mJ `oUmao Xwgao kmZ åhUOo AZw‘mZ hmo`''
CXmhaU … Aer Ho$br Amho. Ago kmZ (‘mZ) H$s Oo Xwgè`m
kmZmÀ`m (AZw) Z§Va `oVo. ^maVr` VH©$emñÌk gm‘mÝ`V…
H$mhr H$bmH$ma Hw§$^H$ma Zmhr. ñdV…gmR>rMo (ñdmW©) AZw‘mZ d BVam§gmR>rMo (namW©)
AZw‘mZ ¶mV ’$aH$ H$aVmV. namW© AZw‘mZ åhUOo Oo
gd© H$bmH$ma H$îQ>miy AgVmV. AZw‘mZ BVam§gmR>rMo AgyZ ˶mV CXmhaUmÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo
dñVwpñWVrÀ¶m g˶VoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. ñdmW©
åhUyZ H$mhr Hw§$^H$ma H$îQ>miy AmhoV. AZw‘mZmV AZw‘mZmÀ`m {d{dY {dYmZm§À¶m Am¡nMm[aH$
‘m§S>UrMr JaO ZgVo. hr EH$ ‘mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m Amho.
darb ¶wp³VdmXmV gmܶ {dYmZ ZH$mamË‘H$ Amho, namW© AZw‘mZ åhUOo g§dmŠ` hmo`. ^maVr` VËËdkmZmÀ¶m
na§Vw {ZîH$f© hmoH$mamË‘H$ Amho. åhUyZ ¶wp³VdmX Ad¡Y Ý`m` Xe©Zm‘Ü`o AZw‘mZmMo nmM KQ>H$ (Ad`d) ‘mZbo
Amho. åhUyZ ZH$mamË‘H$ {dYmZmVyZ hmoH$mamË‘H$ {dYmZ AmhoV. Am{U BVam§gmR>r g˶Vm {gX²Y H$aʶmgmR>r
ho {ZîH$f© åhUyZ H$mT>ë¶mMm VH©$Xmof KS>Vmo. {Xbobo AgVo. Vo nwT>rb à‘mUo hmoV.

(1) ho {dYmZ {gX²Y H$amd¶mMo dm³¶ Amho. (à{Vkm)

(2) ho dm³¶mÀ¶m {gX²YVoMo H$maU AgVo. (hoVy)

61

(3) ho dm³¶ hoVy Am{U gmܶmVrb ì¶mßVrg§~§Y (A)

CXmhaUmX²dmao ñnîQ> H$aVo. (1) OoWo OoWo Yya AgVmo VoWo VoWo Ap½Z AgVmo.

(4) ho dm³¶ ì¶mßVrg§~§Y àñVwV dñVwpñWVrbm bmJy ñd`§nmH$ Ka (CXmhaU) gmÜ` {dYmZ
H$aVo.(CnZ`) (2) hçm nd©Vmda A½Zrer An[adV©Zr¶ ghg§~§Y

(5) ¶m dm³¶mV darb dm³¶mÀ¶m AmYmao {ZîH$f© Agbobm Yya Amho. (CnZ`) nj {dYmZ
H$mT>bm OmVmo. ({ZJ‘Z) (3) åhUyZ `m nd©Vmda Ap½Z Amho. ({ZJ‘Z) {ZîH$f©
(~)
Ý`m` g§dmŠ`mgmR>r Imbrbà‘mUo CXmhaU XoVmV. (1) hçm nd©Vmda Ap½Z Amho. (à{Vkm) {ZîH$f©
(2) H$maU Ë`mda Yya Amho. (hoVy) nj {dYmZ
(1) `m nd©Vmda Ap½Z Amho. (à{Vkm) (3) OoWo OoWo Yya AgVmo VoWo VoWo Ap½Z AgVmo.

(2) H$maU, Ë`mda Yya Amho. (hoVy)

(3) OoWo OoWo Yya AgVmo VoWo VoWo Ap½Z AgVmo. ñd`§nmH$ Ka (CXmhaU) gmÜ` {dYmZ

CXm. ñd`§nmH$ Ka (CXmhaU) n{hë¶m g§dm³¶mV "A' Am{U A°[añQ>m°Q>{b¶Z
g§dmŠ`mÀ`m n{hë`m AmH¥$VrV gmYå`© Amho.
(4) `m nd©Vmda A½Zrer {ZË` gmhM`© Agbobm Yya gmYå¶m©{edm¶ A°[añQ>m°Q>{b¶Z Am{U Ý`m`mÀ¶m g§dmŠ`mV
Amho. (CnZ`) H$mhr ~m~VrV ’$aH$ Amho. Vmo Imbrbà‘mUo hmo`.

(5) åhUyZ `m nd©Vmda A½Zr Amho. ({ZJ‘Z) (1) A°[añQ>m°Q>bMo g§dmŠ` Z¡J‘{ZH$ Am{U AmH$m[aH$
Amho Va ݶm`m§Mo g§dmŠ` Z¡J‘{ZH$, d¡J‘{ZH$,
A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m g§dmŠ`mVrb VrZ nXmà‘mUo Ý`m¶ AmH$m[aH$ Am{U Ë`mMdoir ‘yV©ñdénmMo Amho. Ý`m`
g§dmŠ`mVhr VrZ nXo AmhoV. Vr åhUOo gmÜ`, nj Am{U Xe©ZmZwgma {ZJ‘Z Am{U {dJ‘Z hçm EH$mM à{H«$`oÀ`m
qbJ qH$dm hoVy hmo`. darb CXmhaUmV nd©V - nj nX XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm EH$‘oH$m§nmgyZ doJio H$aVm `oV
Ap½Z - gmÜ`nX Am{U Yya - ‘Ü`‘nX Amho. OoWo Zmhr. Ý`m` Xe©ZmZwgma gm‘mÝ`mH$Sy>Z {d{eîQ>mH$So> Zìho
OoWo Yya AgVmo. VoWo VoWo Ap½Z AgVmo. hçm nd©Vmda VgoM {d{eîQ>mH$Sy>Z gm‘mÝ`mH$So> Zìho Va {d{eîQ>mH$Sy>Z
Yya {XgV Amho `mdê$Z Ë`m nd©Vmda Ap½Z Agbm gm‘mÝ`mX²dmao {d{eîQ>mH$So> AZw‘mZ OmVo.
nm{hOo Ago AZw‘mZ H$aVm `oVo. gmd©{ÌH$gh ApñVdmMr
kmZ åhUOoM A½ZrMm Ywamer Agboë¶m An[adV©Zr¶ {Vgè`m {dYmZmVrb CXmhaU (ñd`§nmH$ Ka)
ghg§~§Ymg ì¶mßVr Ago åhUVmV. åhUOo Ý`m` g§dmŠ`mMo AX²{dVr¶ d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. Oo
ñnîQ> H$aVo H$s H$maU VËdmda AmYmarV {ZJ‘ZmVrb
A°[añQ>m°Q>b d Ý`m` `m XmoKm§À`m g§dmŠ`mV VrZ {ZîH$f© åhUOoM gmd©{ÌH$ gmܶ {dYmZ hmo¶. Ý`m`
nXo AmhoV. na§Vw Ë`m§À`m {dYmZmÀ`m g§»`oV ’$aH$ Amho. g§dmŠ`mVrb "CXmhaU' ho {ZJ‘Z Am{U {dJ‘Z H$go
A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m g§dmŠ`mV VrZ {dYmZo AmhoV. AZoH$ A{d^mÁ¶ Amho Vo CXmhaUm§déZ ñnîQ> hmoVo. VgoM Vo
^maVr¶ d nmíMm˶ VH©$emñÌkm§À¶m ‘Vo hm Zm‘‘mÌ ’$aH$ AmH$m[aH$ d ‘yV© ñdénmMo AmhoV ho hr Xe©{dVo.
Amho. na§Vw ‘wbV… XmoÝhr g§dm³¶m‘ܶo AmH$m[aH$ ’$aH$
A{YH$ Amho. ݶm¶m§À¶m g§dm³¶mVrb nmM {dYmZm§n¡H$s S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ `m§À`m åhUʶmZwgma Ý`m`
XmoZ AZmdí¶H$ {XgVmV. n{hbr qH$dm eodQ>Mr XmoZ g§dmŠ`mVrb "CXmhaU' hm EH$ A{Ve¶ ‘hËËdmMm
{dYmZo H$‘r H$éZ ݶm¶m§Mo g§dm³¶ Imbr {Xë¶mà‘mUo ‘wX²Xm Amho, Oo ݶm¶ g§dm³¶ J«rH$ {dMmam§Zr à^m{dV
VrZ {dYmZmV ‘m§S>Vm ¶oD$ eH$Vo. Zmhr ¶mMr ñnîQ>mo³Vr XoVo. VgoM Ý`m` AZw‘mZ ho
A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m nydu {dH${gV Pmbobo AmhoV. Ë`mZ§Va
XmoÝhr na§naoVrb g‘mZVm {dMmam§À¶m g‘m§Va {dH$mgm‘wio
Amho.

62

(2) A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o gmÜ` nX, nj nX (4) ݶm¶mMo g§dm³¶ {ddaUmË‘H$ Am{U Ab§H$m[aV
Oar ‘Ü`‘ nXmZo OmoS>bo Agbo Var Vo AmYma {dYmZm§‘Ü`o Amho. dmñV{dH$ hrM nX²YV dmX{ddmXmV dmnabr OmVo.
ñdV§ÌnUo `oVo. Ý`m` g§dmŠ`mVrb CnZ` åhUOo Mm¡Wo åhUyZ {ZîH$f© emoYÊ`mgmR>r hr nX²YV ’$ma Cn`wŠV
{dYmZ Á¶mV VrZhr nXo g§íbo{fV hmoVmV. R>aVo. Va A°[añQ>m°Q>bMo g§dmŠ` {díbofUmgmR>r Am{U
AZw‘mZmMr d¡YVm VnmgÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
(3) A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m g§dmŠ`mVrb {dYmZo Ho$di
AZw‘mZmMo Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. Va ݶm¶mMo g§dm³¶ ho
VH©$g§JV ¶wp³VdmX AgyZ Á¶mMr KQ>H$ {dYmZo EH$m‘mJyZ
EH$ ˶m§À¶m AZwH«$‘mZwgma ¶oVmV.

gmam§e

A°[añQ>m°Q>bZo {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mMr H$ënZm ‘m§S>br Amho. g§dmŠ` ho ì`d{hV AZw‘mZ Amho. Ë`mV VrZ
{dYmZo AgVmV. g§dmŠ`mË‘H$ `wpŠVdmXmV XmoZ EH${ÌV AmYma {dYmZmnmgyZ {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm OmVmo.

{Zénm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mV VrZ nXo AmhoV. njnX åhUOo CX²Xoí`, gmÜ`nX åhUOo {dYo` Am{U ‘Ü`‘nX. ‘Ü`‘
nXmMo H$m`© gmÜ`nX d njnX `m§Zm OmoS>Ê`mMo AgVo. g§dmŠ`mË‘H$ `wpŠVdmX Z¡J‘{ZH$ AZw‘mZ Amho Am{U Vo
AmH$m[aH$ ÑîQ>çm d¡Y AgVo. J°boZ Galen `m§Zr Mma AmH¥$VtMm g‘mdoe {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`m§‘Ü`o Ho$bm Amho.
{Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mÀ`m Mma AmH¥$Vr Imbrbà‘mUo hmoV.

AmH¥$Vr … 1 AmH¥$Vr … 3

‘ gm ‘ gm

n ‘ ‘ n

\ n gm \ n gm

AmH¥$Vr … 2 AmH¥$Vr … 4

gm ‘ gm ‘

n ‘ ‘ n

\ n gm \ n gm

{Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mMo {Z`‘

A°[añQ>m°Q>bZo {Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mMo Mma {Z`‘ {Xbo AmhoV.

{Z`‘ … 1 aMZm {df`H$ {Z`‘
(1) g§dmŠ`mV EH§$XarV VrZ d ’$ŠV VrZM {dYmZo Agbr nm{hOoV.

(2) g§dmŠ`mV ’$ŠV VrZ Am{U VrZM nXo Agbr nm{hOoV.
{Z`‘ … 2 nXm§À`m {dVaUmMm {Z`‘
(1) AmYma {dYmZm§‘Ü`o ‘Ü`‘ nX H$‘rV H$‘r EH$Xm Var ì`mßV AgboM nm{hOo.

(2) Oa AmYma {dYmZmV nX ì`mßV Zgob Va {ZîH$fm©V nX ì`mßV Agy eH$Uma Zmhr (CX²Xoí`nX qH$dm {dYo`nX)

63

{Z`‘ 3 … JwU {df`H$ {Z`‘
(1) XmoZ ZmpñVdmMr AmYma {dYmZm§VyZ H$moUVmhr {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm `oV Zmhr.
(2) XmoZ AmYma {dYmZm§n¡H$s EH$ ZmpñVdmMr Agë`mg {ZîH$f© ZmpñVdmMrM AgVmo Am{U VgoM CbQ> njr
(3) Ooìhm XmoÝhr AmYma {dYmZo ApñVdmMr AgVrb Voìhm {ZîH$f© XoIrb ApñVdmMrM AgVmo VgoM CbQ>njr
Oa g§dm³¶mË‘H$ `wpŠVdmXmV ¶mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr {Z`‘m§Mo Cëb§KZ Pmbo Va AmH$m[aH$ VH©$Xmof KS>Vmo.
{Zê$nm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mVrb gmV AmH$m[aH$ VH©$Xmof nwT>rb à‘mUo hmoV.
(1) gmoamBQ²gÀ`m Sorites `wpŠVdmXmMm VH©$Xmof
(2) MVwînmX (MmanXm§Mm) VH©$Xmof (AZoH$mWu Xmof)
(3) Aì`mßV ‘Ü`‘nXmMm Xmof
(4) Aì`mßV nj Xmof
(5) Aì`mßV gmÜ` Xmof
(6) AmYma{dYmZ {ZfoYmË‘H$ Xmof / AmYma {dYmZ ~{hîH$aUmMm Xmof
(7) ZmpñVdmMr AmYma {dYmZm§nmgyZ ApñVdmMr {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mMm Xmof
A°[añQ>m°Q>bMo Am{U ݶm¶ Xe©ZmMo VH©$emñÌ …
""EH$m kmZm‘mJmo‘mJ `oUmao Xþgao kmZ åhUOo AZw‘mZ hmo`.'' Aer AZw‘mZmMr ì`m»`m Amho. Ago kmZ
(‘mZ) H$s Oo Xþgè`m kmZmÀ`m (AZw) Z§Va `oVo.

^maVr` VËËdkmZmV Ý`m` Xe©Zm‘Ü`o AZw‘mZmMo (Ad`d) nmM KQ>H$ ‘mZbo AmhoV. Vo nwT>rbà‘mUo hmoV.
(1) ho {gX²Y H$amd¶mMo dmŠ` AgVo. - à{Vkm
(2) ho dmŠ`mÀ`m {gX²YVoMo H$maU AgVo. - hoVy
(3) ho dmŠ` hoVy Am{U gmÜ`mVrb ì`mßVr g§~§Y CXmhaUmX²dmao ñnîQ> H$aVo. - CXmhaU
(4) ho dmŠ` ì`mßVr g§~§Y àñVwV dñVwpñWVrbm bmJy H$aVo. - CnZ`
(5) {ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo. - {ZJ‘Z
ݶm` d A°[añQ´>m°Q>b XmoKm§À`mhr g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o VrZ nXo AmhoV. A°[añQ´>m°Q>o{b¶Z g§dm³¶mV VrZ Va ݶm¶mÀ¶m
g§dm³¶mV nmM> {dYmZo AgVmV. Var XmoÝhrhr g§dm³¶o VËËdV… gmaIrM AmhoV. ݶm`mÀ`m g§dmŠ`mVrb n{hbr XmoZ
qH$dm eodQ>Mr XmoZ {dYmZo dJiyZ VrZ {dYmZmV g§dm³¶ ‘m§S>Vm ¶oVo.
A°[añQ>m°Q>b Am{U Ý`m` `m§À`m g§dm³¶mV gmYå`© Agbo Var H$mhr ~m~VrV ’$aH$ Amho Vmo nwT>rbà‘mUo hmo`.
(1) A°[añQ>m°Q>bMo g§dmŠ` Z¡J‘{ZH$ Am{U AmH$m[aH$ Amho Va ݶm`m§Mo g§dmŠ` Z¡J{‘H$, d¡J‘{ZH$, AmH$m[aH$

Am{U Ë`mMdoir ‘yV© ñdénmMo$ Amho.
(2) A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m g§dmŠ`mV gmÜ`nX njnX Oar ‘Ü`‘ nXmZo OmoS>bo Agbo Var Vo AmYma {dYmZm§‘Ü`o

ñdV§ÌnUo `oVo. Va ݶm` g§dmŠ`mVrb CnZ` åhUOo Mm¡Ï¶m {dYmZmV VrZhr nXo g§ûbo{fV hmoVmV.

64

(3) A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m g§dmŠ`mVrb {dYmZo Ho$di AZw‘mZmMo Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ AmhoV Va ݶm`mMo g§dmŠ` ho
VH©$g§JV `wpŠVdmX Amho Á¶mV KQ>H${dYmZo EH$m‘mJyZ EH$ ¶oVmV.

(4) ݶm` g§dmŠ` ho {ddaUmË‘H$ Am{U Ab§H$m[aH$ Agë¶m‘wio dmX{ddmXm (g§dmX) ‘Ü`o hr nX²YV ‘hËËdmMr
R>aVo. åhUyZ {ZîH$f© emoYÊ`mgmR>r hr nX²YV ’$ma Cn`wŠV R>aVo. Va A°[añQ>m°Q>bMo g§dmŠ` AZw‘mZmMr d¡YVm
VnmgÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVo.

