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श्रीमती प्राची रवीन्द्र साठे
S>m°. ‘mYdr Omoer lr‘Vr A{XVr ‘mYdZ² lr‘Vr eodÝVr Xm“Q>

g§ñH¥$V^mfmVÁkg{‘{V: S>m°. àgmX {^S>o lr‘Vr {dkmnZm JmoH$U©H$a S>m°. ‘mYdr Zagmio

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08.27.8 {ejHo$U n¥ï>mZm§ àýmZm§ g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ CÎmam{U dX{V &
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08.27.23 ì¶dhmao g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ {H${#mV² gå^mfVo &
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अ.क्र. पाठ: पृ. क्र. अ.क्र. पाठ: पृ. क्र.
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3

1. n[aM¶: & (àW‘: KQ>H$:)

Ah§ N>mÌ: & Ëd§ N>mÌm &
‘‘ Zm‘ amhþb: & Ëd§ amYm &
‘‘ ‘mVm {dXþbm &
‘‘ {nVm gwaoe : & C

Efm a‘m &
C

Ef: AWd©: &

C C

g: Xrnoe: & gm lo¶m &

• H¥${V:- Ed§ gd} N>mÌm: ñdn[aM¶§ H$W¶pÝV & VWm ñd{‘Ìñ¶ Zm‘ dXpÝV &

Jm¶V! ZÝXV! Vñ¶m: ^{JZr ‘Zmoa‘m &
hñVHw$Qw>å~‘² & ApñV ZZw gm AZm{‘H$m &&4&&

Á¶oð>m nwÌr XrK©V‘m & AÝVo ^d{V H${Zð>~mbm &
Zm‘ ‘ܶ‘m Vñ¶m: &&3&& Vñ¶m: Zm‘ H${Z{ð>H$m &&5&&

{ZH$Q>o {Zdg{V ZZw ‘mVm & hñVÛ¶oZ àU‘m{‘ &
Zm‘ VO©Zr Vñ¶m: &&2&& Amerdm©X§ {dÝXm{‘ &&6&&

Ef: ñZohmbw: VmV: &
Añ¶ Zm‘ Ibw A“xð>: &&1&&

4

२. क:, का, किम‌्?

2.1 Ef:/g:

C Ef: Ag r‘: & C g: àgmX: &

Ef: Mb{V & g: Ymd{V &

H$: Mb{V? H$: Ymd{V?

Ef: Agr‘: Mb{V & g: àgmX: Ymd{V &

¶moJoe: Ymd{V & AOw©Z: JÀN>{V & ‘oK: df©{V & qgh: JO©{V &

• H¥${V :- N>mÌm: ‘ÄOyfmÛ¶ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ dm³¶m{Z dXpÝV &

NmÌ:, {Jare:, qgh:, nR{V, JÀ>N{V, AmJÀN>{V, {bI{V,
‘¶ya:, H$mH$:, JO:, ‘yfH$:, ImX{V, Cn{de{V, C{Îmð>{V, {n~{V,
ewZH$:, ewH$:, {ejH$: ní¶{V, Z¥Ë¶{V, Iob{V, Jm¶{V,
~mbH$:, Aíd:, ‘H©$Q>: Z‘{V, CËnV{V, dX{V

^mfmä¶mg:

{M̧ ÑîQ‰>m dm³¶§ {bIV &

2.2 Efm/gm Efm Zr{b‘m & C gm ñdmVr &
Efm Jm¶{V &
C H$m Jm¶{V? gm Z¥Ë¶{V &
Efm Zr{b‘m Jm¶{V & H$m Z¥Ë¶{V?
gm ñdmVr Z¥Ë¶{V &



• H¥${V: - N>mÌ: ñdg‘rno/Xÿao Cn{dï>ñ¶ {‘Ìñ¶ {df¶o dm³¶§ dX{V &
¶Wm, Ef: gw^mf: Cn{de{V & g: g‘>oV: hg{V & Efm ZrVm {bI{V & gm gwdUm© Mb{V &

5

^mfmä¶mg:

1. ‘ÄOyfm¶m: gmhmæ¶oZ dmŠ¶m{Z aM¶V &

h[aU:, Jm¶H$:, Z¥n:, g:, Ef:, H$:, MQ>H$m, {nnr{bH$m, ~m{bH$m, {dÚm{W©Zr,

A{‘V:, H$nmoV:, ‘mOm©a:, ewH$:, qgh: ‘{hbm, ‘{jH$m, JrVm, ZXr, gm, Efm, H$m,

lo¶m, {e{jH$m

dX{V, ní¶{V, nV{V, hg{V, ImX{V, {n~{V, dg{V, H$W¶{V, Z‘{V, dh{V, Jm¶{V

Mb{V, Cn{de{V, {jn{V, C{Îmð>{V, {Vð>{V, JÀN>{V, AmJÀN>{V, ^«‘{V, JO©{V

2. {M̧ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶§ {bIV &

2.3 EVX²/VX² C VV² H$‘b‘² &
EVV² ’$b‘² & VV² {dH$g{V &
EVV² nV{V &
qH$ nV{V? qH$ {dH$g{V?
EVV² ’$b§ nV{V &
C VV² H$‘b§ {dH$g{V &

• H¥${V:- {H«$¶mnX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm N>mÌm: dmŠ¶m{Z dXpÝV &

ì¶OZ‘² & An˶§ & Ob‘² & aob¶mZ‘² &

H«$sS>m- {ejH$: EH¡$H§$ eãX§ dX{V & eãXñ¶ {b“§ kmËdm N>mÌm: {H«$¶m§ Hw$d©pÝV &
¶Wm- ¶{X nw§{b“eãX: V{h© N>mÌm: hñV‘² Cn[a Hw$d©pÝV,
¶{X ór{b“eãX: V{h© Vm{bH$mdmXZ‘²,
¶{X Znw§gH${b“eãX: V{h© "›' B{V Üd{Z: &
eãXm:- Aûd:, d¥Õm, nU©‘², d¥j:, Ef:, no{Q>H$m, JJZ‘², hñV:, gm, MfH$:, Hy$nr, VV²,
dZ‘², nmÌ‘², ZXr, Efm, ñWm{bH$m, ’$b‘², ¶mZ‘², nwéf:, EVV², CXa‘² &

6

^mfmä¶mg:

1. ¶mo½¶ñVå^ofw eãXmZ² {bIV & g: gm VV²
eãXm:

MÝÐ:, bVm, nÌ‘², Xþ½Y‘², nmXajm, Aíd:,
{d‘mZ‘², em{Q>H$m, d¥Õ:, no{Q>H$m, J¥h‘²

2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & ¶Wm- ‘¥J: Ymd{V & H$: Ymd{V?
1. N>mÌ: {bI{V & 2.’$b§ nV{V & 3.~m{bH$m Jm¶{V & 4. ‘H©$Q>: ImX{V & 5. Efm ní¶{V &