Imbrb H$moîQ>H$ nyU© H$am :

A. H«$. {Zénm{YH$ g§dmŠ`mMo Cëb§KZ Pmbobo {Z`‘ {Z‘m©U hmoUmam AmH$m[aH$
‘yb^yV {Z¶‘ VH©$Xmof
(1) Á`m ‘Ü`o ’$ŠV VrZ Am{U MVwînmX / AZoH$mWu VH©$Xmof
1 aMZm {df¶H$ {Z¶‘ VrZM {dYmZo AgVmV.
Aì`mßV nj Xmof
2 {dVaUmMm {Z¶‘ (2)
AmYma {dYmZ {ZfoYmˑH$ Xmof
3 JwU {df¶H$ {Z¶‘ (1) AmYma {dYmZmV H$‘rV H$‘r
EH$Var ‘Ü`‘nX ì`mßV
AgVo.

(2)

(3) Oa {dYo`nX gmÜ` AmYma
{dYmZmV ì`mßV Zgob Va Vo
{ZîH$fm©VXoIrb ì`mßV ZgVo.

(1)

(2) Oar EH$ AmYma {dYmZ
ZmpñVdmMr Agob Var {ZîH$f©
ZmpñVdmMrM AgVmo.

Imbr {Xboë`m {dYmZmVrb VH©$Xmofm§À`m eŠ`Vm {bhm. OoWo Aì`mßV gmÜ` Xmof Aì`mßV nj Xmof Am{U
Aì`mßV ‘Ü`‘nXmMm VH©$Xmof {Z‘m©U hmoVmo.

H$îQ>miy ì`ŠVr `eñdr hmoVmV.

‘hËdH$m§jr ì`ŠVr H$îQ>miy AgVmV.

åhUyZ ‘hËdH$m§jr ì`ŠVr `eñdr AgVmV.

65

ñdmÜ`m`

à. 1. H§$gmVrb `mo½` eãX {ZdSy>Z [aH$må`m OmJm (12) ^maVr` VËËdkmZmV ݶm`Xe©Zm‘Ü`o ...........
^am. {dYmZ AgVmV. (nmM / VrZ)

(1) g§dmŠ` ho ........... AZw‘mZ Amho. (ì`d{hV (13) A°[añQ>m°Q>b d Ý`m` `m XmoÝhr g§dmŠ`mV ...........
/ Aì`d{hV) nXo AgVmV. (nmM / VrZ)

(2) g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o ........... nXo AgVmV. (XmoZ / (14) Ý`m` VH©$emñÌk {gX²Y H$aÊ`mÀ`m dmŠ`mbm
VrZ) ........... åhUVmV. (à{Vkm / hoVy)

(3) g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o {ZîH$fm©Vrb gmÜ`nXmbm ........... (15) Ý`m` VH©$emñÌk dmŠ`mÀ`m {gX²YVoÀ`m H$maUmbm
åhUVmV. (CX²Xoí` / {dYo`) ........... åhUVmV. (hoVy / CnZ`)

(4) ........... nX XmoÝhr AmYma {dYmZm§V AgVo. (16) ........... g§dmŠ` AZw‘mZmMr d¡YVm
‘mÌ {ZîH$fm©V ZgVo. (CX²Xoe / ‘Ü`‘) VnmgÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVo. (Ý`m` /
A°[añQ>m°Q>b)
(5) n{hbo AmYma {dYmZ g§{dYmZmË‘H$ `wpŠVdmXm‘Ü`o
Vm{H©$H$ AmH$mamV ‘m§S>bo OmVo Voìhm Vo ........... à. 2. Imbrb {dYmZo gË` H$s AgË` AmhoV Vo
AmYma {dYmZ AgVo. (gmÜ`nX / njnX) {bhm.

(6) {Zénm{YH$ g§dm³¶mVrb ........... ‘Ü`o (1) g§dmŠ`mMr d¡YVm Ë`mVrb {dYmZm§À`m H«$‘mda
CX²Xoí`nX Am{U {dYo`nX XmoÝhr KQ>H$ AgVmV. Adb§~yZ AgVo.
(AmYma {dYmZo / {ZîH$f© {dYmZ)
(2) AmYma {dYmZm§Vrb nXo EH$‘oH$m§er H$em àH$mao
(7) Ooìhm H$moUË`mhr g§dmŠ`mË‘H$ {Z`‘mMo Cëb§KZ g§~§YrV AmhoV `mda g§dmŠ`mVrb `wpŠVdmXmbm
hmoVo Voìhm `wpŠVdmXm‘Ü`o ........... VH©$Xmof {ZîH$f© Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
{Z‘m©U hmoVmo. (AZmH$m[aH$ / AmH$m[aH$)
(3) AmH¥$Vr EH$‘Ü`o {dYmZmVrb AAA `m aMZog
(8) Ooìhm EImXo nX XmoZ {^ÝZ g§X^m©V dmnabo OmVo Aì`mßV ‘Ü`‘ nX hm VH©$Xmof KS>Vmo.
Voìhm ........... VH©$Xmof KS>Vmo. (X²{dAWu /
Ad¡Y à{H«$`m) (4) `wpŠVdmXmVrb Ame`mda g§dmŠ`mMr d¡YVm
Adb§~yZ AgVo.
(9) Ooìhm AmYma {dYmZm§‘Ü`o CX²oí` nX Aì`mßV
AgVo na§Vw {ZîH$fm©‘Ü`o ì`mßV AgVo Voìhm (5) d¡Y g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o AmYma {dYmZo {ZîH$fm©g ì`§{OV
........... VH©$Xmof {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. (Aì`mßV H$aVmV.
gmÜ` / Aì`mßV nj)
(6) Ooìhm ’$ŠV EH$ Oar AmYma {dYmZ ApñVdmMr
(10) g§dmŠ`mVrb {Vgè`m AmH¥$Vr‘Ü`o ‘Ü`‘nXmMo Agob Va {ZîH$f©gwX²Ym ApñVdmMrM AgVmo Agm
ñWmZ XmoÝhr AmYma {dYmZm§V ........... AgVo. g§dmŠ`mMm {Z`‘ Amho.
(CX²Xoí` / {dYo`)
(7) d¡Y g§dmŠ`mV ‘Ü`‘nX H$‘rV H$‘r EH$m AmYma
(11) Omo `wpŠVdmX Mma {dYmZm§Zr `wŠV AgVmo Ë`mg {dYmZm‘Ü`o ì`mßV AgVo.
........... åhUVmV. (gmoamBQ²Mm `wpŠVdmX /
X²{dAWu VH©$Xmof) (8) Ago AmYma {dYmZ H$s Á`m‘Ü`o {dYo` AgVo
Ë`mg gmÜ` {dYmZ Ago åhUVmV.

66

(9) g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o KQ>H$ {dYmZo nXm§‘Ü`o {díbo{fV (8) Ago kmZ H$s Oo BVa kmZmbm J¥hrV Yê$Z hmoVo.
hmoVmV.
(9) BVa bmoH$m§gmR>rMo AZw‘mZ.
(10) ‘A’ Am{U ‘I’ {dYmZm§‘Ü`o ‘Ü`‘nX Am{U BVa
XmoZ nXm§‘Yrb g§~§Y ZmpñVdmMr AgVo. (10) {gX²Y H$amd`mMo dmŠ`.

(11) ^maVr` VH©$emñÌk ñdV…gmR>rMo (ñdmW©) Am{U (11) dmŠ`mÀ`m {gX²YVoMo H$maU.
BVam§gmR>rMo (namW©) Agm ’$aH$ AZw‘mZm‘Ü`o
H$aVmV. (12) ì`mßVr g§~§Y CXmhaUmX²dmao ñnîQ> H$aUo.

(12) "ì`mßVr g§~§Y' CXmhaUmÀ`m gmhæ¶mZo ñnîQ> (13) ì`mßVr g§~§Y àñVwV dñVwpñWVrbm bmJy H$aUo.
Ho$bm OmVo Ë`mg "CnZ`' åhUVmV.
(14) Ý`m` g§dmŠ`mV {ZîH$f© {gX²Y H$aUo.
(13) Á`m dmŠ`m‘Ü`o ì`mßVrg§~§Y àñVwV dñVwpñWVrbm
bmJy Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`mg "CXmhaU' åhUVmV. (15) Ý`m` g§dmŠ`mVrb gmÜ` nX.

(14) Ý`m` g§dmŠ`mV {ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo `mbm {ZJ‘Z (16) Ý`m` g§dmŠ`mVrb nj nX.
åhUVmV.
(17) Ý`m` g§dmŠ`mVrb ‘Ü`‘ nX.
(15) gm‘mÝ` {dYmZmbm "ì`mßVr' åhUVmV.
à. 5. H$maUo Xçm.
à. 3. OmoS>çm bmdm. (1) AmYma {dYmZm§‘Ü`o H$‘rV H$‘r EH$ Var ‘Ü`‘

(A) (~) nX ì`mßV Agbo nm{hOo.
(2) XmoZ ZmpñVdmMr AmYma {dYmZm§nmgyZ {ZîH$f©
(1) gmÜ`nX (A) hoVy
H$mT>Vm `oV Zmhr.
(2) njnX (~) gmÜ` (3) Oa AmYma {dYmZmV nX ì`mßV Zgob Va {ZîH$fm©V

(3) ‘Ü`‘nX (H$) nj nX ì`mßV Agy eH$V Zmhr.
(4) Ý`m` g§dmŠ`mV nmM n¡H$s XmoZ {dYmZo dJibr
à. 4. Imbrb {Xboë`m {dYmZm§gmR>r VH©$emñÌr`
g§km gm§Jm. OmVmV.
(5) Ý`m` g§dmŠ`mV {Vgao {dYmZ "CXmhaU' ho
(1) Agm `wpŠVdmX H$s Á`mVrb ‘Ü`‘ nXmMo ñWmZ
BVa XmoZ nXm§À`m g§~§Ymda Adb§~yZ AgVo. ‘hËËdnyU© d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.

(2) g§{X½Y nXm‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmam AmH$m[aH$ VH©$Xmof. à. 6. ñnîQ> H$am.
(1) g§dmŠ`mVrb aMZm {df`H$ {Z`‘.
(3) {Zanoj g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o {ZîH$fm©Mo {dYo` nX. (2) Aì`mßV ‘Ü`‘nXmMm VH©$Xmof.
(3) g§dmŠ`mVrb Aì`mßV à{H«$`oMm Xmof
(4) {Zanoj g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o {ZîH$fm©Mo CX²Xoí` nX. (4) g§dmŠ`mÀ`m AmH¥$Vr
(5) A°[añQ>m°Q>b d Ý`m`m§À`m g§dmŠ`mVrb gmYå`©
(5) Ago nX H$s Oo XmoÝhr AmYma {dYmZm§V AgVo ‘mÌ (6) A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m d Ý`m`m§À`m g§dmŠ`mVrb ’$aH$.
{ZîH$fm©‘Ü`o ZgVo.

(6) Ago AmYma {dYmZ H$s Á`m‘Ü`o {dYo` nX AgVo.

(7) Ago AmYma {dYmZ H$s Á`m‘Ü`o CX²Xoí` nX
AgVo.

67

à. 7. Imbrb {Zénm{YH$ g§dmŠ`m‘Ü`o {Z‘m©U Pmbobm (10) gd© gñVZ àmUr Ja‘ aŠVmMo AgVmV.
AmH$m[aH$ VH©$Xmof gH$maU AmoiIm. EH$hr ‘mgm gñVZ àmUr Zmhr.
åhUyZ H$mhr ‘mgo Ja‘ aŠVmMo AmhoV.
(1) gd© ^maVr` gwYmaH$ AmhoV. (11) H$mhr njr Hw$ê$n ZgVmV.
gd© gwYmaH$ eya AmhoV. H$moUVohr njr a§J~oa§Jr ZmhrV.
åhUyZ gd© eya ì`ŠVr ^maVr` AmhoV. åhUyZ H$moUVrhr a§Jr~oa§Jr dñVy Hw$ê$n ZgVo.
(2) H$mhr MwH$sÀ`m JmoîQ>r {eH$Ê`m`mo½` ZmhrV. (12) H$mhr g‘W©H$ {ZH¥$îQ> {ZU©` XoVmV.
gd© JUZm MwH$sÀ`m AmhoV. Oo H$moUr {ZH¥$îQ> {ZU©` XoVmV Vo gd© dma§dma
åhUyZ H$moUVrhr JUZm {eH$Ê`m`mo½` Zmhr.
(3) H$mhr XÿaXe©Z dm{hݶm ‘m{hVrnyU© ~mVå`m XoVmV. MwH$VmV.
H$moUVrhr ‘m{gHo$ ‘m{hVrnyU© ~mVå`m XoV ZmhrV. Oo dma§dma MwH$VmV Vo H$moUrhr `mo½`VoMo ZgVmV.
åhUyZ H$moUVohr ‘m{gH$ XÿaXe©Z dm{hZr Zmhr. åhUyZ H$mhr g‘W©H$ `mo½`VoMo ZgVmV.
(4) H$moUË`mhr IoimSy>bm à{ejU {Xbo OmV Zmhr. (13) H$moUVmhr Hw§$^H$ma boImnmb Zmhr.
H$mhr A{^ZoVo IoimSy> ZmhrV. H$mhr H$bmH$ma Hw§$^H$ma AmhoV.
åhUyZ H$mhr A{^ZoË`m§Zm à{ejU {Xbo OmV åhUyZ H$mhr H$bmH$ma boImnmb AmhoV.
(14) gd© dVw©io ^y{‘Vr` AmH¥$Vr AmhoV.
Zmhr. gd© {ÌH$moU ^y{‘Vr` AmH¥$Vr AmhoV.
(5) nmUr Ðd nXmW© Amho. åhUyZ gd© dVw©io Mm¡H$moZ AmhoV.
~’©$ nmUr Amho. (15) OrdZmMm eodQ> hr OrdZmMr n[anyU©Vm AgVo.
åhUyZ ~’©$ Ðd nXmW© Amho. ‘¥Ë¶y hm OrdZmMm eodQ> Amho.
(6) gd© IoimSy> CËV‘[a˶m à{e{jV AmhoV. åhUyZ ‘¥Ë¶y OrdZmMr n[anyU©Vm Amho.
H$moUVmhr Amier ì`ŠVr IoimSy> ZgVo. (16) H$moUVmhr `wamo{n`Z H¥$îUdUu¶ Zmhr.
åhUyZ H$mhr Amier ì`ŠVr CËV‘[aË`m à{e{jV H$moUVmhr `wamo{n`Z ~wQ>H$m Zmhr.
åhUyZ H$mhr H¥$îUdUu¶ ‘mUgo ~wQ>H$s ZmhrV.
ZgVmV. (17) gd© ^maVr` X`miy AmhoV.
(7) H$mhr Ðmjo JmoS> ZgVmV. gd© lr‘§V bmoH$ X`miy ZmhrV.
H$moUVohr Am§~o JmoS> ZgVmV. åhUyZ gd© lr‘§V bmoH$ ^maVr` AmhoV.
åhUyZ H$mhr Am§~o Ðmjo ZmhrV. (18) gd© VËËdk gwk AgVmV.
(8) H$mhr àmUr C§M AmhoV. H$moUVmhr gm‘mÝ` ‘mUyg VËËdk ZgVmo.
H$moUVmhr ‘mUyg C§M Zmhr. åhUyZ H$moUVmhr gm‘mÝ` ‘mUyg gwk ZgVmo.
åhUyZ H$mhr ‘mUgo àmUr ZmhrV.
(9) gd© bmH$S>r dñVy a§J{dboë`m AmhoV.
H$mhr ImoH$s bmH$S>r AmhoV.
åhUyZ gd© ImoH$s a§J{dbobr AmhoV.

68

(19) gd© ‘mgo gmJar àmUr AmhoV. (25) gd© ‘mZd {ddoH$s AgVmV.
gd© ‘mgo nmohVmV. EH$hr ‘wI© {ddoH$s ZgVmo.
åhUyZ Oo H$moUr nmohUmao AmhoV Vo gd© gmJar àmUr H$mhr àmUr {ddoH$s AgVmV.
åhUyZ H$mhr ‘mZd àmUr AgVmV.
AmhoV. (26) gd© H$îQ>H$è`m§Zm doVZ {Xbo OmVo.
(20) H$mhr g§Ìr Am§~Q> AmhoV. H$mhr H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm doVZ {Xbo OmV Zmhr.
H$mhr g§Ìr {nH$bobo ZmhrV. åhUyZ H$moUVmhr H$‘©Mmar H$îQ>H$mar ZgVmo.
åhUyZ H$moUVrhr {nH$bobr dñVy Am§~Q> ZgVo. (27) H$moUVmhr ^maVr` A‘o[aH$Z Zmhr.
(21) H$mhr nÌH$ma AMyH$ ~mVå`m XoVmV. H$moUVmhr A‘o[aH$Z a{e`Z Zmhr.
gd© nÌH$ma {Z…njnmVr AgVmV. åhUyZ H$moUVmhr ^maVr` a{e`Z Zmhr.
EH$hr {Z…njnmVr ì`ŠVr AMyH$ ~mVå`m XoD$ (28) gd© ^maVr` ~wX²YrOrdr AmhoV.
H$mhr ^maVr` gm°âQ>doAa B§{O{ZAa ZmhrV.
eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ gd© gm°âQ>doAa B§{O{ZAa ~wX²YrOrdr
åhUyZ H$mhr nÌH$ma {Z…njnmVr ZgVmV.
(22) gd© ‘m§Oao O§Jbr AmhoV. AmhoV.
H$moUVohr Hw$Ìo O§Jbr ZmhrV. (29) H$moUVmhr {Zarja nXdrYa Zmhr.
åhUyZ gd© ‘m§Oao Hw$Ìo AmhoV. H$mhr nXdrYa {ejH$ ZmhrV.
(23) gd© Ioi ‘Zmoa§OH$ AgVmV. åhUyZ H$mhr {Zarja {ejH$ ZmhrV.
H$mhr Ioi AmZ§XXm`H$ ZgVmV. (30) gd© ‘mUgo ~wX²Yr‘mZ AmhoV.
åhUyZ H$mhr AmZ§XXm`H$ JmoîQ>r ‘Zmoa§OH$ ZgVmV. gd© ~wX²Yr‘mZ Zída AmhoV.
(24) H$mhr Ioi ‘Zmoa§OH$ ZgVmV. gd© Zídam§Zm OrdZ AgVo.
H$mhr Ioi AmìhmUmË‘H$ AgVmV. åhUyZ gd© ‘mUgm§Zm OrdZ AgVo.
åhUyZ à˶oH$ AmìhmZmË‘H$ JmoîQ>r ‘Zmoa§OH$

AgVmV.

vvv

69

6 {dJ‘ZmMo AmYma (Grounds of Induction)

Vwåhmbm ‘mhrV Amho H$m¶ ....
l AdbmoH$Z Am{U {ZarjU ¶mV ’$aH$ Amho.
l {ZarjUmgmR>r à{ejU Amdí¶H$ Amho.
l {dkmZmV Ago à¶moJ g‘m{dîQ> AgVmV H$s, Á¶mMr nwZamd¥ËVr BVam§H$Sy>Z hmoD$ eH$Vo.

àñVmdZm … (2) H$maUVoMo / H$m¶©H$maU^mdmMo VËËd …

{dídmMo ñdén g‘OyZ KoUo ho d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMo ho Ago à{VnmXZ H$aVo H$s, {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm
ܶo¶ Amho. Ooìhm EImXm d¡km{ZH$ {ZgJm©Mo {ZarjU H$m¶©H$maU^mdmZo OmoS>ë¶m OmVmV Am{U hm H$m¶©H$maU
H$aVmo Voìhm ˶mbm H$mhr KQ>Zm ñnîQ> g‘OVmV. Va H$mhr g§~§Y A{Zdm¶© AgVmo. åhUOoM g‘mZ H$maU Zoh‘rM
KQ>Zm g‘OV ZmhrV. {d{dY {Z¶‘ emoYyZ Am{U CnnËVr g‘mZ n[aUm‘mg H$maUr^yV R>aVo.
dm {gX²Ym§V ‘m§Sy>Z Vo ¶m g‘ñ¶oMo {ZamH$maU H$aVmV.
{dkmZmVrb {Z¶‘ {dJ‘ZmX²dmao àñWm{nV Ho$bo OmVmV. åhUyZ ¶m XmoZ VËËdm§À¶m AmYmao d¡J‘{ZH$ PonoMo
Oo {Zar{jV KQ>Zm§déZ {ZarjU Z Ho$boë¶m KQ>Zm§H$S>o, g‘W©Z Ho$bo OmVo.
kmVmH$Sy>Z AkmVmH$S>o, {OWo nwamdo H$mhr KQ>Zm§~X²Xb
AgVmV. ‘mÌ {ZîH$f© gd© KQ>Zm§~m~V AgVmo. Aem (~) {dJ‘ZmMo dmñV{dH$ AmYma …
H$mhr§H$Sy>Z gdmªH$S>o OmUmè¶m Ponobm/ CS>rbm
"d¡J‘{ZH$ Pon' åhUVmV. ¶m‘wio ¶wp³VdmXmMm {ZîH$f© {dkmZmV {dJ‘ZmMo CX²{XîQ> {d{eîQ> dñVwpñWVrÀ¶m
g§^mì¶ R>aVmo. ˶m‘wioM d¡J‘{ZH$ PonoMo g‘W©Z H$aUo AmYmao {Z¶‘ qH$dm {gX²Ym§Vm (CnnËVr) n¶ªV nmohmoMUo
JaOoMo Amho. ho AgVo. {dkmZmMm CX²Xoe {Z¶‘m§Mo ^m¡{VH$ qH$dm
AZw^dOݶ g˶ ñWm{nV H$aUo hm Amho. ¶mgmR>r Vm{ËËdH$
d¡J‘{ZH$ Pon XmoZ A{YîR>mZmda AmYm[aV AgVo. /AmH$m[aH$ AmYma nwaogo ZmhrV. AZw^dm{YîR>rV {Z¶‘m§Mo
Vo åhUOo {dJ‘ZmMo Vm{ËËdH$ qH$dm AmH$m[aH$ AmYma ^m¡{VH$ g˶ àñWm{nV H$aUo XoIrb Amdí¶H$ AgVo,
Am{U dmñV{dH$ AmYma hmoV. ho {ZarjU Am{U à¶moJ ¶m§À¶m nXYVrX²dmao Ho$bo OmVo.
åhUyZ ¶m nX²YVtZm {dJ‘ZmMo dmñV{dH$ AmYma åhQ>bo
(A) {dJ‘ZmMo Vm{ËËdH$ / AmH$m[aH$ AmYma … OmVo. Vo d¡km{ZH$m§Zm Mm¡H$ergmR>r àma§{^H$ ‘m{hVr /
‘yb^yV J¥{hVHo$ àXmZ H$aVmV.
{ZgJm©À¶m g‘énVoMo VËËd Am{U H$maUVoMo
/ H$m¶©H$maU^mdmMo VËËd ho {dJ‘ZmMo Vm{ËËdH$ / 6.1 {ZarjU (Observation)
AmH$m[aH$ AmYma hmoV.
{ZarjU hm eãX XmoZ J«rH$ eãXm§nmgyZ ~Zbm
(1) {ZgJm©À¶m g‘énVoMo VËËd … Amho."Am°~' (Ob) åhUOo "À¶m AmYr' Am{U 'gìh©a'
‘server’ åhUOo "R>odUo'. ¶mdéZ {ZarjUmMm eãXe…
ho Ago à{VnmXZ H$aVo H$s, {ZgJm©V EH$ ì¶dñWm AW© "‘Zmg‘moa EImXr dñVy R>odUo' Agm hmoVmo.
AgVo. Oo EH$Xm KS>Vo Vo g‘mZ n[apñWVrV Zoh‘r KS>ob;
˶m‘wio ¶m VËËdmÀ¶m AmYmao "Oo H$mhtÀ¶m ~m~VrV g˶ Amnë¶m n§MkmZ|{жm§À¶mX²dmao AmnU
AgV Vo ˶m dJm©Vrb gdmªÀ¶m ~m~VrV g˶ AgVo.' g^modVmbÀ¶m {dídmMo kmZ àmßV H$aVmo. Ooìhm EImXr
Agm g‘W©{Z¶ ¶wp³VdmX Ho$bm OmVmo. 춳Vr g^modVmbr nmhVo Voìhm {Vbm AZoH$ dñVy

70

Am{U ˶m§Mr JwUd¡{eîQ>ço {XgVmV. ho AdbmoH$Z hmo¶. {Vbm H$mhr / {d{eîQ> dmgmMr OmUrd hmoVo, EImXr
AdbmoH$Z åhUOo Amnë¶mbm {XgUmè¶m ‘yV© dñVy Am{U 춳Vr {d{dY àH$maMo AmdmO EoH$Vo nU ho {ZarjU
KQ>Zm ¶m§Mr OmUrd hmoUo hmo¶. AdbmoH$ZmV H$moUVmhr ZgVo. Vo Ho$di AdbmoH$Z AgVo.
{ZpíMV hoVy ZgVmo Am{U ho OmUrdnyd©H$ {ZdS>bobohr
ZgVo. ¶m d¡{eîQ>çm‘wio AdbmoH$Z ho {ZarjUmnojm doJio {ZarjU åhUOo {d{eîQ> hoVy R>odyZ OmUrdnyd©H$
R>aVo. {ZdS>boë¶m KQ>Zm§Mo AdbmoH$Z hmo¶. à˶oH$ {ZarjU
AdbmoH$Z AgVo na§Vy à˶oH$ AdbmoH$Z {ZarjU ZgVo.
CXmhaUmW© …Ooìhm EImXr 춳Vr agm¶ZemñÌmÀ¶m {ZarjU ho AdbmoH$Zmnojm doJio AgyZ Vo hoVynwañga
à¶moJemioÀ¶m ~mOyZo EH$m H$m°[aS>m°aOdiyZ OmVo Voìhm Am{U {ZdS>H$ AgVo.

6.2 {ZarjU Am{U AdbmoH$Z ¶mVrb ’$aH$ …

{ZarjU AdbmoH$Z
(1) ho ghoVyH$ AgVo. (1) ho H$moU˶mhr hoVy{edm¶ AgVo.
(2) ¶mV KQ>Zm§À¶m {ZdS>rMm g‘mdoe AgVmo. (2) ¶mV KQ>Zm§Mr {ZdS> ZgVo.
(3) {ZarjU Ho$boë¶m à˶oH$ JmoîQ>rMo AdbmoH$Z hmoVo. (3) AdbmoH$Z Ho$bobr à˶oH$ JmoîQ> {ZarjU

ZgVo.

6.3 {ZarjUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço Á¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ gy{MV Ho$bobr {gX²YmÝVH$ënZm àñWm{nV
H$aʶmgmR>r qH$dm {VMo dO©Z H$aʶmgmR>r hmoVmo.
{ZarjU ho gm‘mݶ ‘mUyg VgoM emñÌk XmoKohr
H$aVmV. ‘mÌ {dkmZmVrb {ZarjU ho gwì¶dpñWV AgVo. (3) {ZarjUmV KQ>ZoÀ¶m ‘hËËdnyU© A§Jm§Mr qH$dm
d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMo Vo A{YîR>mZ AgVo. n¡by§Mr {ZdS> AgVo …

{ZarjUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà‘mUo gm§JVm ¶oVrb. KQ>Zm ¶m Ag§»¶> Am{U Jw§VmJw§VrÀ¶m AgVmV.
H$moU˶mhr KQ>Zog AZoH$ n¡by AgVmV. ¶m gd© n¡by§Mo
(1) {ZarjU ghoVyH$ AgVo. {ZarjU H$aUo JaOoMohr ZgVo qH$dm e³¶hr ZgVo.
åhUyZM {ZarjH$ ’$³V KQ>ZoÀ¶m ‘hËËdnyU© n¡by§H$S>oM
Ooìhm d¡km{ZH$ {ZgJ© KQ>Zm§Mo {ZarjU H$aVmo bj XoVmV Oo {gX²YmÝVH$ënoZoer g§~§{YV AgVmV.
Voìhm hoVy§{df¶r ñnîQ>Vm AgVo. {ZarjUmMm à‘wI hoVy
‘m{hVrMo g§H$bZ H$éZ ˶mAmYmao EImXr CnnËVr {gX²Y CXmhaUmW© … Ooìhm S>m°³Q>a EImXçm é½Umbm
H$aUo AWdm ZmH$maUo hm AgVo åhUyZM Vo hoVynyañga VnmgVmV Voìhm ˶mMm a³VXm~, Vmn‘mZ, öX¶mMo R>moHo$
AgVo. CXmhaUmW© … ZonÀ¶yZ J«hmMm emoY. B˶mXtMo {ZarjU H$aVmV. H$maU é½UmÀ¶m Amamo½¶mÀ¶m
ÑîQ>rZo Vo ‘hËËdmMo n¡by AgVmV. é½UmMo ZmVodmB©H$ d
(2) {ZarjUmV ‘hËËdnyU© KQ>Zm§Mr {ZdS> AgVo … {‘Ì ¶m§Zm XoIrb é½UmÀ¶m Amamo½¶mMr qMVm dmQ>Vo ‘mÌ
Vo ¶m n¡by§Mo {ZarjU H$arV ZmhrV. åhUyZ KQ>Zm(é½U)
{ZarjU {ZdS>H$ AgVo. KQ>Zm§Mr {ZdS> hr EH$M Agbr Var ˶m KQ>ZoMr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© A§Jo à˶oH$
{ZarjH$mÀ¶m hoVyda {ZYm©[aV AgVo. {dídmVrb AJ{UV {ZarjH$mZwgma {^ÝZ Agy eH$VmV.
KQ>Zm§VyZ d¡km{ZH$ Ho$di AemM KQ>Zm§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmV
H$s Oo Aä¶mgm§VJ©V ¶oUmè¶m g‘ñ¶oer {ZJS>rV AgVmV.
Vo AemM ‘hËËdnyU© KQ>Zm§Mo {ZarjU H$aVmV H$s

71

(4) {ZarjH$mZo KQ>ZoÀ¶m ^«‘mË‘H$ n¡by§H$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo 6.4 ¶w³V {ZarjUmÀ¶m AQ>r …
nm{hOo …
Amnbr kmZ|{жo KQ>Zm§À¶m {ZarjUmMr gmYZo d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmV ¶w³V/ C{MV {ZarjU ho
‘hËËdmMo AgVo. MwH$sÀ¶m {ZarjUm‘wio {dkmZmV MwH$sMo
AmhoV. {H$˶oH$Xm Amnbr kmZ|{жo Amnë¶mbm ’$g{dVmV {ZîH$f© {Zînm{XV hmoʶmMr e³¶Vm AgVo. åhUyZ C{MV
Am{U Amnë¶mbm ^«‘mMm AZw^d ¶oVmo. {ZarjUmÀ¶m AQ>r ‘mhrV AgUo Amdí¶H$ AmhoV. ˶m
nwT>rbà‘mUo gm§JVm ¶oVrb.
CXmhaUmW© … Ooìhm EImXr H$mR>r nmʶmV ~wS>{dbr
AgVm Vr dmH$S>r {XgVo. hm AZw^d KQ>ZoMm ^«‘mË‘H$ (1) ‘mZ{gH$ AdñWm d ~m¡X²{YH$ pñWVr …
n¡by Amho Am{U EImXçmZo ˶mH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo nm{hOo.
Ogo gy¶©{H$aUmÀ¶m AndV©Zm‘wio S>moiçm§Zm hmoUmam {ZarjH$mg {Okmgm Am{U kmZmMr AmoT> AgUo
(dH«$s^dZmMm) ^«‘ Amho. ˶m‘wio {ZarjUmXaå¶mZ Amdí¶H$ Amho. {ZarjU H$aʶmgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ hm
¶mH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo nm{hOo. ‘mZ{gH$ÑîQ>çm gmdY, AdYmZH|${ÐV, gH«$s¶ Am{U
nyd©J«hm§nmgyZ A{bßV, {Z…njnmVr Agbm nm{hOo.
(5) {ZarjUmV CnH$aUm§Mm dmna … Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm g‘OyZ KoʶmgmR>r Am{U ñnîQ> H$aʶmgmR>r
{ZarjU Amnë¶m kmZ|{жm§da Adb§~yZ AgVo na§Vw d¡km{ZH$mH$S>o ~m¡X²{YH$ j‘Vm AgUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.
nyd©J«h Q>miʶmgmR>r {ZarjH$mZo gd© KQ>Zm§Mo {ZarjU Ho$bo
kmZ|{жm§Mr j‘Vm ‘¶m©{XV Amho. ˶m‘wio kmZ|{жm§Mr nm{hOo Am{U g˶ KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|X XoIrb Ho$br nm{hOo.
‘¶m©Xm dmT>{dʶmgmR>r AZoH$ CnH$aUm§Mm dmna {dkmZmV ‘J ˶m ‘hËËdmMm AgmoV qH$dm ZgmoV. nyd©J«hXy{fV
Ho$bm OmVmo. {ZarjU Q>miʶmMm Xþgam ‘mJ© åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$ narjU
j‘VoMr H$gmoQ>r hmo¶. Á¶mV EH$m d¡km{ZH$mZo Ho$boë¶m
CXmhaUmW© … Xþ~uU, gyú‘Xe©H$ ¶§Ì, gmoZmoJ«m’$s, {ZarjUmMr VnmgUr Xþgam d¡km{ZH$ H$aVmo qH$dm
j {H$aU B˶mXr. EImXm A{YH$ {ZarjU H$ê$ eH$Vmo. ¶mMm AW©, EH$m
d¡km{ZH$mÀ¶m {ZarjUmMr Zm|X BVa d¡km{ZH$m§Zm VnmgVm
Am{U nS>VmiVm ¶oVo qH$dm EImXr 춳Vr AmUIr H$mhr
{ZarjUo H$é eH$Vo. Á¶m narpñWVrV {ZarjU H$aUo
e³¶ Amho ˶m AZwHy$b n[apñWVrMr dmQ> nmhʶmgmR>r
d¡km{ZH$m§Zm Iwë¶m ‘ZmMm d g§¶‘erb Agbm nm{hOo.

(2) kmZ|{жm§Mr Am{U CnH$aUm§Mr ‘¶m©Xm …

Oa kmZ|{жo gXmof AgVrb Va EImXr 춳Vr
{ZarjU ¶mo½¶ àH$mao H$é eH$Uma Zmhr Am{U Aem
{ZarjUmdéZ àmßV Ho$bobo {ZîH$f© XoIrb {dídmgmh©
ZgVrb. ¶m H$aVm kmZ|{жo {ZamoJr hdrV. kmZ|{жm§Mr
AdbmoH$Z j‘Vm ‘¶m©{XV AgVo. EImXr 춳Vr EImXçm
dñVyMo AmH$bZ ñnîQ>nUo H$é eH$V Zmhr Ooìhm Vr dñVy
Iyn Xÿa Agob Ogo, J«h. Iyn gwú‘ H$U, Ogo nmʶmVrb
OrdmUy. Aem n[apñWVrV à^mdr d¡km{ZH$ CnH$aUm§Mm
dmna H$aUo Amdí¶H$ d A˶§V ‘mobmMo R>aVo. {dkmZmV
dmnaʶmV ¶oUmè¶m à^mdr CnH$aUm§ZmgwX²Ym H$mhr ‘¶m©Xm

72

nS>VmV. åhUyZ {ZarjU H$aVmZm d¡km{ZH$m§Zr kmZ|{жm§Mr (4) {ZarjU V§ÌmMo à{ejU …
d CnH$aUm§Mr ‘¶m©Xm J¥hrV Yabr nm{hOo.
(3) ~mhçn[apñWVr … d¡km{ZH$ VnmgmV ¶w³V qH$dm AMyH$ [ZarjU
hr A{Zdm¶© AQ> ‘mZbr OmVo. ¶w³V {ZarjUmgmR>r
d¡km{ZH$m§Zr {ZarjUmXaå¶mZ gd© e³¶ d¡km{ZH$mbm {ZarjU V§ÌmÀ¶m à{ejUmMr Amdí¶H$Vm
Agboë¶m ~mhçn[apñWVr {dMmamV KoVë¶m nm{hOoV. AgVo.
~mhçn[apñWVrMm qH$dm n¶m©daUmMm n[aUm‘ KQ>ZoÀ¶m
{ZarjUmda hmoD$ eH$Vmo. à{ejU d¡km{ZH$m§Zm nwT>rb ‘mJmªZr ‘XV H$aVo.