3. Vm{bH$mV: eãXmZ² {MËdm H$Wm§ nya¶V &

(^d{V, ní¶{V, {jn{V, pIÞ:, H$mH$:, {n~{V, AmJÀN>{V, ^«‘{V)

EH$: AVrd V¥fmV©: & g: AÌ-VÌ & {H$ÝVw Ob§ ZmpñV &

g: dZo EH§$ KQ>§ & {H$ÝVw KQ>o Ob‘² Aën‘² & g: ^d{V &

g: KQ>ñ¶ g‘rno nmfmUIÊS>mZ² ní¶{V & g: EH¡$H§$ nmfmUIÊS§> KQ>o &

VoZ Ob‘² Cn[a & H$mH$: Ob§ gÝVwï>: M &

पठत-बाेधत
AÌ VÌ Hw$Ì

ME?

ewZH$: AÌ & nd©V: VÌ & dm¶w: Hw$Ì? ¶mZ§ Hw$Ì?
~m{bH$m AÌ & d¥j: VÌ & dm¶w: gd©Ì & ¶mZ‘² AÌ ZmpñV,
H$ÝXþH$: Hw$Ì? ZXr Hw$Ì ? àH$me: Hw$Ì? ¶mZ§ VÌ ZmpñV &
H$ÝXþH$: AÌ & ZXr VÌ & àH$me: gd©Ì & ¶mZ‘² AÝ¶Ì &
~m{bH$m, H$ÝXþH$: ewZH$: M EH$Ì & J¥h§ d¥j: M EH$Ì &
dXV- AÌ, VÌ, Hw$Ì, AݶÌ, gd©Ì, EH$Ì &

7

3. Ho$ Hw$d©pÝV ?

3.1 EVo/Vo

C EVo N>mÌm: & C Vo Aídm: &
EVo nR>pÝV & Vo YmdpÝV &
Ho$ YmdpÝV?
Ho$ nR>pÝV? Vo Aídm: YmdpÝV &

EVo N>mÌm: nR>pÝV &



N>mÌm: {bIpÝV & nwéfm: Cn{depÝV & eH$Q>m: JÀN>pÝV & ~mbH$m: ní¶pÝV &

l H¥${V: - {ejH$, d¡Ú, {MÌH$ma, Jm¶H$, g¡{ZH$, EV¡: eãX¡: gh N>mÌm: n[a{MV{H«$¶mnXm{Z
¶mMH$, d¥Õ, nwéf, ~mbH$, qgh, ajH$ ¶moO{¶Ëdm ~hþdMZdmŠ¶m{Z dXpÝV &

3.2 EVm:/Vm:

CC

EVm: ~m{bH$m:& Vm: {dÚm{W©Ý¶: &

EVm: dXpÝV & Vm: Z¥Ë¶pÝV &

H$m: dXpÝV? H$m: Z¥Ë¶pÝV?

EVm: ~m{bH$m: dXpÝV & Vm: {dÚm{W©Ý¶: Z¥Ë¶pÝV &





MQ>H$m: Hy$OpÝV & ‘{hbm: Z‘pÝV & {nnr{bH$m: JÀN>pÝV & Vm: IobpÝV &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: ~hþdMZ§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm-‘m{nH$m-‘m{nH$m: & no{Q>H$m, N>mÌm, d¡Úm,
{Zdo{XH$m, nwpñVH$m, A“xbr, boIZr, Hy$nr, ÐmoUr&

8

3.3 EVm{Z/Vm{Z

CC

EVm{Z H$‘bm{Z & Vm{Z nÌm{U &
EVm{Z {dH$gpÝV & Vm{Z nVpÝV &
H$m{Z {dH$gpÝV? H$m{Z nVpÝV?
EVm{Z H$‘bm{Z {dH$gpÝV & Vm{Z nÌm{U nVpÝV &

{d‘mZm{Z JÀN>pÝV & ¶mZm{Z {Vð>pÝV & dmhZm{Z Ymd>pÝV&
l H¥${V:- {M̧ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶§ {bIV &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V & 4. ~m{bH$m: Z¥Ë¶pÝV & (Vo/Vm:/Vm{Z)

1. EVo (qgh) JO©pÝV & 5. (ZXr) dhpÝV &

2. (Ho$/H$m:/H$m{Z) ¶mZm{Z YmdpÝV? 6. d¡Úm: & (ní¶{V/ní¶pÝV)

3. ‘{hbm: & (dX{V/dXpÝV)

2) n[aÀN>oX§ nya¶V&

({n~pÝV, ^dpÝV, Vo, {‘bpÝV, ní¶pÝV)

J«rî‘mdH$meo gd}eñ¶ J¥ho H$mo@{n ZmpñV & AV: gd}e: CnoÝÐ: A{^foH$: M

gd} EH$Ì & g“UHo$ {MÌnQ>§ ní¶pÝV & {H${#mV² g‘¶mZÝVa§ 

Vo {nnm{gVm:   & AV: erVH$nm{Q>H$m¶m§ {H$‘² ApñV B{V

Vo  & VÌ "nmZH${Z‘m©Um¶' gdª gm{h˶‘² ApñV & AV: Vo nmZH§$

Hw$d©pÝV AmZÝXoZ M &

9

4.1 EVm¡/Vm¡ 4. Ûm¡, Ûo, Ûo &
C

C

EVm¡ ewZH$m¡ & Vm¡ ~mbm¡ &
EVm¡ ImXV: & Vm¡ IobV: &
H$m¡ ImXV:? H$m¡ IobV:?
EVm¡ ewZH$m¡ ImXV: & Vm¡ ~mbm¡ IobV: &

4.2 EVo/Vo C

C

EVo Jm{¶Ho$ & Vo {dÚm{W©Ý¶m¡ &
EVo Jm¶V: & Vo nR>V: &
Ho$ Jm¶V:? Ho$ nR>V:?
EVo Jm{¶Ho$ Jm¶V: & Vo {dÚm{W©Ý¶m¡ nR>V: &

4.3 EVo/Vo C

C Vo nwîno&
Vo {dH$gV: &
Ho$ {dH$gV:?
EVo dmhZo & Vo nwîno {dH$gV: &
EVo JÀN>V: &
Ho$ JÀN>V:?
EVo dmhZo JÀN>V: &

10

1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & ^mfmä¶mg:

N>mÌ: nR>{V & N>mÌm¡ nR>V: &
‘mOm©am¡ {n~V: &
ì¶mK«: JO©{V & nwéfm¡ ní¶V: &



JO: JÀN>{V &



2. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 3. {MÌm{U Am{bIV &

J¥h‘² Vo 1. H$‘bo {dH$gV: & 4. ‘¶yam¡ Z¥Ë¶V: &
VV² 5. ‘oKm¡ df©V: &
nÌ‘² nÌo 2. Zm¡Ho$ VaV: & 6. ’$bo nVV: &
nwñVH$‘²
nwñVHo$ 3. qghm¡ JO©V: &

J¥ho

4. {MÌdU©Z§ Hw$éV &



Jm¶V! ZÝXV! H¥$îUmZ² ‘oKmZ² ní¶ AmH$meo Z¥Ë¶§ Hw$d©pÝV ‘¶yamñVo
qghm JO©pÝV ZZw ‘oKZmX: &
ga ga Am¶mpÝV dfm©Ymam: YS>m‘² YwSw>‘² YS>m‘² YwSw‘² JO©pÝV Vo & gËda§ dhpÝV gmJa§ ZÚ:
AÌ àgÞm: gd} Ordm: & OboZ pŠbÞ§ OmV‘“§ àmUm {h àm{UZm§ dfm©H$mb: &&4&&
Ymo Ymo Ymo df©pÝV ‘oKm: gVV‘² &&3&&
d¥j¡: àm᧠ZdOrdZ‘² - S>m°. lrh[a: JmoH$U©H$a:

Z¥Ë¶pÝV ‘moXoZ ~mbm: gVV‘² &&1&&

Yn² Yn² nVpÝV ObànmVm:
S´±>d S´±>d Hw$d©pÝV Hy$n‘ÊSy>H$m: &
Q>n² Q>n² Jm¶pÝV nU}fw {~ÝXd:
n¹$dQ>ImXZo ‘¾m OZm: &&2&&

11

5. Ah§, Ëd‘² &

5.1 Ah‘² Ah§ ~mbH$: Apñ‘ & Ah§ ~m{bH$m Apñ‘ &


Ah§ à^mVo ñZmZ§ H$amo{‘ & Ah§ àmVame§ ImXm{‘ &

Ah§ ‘ܶm•o embm§ JÀN>m{‘ & Ah§ à^mVo embm§ JÀN>m{‘ &

Ah§ gm¶‘mbo Iobm{‘ & Ah§ ‘ܶm•o ñdmܶm¶§ H$amo{‘ &

Ah§ amÌm¡ {ZÐm§ H$amo{‘ & Ah§ gm¶‘mbo JrV§ Jm¶m{‘ &



l H¥${V:- N>mÌ: ñd{XZM¶mª n#mfS²dmŠ¶ofw dX{V &

5.2 Ëd‘² {e{jH$m - Ëd§ Hw$Ì dg{g?
N>mÌ: - Ah§ Zm{eH$ZJao dgm{‘ &

{e{jH$m - Ëd§ H$Xm Iob{g?

N>mÌ: - Ah§ gm¶‘mbo gnmXgádmXZo Iobm{‘ &

{e{jH$m - V{h© H$Xm Aܶ¶Z§ H$amo{f?

N>mÌ: - amÌm¡ XedmXZn¶©ÝV‘² Aܶ¶Z§ H$amo{‘ &

{e{jH$m - Ëd§ gå¶H²$ Jm¶{g & {MÌ‘{n gwÝXa‘² Am{bI{g & Aܶ¶Z‘² A{n

H$amo{f & g˶‘od Ëd‘² AmXe©: ~mbH$: &

l H¥${V:- EH$: N>mÌ: Aݶ§ N>m̧ àíZ§ n¥ÀN>{V & Aݶ: N>mÌ: CÎma§ dX{V & "Ëd§ Hw$Ì dg{g? Ëd§ qH$

H$amo{f?' Ed§ N>mÌm: nañna§ àíZ§ Hw$d©pÝV & CÎma§ dXpÝV M &

^mfmä¶mg:
Ymd{g & 3.
Ah‘²/Ëd‘² B{V eãX§ ¶moO¶V &

1. Iobm{‘ & 2. nR>{g &

4. ní¶m{‘ & 5. Hy$X©{g & 6. hgm{‘ &

5.3 Amdm‘², d¶‘²


Amdm§ {bImd: & d¶§ {bIm‘: &





Amdm§ {bImd: & d¶§ Ymdm‘: &

l H¥${V:-EH$: N>mÌ: dmŠ¶§ dX{V (Ah§ JÀN>m{‘ &), AZÝVa§ ~mbH$Û¶‘² "Amdm§' eãXoZ (Amdm§ JÀN>md:&),
Aݶo ~mbH$m: "d¶§' eãXoZ (d¶§ JÀN>m‘: &) B{V ~hþdMZ§ dXpÝV & VW¡d Aݶo N>mÌm: &

12

5.4 ¶wdm§, ¶y¶‘²


त्ंव पश्यसि । युवां पश्यथ: । ययू ं पश्यथ ।

^mfmä¶mg: dX{g & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)
{jnW & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)
1. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV {bIV M & Z¥Ë¶{g & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)
{bIW: & (Ëd§/¶wdm§)
1. Ah‘² & (Cn{dem{‘/Cn{dem‘:) 6.
& (nR>{g/nR>W)
2. H«$sS>m‘: & (Ah§/d¶§) 7.

3. d¶§ & (^«‘m{‘/^«‘m‘:) 8.

4. d¶§ & (Z‘m{‘/Z‘m‘:) 9.

5. hgm{‘ & (Ah§/d¶§) 10. ¶y¶§

{H«$¶mnXê$nm{U {bIV & Jm¶V ! ZÝXV !
MQ>H$! MQ>H$!
1. g: & (JX²) MQ>H$, MQ>H$, ao MQ>H$
{Md±² {Md±², Hy$O{g Ëd§ {dhJ !
2. Vm¡ & (JO©²) ZrS>o {Zdg{g gwIoZ S>¶go
ImX{g ’$bm{Z ‘Ywam{U &
3. Vo & (dX²) {dha{g {d‘bo {dnwbo JJZo
ZmpñV OZ: Ibw dma{¶Vm &&
4. gm & (Oën²) ‘mVm{nVam{dh ‘‘ Z ñV:
EH$mH$s Ibw pIÞmo@h‘² &
5. Vo & (On²) E{h g‘rn§ {Md±² {Md±² {‘Ì
XXm{‘ Vw䶧 ~hþYmݶ‘² &&
6. Vm: & (O¶²) MUH§$ ñdrHw$é {n~ ao Zra§
Ëd§ nwZa{n aQ> {Md±² {Md±² {Md±² &
7. Ëd§ & (Hy$O²) Vmof¶ ‘m§ Hw$é ‘Ywambmn§
nmR>¶ ‘m‘{n Vd ^mfm‘² &&
8. ¶wdm§ & (Z‘²) -S>m°. {dídmg:, ~|Jbwé &