CXmhaUmW© … W§S>rÀ¶m F$VyV Am˶§{VH$ Yw³¶m‘wio (A) {ZarjH$mbm H$m¶ {ZarjU H$amdo, Ho$ìhm H$amdo,
AmnU añVm nmhÿ eH$V Zmhr. H$moR>o H$amdo Am{U H$go H$amdo ho OmUyZ Koʶmg
‘XV hmoVo.
Oa {ZarjH$mbm ~mhç n[apñWVrMr OmUrd Agob
˶mMm {ZarjUmdarb {VMm n[aUm‘ VnmgVm Ambm Va (~) d¡km{ZH$ CnH$aUo H$moUVr, Ho$ìhm Am{U H$er
Va Vo {ZarjU AMyH$ R>aVo. dmnamdrV ho g‘OVo.

6.5 {ZarjUmMo Xmof …

AMyH$ d H$mQ>oH$moa {ZarjU hr d¡km{ZH$
g§emoYZmÀ¶m ¶emMr Jwé{H$ëbr Amho. ¶w³V {ZarjUmÀ¶m
AQ>r Oa nyU© Pmë¶m ZmhrV Va ˶mMm n[aUm‘ gXmof
{ZarjUmV hmoVmo.

{ZarjUmMo Xmof

↓

Z-{ZarjU / A-{ZarjU An{ZarjU / Xþ{Z©arjU

KQ>H$m§H$S>o Xþb©j A{Zdm¶© AQ>tH$S>o Xþb©j

{ZarjUmVrb Xmof àm‘w»¶mZo XmoZ àH$maMo AgVmV. (1) KQ>Zm§H$S>o Xþb©j Pmë¶m‘wio hmoUmam Z-{ZarjU
Xmof …
(1) Z-{ZarjU qH$dm A-{ZarjU (Non-
g§emoYZmÀ¶m gwg§JV Aem KQ>H$m§H$S>o {ZarjH$
observation) OmUVonUmZo qH$dm AOmUVonUmZo Xþb©j H$aVmo Voìhm hm
VH©$Xmof KS>Vmo. KQ>H$m§H$S>o Xþb©j {d{dY H$maUm§‘wio hmoD$
(2) An{ZarjU qH$dm Xþ{Z©arjU (Mal-observation) eH$Vo.

(A) Z-{ZarjU Xmof qH$dm A-{ZarjU Xmof …

{ZarjH$mZo {ZarjUmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ AgUmè¶m
gwg§JV d g‘n©H$ KQ>Zm§H$S>o dm KQ>Zm§À¶m A§Jm§H$S>o Xþb©j
Ho$bo Va Z-{ZarjUmMm VH©$Xmof KS>Vmo. hm Xmof XmoZ
àH$mao CX²^dy eH$Vmo.

73

(i) à{VHy$b ^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVr‘wio. hmo¶. WmoS>³¶mV hm Xmof åhUOo EH$m JmoîQ>rbm XþgarM
JmoîQ> g‘OUo hmo¶.
CXmhaUmW© … gy¶©J«hUmÀ¶m doir gy¶m©Mo
Z-{ZarjU. CXmhaUmW© … Xmoarbm gmn g‘OUo.

An{ZarjU Imbrb H$maUm§Zr KSy>Z ¶oVo …

(1) à{VHy$b ^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVr …

CXmhaUmW© … dmid§Q>mV ‘¥JOimMo AdbmoH$Z
hmoUo, OoWo dmiybm nmUr g‘Obo OmVo.

(ii) AZw^dmMr ì¶mßVr ‘¶m©{XV Agë¶m‘wio.

CXmhaUmW© … ‘Zwî¶ gw‘mao 20 hQ>©²PÀ¶m loUrImbMo
AmdmO EoHy$ eH$V Zmhr, Oo dQ>dmKio EoHy$ eH$VmV.

(iii) nyd©J«hXy{fV ÑîQ>rH$moZm‘wio …

Amnë¶m AmdS>rÀ¶m KQ>Zobm ‘hËËd XoUo d ˶mMm (2) {ZarjH$mMm AZw^dmMm A^md …
{dMma H$aUo Am{U Á¶m KQ>Zm Amnë¶m AmdS>rÀ¶m
ZmhrV ˶mH$S>o Xþb©j H$aUo hr ‘mUgmMr àd¥ËVr Amho. Oa {ZarjH$ AZw^dr Zgob Va B§{жg§doXZmMm
MwH$sMm AW© bmdbm OmVmo.
(2) A{Zdm¶© AQ>tH$S>o Xþb©j Pmë¶m‘wio hmoUmam
Z-{ZarjU Xmof … CXmhaUmW© … EH$ ~mbH$ AmaemVë¶m ñdV…À¶m
à{V‘ogh AmUIrZ EH$ ~mbH$ Amho Ago g‘OyZ IoiV
KQ>Zm KS>ʶmgmR>r O~m~Xma Agbobo A{Zdm¶© AgVo. Am{U AZw^dmÀ¶m A^mdm‘wio Vo ~mbH$ à˶j
KQ>H$ Am{U AQ>tH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$ë¶m‘wio hm Xmof KS>Vmo. 춳Vr Am{U {VMo à{Vq~~ ¶mV ’$aH$ H$é eH$V Zmhr.
A{Zdm¶© AQ>tEodOr H$mhr AZmdí¶H$ AàñVwV n[apñWVr
KQ>ZoMo H$maU åhUyZ ‘mZbo OmVo.

CXmhaUmW© … {S>½~rMr qgnWoQ>rH$ nmdS>a. gVamì¶m (3) {ZarjH$mMr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ‘mZ{gH$ AdñWm …
eVH$mV {S>½~rÀ¶m qgnWoQ>rH$ nmdS>aZo gdmªMo bj
doYbo. Á¶mdoir EImXr 춳Vr OI‘r hmoVo Voìhm {VMr {ZarjH$mÀ¶m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ‘mZ{gH$ AdñWo‘wio
OI‘ ñdÀN> R>odʶmgmR>r MmHy$bm qH$dm Vbdmarbm Xo{Ib B§{ж g§doXZmMm MwH$sMm AW© bmdbm OmVmo.
nmdS>a bmdʶmÀ¶m gyMZm {Xë¶m. ¶m‘yio OI‘ ~ar
Pmë¶mMo AmT>iyZ Ambo. ¶mdéZ bmoH$m§Zm Agm {dídmg CXmhaUmW© … EImXr 춳Vr ^¶nQ> nmhÿZ Pmë¶mda
dmQ>bm H$s hr nmdS>a MmHy$ qH$dm Vbdmarbm bmdë¶mZo ‘ܶamÌr Ooìhm CR>Vo Voìhm {Vbm A§Ymè¶m ImobrV
OI‘ ~ar hmoVo nU ˶m‘mJrb Iao H$maU, "OI‘ ñdÀN> Q>m§Jbobm nm§T>am gXam ^rVr‘wio ^yV Agë¶mMo dmQ>ob.
R>odUo' ho hmoVo, Oo Xþb©{jV am{hbo.
6.6 à¶moJ …
(~) An{ZarjU qH$dm Xþ{Z©arjUmMm Xmof …
à¶moJ hm XIo rb {dJ‘ZmMo dmñV{dH$ A{YîR>mZ
B§{ж g§doXZmMm MwH$sMm AW© bmdʶmVyZ / AmYma hm¶o . "ge§ moYH$mZo {Z¶{§ ÌV n[apñWVrV H$o bbo o
An{ZarjU KS>Vo. ¶m {ZarjUmV KQ>ZoMo {ZarjU
^bVoM Ho$bo OmVo. hm B§{ж^«‘m‘wio hmoUmam VH©$Xmof

74

{ZarjU åhUOMo à¶moJ hmo¶.' {ZarjUm‘ܶo Z¡g{J©H$nUo CXmhaUmW© … à˶oH$ gm~UmMr MmMUr H$aVodoir,
KS>Umè¶m KQ>Zm§Mo {ZarjU H$o bo OmV.o KQ>Zm ’$³V EH$XmM AñdÀN>Vm {H$Vr am{hbr ¶mMohr ‘moO‘mn Ho$bo OmB©b.
KS>VmZm nm{hbr OmD$ eH$V.o H$maU Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVrda à¶moJmÀ¶m doir {OVH$s AñdÀN>Vm amhrb Vo naV§Ì
Amnbo {Z¶§ÌU ZgV.o åhUyZM ge§ moYH$ Aem JmoîQ>tMo n[ad˶© hmo¶.
{ZarjU H$aUo ng§V H$aVmo H$s, OWo o n[apñWVrda ˶mMo
{Z¶Ì§ U AgVo. {ZarjUmVZy AmnUmg ‘m{hVr {‘iV.o (iii) g‘n©H$ / {Z¶§{ÌV n[ad˶© …
naV§ y KQ>ZMo m gn§ yU© Aä¶mg H$aʶmgmR>r Vr Zho ‘rM naw eo r
ZgVo åhUZy d¡km{ZH$ à¶mJo H$aVmV. à¶mJo H$¥ {Ì‘[a˶m à¶moJH$Vm© gwg§JV qH$dm {Z¶§{ÌV KQ>H$m§Zm pñWa
V¶ma H$o boë¶m Am{U g§emYo H$mX§ ²dmao {Z¶§ÌrV Ho$boë¶m R>odVmo. g‘n©H$ qH$dm {Z¶§{ÌV n[ad˶© åhUOo Á¶m‘ܶo
n[apñWVrV H$o bo OmUmao gúy ‘, H$miOrndy ©H$ d gyg~§ X²Y naV§Ì n[ad˶m©g à^m{dV H$aʶmMr j‘Vm AgVo.
(nX²YVrera){ZarjU Amh.o g‘n©H$ n[ad˶© à¶moJmÀ¶m {ZîH$fm©da n[aUm‘ H$é
eH$Vo.

6.7 à¶moJmMo ñdén … CXmhaUmW© … gm~UmÀ¶m àH$mamì¶{V[a³V BVa
g§~§{YV n[ad˶} AmhoV Vr gwX²Ym AñdÀN>Vm (‘i)
à¶moJ EH$m {ZpíMV hoVyZo Ho$bm OmVmo. H$moU˶mhr H$mT>ʶmg à^m{dV R>é eH$VmV. Omo n¶ªV hr n[ad˶}
à¶moJmMm hoVy EH$m KQ>H$mVrb ~XbmMm (n[ad˶©) Xþgè¶m (Mbo) {Z¶§{ÌV hmoV ZmhrV Vmon¶ªV {ZîH$f© AMyH$ hmoV
KQ>H$mda (n[ad˶m©da) H$m¶ n[aUm‘ hmoVmo ¶mMm emoY Zmhr. åhUyZ à¶moJH$˶m©Zo nmʶmMo à‘mU, nmʶmMo
KoUo hm AgVmo. Vmn‘mZ, Ywʶmg Kmb{dbobm doi, gm~U, H$nS>çmdarb
‘imMo à‘mU B˶mXr gd© g§~§{YV qH$dm {Z¶§{ÌV n[ad˶m©V
n[ad˶© hm KQ>H$ n[adV©{Z¶ AgVmo. VrZ àH$maMr gmV˶ R>odUo Am{U ñdV§Ì n[ad˶m©Mo (gm~UmMo àH$ma)
n[ad˶©o (Mb) AmhoV. naV§Ì n[ad˶m©da (H$nS>çmVrb AñdÀN>Vm H$mTy>Z
(i) ñdV§Ì n[ad˶© Q>mH$Uo) hmoUmam n[aUm‘ nmhUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.
(ii) naV§Ì n[ad˶©
(iii) gwg§JV / {Z¶§{ÌV n[ad˶© 6.8 à¶moJmMr d¡{eîQ>ço …

(i) ñdV§Ì n[ad˶© …

ñdV§Ì n[ad˶© hm EH$ Agm KQ>H$ Amho Á¶mMm (1) à¶moJ OmUyZ~wOyZ (‘wX²Xm‘) Ho$bm OmVmo …
n[aUm‘ à¶moJH$˶m©g Aä¶mgʶmMr BÀN>m AgVo. BVa
AQ>r qH$dm KQ>H$m§Zm pñWa R>odyZ Ho$di ñdV§Ì n[ad˶m©‘ܶo à¶moJ hm V϶m§Mo g§H$bZ H$aʶmgmR>r, ˶mVrb
~Xb Ho$bm OmVmo (dmT>dbm OmVmo, H$‘r Ho$bm OmVmo, g§~§YmMm emoY KoʶmgmR>r qH$dm {gX²YmÝV H$ënZm
dJibm OmVmo) Am{U ˶mMm n[aUm‘ Aä¶mgbm OmVmo. VnmgʶmgmR>r OmUyZ~wOyZ (‘wX²Xm‘) Ho$bm OmVmo.

CXmhaUmW© … Oa EImXr 춳Vr H$moU˶m àH$maMm (2) à¶moJmV H¥${Ì‘ n[apñWVrMr ‘m§S>Ur Ho$br OmVo …
H$nS>çmMm gm~U A{YH$ AñdÀN>Vm Xÿa H$aVmo ho
VnmgʶmMm à¶ËZ H$arV Agë¶mg ˶mbm {d{dY Oa d¡km{ZH$m§Zm KQ>ZoÀ¶m doJdoJiçm n¡by§Mo {ZarjU
gm~Um§Mr MmMUr ¿¶mdr bmJob. {d{eîQ> àH$maMm H$miOrnyd©H$ H$am¶Mo Agob Va Vmo Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVrV
gm~U hm EH$ ñdV§Ì n[ad˶© Agob Am{U Ooìhm EImXm H$é eH$V Zmhr. H$maU ¶m KQ>Zo^modVr Ag§»¶ n[apñWVr
à¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo ˶mdoir ˶mMo ñdén ~XbV OmB©b. Koaë¶m Joboë¶m AgVmV Am{U ˶mgmo~V BVahr AZoH$
n[apñWVr AgVmV. ˶mVrb H$mhr Aàmg§{JH$ Am{U
(ii) naV§Ì n[ad˶© … AS>Wio {Z‘m©U H$aUmè¶m AgVmV. åhUyZ à¶moJH$Vm©
H¥${Ì‘ n[apñWVr V¶ma H$aVmo Á¶mV Vmo EH$m doir BVa
ñdV§Ì n[ad˶m©À¶m n[aUm‘mbm naV§Ì n[ad˶© g§~§{YV KQ>H$ pñWa R>oD$Z EH$mM KQ>H$mMo n[aUm‘ emoYy
åhUVmV. ho Ago n[ad˶© Amho H$s, Oo ñdV§Ì n[ad˶m©X²dmao eH$Vmo.
à^m{dV hmoVo.

75

CXmhaUmW© … hdoV ZmUo {ngmnojm doJmZo Imbr emoY KoʶmgmR>r à¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo åhUyZ Á¶m KQ>H$mÀ¶m
¶oVmZm {XgyZ ¶oVo. na§Vy dñVy Imbr nS>VmZm ˶mMm n[aUm‘mMm Aä¶mg H$amd¶mMm Amho ˶m KQ>H$m {edm¶
g§~§Y doJmer ZgVmo ho {gX²Y H$aʶmgmR>r d¡km{ZH$m§g BVa gd© g‘n©H$ KQ>H$m§Mo {Z¶§ÌU H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.
EH$ H¥${Ì‘ n[apñWVr V¶ma H$amdr bmJbr. ˶mgmR>r Z§Va ¶m KQ>H$m§‘ܶo H$‘r OmñV ~Xb H$éZ {ZpíMV
˶mZo "hdm' H$mTy>Z Q>mH$br Or EH$ Aàmg§{JH$ Am{U n[aUm‘mMm Aä¶mg H$aVm ¶oVmo.
AS>Wim AmUUmar AQ> hmoVr, {edm¶ EH$ nmoH$ir
{Z‘m©U H$aʶmV Ambr. ˶mZ§Va ZmUo Am{U nrg g‘mZ (4) à¶moJmMr nwZamd¥ËVr H$aVm ¶oVo …
doJmZo nmoH$irV nS>ë¶mMo AmT>ibo.
à¶moJH$Vm© à¶moJmMr nwZamd¥ËVr H$ê$ eH$Vmo,
(3) à¶moJmV n[apñWVrV gwì¶dpñWV ~Xb H$aVm H$maU à¶moJH$˶m©Mo KQ>Zoda {Z¶§ÌU AgVo. ho à¶moJmMo
¶oVmo … ‘hËËdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. à¶moJmÀ¶m {ZîH$fm©g nwîQ>r
XoʶmgmR>r H$moUrhr, H$moR>ohr, Ho$ìhmhr à¶moJmMr nwZamd¥ËVr
{d{eîQ> doir EImXçm KQ>H$mÀ¶m n[aUm‘mMm H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

6.9 {ZarjU Am{U à¶moJ ¶mVrb ’$aH$ …

{ZarjU à¶moJ

(1) {ZarjU åhUOo {d{eîQ> hoVy R>odyZ Om{Udnyd©H$ (1) g§emoYH$mZo {Z¶§{ÌV n[apñWVrV Ho$bobo {ZarjU
{ZdS>bobo KQ>Zm§Mo AdbmoH$Z hmo¶. åhUOo à¶moJ hmo¶.

(2) {ZarjU ho Z¡g{J©H$ AgVo. H$maU KQ>Zm (2) à¶moJ hm H¥${Ì‘ AgVmo H$maU Vmo H¥${Ì‘[a˶m
Z¡g{J©H$nUo KS>V AgVmZmM Ho$di ˶mMo C^maboë¶m Am{U à¶moJH$˶m©Zo {Z¶§{ÌV Ho$boë¶m
{ZarjU H$aVm ¶oVo. n[apñWVrV Ho$bm OmVmo, Á¶mV KQ>H$ ho
nwZ©{ZYm©arV d nyd©{Z¶mo{OV AgVmV.
(3) {ZarjUm‘ܶo {ZarjH$ hm {ZgJm©Mm Jwbm‘
AgVmo H$maU ˶mbm {ZgJm©g AZwgéZ (3) à¶moJmV à¶moJH$Vm© hm n[apñWVrMm {Z¶§ÌH$
dmJmdo bmJVo. AgVmo H$maU Vmo Amnë¶m BÀN>oZwgma d
gmo¶rZwgma à¶moJmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVmo.
(4) {ZarjUmV {ZarjH$ H$amUmH$Sy>Z H$m¶m©H$S>o d
H$m¶m©H$Sy>Z H$maUmH$S>o OmVmo. (4) à¶moJmV à¶moJH$Vm© Ho$di H$maUmH$Sy>Z
H$m¶m©H$S>o OmVmo.
(5) {ZarjUmMr ì¶mßVr à¶moJmnojm A{YH$ ì¶mnH$
AgVo H$maU Vo gd© joÌmV H$aVm ¶oVo. H$maU (5) à¶moJmMr ì¶mßVr {ZarjUmnojm H$‘r ì¶mnH$
à¶moJm Xaå¶mZ à¶moJ H$aʶmnydu Am{U à¶moJmZ§Va AgVo H$maU H$mhrdoir à¶moJmMo Am¶moOZ
Ooìhm Z¡{VH$ ‘wX²XçmÀ¶m AmYmao à¶moJ H$aUo e³¶ e³¶ ZgVo.
ZgVo Aemdoir {ZîH$fm©Mr {ZpíMVr H$aʶmgmR>r
{ZarjUmdaM Adb§~yZ ahmdo bmJVo. (6) {ZîH$f© {ZpíMV H$aʶmgmR>r à¶moJmMr nwZamd¥ËVr
H$aVm ¶oVo. Vmo Ho$ìhmhr, H$moR>ohr à¶moJH$˶m©À¶m
(6) {ZarjUmMr nwZamd¥ËVr H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr H$maU gmo¶rZwgma H$aVm ¶oVmo.
{ZgJm©V VrM KQ>Zm ˶mM nX²YVrZo KS>V Zmhr.
(7) à¶moJmV à¶moJH$˶m©Mm nyd©J«h, d¡¶p³VH$
(7) {ZarjU ho ì¶p³V{ZîR> AgVo. H$maU {ZarjH$mMr ‘Vo B˶mXtZm H$‘r dmd AgVmo. à¶moJ>
d¥ËVr, lX²Ym Am{U nwd©J«hXy{fV ÑîQ>r ¶m§Zr dñVw{ZîR ñdénmMm Agë¶mMo åhQ>bo OmVo.
{ZarjU à^m{dV hmoD$ eH$Vo.

76

gmam§e
d¡km{ZH$ {dJ‘ZmË‘H$ ¶wp³VdmXm§Mm dmna gm‘mݶrH$aUo ({Z¶‘) VgoM {gX²Ym§V àñWmnZogmR>r H$aVmV.
{dJ‘ZmË‘H$ ¶wp³VdmXmV d¡J‘{ZH$ Pon AZwñ¶yV AgVo. {OMo g‘W©Z {ZgJm©À¶m g‘énVoMo VËËd Am{U
H$maUVoMo VËËd ¶m§À¶m AmYmao Ho$bo OmVo. ˶m§Zm {dJZ‘mMo Vm{ËËdH$ qH$dm AmH$m[aH$ AmYma åhQ>bo OmVo.
{dkmZmMo ܶo¶ gm‘mݶrH$aUmX²dmao AZw^dm{Y{îR>V g˶ àñWm{nV H$aUo ho AgVo Oo dmñV{dH$ AmYmam§X²dmao
{ZpíMV Ho$bo OmVo. {ZarjU Am{U à¶moJ hr {dkmZmMr V϶ g§H$bZmMr gmYZo AgyZ ˶m§Zm {dJ‘ZmMo dmñV{dH$
AmYma (A{YîR>mZ) åhUVmV.
{ZarjU ho AdbmoH$Zmnojm doJio AgVo. AdbmoH$Z åhUOo AZw^dmg ¶oUmè¶m dñVy§~X²XbMr ‘m{hVr qH$dm
OmUrd hmo¶. AdbmoH$ZmV {ZdS> ZgVo Vo Hw$R>ë¶mhr hoVyZo àoarV ZgVo. ¶mD$bQ> "{ZarjU ho {d{eîQ> hoVy R>odyZ
OmUrdnyd©H$ {ZdS>bobo KQ>Zm§Mo AdbmoH$Z hmo¶.'
{ZarjUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço …
(1) {ZarjU ghoVyH$ AgVo.
(2) {ZarjUmV ‘hËËdnyU© KQ>Zm§Mr {ZdS> AgVo.
(3) {ZarjUmV KQ>ZoÀ¶m ‘hËËdnyU© A§Jm§Mr qH$dm n¡by§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo.
(4) {ZarjUmV ^«‘mË‘H$ n¡by§H$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo OmVo.
(5) {ZarjUmV CnH$aUm§Mm dmna hmoVmo.
¶w³V {ZarjUmÀ¶m AQ>r …
(1) ‘mZ{gH$ AdñWm Am{U ~ m¡X²{YH$ pñWVr.
(2) kmZ|{жm§Mr Am{U CnH$aUm§Mr ‘¶m©Xm.
(3) ~mhç n[apñWVr.
(4) {ZarjU V§ÌmMo à{ejU.
{ZarjUmMo Xmof …
ho XmoZ àH$maMo AmhoV …
(1) Z -{ZarjU qH$dm A-{ZarjU Xmof

(A) KQ>H$m§H$S>o Xþb©j (~) A{Zdm¶© AQ>tH$S>o Xþb©j
(2) An{ZarjU qH$dm Xþ{Z©arjUmMm Xmof

77

à¶moJ …
à¶moJ hm H¥${Ì‘ Am{U g§emoYH$m§Zo {Z¶§{ÌV n[apñWVrV Ho$bo Jobobo gyú‘, H$miOrnyd©H$ d gyg§~X²Y (nX²YVera)
{ZarjU AgVo.
à¶moJmMr d¡{eîQ>ço …
(1) à¶moJ hm OmUyZ~wOyZ Ho$bm OmVmo.
(2) à¶moJmV H¥${Ì‘ n[apñWVrMr ‘m§S>Ur Ho$br OmVo.
(3) à¶moJmV n[apñWVrV gwì¶dpñWV ~Xb H$aVm ¶oVmo.

ñdmÜ`m`

à. 1. H§$gmVrb `mo½` eãX {ZdSy>Z [aH$må¶m OmJm (8) A‘bmV ¶oUmè¶m AQ>rH$S>o Xþb©j H$aUo åhUOo
^am. ......... hmo¶.

(1) {ZarjU Am{U à¶moJ ho {dJ‘ZmMo ......... (Z-{ZarjU / An{ZarjU)
AmYma AmhoV. (9) B§{ж^«‘m‘wio ......... VH©$Xmof {Z‘m©U hmoVmo.

(AmH$m[aH$ / dmñV{dH$) (Z-{ZarjU / An{ZarjU)
(2) ......... KQ>ZoMo ghoVyH$ AdbmoH$Z Ho$bo OmVo. (10) à¶moJmMr C^maUr H$aVmZm ......... AQ>tMm

({ZarjUmV / à˶jmV) g‘mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo.
(3) {ZarjU ho KQ>Zm§er ......... AgVo.
(Z¡g{J©H$ / H¥${Ì‘)
(àm‘m{UH$ / Aàm‘m{UH$) (11) ......... ‘ܶo KQ>Zm§er hoVynyañga {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br
(4) ......... XmofmV KQ>Zm§Mm MwH$sMm AW© bmdbm
OmVo.
OmVmo.
(à¶moJ / {ZarjU)
(Z-{ZarjU / An{ZarjU) (12) {ZarjU ......... n[apñWVrV Ho$bo OmVo.

(5) Ooìhm KQ>Zm§Mm Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVrV Aä¶mg Ho$bm (Z¡g{J©H$ / H¥${Ì‘)
OmVmo Voìhm ......... nX²YVrMm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm (13) Z-{ZarjUmV A‘bmV ¶oUmè¶m AQ>tH$S>o .........
OmVmo.
‘wio Xþb©j hmoVo.
({ZarjU / à¶moJ)
(6) ......... åhUOo Amnë¶m {ZXe©Zmg Amboë¶m ({^Vr / nyd©J«h$)
(14) ......... ‘ܶo {ZarjH$mg‘moa dñVy CnpñWVr
JmoîQ>tMr OmUrdnyd©H$ Zm|X KoUo.
AgyZhr {ZarjU MwH$sMo Ho$bo OmVo.
({ZarjU / AmH$bZ)
(7) {ZarjU ho ......... Agm¶bm hdo. (^«‘ / g‘n©H$ CXmhaUm§H$S>o Xþb©j)
(15) ......... åhUOo ~XbUmè¶m AQ>tMo {ZarjU.
(nyd©J«hXþ{fV / {Z…njnmVr)
(AdbmoH$Z / à¶moJ)

78

(16) ......... nwZamd¥ËVr H$aVm ¶oVo. à. 2. Imbrb {dYmZo gË` H$s AgË` AmhoV Vo gm§Jm.
(1) {ZarjU ghoVyH$ ZgVo.$
({ZarjUmMr / à¶moJmMr)
(17) ......... ‘ܶo {ZarjH$ hm {ZgJm©Mm Jwbm‘ (2) AmH$bZ ghoVyH$ AgVo.

AgVmo. (3) Z-{ZarjU Xmof g‘n©H$ KQ>Zm§H$S>o Xþb©j Ho$ë¶mZo
hmoVmo.
({ZarjU / à¶moJ)
(18) ......... ‘ܶo AmnU H$maUm§Mo n[aUm‘ Am{U (4) Ooìhm g§~§{YV n[apñWVrH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo OmVo
Voìhm Z-{ZarjUmMm Xmof KS>Vmo.
n[aUm‘m§Mr H$maUo ho XmoÝhrhr nmhVmo.
(5) KQ>Zm KS>ʶmgmR>r O~m~Xma AgUmè¶m A{Zdm¶©
({ZarjU / à¶moJ) AQ>tH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$ë¶m‘wio Z-{ZarjUmMm Xmof
(19) ......... hm EH$ KQ>H$ Á¶mMm à^md à¶moJH$˶m©g KS>Vmo.

{ZYm©[aV H$aʶmMr BÀN>m AgVo. (6) An{ZarjUmMm Xmof hm g‘n©H$ KQ>H$m§H$S>o Xþb©j
Ho$ë¶mZo KS>Vmo.
(naV§Ì n[ad˶© / ñdV§Ì n[ad˶©)
(20) dmid§Q>mVrb ‘¥JOi ho ......... Mo CXmhaU (7) Ñí¶ KQ>Zm§Mm MwH$sMm AW© bmdbm OmVmo ˶mbm
An{ZarjU åhQ>bo OmVo.
hmo¶.
(8) {deof {ZarjU åhUOo à¶moJ hmo¶.
(An{ZarjU / Z-{ZarjU)
(21) ......... ‘ܶo V§VmoV§V d AMyH$ n[aUm‘ {‘iVmo. (9) {ZarjUm‘ܶo g§emoYH$mMo KQ>Zoda {Z¶§ÌU AgVo.

(à¶moJ / {ZarjU) (10) à¶moJm‘ܶo à¶moJH$˶m©Mo KQ>Zoda {Z¶§ÌU AgVo.
(22) à¶moJm‘ܶo n[apñWVr ......... AgVo.
(11) à¶moJm‘ܶo KQ>H$m§Mm ~Xb e³¶ AgVmo.
({Z¶§{ÌV / An[adV©Zr¶)
(23) ......... ho ghoVyH$ AgVo. (12) {ZarjUm‘ܶo g§emoYH$ KQ>H$ doJim H$é eH$Vmo.

(AmH$bZ/ {ZarjU) (13) H$mhr {R>H$mUr à¶moJ Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm AZw{MV R>aVmo.
(24) ......... ‘ܶo KQ>ZoÀ¶m ‘hËËdnyU© n¡by§Mr {ZdS>
(14) {ZarjU ho H¥${Ì‘ AgVo Va à¶moJ hm Z¡g{J©H$
AgVo. AgVmo.

(AmH$bZ / {ZarjU) (15) CËV‘ {ZarjH$ hm {Z…njnmVr Agmdm d
nyd©J«hXþ{fV Zgmdm.
(25) Ooìhm AmnU g‘n©H$ KQ>Zm§H$S>o Xþb©j H$aVmo Voìhm
......... VH©$Xmof {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. (16) d¡km{ZH$ CnH$aUm§À¶m dmnam‘wio {ZarjUmMm XOm©
gwYmaVmo.
(Z-{ZarjU / An{ZarjU)
(26) ......... Mo g‘W©Z Vm{ËËdH$ Am{U dmñV{dH$ (17) nwZamd¥ËVr à¶moJmg ’$m¶Xoera Amho.

AmYmamZo hmoVo. (18) {ZarjU Zoh‘r à¶moJmÀ¶m AmYr ¶oVo.

(Z¡J‘{ZH$ Pon / d¡J‘{ZH$ Pon) (19) à¶moJm‘ܶo AmnU n[aUm‘mH$Sy>Z H$maUm§H$S>o
OmVmo.
(27) H$maUVoMo VËËd Am{U {ZgJ© g‘énVoMo VËËd ho
{dJ‘ZmMo ......... AmYma hmoV. (20) H$m¶©H$maU^md hm {dJ‘ZmMm Vm{ËËdH$ AmYma
Amho.
(Vm{ËËdH$/ dmñV{dH$)
(21) à¶moJ hm {dJ‘ZmMm Vm{ËËdH$ AmYma Amho.

79

àíZ. 3. OmoS>çm bmdm. "~' JQ> à. 5 WmSo >³¶mV CËVao Xçm.
"A' JQ> (1) {ZarjU Am{U AdbmoH$Z ¶mVrb ’$aH$ gm§Jm.
A) B§{ж g§doXZm§Mm (2) {ZarjU åhUOo H$m¶? ˶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.
1) An{ZarjU MwH$sMm AW© (3) {dJ‘ZmMo AmH$m[aH$ Am{U VmpËdH$ AmYma ñnîQ>

2) Z-{ZarjU ~) g‘nH© $ KQ>ZmH§ $S>o H$am.
3) {ZarjU Am{U à¶moJ Xþb©j (4) Z-{ZarjUmMo Xmof
4) H$maUVoMo VËËd (5) An{ZarjUmMm Xmof
H$) {dJ‘ZmMo (6) à¶moJmMr ì¶m»¶m Xçm Am{U ˶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço
Vm{ËËdH$ AmYma
gm§Jm.
S>) {dJ‘ZmMo
dmñV{dH$ AmYma à. 6 Imbrb àíZmM§ r CËVao Xçm.

à. 4 Imbrb {Xbëo ¶m {dYmZm§gmR>r VH©$emñÌr¶ (1) {ZarjUmMr H$moUVrhr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço gmoXmhaU
g§km gmJ§ m. ñnîQ> H$am.

(1) ghoVyH$ AdbmoH$Z (2) à¶moJ åhUOo H$m¶? à¶moJmMo ñdén ñnîQ> H$am.