9. ¶y¶§ & (ImX²) 13

10. Ah§ & (H«$sS²)

11. Amdm§ & (hg²)

12. d¶§ & (dg²)

13. ¶wdH$m¡ & (Vn²)

14. nwéfm: & (Ymd²)

15. ~m{bH$m: & (^«‘²)

16. ‘{hbo & (¶O²)

17. g¡{ZH$m: & (aj²)

18. H¥$fH$: & (dn²)

6. gL²>»¶m: &

1. EH$‘² 11. EH$mXe 21. EH$qde{V: 31. EH$qÌeV² 41. EH$MËdm[a¨eV²
2. Ûo 12. ÛmXe 22. Ûmqde{V: 32. ÛmqÌeV² 42. {ÛMËdm[a¨eV²
3. Ìr{U 13. ̶moXe 23. ̶moqde{V: 33. ̶qóeV² 43. {ÌMËdm[a¨eV²
4. MËdm[a 14. MVwX©e 24. MVw{dªe{V: 34. MVwqóeV² 44. MVwíMËdm[a¨eV²
5. n#m 15. n#mXe 25. n#mqde{V: 35. n#mqÌeV² 45. n#mMËdm[a¨eV²
6. fQ² 16. fmoS>e 26. fS²{d§e{V: 36. fQ²{̧eV² 46. fQ²MËdm[a¨eV²
7. gá 17. gáXe 27. gáqde{V: 37. gáqÌeV² 47. gáMËdm[a¨eV²
8. Aï> 18. Aï>mXe 28. Aï>mqde{V: 38. Aï>mqÌeV² 48. Aï>MËdm[a¨eV²
9. Zd 19. ZdXe 29. Zdqde{V: 39. ZdqÌeV² 49. ZdMËdm[a¨eV²
10. Xe 20. qde{V: 30. qÌeV² 40. MËdm[a¨eV² 50. n#mmeV²

^mfmä¶mg:

l aQ>Zmä¶mg: 1-50 gabH«$‘oU &
H«$sS>m- 1) 50 V: 1 {dnarVH«$‘oU gL²>»¶maQ>Z‘² & 2) EH$ídmgoZ ¶mdX{YH§$ gL²>»¶maQ>Z‘² &

3) › H«$sS>m- N>mÌm: 1-50 gL²>»¶m: EH¡$H$e: dXpÝV & Vݑܶo 5 gL²>»¶m¶m:
JwUH$ñWmZo › B{V dXpÝV & (¶Wm - 1, 2, 3, 4, ›, 6, 7, 8, 9, ›, 11, 12....)

1. Aja¡: A‘¡$: dm gL²>»¶m: {bIV &

5 & 23 & gáqÌeV² &

2 & 45 & fmoS>e &



2 . 51¶324 ))))) mo½¶ gJH^B‘ Ý$rm§dÐ{V oO²VËCMmgZ¶ Îmnomnama:mHññ‘ʶ $¶SH{² VA>$dH{HV maj$:${g{VV Aa?m¡::‘Üd{¶?bmUgm¶Im m©::m?:V??& EZ HdM$§ XËfÛde-So m̲,[agArC{áUnmnoa#{mJmAdBo{~mhe^¶ïÝV>¶Xn&A!m§wîo-{ndZdnAmÝXg‘{XU,mwV#alm!{‘&Xb&þï-I>g&,mÝnÐR‘>,w{ÐhHg$mV&:&

Aܶ¶Zm¶ Cn¶w³Vm: AmÝVaOmbg‘oVm: &
The Practical Sanskrit - English Dictionary by V. S. Apte

http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictonaries/apte

14

ldUmä¶mg:

dmMZ‘² ldU‘² AZwdmMZ‘² Ad~moYZ‘²

l H¥${V: - {ejH$: H$Wm§ nR>{V & N>mÌm: AZwnR>pÝV & {ejH$: An[a{MVeãXmZm‘² AWª dX{V &

eR>§ à{V emR>瑲 &

~H$ñ¶ e¥Jmbñ¶ M {‘ÌVm ApñV & EH$Xm e¥Jmb: ~H§$ ^moOZmWª ñdJ¥h‘² Amˆ¶{V & e¥Jmb:
ñWm{bH$m¶m§ nm¶g§ n[adof¶{V & ~H$ñ¶ M#mw: XrKm© ApñV & ñWm{bH$m¶m§ n[ado{fV§ nm¶g§ ~H$:
Im{XVw§ Z eŠZmo{V & e¥Jmb: Vñ¶
Cnhmg§ H$amo{V & nwZ: H$Xm{MV²
~H$: e¥Jmb§ ^moOZmWª ñdJ¥h‘²
Amˆ¶{V & VXm g: JbpÝVH$m¶m§
nm¶g§ n[adof¶{V & JbpÝVH$m¶m§
n[ado{fV§ nm¶g§ e¥Jmb: Im{XVw§ Z
eŠZmo{V & ~H$: Vñ¶ Cnhmg§
H$amo{V & e¥Jmb: AdJÀN>{V-
""‘‘ nyd©H¥$Vñ¶ EVV² ’$b‘²''
B{V & g: {‘Ìñ¶ j‘m§ àmW©¶Vo &
V¶mo: ‘¡Ìr ÑT>m ^d{V &

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: H$Wm§ H$W¶{V & N>mÌm: e¥ÊdpÝV, AdJÀN>pÝV, ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m nwZ: dXpÝV &

g˶{à¶: H$m{ð>H$: &

EH$: H$m{ð>H$: H$mð>ÀN>oXZmWª dZ§
JÀN>{V & AZdYmZmV² Vñ¶ hñVmV² Hw$R>ma:
Obo nV{V & g: {MÝVmHw$b: ^d{V & VXm
VÌ Xod: AmJÀN>{V & Xod: Obo ‘‚m{V &
gwdU©Hw$R>ma§ J¥hrËdm ~{h: AmJÀN>{V & g:
dX{V, ""A{n Ef: Vd Hw$R>ma:?'' H$m{ð>H$:
dX{V- ""Z Ef: ‘‘ Hw$R>ma: &'' VXZÝVa§
Xod: am¡ß¶Hw$R>ma§ Xe©¶{V & H$m{ð>H$: VX{n
Z ñdrH$amo{V & AÝVo Xod: bmohHw$R>ma‘²
AmZ¶{V & H$m{ð>H$: dX{V, ""Am‘², Ef:
Ed ‘‘ Hw$R>ma: &'' àgÞ: Xod: Vñ‘¡ gdm©Z²
Hw$R>mamZ² ¶ÀN>{V & Ahmo H$m{ð>H$ñ¶
{Z:ñn¥hVm g˶{à¶Vm M !