(2) g‘n©H$ / g§~§{YV KQ>Zm§H$S>o Xþb©j Ho$ë¶m‘wio (3) {ZarjU Am{U à¶moJ ¶mVrb ’$aH$ ñnîQ> H$am.
hmoUmam {ZarjU Xmof
(4) C{MV {ZarjUmÀ¶m H$moU˶mhr VrZ AQ>r gmoXmhaU
(3) B§{ж g§doXZm§Mm MwH$sMm AW© bmdë¶m‘wio hmoUmam ñnîQ H$am.
{ZarjU Xmof.
(5) à¶moJmMr H$moUVrhr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço gmoXmhaU ñnîQ>
(4) g§emoYH$mZo {Z¶§{ÌV n[apñWVrV Ho$bobo {ZarjU. H$am.>

vvv

80

7 {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm (Hypothesis)

7.1 àmñVm{dH$ Ago EoH$bo hmoVo H$s, JdiUrÀ¶m hmVmda nmUrXma ’$moS>
AgyZ gwX²Ym ˶m§Zm XodrMm amoJ hmoV Zmhr. hr n[apñWVr
d¡km{ZH$ nX²YVrV {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm ‘m§S>Uo hr ñnîQ> H$aVm§Zm ˶m§Zr Aer {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm V¶ma Ho$br,
EH$ ‘hËËdmMr nm¶ar Amho. Ooìhm d¡km{ZH$ EImXçm Z "nmʶmZo ^aboë¶m ’$moS>m§‘ܶo AgUmè¶m nw‘wio (ng)
g‘OUmè¶m d ñnîQ>rH$aU Z H$aVm ¶oUmè¶m n[apñWVrbm JdiUtMo XodrÀ¶m amoJmnmgyZ g§ajU hmoVo hr VmËnwaVr
qH$dm g‘ñ¶obm gm‘moao OmVmV Voìhm d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmbm H$ënZm hmoVr.
gwédmV hmoVo.
Aem àH$mao {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm åhUOo KQ>Zm§‘Yrb
d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ EH$ Va agm¶ZemñÌ, nañna g§~§Ym{df¶rMm VH©$ (A§XmO) hmo¶.
^m¡{VH$emñÌ ¶m gma»¶m Z¡g{J©H$ {dkmZ emIoVrb Agy
eH$Vo qH$dm gm‘m{OH$ emñÌmVrb Ogo H$s g‘mOemñÌ, 7.3 {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço …
‘mZd d§eemñÌ B˶mXr ‘Yrb. "Ooìhm àW‘ g‘ñ¶oMr
Om{Ud hmoVo, Voìhm gdm©V àW‘ Am{U ‘hËËdmMo nmD$b (1) d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmVrb EH$ ‘hËËdmMm Q>ßnm …
åhUOo {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm ‘m§S>Uo hmo¶. Omon¶ªV EImXçm
{gXYm§V H$ënZoMr ‘m§S>Ur Ho$br OmV Zmhr Vmon¶ªV à˶oH$ emñÌr¶ g§emoYZmMr gwédmV g‘ñ¶onmgyZ
d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ nwT>o OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ {gX²Ym§V gwê$ hmoV Á¶mda Cnm¶ emoYUo hr d¡km{ZH$mMr BÀN>m
H$ënZm g§emoYZmbm {Xem Xe©H$ R>aVo.' Or g§emoYZmVrb AgVo. g§^mì¶ ñnîQ>rH$aU J¥hrV Yê$Z ˶m AmYmamda
‘hËËdmMr nm¶ar Amho. g§emoYZmMr gwê$dmV Ho$br OmVo. {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm hr
‘mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm AgVo Or emñÌr¶ g§emoYZmbm ‘mJ©Xe©H$
åhUyZM {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm åhUOo H$m¶ Am{U R>aVo. {gXYm§VH$ënZo{edm¶ emñÌr¶ g§emoYZ e³¶ Zmhr
{dkmZmV Vr H$er àñWm{nV Ho$br OmVo ho ‘mhrV AgUo Omo n¶ªV EImXçm {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMr aMZm Ho$br OmV
JaOoMo Amho. Zmhr Vmon¶ªV g‘ñ¶oMo {ZamH$aU H$aʶmgmR>r H$moUVo
{ZarjU Am{U à¶moJ H$amdo ho emñÌkm§Zm H$iV Zmhr.
7.2 {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMr ì¶m»¶m Am{U ñdén
CXmhaUmW© … ZonÀ¶wZMm emoY
{gX²Ym§VH$ënZoÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrnmgyZ d¡km{ZH$m§Mr$
g§emoYZmg gwédmV hmoVo. hypothesis hm eãX J«rH$ IJmob emñÌk JwéËdmH$f©UmÀ¶m àM{bV
^mfoVrb ‘hypo’ åhUOo 'Imbr' Am{U ‘thithenai’ {Z¶‘m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo (J«hm§À¶m H$joÀ¶m) ¶waoZgÀ¶m
åhUOo "R>odUo' ¶m eãXmnmgyZ Ambm Amho. H$jog§~§Yr ñnîQ>rH$aU XoV hmoVo. na§Vw 1820 ‘ܶo
~moìhS>© ¶m emñÌkmÀ¶m Ago {ZarjUmV Ambo H$s JUZ
H$m°’$s ¶m§Zr {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMr ì¶m»¶m Aer Ho$boë¶m ^«‘UH$joV {dMbZ hmoV Amho.
Ho$br Amho H$s, ""EImXr dñVwpñWVr [H§$dm n[apñWVr
emñÌr¶ÑîQ>çm ñnîQ> H$aʶmgmR>r Ho$bobr, ñnîQ>rH$aUmMm IJmob emñÌkm§Zr Aer {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm ‘m§S>br
à¶ËZ H$aUmar VmËnwaVr H$ënZm åhUOo {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm H$s, "¶waoZgÀ¶m n{bH$S>o Agbobm EImXm J«h ¶waoZgMr
hmo¶.'' JwéËdH$f©U e³Vr {dM{bV H$arV Agmdm.'

"{gX²Ym§VH$ënZm åhUOo hr g‘ñ¶obm {Xbobm X J«oQ> ~{b©Z Xþ{~©UrÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo Agm J«h
VmËnwaVm Cnm¶ hmo¶' Aer gmo߶m eãXmV ì¶m»¶m Ho$br ApñVËdmV Agë¶mMo AmT>ibo. ¶m J«hmg ZonÀ¶yZ
OmVo. Ago Zmd {Xbo Jobo. åhUyZ ¶waoZgÀ¶m n{bH$S>o .... hr
{gX²Ym§VH$ënZm g˶ Agë¶mMo àñWm{nV Pmbo.
CXmhaUmW© … bhmZnUmnmgyZ ES>dS>© OoÝZa ¶m§Zr

81

(2) ñnîQ>rH$aUmMm à¶ËZ … àH$mePmoVmV Ambo Am{U ho gd© JwéËdmH$f©Um‘wio hmoVo
Ago Ñ{îQ>jonmV Ambo.
{ZarjU Ho$boë¶m KQ>Zm Á¶m g‘ñ¶oÀ¶m ñdénmV
AmhoV ˶m§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoUo åhUOo {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm (5) ~wX²{Y{ZîR> {dMmagaUrMo ’${bV …
hmo¶. Omo n¶ªV {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMo narjUmX²dmam g˶Ëd
R>aV Zmhr Vmo n¶ªV KQ>ZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU {Xbo OmV Zmhr. g‘ñ¶oMo {ZamH$aU H$aʶmgmR>r {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm
‘m§S>br OmVo. na§Vw VH©$g§JV {dMma Ho$ë¶m{edm¶
¶m g§^mì¶ ñnîQ>rH$aUmÀ¶m AmYmao g§emoYH$ H$moUVrhr g‘ñ¶m gmoS>{dbr OmD$ eH$V Zmhr åhUyZ
{ZarjUmX²dmao ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aVmo d à¶moJmX²dmao ˶mMo {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm ho ~wX²{Y{ZîR> {dMmagaUrMo ’${bV
narjU H$aVmo. EH$Xm {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMo narjU Pmbo H$s Amho.
g‘ñ¶oMo ñnîQ>rH$aU Pmbo Ago åhUVm ¶oVo.
(6) Vab Am{U g¥OZerb H$ënZme³VrMm
(3) VmËnwaVr … A{dîH$ma …

à˶oH$ {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm hr Zoh‘r VmËnwaVr AgVo. à˶oH$ {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm g‘ñ¶màYmZ n[apñWVrVyZ
Vr g§^mì¶ Cnm¶ åhUyZ gwMdbobr AgVo. Vr Ho$di EH$ CX²^dVo VWm{n g‘ñ¶m g‘OyZ KoUo Am{U g‘ñ¶m
VmËnwaVo AZw‘mZ dm gyMZm qH$dm ‘m{hVr ñnîQ> H$aʶmMm gmoS>{dUo ho gmono Zmhr. {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm d¡km{ZH$m§À¶m
Xmdm AgVo. Vr ¶mo½¶ ñnîQ>rH$aU Agy eH$Vo qH$dm VrúU Am{U g¥OZerb H$ënZm ep³VMm Am{dîH$ma
MwH$sMr R>ê$ eH$Vo. Amho.

(4) Vo EH$ ì¶dñWm bmdUmao VËËd Amho … CXmhaUmW© … gZ 1795 ‘ܶo {ZH$mobg
A°nQ>©À¶m Ago {ZarjUmV Ambo H$s, Zonmo{b¶Z ~moZmnmQ>©
KQ>Zm g‘OyZ KoUo Am{U ˶mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoUo Amnë¶m g¡Ý¶XbmgmR>r {Z¶{‘VnUo ^moOZ nmR>{dV Ago,
ho {dkmZmMo CX²{XîQ> Amho ho KQ>ZoMm AZwH«$‘ XoD$Z gwé nU Vo AÝZ ˶m§À¶mn¶ªV nmohmoMʶmnyduM Iam~ hmoV
Ho$bo OmVo. KQ>Zm-KQ>Zm§‘Yrb nañnag§~§Y bjmV KoD$Z Ago hr KQ>Zm H$m Am{U H$er KS>br ¶mMo {ZH$mobgbm
ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. AmíM¶© dmQ>bo. ˶mÀ¶m ‘ZmV {dMma Ambm H$s, Oa
CH$ibobo AÝZ H$mMoÀ¶m ^m§S>çmV ~wMmÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo
Iao Va {ZgJm©V EH$ àH$maMr ì¶dñWm Amho nU {gb~§X Ho$bo Va Vo Iam~ hmoV Zgmdo. ¶m {gX²Ym§V
Ogo KQ>ZoMo AdbmoH$Z H$aVm ¶oVo Vgo ì¶dñWoMo H$aVm ¶oV H$ënZoMr MmMUr H$aʶmgmR>r à¶moJ Ho$bm Am{U Ago
Zmhr. Hw$Umbm Var hr ì¶dñWm emoYyZ H$mT>mdr bmJob. AmT>ibo H$s IamoIaM AÝZ Iam~ Pmbo ZìhVo. AÝZ
{dkmZ hoM H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aVo. d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmÀ¶m CH$ië¶m‘wio AÝZmVrb O§Vy ‘mabo Jobo Am{U ~wMmÀ¶m
gwédmVrÀ¶m Q>ß߶mda Ag§»¶ V϶o Am{U {ZgJm©Vrb ghm¶mZo {gb~§X Ho$ë¶m‘wio ~mhoarb O§Vy AmV àdoe H$é
KQ>Zm§‘Yrb nañna g§~§Y g‘OyZ KoʶmV AmnU An¶er eH$bo ZmhrV.
R>aVmo. V϶o {dIwabobr, {dbJ Am{U EH$‘oH$m§er
Ag§~X²Y dmQ>VmV na§Vw EH$Xm {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoÀ¶m g˶VoMo
narjU Pmë¶mda dñVwpñWVrV Agbobr ì¶dñWm ñnîQ>
hmoVo åhUyZ ho EH$ ì¶dñWm bmdUmao VËËd Amho.

CXmhaUmW© … ݶwQ>Z Zo JwéËdmH$f©UmMm {gX²Ym§V Inventor of the food
‘m§S>ʶmnydu g’$aM§XmMo PmS>mdê$Z nS>Uo, J«hm§Mr JVr, preservation process (Canning)
g‘wÐmMr ^aVr-AmohmoQ>r ¶m gma»¶m KQ>ZoV H$mhr g§~§Y
Zgë¶mMo {XgyZ Ambo. dada Ag§~§{YV dmQ>Umè¶m
KQ>Zm§‘Yrb g§~§Y ˶mÀ¶m JwéËdmH$f©UmÀ¶m {gX²Ym§VmZo

82

{ZH$mobg A°nQ>©À¶m g¥OZerb H$ënZme³VrVyZ CXmhaUmW© … aoer‘ AirMm amoJ
OÝ‘mbm Amboë¶m {gXYm§VH$ënZoVyZ hdm~§X S>ã¶mVrb
ImXç nXmWm©Mm emoY bmJbm. ’«$mÝg‘Yrb bwB© nmíMa ho EH$‘od emñÌk hmoVo
Oo aoer‘ AirMm AmOma ~am H$ê$ eH$bo H$maU ˶m§Zm
7.4 {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMm CJ‘/gyMZ /‘m§S>Ur… gd©gmYmaUnUo amoJm§Mo nwaogo kmZ hmoVo Oar ˶m§Zm aoer‘
AirMo kmZ ZìhVo.
{gX²Ym§V H$ënZm hr EH$ VmËnwaVr H$ënZm Amho Or
g‘ñ¶oMo {ZamH$aU H$aʶmgmR>r Am{U g§~§{YV dñVwpñWVr (4) A§V…ñ’w$Vu …
d KQ>Zm ñnîQ> H$aʶmgmQ>r V¶ma Ho$bobr AgVo. na§Vw
{gX²Ym§V H$ënZm H$er ‘m§S>mdr ¶mgmR>r H$moUVohr gmMo~§Y d¡km{ZH$ g‘ñ¶oMr CH$b H$aVm§Zm Iyn n[al‘
{Z¶‘ ZmhrV. d¡km{ZH$m§Zr Ho$boë¶m doJdoJiçm emoYmMm KoVmV. na§Vw H$mhr doim ˶m§Zm ˶mMm Cn¶moJ hmoVmoM Ago
Aä¶mg Ho$ë¶mg d¡km{ZH$m§Zm {gX²Ym§ZH$ënZm H$er gwMVo Zmhr. H$mhrdoim ˶m§Zm g‘ñ¶oMo CËVa AMmZH$ {dOoMm
¶mMm g§Ho$V {‘iVmo. Imbr H$mhr ‘hËËdnyU© KQ>H$ AmhoV àH$me M‘H$mdm ˶m à‘mUo {‘iVo. ˶mbm A§V…ñ’w$Vu
Oo d¡km{ZH$m§Zm {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm gyMdy eH$VmV. åhUVmV.

(1) Vab Am{U {Z{‘©Vrj‘ H$ënZm … CXmhaUmW© … Am{H©${‘S>rOZo nmʶmZo ^aboë¶m
Q>~mV CS>r ‘mabr Am{U Q>~mVyZ nmUr ~mhoa nS>bobo ˶mZo
g§emoYH$mMr {Z{‘V© rj‘ H$ënZm hr gd© emYo m§Mr nm{hbo. Vo nmhÿZ ˶mbm g‘ñ¶oMo CËVa gmnS>bo. ˶mZo
OZZr Amh.o à˶Ho $ {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMm ñÌmoV hm emñÌkmÀ§ ¶m ‘J {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm ‘m§S>br H$s, "Ooìhm eara AY©dQ>
{Z{‘©Vrj‘ ‘ZmV AgVm.o ¶m H$maUm‘iw Mo à˶Ho $ ì¶{³V nmʶmV ~wS>mbobo AgVo Voìhm ˶mMo dOZ H$‘r hmoVo
C{MV {gX²YmV§ H$ënZMo r {Z{‘©Vr H$é eH$V Zmhr. Am{U ˶mMo H$‘r Pmbobo dOZ ho Q>~mVyZ ~mhoa nS>boë¶m
nmʶmÀ¶m BVHo$M AgVo.' hr {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm ˶m§À¶m
CXmhaUmW© … à˶oH$ eoVH$ar XaamoO g’$aM§X ‘ZmV AMmZH$ ñ’w$abr.
Imbr nS>Vm§Zm nmhVmo na§Vw Ho$di ݶwQ>ZÀ¶mM {Z{‘©Vrj‘
H$ënZoVyZ JwéËdmH$f©UmÀ¶m {gX²Ym§VmMm emoY bmJbm.

(2) A{daV narl‘ …

Oar Vab H$ënZme³Vr hm {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMm {dMma (5) ¶moJm¶moJ qH$dm AnKmV …
H$aʶmgmR>r ‘hËËdmMm KQ>H$ Agbm Var ˶m~amo~aM
A{daV narl‘ XoIrb {VVHo$M ‘hËËdmMo Amho. A{daV ¶moJm¶moJ qH$dm AnKmV gwX²Ym ’$bXm¶r {gX²Ym§V
narl‘m{edm¶ ’$³V g¥OZerb H$ënZmep³VZo H$moUVmhr H$ënZm gwM{dʶmV ‘hËËdmMr ^y{‘H$m ~OmdVmo.
emoY {dkmZmV ³d{MVM bmJy eH$Vmo. g‘ñ¶oMo {ZamH$aU {ZarjUmV ¶moJm¶moJmZo AnKmVmZo H$mhr ‘moR>o emoY
H$aʶmgmR>r d¡km{ZH$m§Zm ‘{hZmo‘{hZo Am{U dfm©Zwdf} bmdbo OmVmV. na§Vw gJioM ‘moR>o emoY AnKmVmZo bmJV
H$m‘ H$amdo bmJVo. Zmhr. ho VWmH${WV AnKmV Ho$di g§Yr {ZarjU Amho.
d¡km{ZH$ ˶m§Mo {deof kmZ Am{U g¥OZerb H$ënZm
CXmhaUmW© … "J«h b§~ dVw©imH$ma H$joV {’$aVmV.' dmnéZ ¶moJm¶moJmMm Cn¶moJ H$é eH$Vmo.
hr ¶mo½¶ {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm ‘m§S>ʶmnydu Ho$ßba Zo EH$moUrg
MwH$sÀ¶m {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm ‘m§S>ë¶m hmo˶m, Á¶m A¶mo½¶
R>aë¶m.

(3) nwaogo Am{U gImob kmZ …

g§emoYZ Am{U A{daV l‘m~amo~a Á¶m {df¶m‘ܶo
g§emoYZ Mmby Amho ˶m {df¶mMo nwaogo Am{U gImob kmZ
AgUo JaOoMo Amho.