15

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 1

{H«$¶mnXm{Z-1

bQ²bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:) nañ‘¡nX‘²
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
३
१२

àW‘nwéf:

g: Vm¡ Vo

४ ५६

‘ܶ‘nwéf:

Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘²
७ ८ ९

CÎm‘nwéf:

Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘²

àW‘nwéf: ImX{V १ ImXV: २ ImXpÝV ३
‘ܶ‘nwéf: ImX{g ४ ImXW: ५ ImXW ६
CÎm‘nwéf: ImXm{‘ ७ ImXmd: ८ ImXm‘: ९

पञ्चदश वाक्यानि । (परस्मैपदम्)‌ कण्ठस्थीकरणार्थम‌् ।

1 g: ~mbH$: ImX{V & 2 Vm¡ ~mbH$m¡ ImXV: & 3 Vo ~mbH$m: ImXpÝV &
1 gm H$ݶm ImX{V & 2 Vo H$ݶo ImXV: & 3 Vm: H$ݶm: ImXpÝV &
1 VX² An˶§ ImX{V & 2 Vo An˶o ImXV: & 3 Vm{Z An˶m{Z ImXpÝV &

4. Ëd§ ImX{g & 5. ¶wdm§ ImXW: & 6. ¶y¶§ ImXW &
7. Ah§ ImXm{‘ & 8. Amdm§ ImXmd: & 9. d¶§ ImXm‘: &

EVofw dmŠ¶ofw "ImX{V' B{V ñWmZo nR>{V, Ymd{V, hg{V, Iob{V, JÀN>{V, AmJÀN>{V, Cn{de{V,
C{Îmð>{V EVofm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm nwZ: dXV ñ‘aV M &

16

{H«$¶mnXñ¶ ‘yb§ = YmVw: & bQ²>bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:)
YmVyZm§ Xe {d^mJm: = JUm: & nañ‘¡nXà˶¶m:
JUgyMH$‘² {M•‘² = JU{dH$aU‘² & E.d. {Ûd. ~. d.
YmVyZm§ àH$maÛ¶‘²
à. nw. {V १ V: २ ApÝV३
nañ‘¡n{XZ: & AmË‘Zon{XZ: &
H$mbmZwgma§ nXmZwgma§ M à˶¶m: ^dpÝV & ‘.nw. {g ४ W: ५ W ६

C.nw. {‘ ७ d: ८ ‘: ९

{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² - (‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + à˶¶: = {H«$¶mnX‘²
(AmXoe:) ({M•‘²)

JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘²
àW‘: A nR>{V
MVwW©: ¶ Z¥Ë¶{V
fð>: A {bI{V
Xe‘: A¶ nyO¶{V

nR>{V = nR²> + A + {V

‘ybYmVw: JU{dH$aU‘² à˶¶:


nR² (1 n. n.) = nR² + A = nR> + {V = nR>{V

Z¥V² (4 n. n.) = Z¥V² + ¶ = Z¥Ë¶ +{V = Z¥Ë¶{V

{bI² (6 n. n) = {bI² +A = {bI + {V= {bI{V


nyO² (10 n. n) = nyO² +A¶ = nyO¶ + {V = nyO¶{V

AmXoe: (EH$ñ¶ ñWmZo Anañ¶ AmJ‘Z§ Zm‘ AmXoe: &)
AmXoea{hV: YmVwg‘yh: - Z‘²-Z‘{V, H«w$Y²-H«w$ܶ{V, {bI²-{bI{V, nyO²-nyO¶{V
AmXoeg{hV: YmVwg‘yh: - J‘²-JÀN>² (1 n. n.) = JÀN>² + A = JÀN> + {V = JÀN>{V
ñWm {Vð>² - (1 n. n.) = {Vð>{V, nm {n~² -(1 n.n.) = {n~{V
àÀN² n¥ÀN² - (6 n. n.) = n¥ÀN>{V, Xm ¶ÀN²> - (1 n. n.) = ¶ÀN>{V

17

nR²> 1 n. n. bQ²>ê$nm{U ~. d.
Z¥Ë¶pÝV
E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. Z¥V² 4 n. n. Z¥Ë¶W
à. nw. nR>{V nR>V: nR>pÝV Z¥Ë¶m‘:
‘. nw. nR>{g nR>W: nR>W E. d. [Ûd.
à. nw. Z¥Ë¶{V Z¥Ë¶V:
C.nw. nR>m{‘ nR>md: nR>m‘: ‘. nw. Z¥Ë¶{g Z¥Ë¶W:
C. nw. Z¥Ë¶m{‘ Z¥Ë¶md:

{bI² 6 n. n. nyO² 10 n. n.

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

à. nw. {bI{V {bIV: {bIpÝV à. nw. nyO¶{V nyO¶V: nyO¶pÝV

‘. nw. {bI{g {bIW: {bIW ‘. nw. nyO¶{g nyO¶W: nyO¶W

C.nw. {bIm{‘ {bImd: {bIm‘: C. nw. nyO¶m{‘ nyO¶md: nyO¶m‘:

H«$rS>m -
1. {H«$¶mnXgL²>J«h:- à˶oH§$ N>mÌ: EH¡$H§$ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & EHo$Z Cº§$ {H«$¶mnX‘² AݶoZ Z d³V춑² &
2. Amew-A{^Z¶:- EH$: N>mÌ: A{^Z¶oZ {H«$¶m§ Xe©¶{V & Aݶo N>mÌm: {H«$¶mnX‘² A{^OmZpÝV dXpÝV M &
3. {H«$¶mnXe¥’bm - EH$: N>mÌ: EH§$ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & {ÛVr¶: N>mÌ: nydmo©³V{H«$¶mnXoZ gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§
dX{V & V¥Vr¶: N>mÌ: AZwH«$‘oU nydm}³V-{H«$¶mnX-Û¶oZ gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & Ed§ à˶oH§$ N>mÌ:

nydm}³V-{H«$¶mnX¡: gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & Ed§ {H«$¶mnXmZm§ e¥’bm ^doV² &

4. A{dbå~§ Xe{H«$¶mnXm{Z dXV &
5. {ZaÝVa§ n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z dXV &

dJ©narjmàmê$n‘² & JwUm: - 20

Aä¶mgH«$‘:- ñdn[aM¶:, {b“kmZ‘², nwéfkmZ‘², dMZkmZ‘², bQ²>ê$nm{U &

àmê$n‘² - 1) {MÌmUm§ Zm‘m{Z {bIV & ({MÌnXH$mofV:) 4

2) dMZ‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {MÌZm‘m{Z {bIV & 4

3) ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & (H$V¥©nX§-{H«$¶mnX‘²) 4