83

CXmhaUmW© … Abo³Pm§S>a âboq‘J ¶m§Zr bmdboë¶m (6) gab JUZmË‘H$ {dJ‘Z Am{U gmå¶mZw‘mZ …
no{Z{gbrZMm emoY hm ¶mMo CXmhaU Amho. gßQ>|~a
1928 ‘ܶo gwQ>²Q>rda Omʶmnydu Abo³Pm§S>a âboq‘J ¶m gm‘mݶ ‘mUgmÀ¶m {ZîH$fm©n¶ªV nmohMʶmÀ¶m
OrdmUy g§dY©Z H$arV hmoVo. naV Amë¶mda ˶m§Zr ˶m nX²YVr AmhoV. H$mhrdoim ¶m {ZîH$fm©VyZ emñÌkm§Zm
g§dY©ZmMo narjU Ho$bo. ˶m§Zr ˶m g§dY©ZmMr EH$ ßboQ> {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm gwMy eH$Vo.
{IS>H$sOdi ZoD$Z nm{hbr AgVm g§dY©Z Zmgbobo
(Iam~ Pmbobo) {Xgbo. ˶m‘ܶo BVa OrdmUy gwX²Ym hmoVo. Ooìhm gm‘mݶrH$aUmbm gH$mamË‘H$ CXmhaUm§Mr
Vo g§dY©Z Q>mHy$Z XoUma VodT>çmV ˶m§Zm Ago AmT>ibo nwîQ>r {‘iVo Am{U {damoYr CXmhaU AmT>iV Zmhr Voìhm
H$s OrdmUy Zgboë¶m {R>H$mUr ~waer Amho. ˶mdoir gab JUZmMr nX²YV dmnabr OmVo.
˶m§Zm Aer {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm gwMbr H$s, OrdmUwVyZ
Ago H$mhr nXmW© ~mhoa nS>bo H$s Á¶m§Zr OrdmUy§Mo g§ajU gmY嶩 / gmå¶mZw‘mZ åhUOo Ago AZw‘mZ Á¶mV
Ho$bo. AmOy~mOyg O§Vy dmT>ʶmg à{V~§Y Ho$bm' ¶mVyZM kmV gmܶå¶m©À¶m / g‘mZVoÀ¶m AmYmao {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm
no{Z{g{bZ Mm emoY bmJbm. OmVmo.

Abo³Pm§S>a âboq‘J ¶m§MoH$S>o bm¶gmoPmB‘ CXmhaUmW© … n¥Ïdr Am{U ‘§Ji ¶m§À¶mVrb
~X²XbMo {deof kmZ Agë¶m‘wio Vo ¶m ¶moJm¶moJmMm gmå¶mÀ¶m AmYmao ‘§Jimdahr Ordg¥îQ>r Agmdr hr
’$m¶Xm H$éZ KoD$ eH$bo. bm¶gmoPmB‘ ho EH$ Ago bm°doëgMr gmå¶mda AmYm[aV {dkmZmVrb {gX²Ym§V
Z¡g{J©H$ JwUY‘© Agbobo VËËd Amho Á¶mÀ¶m‘wio O§Vy Zme H$ënZm V¶ma Pmbr.
nmdVmV. Abo³Pm§S>a âboq‘J Zo S>moiçmVrb Alw§‘ܶo
"bm¶gmoPmB‘' Mo JwUY‘© AgVmV ho àm˶{jH$mX²dmao 7.5 C{MV {gXYm§VH$ënZoÀ¶m AQ>r …
{gX²Y Ho$bo. ˶m§Zr narjm ZirV O§Vy Agbobo Ðì¶
KoVbo Z§Va S>moiçmVrb Aly Ðì¶mV Q>mH$bo AMmZH$ {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm hm EH$ VH©$ Amho Am{U Vmo
Vo ÐmdU ñdÀN> Pmbo. O§Vy Zme nmdbobo AmT>ibo. ñdrH$maʶmnydu ˶mMr MmMUr H$aUo qH$dm nS>Vmim KoUo
bm¶gmoPmB‘er n[a{MV Agë¶m‘wio Abo³Pm§S>a âbo[‘§J Amdí¶H$ Amho. na§Vw à˶oH$ {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm§Mo narjU
ho g‘Oy eH$bo H$s, ~waer ^modVr O§Vy H$m ZìhVo. åhUyZ H$aUo EH$ ‘ohZVrMr, doiImD$ Am{U OQ>rb à{H«$¶m
Amnë¶m Ago bjmV ¶oVo H$s ¶moJm¶moJ Amnë¶mbm Amho.
B§{жJmoMa KQ>ZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aʶmgmR>r g§Yr CnbãY
H$éZ XoVmV. na§Vw ˶mgmR>r AZno{jV àg§JmMo ‘hËËd ˶m‘wio d¡km{ZH$ à˶oH$ {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMo
g‘OyZ KoUmè¶m à{e{jV ‘ZmMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. narjU H$arV ZmhrV. A{YH$ narjUmgmR>r H$mhr
{gX²Ym§V H$ënZm {ZdS>ë¶m OmVmV. {ZdS>boë¶m H$mhr
{gX²Ym§VH$ënZm g‘ñ¶oMo Iao CËVa Zgbo Var ˶mda
{dMma H$aUo emñÌkm§Zm JaOoMo dmQ>Vo. Aem ¶mo½¶ {dMma
H$aUmè¶m H$ënZobm C{MV {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm åhUVmV.
Am{U ˶mbm d¡km{ZH$ ‘hËËd AgVo. {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm
C{MV R>aʶmgmR>r Imbrb H$mhr AQ>tMr nyVu H$aUo
Amdí¶H$ Amho.

(1) g‘n©H$Vm …

{gX²Ym§VH$ënZm hr g‘n©H$ Agbr nm{hOo.
g‘ñ¶ménr dñVwpñWVr ñnîQ> H$aUo {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMo
H$m¶© Amho. hm hoVy VoìhmM e³¶ hmoVmo Ooìhm Vr g‘ñ¶oer
{ZJS>rV AgVo. "" Or dñVwpñWVr ñnîQ> H$am¶Mr Amho Vr

84

Vm{H©$H$ {ZîH$f© åhUyZ Á¶m {gX²Ym§VH$ënZonmgyZ {ZJ{‘V narjU hr EH$ Aer à{H«$¶m Amho Á¶m ¶mo½¶
H$aVm ¶oB©b ˶mbm g‘n©H$ {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm åhUVmV.'' {gX²Ym§V H$ënZobm ~iH$Q>r ¶oVo. na§Vw H$moU˶mhr
¶m ì¶m»¶oà‘mUo Ooìhm {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm ‘m§S>br OmVo Voìhm {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoÀ¶m narjUmbm doioMr ‘¶m©Xm ZgVo.
EImXçmbm Vr g‘n©H$ Amho H$s Zmhr ho R>mD$H$ ZgVo. {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm VËËdV… narjUj‘ Agbr nm{hOo.
Vr g‘n©H$ Amho qH$dm Zmhr ho R>a{dʶmgmR>r d¡km{ZH$m§Zm
A{YH$ KQ>Zm§Mo {ZarjU H$amdo bmJVo. CXmhaUmW© … n¥Ïdrdarb A§{V‘ {dÜd§g hr C{MV
{gX²Ym§V H$ënZm Agbr Var AmO narjUj‘ Zmhr Vr
CXmhaUmW© … J°bZÀ¶m AZw¶m¶m§Zr gwMdbobr VËËdV… narjUj‘ Amho.
{gX²Ym§V H$ënZm Ag§~X²Y {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMo CËV‘
CXmhaU Amho. J°bZÀ¶m {gXYm§VmZwgma ‘mUgmÀ¶m (4) {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm hr àñWm{nV kmZmer gwg§JV
‘m§S>rMr hmS>o dH«$ AmhoV. Z§Va dmgm{b¶gZo {gX²Y Ho$bo Agbr nm{hOo …
H$s, ‘mZdr ‘m§S>rMr hmS>o gai AmhoV. ho ˶mZo ‘mZdr
earamMo {dÀN>oXZ H$éZ Ho$bo Á¶mg J°boZÀ¶m doir {dkmZmMo ܶo¶ EH$ Z¡J‘{ZH$ nX²YVr ñWm{nV
nadmZJr ZìhVr. J°bZMm EH$ AZw¶m¶r hm {gX²Ym§V H$aUo ho Amho. ¶m nXYVrÀ¶m gwg§JVVm AQ>rZwgma
pñdH$mé eH$bm Zmhr ˶m‘wio ˶m§Zo EH$ {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm EImXçm àUmbrVrb gd© {Z¶‘ EH$‘oH$m§er gwg§JV
‘m§S>br H$s, "Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVrV hmS>o dmH$bobr AgVmV AgUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.
Am{U ˶mdoir KmVbobm Aé§X nm¶O‘m (trousers) hmS>o
gai H$aʶmgmR>r O~m~Xma hmoVm. hr {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm Oa ZdrZ {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm àñWm{nV {Z¶‘m§er
Ag‘n©H$ Amho ho AJXr ñnîQ> Amho ¶m àH$maÀ¶m gwg§JV Zgë¶mg Vr g˶ AgʶmMr e³¶Vm ’$maM
nm¶Oå¶mMm hmS>mÀ¶m AmH$mamer H$mhrhr g§~§Y Zmhr. H$‘r AgVo åhUyZ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo H$s Mm§Jbr {gX²Ym§V
H$ënZm hr nyd© àñWm{nV {Z¶‘m§er gwg§JV Agm¶bm
(2) {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm ñdgwg§JV Agmdr … nm{hOo.

{gX²Ym§V H$ënZm {dg§JV Agy Z¶o {VÀ¶m {^ÝZ VWm{n H$mhrdoim ho Xo{Ib e³¶ Amho {H$ ZdrZ
KQ>H$m§‘ܶo {damoYm^mg Agy Z¶o. {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm Or àñWm{nV {Z¶‘m§er {dg§JV Amho
VrM ¶mo½¶ hmoD$ eH$Vo Am{U AJmoXaMo {Z¶‘ MwH$sMo R>é
CXmhaUmW© … "{Od§V ^yV' qH$dm "dOZa{hV eH$VmV.
dñVw'Mr {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm {dg§JV Amho.
CXmhaUmW© … Q>m°bo‘rMm {gXYm§V nyd© àñWm{nV
(3) {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm narjUj‘ Agmdr … Pmbobm Agbm Var H$mon{Z©H$g Zo gm§{JVbobr nX²YVr
Q>m°bo‘rÀ¶m nX²YVrMm nmS>md H$aVo.
B{dªJ H$monr ¶m§À¶m ‘Vo C{MV {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMr
‘hËËdmMr AQ> åhUOo Vr narjUj‘ Agbr nm{hOo. hr (5) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZo‘ܶo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aʶmMr j‘Vm
EH$ d¡km{ZH$ {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMr ‘hËËdmMr AQ> Amho. Agbr nm{hOo …
{gX²Ym§V H$ënZobm nwîQ>r {‘iʶmgmR>r {VMo narjU Pmbo
nm{hOo. C{MV {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm Ho$di KQ>Zm ñnîQ>
H$aʶmg gj‘ AgUo Amdí¶H$ ZgyZ KQ>Zoer gmå¶
CXmhaUmW© … ^yV, g¡VmZ> B. g§~§{YV {gX²Ym§V AgUmè¶m BVa KQ>Zm§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU ˶mX²dmao H$aVm Ambo
H$ënZm§Zm AmVm Ad¡km{ZH$ ‘mZbo OmVo H$maU ˶m§Mo nm{hOo.
AZw^dmZo narjU H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr. åhUyZ C{MV {gX²Ym§V
H$ënZm narjUj‘ Agbr nm{hOo. åhUOo EH$ Va Vr CXmhaUmW© … ݶwQ>ZMm JwéËdmH$f©UMm {Z¶‘
g˶Vm qH$dm Ag˶Vm Xe©{dʶmg gj‘ Agbr nm{hOo. Ho$di O‘rZrda nS>boë¶m g’$aM§XmMo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoV
Zmhr Va J«hm§À¶m JVrMo VgoM g‘wÐmÀ¶m ^aVr AmohmoQ>rMohr
ñnîQ>rH$aU XoVmo.

85

(6) {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoV nyd©H$WZ H$aʶmMr (àm³H$WZ) EImXçm {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoÀ¶m narjUm‘ܶo Vr
j‘Vm Agmdr … dñVwpñWVrer OwiVo {H$ Zmhr ¶mMm emoY KoVbm OmVmo.
Oa Vr dñVwpñWVrer OwiUmar Agob Va ¶mo½¶ Agë¶mMr
Oa g§emoYH$mZo AZoH$ {ZîH$f© {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoVyZ ImÌr Ho$br OmVo d ñdrH$mabr OmVo. Oa Vr dñVwpñWVrer
AZw‘m{ZV Ho$bo Va {gX²Ym§V H$ënZo‘ܶo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV OwiUmar Zgob Va Vr Ad¡Y R>aVo qH$dm nyU©V… ZmH$mabr
^{dî¶H$WZ H$aʶmMr j‘Vm AgVo. ¶m ^{dî¶ OmVo.
H$WZmdê$Z ho ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s, {Xbobr {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm
hr d¡km{ZH$m§Mr ñd¡a H$ënZm ZgVo Va Vr dñVwpñWVrda narjUmMo àH$ma …
AmYmarV AgVo.
{gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMo narjU XmoZ àH$mao Ho$bo OmVo
(7) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm gab Agbr nm{hOo … Vo åhUOo à˶j narjU d Aà˶j narjU hmo¶.
"Á¶m {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm à˶j Vnmgë¶m OmVmV ˶m§Zm
à{VñnYu H$ënZonojm gab {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm AZw^dmË‘H$ {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm åhUVmV. Am{U Á¶m
~Z{dʶmg d¡km{ZH$ àmYmݶ XoVmV na§Vw gabVoMr Aà˶j Vnmgë¶m OmVmV ˶m§Zm g¡X²Ym§{VH$ {gX²Ym§V
ì¶m»¶m doJiçm nX²YVrZo {Xbr OmVo. H$ënZm åhUVmV.

EH$m ‘VmZwgma "EH$ gab {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm Aer (1) à˶j narjU …
AgVo H$s Á¶mV H$‘rV H$‘r ñdV§Ì J¥hrVH$m§Mm dmna
Ho$bm OmVmo.' Vr dñVwpñWVrMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$moU˶mhr ¶m‘ܶo {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoer g§~§{YV dñVwpñWVrMo
g§{X½YVo {edm¶ AñnîQ> Am{U OQ>rb H$ënZm§{edm¶ {ZarjU H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ¶oWo AmnU dñVwpñWVrH$S>o
H$é eH$Vo. H$mhr doim Ago KS>Vo H$s g§emoYH$mbm XmoZ à˶j {ZX}e H$aVmo. à˶j narjU EH$ Va {ZarjUmX²dmao
à{VñnYu {gX²Ym§V H$ënZon¡H$s EH$mMr {ZdS> H$am¶Mr qH$dm à¶moJmX²dmao hmoD$ eH$Vo.
AgVo. Aem n[apñWVrV Vmo gmYonUmÀ¶m VËËdmÀ¶m
AmYmao {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMr {ZdS> H$aVmo. H F1 F2 F3

Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm Aem J¥hrVH$mVrb gdm©V Ooìhm à˶j {ZarjUmX²dmao Ago ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s
‘hËËdmMr OmoS>r Q>m°bo‘r Am{U H$mon{Z©H$gMr hmoVr. EImXçm {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoVrb g§X{^©V ~m~r à˶jmV
Q>m°bo‘r ¶m§Zr Agm {gX²Ym§V ‘m§S>bm H$s, "{dídmÀ¶m AmpñVËdmV AmhoV Voìhm ˶mg {ZarjUmX²dmao Ho$bobo
H|$ÐñWmZr n¥Ïdr AgyZ gw¶© Am{U BVa J«h {VÀ¶m ^modVr à˶j narjU åhUVmV.
{’$aVmV.'
CXmhaUmW© … ZonÀ¶wZ Mm emoY
XþgarH$S>o H$mon{Z©H$gZo Aer {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm
‘m§S>br H$s, "{dídmÀ¶m H|$ÐñWmZr gw¶© AgyZ n¥Ïdr Ooìhm {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMo narjU à¶moJemioV
d BVa J«h ˶mÀ¶m ^modVr {’$aVmV.' XmoÝhr {gX²Ym§V à¶moJmZwgma Ho$bo OmVo Voìhm ˶mg à¶moJmX²dmao Ho$bob
H$ënZm gma»¶mM Mm§Jë¶m hmo˶m. Q>m°bo‘rÀ¶m {gX²Ym§V à˶j narjU åhQ>bo OmVo.
H$ënZonojm H$mon{Z©H$gMr {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm gab hmoVr,
åhUyZ Vr pñdH$mabr Jobr. CXmhaUmW© … "BVa ñÌmoVm§X²dmao {‘iUmè¶m
Zm¶Q´>moOZnojm hdoVrb Zm¶Q´>moOZ OmñV OS> AgVmo' ¶m
7.6 {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMo narjU … KQ>ZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoVm§Zm aoboZo Aer {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm
‘m§S>br H$s ""hdo‘ܶo ‘mhrV Zgbobm EImXm dm¶y Agy
{gX²Ym§V H$ënZm ho EH$ VmËnwaVo g‘mYmZ Amho eH$Vmo.'' ˶mMr hr {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm ˶mZo à¶moJmX²dmao
Ooìhm EImXçm {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMr ‘m§S>Ur Ho$br OmVo Vnmgbr. hdoVrb ‘mhrV Zgbobm dm¶y Zm¶Q´>moOZnmgyZ
Am{U Vr C{MV Agë¶mMo kmV hmoVo, Voìhm d¡km{ZH$ AbJ H$aʶmV Ambm, ˶m dm¶ybm Am°aJm°Z ho Zmd
g§emoYZmVrb nwT>Mr nm¶ar åhUOo {VMo narjU hmo¶.

86

XoʶmV Ambo. ¶m dm¶wÀ¶m ApñVËdm‘wio {gXYm§V H$ënZm
{gX²Y Pmbr åhUyZ {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm ñdrH$mabr Jobr
H$maU hdoVrb Zm¶Q´>moOZ BVa ñÌmoVmVrb Zm¶Q´>moOZ nojm
A{YH$ OS> H$m AgVmo ¶mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU ˶m {gX²Ym§V
H$ënZoX²dmao {‘imbo.