4) gL²>»¶m: {bIV & (Aja¡:/A‘¡$:) 1

5) eãXmZ² n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & ({b“mZwgma‘²) (Ho$db§ fQ²>) 3

6) ‘ÄOyfmV: ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V & ({H$‘{n EH$‘²) 2

7) {H«$¶mnXH$moï>H§$ nya¶V & (bQ²>ê$nm{U) 2

18

dJ©narjm 4
4
1. {MÌmUm§ Zm‘m{Z {bIV &

१ २ ३ ४





2. dMZ‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {MÌZm‘m{Z {bIV &
१ २ ३ ४



3. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 4

A ~ CÎmam{U

1) ‘{hbm: Jm¶{V -----

2) nwéf: ní¶{g -----

3) EVm¡ Z¥Ë¶pÝV -----

4) Ëd‘² dXV: -----

4. gL²>»¶m: Aja¡: {bIV & 1

1) 27 & 2) 43 &

5. eãXmZ² n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & (Ho$db§ fQ²>) 3

eãXm: g: gm VX²
MÝÐ:, ‘mbm, JO:, J¥h‘², nÌ‘², ‘m{nH$m,
nmXajm, {d‘mZ‘²

6. ‘ÄOyfmV: ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V & ({H$‘{n EH$‘²) 2

1) Zm‘ g˶{à¶: & Ah§ & Ah§ dYm©ZJao & ‘‘ ‘mVm &

‘ÄOyfm- ZraOm, ‘‘, dgm{‘, N>mÌ:

2) dfm©Ymam: nVpÝV & ~mbm: ‘moXoZ & ObànmVm: & AmH$meo JO©pÝV &
gmJa§ à{V dhpÝV & ‘ÄOyfm- H¥$îU‘oKm:, nVpÝV, Z¥Ë¶pÝV, ZÚ:
7 . {H «$¶mn XH $moï>H§$ nya¶V & 2
E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

à. nw. YmdV: YmdpÝV
‘. nw. Ymd{g YmdW:
C. nw. Ymdm‘:

19

7. dUm©Zm§ g§dmX: & ({ÛVr¶: KQ>H$:)

A-Am-B-B©-C-D$- F$- d¶§ gd} ñdam: & F$, G , b¥ EVo A{n ñdam: Ed &
G -b¥ -E-Eo-Amo-Am¡ F$½doX:, F${f: AmXrZm§ eãXmZm‘² AJ«ñWmZo F$
B{V ñda: &

H²$ I² J² Ah‘² AZwñdma: & Ah§ Vw : Ah§ {dgJ©: & ‘‘ A{n CƒmaU§
K² L²> ñdamUm‘² Aml¶oU Ed {Vð>m{‘ & ñda¡: gh ^d{V & ¶{X ‘m‘²
qH$ ‘‘ CƒmaU§ H$Vw©‘² BÀN>{g? M² N²> O² dºw$‘² BÀN>{g V{h© dX, "A:'
Q²> R²> S²> V{h© dX "A‘²' "Am‘²' "B‘²' B{V & P² Äm² "B:' "C:' B{V &
T²> U²
d¶§ ì¶ÄOZm{Z & d¶§ gd} ghmoXam:& d¶‘² A{n ghmoXam: & "M' dJu¶m: &
n² ’²$$ ~² > "H$' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaU§ Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaUñWmZ‘² ApñV
^² ‘² H$ÊR>o ^d{V & AV: d¶§ H$ÊR>çm:& Vmbw: & AV: d¶§ Vmbì¶m: &

d¶§ Ibw "Q>' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² V² W² X² d¶§ "V' dJu¶m: & d¶§ XÝ˶m: &
CƒmaUñWmZ§ dV©Vo ‘yYm© & AV: Y² Z² Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaUo {Oˆm XÝVmZ²
d¶§ ‘yY©Ý¶m: &
ñn¥e{V &

d¶§ "n' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² ¶² Ah§ Vmbì¶: & a² Ah§ ‘yY©Ý¶: &
CƒmaUo Amoð>m¡ gpå‘bV: & d¶§ b² Ah§ XÝ˶: & d² Ah§ XÝVmoîR>ç:&
Ibw Amoð²>¶m: &

e² ¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm {Oˆm¶m: f² ¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm
‘ܶ: Vmbw§ {H${#mV² ñn¥e{V & ¶Wm {Oˆm¶m: n¥ð>^mJ: ‘yYm©Z§ {H${#mV²

eeH$: B{V eãXo & AV: Ah§ Vmbì¶:& ñn¥e{V & ¶Wm fQ²H$moU: B{V eãXo &

AV: Ah§ ‘yY©Ý¶: &

g² ¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm {Oˆm¶m: h² Ah§ H$ÊR>ç: &

AJ«§ XÝVmZ² {H${#mV² ñn¥e{V & ¶Wm

g‘ra: B{V eãXo & AV: Ah§ XÝ˶: &

j² k² (O² + Äm²) EV¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Ah§
(H²$ + f²) EV¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Ah§ ^dm{‘ & AV: Ah‘{n
^dm{‘ & AV: Ah§ g§¶w³Vmja‘² & g§¶w³Vmja‘² &

20

^mfmä¶mg:

1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & 2. AYmoXÎmofw dJ}fw ¶mo½¶§ dUª {bIV &

õñdñda: XrK©ñda: Äm², ‘², L²>, U², Z²

A ---- H²$ I² J² K² .... &

--- B© M² N² O² P² .... &

---- D$ Q² R² S² T² .... &

F$ ---- V² W² X² Y² .... &

n² ’²$ ~² ^² .... &

3. AYmoXÎmmZ² eãXmZ² ní¶V, nR>V, CƒmaU^oX‘² AdJÀN>V &

Ame¶:, {df¶:, ‘eH$:, ‘yfH$:, gH$b:, eH$b: &

4. g‘yhoVa§ dUª {MZwV &

1 ) H²$ I² J² L²> R² 3) B© E C j² Amo

2) n² N² ’²$ ‘² ^² 4) Z² Y² W² M² X²

5. ewÕ§ eãX§ {MZwV &

1) ê$Mm - F$Mm 2) n¥Ïdr - à¥Ïdr 3) F$U‘² - éU‘²

4) ê${f:- F${f: 5) {dîdmg:- {dídmg:

6. eãXH$mofo "kmZ‘²' VWm "j‘m' B{V eãXÛ¶‘² ApÝdî¶V &
7. A ZwnR>V-Xod:, ‘mbm:, H${d:, ZXr:, ‘{V:, ^mZw:, YoZy:, Xod¡:, ZÚmo:, ‘Vo:, Jm¡: &

nR>V-~moYV ‘ÄOyfm¶m§ {bpIVmZm§ eãXmZm‘² F$$ AjaoU àmaå^:

l {nZmH$-’${U-~mboÝXþ-^ñ‘-‘ÝXm{H$Zr¶wVm & ^d{V & ApÝdî¶V & {bIV &
ndJ©a{MVm‘y{V©andJ©àXm{¶Zr &&
j: 2
{Õ:

F$ 3
6

V‘² 4

1 ^„zH$:
2 J«rî‘: dgÝV: dm
3 doXofw EH$:
4 ~brdX©:
5 g˶‘²
6 Aݶñ‘mV² ñdrH¥$V§ YZ‘²
7 g‘¥{Õ:, d¡^d‘²

21

$8.1 gå~ÝYdmMH$m: &

8.1.1
XeaW: am‘: H$ñ¶ nwÌ: am‘:? XeaWñ¶ nwÌ: am‘: &
amdU: पिता ‘oKZmX: H $ñ¶ {nVm XeaW:? am‘ñ¶ {nVm XeaW: &
१. रावणस्य पतु ्र: मघे नाद: । ५. मघे नादस्य पिता रावण: ।
Y¥Vamï´>: पतु ्र: Xþ¶m}YZ: २. पतु ्र: दरु ्योधन: । ६. दरु ्योधनस्य ।
am‘: bd: लव: । ७. पिता राम: ।
^r‘: KQ>moËH$M: ३.
४. भीमस्य । ८. पिता ।
8.1.2

am‘m¶U‘² dmë‘r{H$: 1. am‘m¶Uñ¶ H${d: dmë‘r{H$: &

‘hm^maV‘² H${d: ì¶mg: 2. ‘hm^maVñ¶ H${d: ì¶mg: &

aKwd§e‘² H$m{bXmg: 3. H${d: H$m{bXmg: &

JrVJmo{dÝX‘² O¶Xod: 4. H${d: O¶Xod: &

8 .1.3 énagD‘pm$rŠ{dVm‘ ‘©Vm©b Ur mr पपतत्िनी : ‘{ab{demm‘úYÇd:‘>bd:U::: २१४३कक .... सस प््ाययरा्:पवतत प्य्तनाी:ि:सपरतीताि म:पपाप?:ततश?तिििि::रवस:ालव :ममीितकस।ाठ्धा ््ष य्यठमवणालप:::त:प।्।न। त ी िस:६८५७ीर....ता मा :। । पत् नपपीत त्न् ीनीपDार$्रवत्लमिी ।।।ा ।

8.1.4 Vd-‘‘

Efm ‘‘ nmR>embm &

Efm Vd nmR>embm&

Ef: ‘‘ ñ¶yV: & E
E EVñ¶ dU©: Zrb: &

Efm Vd Hy$nr &

EVñ¶m: dU©: a³V: &

8.1.5 Vñ¶-Vñ¶m: E D

g: ~mbH$: & VV² Vñ¶ nwñVH$‘² & gm ‘{hbm &
Vñ¶m: em{Q>H$m nrVm &
nwñVH$ñ¶ Zm‘ "Am‘moX:' & Vñ¶m: ñ¶yV: H¥$îU: &

gm Vñ¶ boIZr &

Vñ¶m: dU©: H¥$îU: &

22

l H¥${V:- N>mÌ: ñdg‘rno VWm M Xÿao Cn{dï>ñ¶ N>mÌñ¶ Zm‘ H$W¶{V &
¶Wm- EVñ¶ Zm‘ hare: & EVñ¶m: Zm‘ a‘m &
Vñ¶ Zm‘ ‘H$aÝX: & Vñ¶m: Zm‘ C‘m &

1. ¶mo½¶oZ ê$noU JrV§ nya¶V & ^mfmä¶mg:

(H$mH$) dU©: H¥$îU: H¥$îU: & (Am‘«) dU©: nrV: nrV: &
(JJZ) dU©: Zrb: Zrb: &
(nU©) dU©: h[aV: h[aV: &

2. dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV&

eH©$am ñdmX: ‘Ywa:

¶mZ‘² doJ: A{YH$:

~mbH$: ¶wVH$‘² ‘{bZ‘²

ZXr Ob‘² erV‘²

3. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & ‘‘ 4. eãXê$nm{U {bIV & ¶Wm Xod:-Xodñ¶
Ef: EVñ¶ 1) gy¶©: 2) ñ¶yV: 3) JUoe: 4) nmXn:
VX² Vñ¶ 5) ‘mbm 6) ~m{bH$m 7) ‘m{nH$m 8) em{Q>H$m
Ah‘² EVñ¶m:
Ëd‘² Vd 9) ZXr 10) ÐmoUr 2) do„Zr 12) H$V©ar
Efm 13) Ob‘² 14) J¥h‘² 15) dZ‘² 16) eara‘²
17) Ah‘² 18) Efm 19) Ëd‘² 20) VV²

5. {MÌñW-eãXmZm‘² AmYmaoU dm³¶m{Z aM¶V &

Cn[a

n¥îR>V: dm‘V:
nwaV:

दक्षिणत:

AY:
23

८.२ कुत्र अस्ति?

8.2.1

’$b§ Hw$Ì ApñV? Hy$nr Hw$Ì ApñV? MÝÐ: Hw$Ì? ‘rZm: Hw$Ì VapÝV ?

’$b§ d¥jo ApñV & Hy$nr ñ¶yVo ApñV & MÝÐ: JJZo & ‘rZm: Obo VapÝV &

l H¥${V:-{ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm dJ©:-dJ}

(A) (eãXm:- hñV:, ’$bH$:, ‘mJ©:, nd©V:, AmgÝX:, KQ>:, H$U©:, {dÚmb¶:)

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm J¥h‘²-J¥ho &

(Am) (eãXm:- nmÌ‘², Ûma‘², ‘wI‘², nwîn‘², ’$b‘², emH$‘², nwñVH$‘², nmZH$‘², Xþ½Y‘², CÚmZ‘²)

8.2.2

‘m¡p³VH$m{Z Hw$Ì? boIZr Hw$Ì? Zm¡H$m Hw$Ì dh{V? Ob§ Hw$Ì ApñV?
‘m¡p³VH$m{Z ‘mbm¶m‘² & boIZr no{Q>H$m¶m‘² & Zm¡H$m ZÚm§ dh{V & Ob§ Ðmoʶm‘² ApñV &

l कतृ ि:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm-em{Q>H$m-em{Q>H$m¶m‘² &
(B) (eãXm:- ‘m{nH$m, Zm{gH$m, Z{bH$m, nmR>embm, ‘m{J©H$m, ‘ÄOyfm, eH©$am, dm{Q>H$m, Xmobm)

l कतृ ि:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm, ZXr-ZÚm‘² &
(B©) (eãXm:- H$V©ar, ‘mO©Zr, boIZr, nwZ:nyaUr, KQ>r, Hy$nr)