(2) Aà˶j narjU …

~hþVm§e d¡km{ZH$ {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm§Mo WoQ> narjU AgVrb, Va ˶m§Zr Vamâ¶mMm (A{X‘ àH$maMr ~moQ>)
H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr. Aem {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm§Zm g¡X²Ym§{VH$ dmna H$éZ àdmg Ho$bm Agmdm.
{gX²Ym§V H$ënZm åhUVmV. ˶m§Mr Aà˶jnUo nS>VmiUr
Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo. AemM àH$maÀ¶m Vamâ¶mVyZ d¡km{ZH$m§Zr àdmgmbm
gwédmV Ho$br. e§^a {Xdgm§Zr Vo ~oQ>mda nmohMbo d
Aà˶j narjUm‘ܶo {ZîH$f© ho {gX²Ym§V {gX²Ym§VH$ënZobm ~iH$Q>r {‘imbr.
H$ënZm§nmgyZ AZw‘m{ZV Ho$bobo AgVmV Am{U Vo
dñVwpñWVrer nS>VmiyZ nm{hbo OmVmV. narjUmÀ¶m ‘¶m©Xm …

Aà˶j narjUm‘ܶo XmoZ nm¶è¶m§Mm g‘mdoe narjU Ago gw{MV H$aVo H$s C ho E ¶m
hmoVmo Vo nwT>rb à‘mUo. H$m¶m©Mo H$maU Amho na§Vw Ago gy{MV H$arV Zmhr
H$s C hoM E Mo EH$‘od H$maU Amho. ho Ago Xe©{dVo
(A) {gXYm§VH$ënZoMm Z¡J‘{ZH$ {dH$mg … {gX²Ym§V H$s {gXYm§V H$ënZoV {Zar{jV dñVwpñWVr Mm§Jë¶m arVrZo
H$ënZoMm Z¡JZ{‘H$ {dH$mg åhUOo {gX²Ym§V ñnîQ> Pmbr Amho na§Vw ho Xe©{dV Zmhr H$s VoM EH$
H$ënZm g˶ Amho ho J¥hrV YéZ VH$m©À¶m AmYmao {Zar{jV dñVwpñWVrMo EH$‘od ñnîQ>rH$aU Amho.
H$mhr {ZîH$f© {gXYm§V H$ënZoVyZ H$mT>Uo.
~hþVm§e {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm {dkmZmV Aà˶jnUo
(~) {ZîH${f©V n[aUm‘ KS>bm H$s Zmhr ho emoYyZ Vnmgë¶m OmVmV. à˶j narjUmV {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoÀ¶m
H$mT>Uo. Oa A§XmO Iao R>abo Va {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm g˶Vo~X²Xb ³d{MVM e§H$m KoVbr OmVo. na§Vw {gX²Ym§V
Aà˶jnUo {gX²Y Pmbr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. H$ënZoÀ¶m Aà˶j narjUmV Vr g˶ åhUyZ pñdH$mabr
Jobr Va Amnë¶m ¶wp³VdmXmV Imbrb VH©$Xmof AmT>iob.
Aà˶j narjUmV narUm‘mMr MmMUr {ZarjU
qH$dm à¶moJmX²dmao Ho$br OmVo. Oa H g˶ Agob Va ¶mVyZ C1, C2 , C3 {ZînÝZ
Pmbo nm{hOo. C1, C2 , C3 {ZînÝZ Pmbo \ H g˶ Amho.
CXmhaUmW© … H$moZ-{Q>H$sMr ‘mo{h‘ Aà˶j narjU ’$³V Ago Xe©{dVo H$s {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm
g˶ Agy eH$Vo H$maU ¶m {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoì¶{Var³V BVa
X{jU g‘wÐ ~oQ>mdarb ‘yi bmoH$ Am{U X{jU H$moU˶mhr H$maUmñVd n[aUm‘ KSy>Z ¶oD$ eH$VmV ¶mMr
A‘o[aHo$Vrb a{hdmgr ¶m§À¶mV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ A§Va e³¶Vm ZmH$maVm ¶oV Zmhr. åhUyZ {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm {gX²Y
A{YH$ Agbo Var ˶m§À¶m [aVr[admOm§‘ܶo ~aoMgo H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.
gmå¶ Agë¶mMo {Z[ajUmV AmT>iyZ Ambo. H$mhr
g‘mOemñÌkm§Zr ""X{jU g‘wÐmVrb ~oQ>m§Mo ‘wi {Zdmgr {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoÀ¶m {gX²YVoV AmnU Ago
X{jU A‘oarHo$VyZ Ambo AgmdoV.'' Aer {gX²Ym§V Xe©{dʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aVmo H$s àñWm{nV {gX²Ym§V
H$ënZm ‘m§S>br. ¶m {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMo à˶j narjU H$ënZo‘wio n[aUm‘ KSy>Z ¶oVmV.
H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr, åhUyZ narjU H$aʶmgmR>r d¡km{ZH$m§Zr
Aà˶jnUo ho {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo H$s, nydu bmoH$ X{jU
A‘oarH$m Vo X{jU g‘wÐmVrb ~oQ>m§da àdmg H$arV

87

Aem ¶wp³VdmXmMm AmH$ma Imbrb à‘mUo Amho
Am{U ˶mÀ¶mV VH©$Xmof Zmhr.

Oa Am{U Oa H Agob Va Am{U VaM C1, C2 ,
C3 {ZînÝZ hmoB©b.

C1, C2 , C3 {ZînÝZ Pmbo

\ H g˶ Amho.

Aem àH$mao {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoÀ¶m {gX²YVoV Ago Kon - Tiki Museum Oslo
Xe©{dbo OmVo H$s, BVa Hw$R>brhr {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm
dñVwpñWVr ñnîQ> H$aV Zmhr. doJiçm eãXmV gm§Jm¶Mo
Va hr EH$M g§^mì¶ {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm Amho Or dñVwpñWVr
ñnîQ> H$é eH$Vo.

gmam§e

7.1 àmñVm{dH$

7.2 {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMo ñdén

{gX²Ym§VH$ënZm hr EH$ VmËnwaVr H$ënZm Amho. Or Z g‘OUmar dñVwpñWVr ñnîQ> H$aʶmgmR>r ‘m§S>br OmVo.

7.3 {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço

(1) d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmVrb EH$ ‘hËËdmMm Q>ßnm (2) ñnîQ>rH$aUmMm à¶ËZ

(3) VmËnwaVr (4) EH$ ì¶dñWm bmdUmao VËËd

(5) ~wX²{Y{ZîR> {dMma gaUrMo ’$brV

(6) Vab Am{U H$ënZme{³VMo Am{dîH$ma

7.4 {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMm CJ‘/ gwMZ / ‘m§S>Ur

(1) Vab Am{U {Z{‘©Vrj‘ H$ënZm (2) A{daV narl‘

(3) nwaogo kmZ / gImob kmZ (4) A§V…ñ’w$Vu

(5) ¶moJm¶moJ / AnKmV (6) gab JUZmË‘H$ {dJ‘Z Am{U gmå¶mݶw‘mZ

7.5 C{MV {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoÀ¶m AQ>r.

(1) g‘n©H$Vm (2) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm ñdgwg§JV Agmdr.

(3) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm narjUj‘ Agmdr.

(4) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm àñWm{nV kmZmer gwg§JV Agmdr.

(5) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm ñnîQ>rH$aUj‘ Agmdr.

88

(6) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm àm³H$WZj‘ Agmdr.

(7) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm gab Agmdr.

7.6 {gXYm§VH$ënZoMo narjU

(1) à˶j narjU (2) Aà˶j narjU

(3) narjUmÀ¶m ‘¶m©Xm

narjU Ago gw{MV H$aVo H$s C ho E ¶m H$m¶m©Mo H$maU Amho na§Vw Ago gy{MV H$arV Zmhr H$s C hoM
E Mo EH$‘od H$maU Amho.

ñdmÜ`m`

à. 1. H§$gmVrb `mo½` eãX {ZdSy>Z [aH$må¶m OmJm (2) à˶j narjU Ho$boë¶m {gX²Ym§V H$ënZobm
^am. g¡X²Ym§{VH$ {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm Ago åhUVmV.

(1) EH$ A§XmO qH$dm AZw‘mZ dñVwpñWVrer H$go (3) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZobm gab VoìhmM åhQ>bo OmVo Ooìhm
OmoS>bo OmVo ˶mbm ......... åhUVmV. Vr H$‘rV H$‘r J¥hrVH$m§Mm dmna H$aVo.

({gXYm§VH$ënZm / H$m¶Xm {Z¶‘) (4) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm hr VmËnwaVr gyMZm Amho.

(2) ............ narjUmZo Z¡J‘{ZH$ {ZîH$f© {ZKVmo. (5) d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmV {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm hm EH$
‘hËËdmMm Q>ßnm Amho.
(à˶j / Aà˶j)
à. 3. OmoS>çm bmdm.
(3) Ooìhm gm‘mݶrH$aUmbm gH$mamË‘H$ CXmhaUmX²dmao
nwîQ>r {‘iVo Am{U {damoYr CXmhaU AmT>iV Zmhr "A' JQ> "~' JQ>
Voìhm .......... nX²YV dmnabr OmVo.
1) {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoMm CJ‘ A)Aà˶j narjU
(gmYo JUZ / gmå¶mZw‘mZ)
2) {gX²Ym§V H$ënZoÀ¶m AQ>r ~) Vab
(4) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm ho EH$ g‘ñ¶odarb .......... ({Z{‘©Vrj‘) H$ënZm
CËVa Amho.
3) gmå¶mZw‘mZ H$) narjU j‘Vm
(VmËnwaVo / H$m¶‘)
4) g¡X²Ym§{VH$ {gX²Ym§V S>) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMo
(5) EImXçm {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoÀ¶m .......... ‘ܶo Vr
dñVwpñWVrer OwiVo H$s Zmhr ¶mMm emoY KoVbm H$ënZm gyMZ
OmVmo.
à. 4. Imbr {Xboë¶m {dYmZmg§ mR>r VH©$emñÌr¶ g§km
(narjU / nwamdm) gm§Jm.

à. 2. Imbrb {dYmZo gË` H$s AgË` AmhoV Vo (1) Vo EH$ ì¶dñWm bmdUmao VËËd Amho.
gm§Jm.
(2) ho EH$ AZw‘mZ Amho Á¶m‘ܶo {ZarjU Ho$boë¶m
(1) {gX²Ym§V H$ënZm ‘wb^yV J¥hrVmÀ¶m {dg§JV AgUo gmå¶mÀ¶m AmYmao {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm OmVmo.
Amdí¶H$ Amho.$
(3) g‘ñ¶oMo VmËnwaVo CËVa.

(4) VH©$ep³VMr Mm§Jbr e{³V {OWo g‘ñ¶oMo
{ZamH$aU AMmZH$ Am{U AZno{jVnUo hmoVo.

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(5) Aer {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm Or H$‘rV H$‘r ñdV§Ì à. 6 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao Xçm.
J¥hrVH$m§À¶m AmYmamda ~Zbobr AgVo. (1) emñÌkm§Zm {gX²Ym§VH$ënZm gwMʶmMo VrZ ‘mJ©

à. 5 WmoS>³¶mV CËVao Xçm. gmoXmhaU ñnîQ> H$am.
(2) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMr H$moUVrhr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço
(1) {ZarjUmX²dmao hmoUmao à˶j narjU CXmhaUmgh
ñnîQ> H$am. CXmhaUmgh ñnîQ> H$am.
(3) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMr VrZ CJ‘ñWmZo gmoXmhaU ñnîQ>
(2) à¶moJmX²dmao hmoUmao à˶j narjU CXmhaUmgh
ñnîQ> H$am. H$am.
(4) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMo à˶j narjU ñnîQ> H$am.
(3) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMo Aà˶j narjU CXmhaUmgh (5) C{MV {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoÀ¶m H$moU˶mhr VrZ AQ>r
ñnîQ> H$am.
gmoXmhaU ñnîQ> H$am.
(4) {gX²Ym§VH$ënZoMo H$moUVohr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç
CXmhaUmgh ñnîQ> H$am. vvv

(5) {gXYm§VH$ënZm gwMʶmgmR>r g§emoYH$mbm ‘XV
H$aUmam H$moUVmhr EH$ KQ>H$ gmoXmhaU ñnîQ>
H$am.

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eãXmW© gyMr

{ZU©¶ nX²YVr ( Decision procedure) {Xboë¶m ‘w³V Ma (Free variable) åhUOo Agm Ma Omo
{dYmZmH$ma gd©V… g˶, gd©V… Ag˶ H$s Z¡{‘{VH$Vm g§ñWmnH$mÀ¶m ì¶mßVrjoÌmÀ¶m ~mhoa AgVmo.
g˶mg˶ Amho ho R>a{dʶmÀ¶m nX²YVrbm {ZU©¶ nX²YV
åhUVmV. ~X²Y Ma (Bound variable) Omo Ma g§»¶mnH$mÀ¶m
ì¶mßVr joÌmV ¶oVmo ˶m Mambm ~X²Y Ma Ago åhUVmV.
EH$dmMr {dYmZ (Singular Proposition) : ho
EImXr {d{eîQ> 춳Vr {d{eîQ> JwUY‘©¶w³V Amho qH$dm CXmhaUrH$aU (Instantiation) {dYmZr¶ ’$bZmnmgyZ
Zmhr ho gm§JVo MbmÀ¶m OmJr AMb R>odyZ EH$dmMr {dYmZ
{‘i{dʶmÀ¶m à{H«$¶obm CXmhaUrH$aU åhUVmV.
hmoH$mamˑH$ EH$dmMr {dYmZ (Affirmative singular
proposition) : ho EImXr ì¶p³V {d{eîQ> JwUY‘©¶w³V g§»¶mnZ qH$dm gm‘mݶrH$aU (Quantification
Amho ho gm§JVo. or Generalization) {dYm{Z¶ ’$bH$mnmgyZ gm‘mݶ
{dYmZ {‘i{dʶmÀ¶m à{H«$¶obm g§ñWmnZ qH$dm
ZH$mamË‘H$ EH$dmMr {dYmZ (Negative singular gm‘mݶrH$aU åhUVmV.
proposition) : ho EImXr ì¶p³V {d{eîQ> JwUY‘©¶w³V
Zmhr Ago gm§JVo. {ZarjU (Observation) {ZarjU åhUOo {d{eîQ> hoVy
R>odyZ OmUrdnyd©H$ {ZdS>boë¶m KQ>Zm§Mo AdbmoH$Z hmo¶.
gm‘mݶ {dYmZ (General propositions) : ho dJ©
qH$dm dJmª{df¶r à{VnmXZ H$aVo. AdbmoH$Z (Perception) åhUOo Amnë¶mbm {XgUmè¶m
‘yV© dñVy Am{U KQ>Zm ¶m§Mr OmUrd hmoUo.
춳Vr AMb (An Individual constant) : {d{eîQ>
춳VtÀ¶m Zmdm§gmR>r dmnabo OmUmao {MÝh. à¶moJ (Experiment) g§emoYH$mZo {Z¶§{ÌV n[apñWVrV
Ho$bobo {ZarjU åhUOo à¶moJ hmo¶.
춳Vr Mb (An Individual variable) : H$moU˶mhr
ì¶p³VgmR>r dmnabo OmUmao {MÝh. An{ZarjU (Mal - observation) B§{жg§doXZmMm
Mw{H$Mm AW© bmdbm AgVm An{ZarjU KSy>Z ¶oVo.
{dYo¶ AMb (Predicate constant) : {d{eîQ>
{dYo¶mgmR>r dmnam¶Mo {MÝh. n[adV©Z (Conversion) Aì¶d{hV AZw‘mZmMr Aer
à{H«$¶m Á¶mV AmYma {dYmZmMo {dYo¶nX ho {ZîH$f©
{dYo¶ Mb (Predicate variable) : H$moU˶mhr {dYmZmÀ¶m CX²Xoí¶nXmÀ¶m OmJr {b{hbo OmVo.
{dYo¶mgmR>r dmnaʶmMo {MÝh.
à{VdV©Z (Obversion) Aì¶d{hV AZw‘mZmMr Aer
{dYmZr¶ ’$bZ ( propositional function) åhUOo à{H«$¶m Á¶mV AmYma {dYmZmVrb CX²Xoí¶nX {ZîH$fm©Vhr
Aer A{^춳Vr Á¶mV {H$‘mZ EH$ ‘w³VMb AgVo OgoÀ¶m Vgo H$m¶‘ amhVo na§Vw {ZîH$fm©Vrb {dYo¶nX ‘mÌ
qH$dm MbmÀ¶m OmJr 춳Vr AMb R>odë¶mda {dYmZ AmYma {dYmZmVrb {dYo¶nXmer ì¶mKmVr AgVo.
{‘iVo.
nX (Term) Agm eãX qH$dm eãX g‘yh Omo Vm{H©$H$
gab {dYmZr¶ ’$bZ (Simple propositional {dYmZmVrb CX²Xoí¶ qH$dm {dYo¶mÀ¶m ñdê$nmV AgVmo.
function) åhUOo Á¶mV {dYmZ g§¶moOH$ ZgVo.
AZw‘mZ (Anumana) Ago kmZ H$s Oo Xþgè¶m kmZmÀ¶m
g§{‘l {dYmZr¶ ’$bZ (Complex Propositional AZwf§JmZo ¶oVo.
function) Á¶m {dYmZr¶ ’$bZmV {dYmZ g§¶moOHo$
AgVmV ˶m§Zm g§{‘l {dYmZr¶ ’$bZ åhUVmV. à{Vkm (Pratijna) ݶm¶ g§dm³¶mVrb "{gX²Y H$amd¶mMo
{dYmZ'.

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