^mfmä¶mg:
1. AW©nyUm©{Z dm³¶m{Z aM¶V & 2. Ob§ Hw$Ì ApñV? B{V {bIV &

(nd©V) ‘pÝXa‘² ApñV gamoda: Hy$nr H$be:
(Xþ½Y) eH©$am ZmpñV J“m Ob‘² ZXr
(boIZr) ‘gr g‘wÐ:
(dm{Q>H$m) Xmobm
(nwñVH$) JrV‘²



24

८.३ सहायका: ।

8.3.1

g: gwYmIÊS>oZ {bI{V & Ah§ MaUoZ VmS>¶m{‘ & Ah§ M‘goZ ImXm{‘ & gm hñVoZ dmX¶{V &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: EH¡$H§$ eãX§ dX{V & XÝVHy$M©:, MaU:, ‘mO©H$:, XÝV:, H$U©:, ñ¶yV:, Xrn:, g“UH$:,

H$be:, Vmb:, IS²J:, ~mU: B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm hñV:-hñVoZ
8.3.2

g: ¶mZoZ JÀN>{V & Ah§ ‘wIoZ dXm{‘ & gm dóoU ‘mO©¶{V & ‘H©$Q>: ì¶OZoZ drO¶{V &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & ZoÌ‘², dmhZ‘², Ob‘², dó‘², ¶ÝÌ‘², ì¶OZ‘², nwñVH$‘², ^mÊS>‘², eó‘²

B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm ZoÌ‘²-ZoÌoU &
8.3.3

gm ‘m{nH$¶m ~m{bH$m Nw>[aH$¶m ‘mVm do„ݶm amo{Q>H$m: ~mbH$: Hy$߶m Xþ½Y§
Am{bI{V &$ H$V©¶{V &
H$amo{V & {n~{V &

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & amo{Q>H$m, nwpñVH$m, H$nm{Q>H$m, no{Q>H$m, Z{bH$m, CËnr{R>H$m, eH©$am,

Jw{bH$m, nwÎm{bH$m, Hw${#mH$m, ‘mO©Zr, A“xbr, nwZ:nyaUr, A‘>Zr, H$V©ar, KQ>r B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U

N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm em{Q>H$m-em{Q>H$¶m, ZXr-ZÚm &

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V & ^mfmä¶mg:

1) ‘{hbm (ÐmoUr) Ob‘² AmZ¶{V & 4) g: (XÊS>) VmS>¶{V &

2) ~mbH$: (M‘g) ImX{V & 5) gm (Ob) ‘wI§ àjmb¶{V &

3) gm (hñV) amo{Q>H$m§ ImX{V & 6) Ah§ (Hw${#mH$m) Vmb‘² CÓmQ>¶m{‘ &

25

8.3.4 gh


‘ÝXma: {ZZmXoZ gh Iob{V & {e{jH$m N>m̶m gh ûcmoH§$ nR>{V & Zrbm ‘mo{hݶm gh nwñVH§$ nR>{V &
8.3.5 {dZm



‘Ëñ¶m: OboZ {dZm Z OrdpÝV & ~mbH$: bÈx>Ho$Z {dZm {H$‘{n Z ImX{V & d¥Õ: CnZoÌoU {dZm Z nR>{V &

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: N>mÌmZ² àý§ n¥ÀN>{V, "Ëd§ Ho$Z gh {bI{g/H«$sS>{g/ImX{g?' ñd{‘Ìñ¶ Zm‘
¶moO{¶Ëdm N>mÌ: CÎma§ dX{V &

Jm¶V! ZÝXV! ‘‘ A“m{Z & A“xbr

am‘: ¶m{V bbmQ‘²> Ho$em: hñV:
grV¶m gh & ‘{U~ÝY:
Hw$Ì g: ¶m{V? Z¶Z‘² Zm{gH$m
ga¶yZXr‘² &&1&& Amoð>m¡ Hy$n©a:

{M~wH$‘² H$U©:
H$ÊR>: ñH$ÝY:

dj:

H¥$îU: ¶m{V CXa‘²
amY¶m gh A‘:$
Hw$Ì g: ¶m{V?
¶‘wZmZXr‘² &&2&&

{dÇ>b: ¶m{V OmZw {npÊS>:
épŠ‘ʶm gh & nmX: nmpîU©:
Hw$Ì g: ¶m{V?
MÝÐ^mJm‘² &&3&&

- {eewJrVm{Z 1 A°n²-V:&

H«$sS>m-{dXÿfH$: dX{V-H$Uª Xe©¶V & ‘wI‘² CX²KmQ>¶V & Ho$emZ² ñn¥eV & hñV‘² Cn[a Hw$éV & ZoÌo {Z‘rb¶V &
26

8.4 {H$‘²? {H$‘²?

8.4.1



1. {M̧ ÑîQ‰m àýmZ² nR>V & {MÌdU©Z§ nR>V &
1) ~mbH$: qH$ nR>{V? (nwñVH$) 1) ~mbH$: nwñVH§$ nR>{V &
2) d¥Õ: qH$ Ya{V? (N>Ì) 2) d¥Õ: N>̧ Ya{V &
3) ewZH$: qH$ ImX{V? (amo{Q>H$m) 3) ewZH$: amo{Q>H$m§ ImX{V &
4) ~m{bH$m qH$ {jn{V? (H$ÝXþH$) 4) ~m{bH$m H$ÝXþH§$ {jn{V &
5) ‘{hbm qH$ Z¶{V? (ÐmoUr) 5) ‘{hbm ÐmoUt Z¶{V &
6) d¥Õm qH$ ní¶{V? (~m{bH$m) 6) d¥Õm ~m{bH$m§ ní¶{V &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. "{H$‘²' eãXñ¶ ñWmZo CÎma§ ¶moO¶V & dmŠ¶§ nwZ: dXV &
1) ‘H©$Q>: qH$ ImX{V? (H$Xbr’$b) 4) ~mbH$: qH$ ñdrH$amo{V? (bÈx>H$)

2) JO: qH$ {jn{V? (Ob) 5) N>mÌm qH$ dX{V? (ûcmoH$)

3) ewH$: qH$ ImX{V? (‘ar{MH$m) 6) nwéf: qH$ ní¶{V? (ZXr)

H«$sS>m- A{^Z¶H«$sS>m - {ejH$: N>mÌm¶ dmŠ¶§ H$W¶{V & N>mÌ: dmŠ¶ñ¶ A{^Z¶§ H$amo{V & Vñ¶ {‘Ìm{U
dmŠ¶‘² A{^OmZpÝV &

8.4.2 ~mbH$: Hw$Ì JÀN>{V?

{dÚmb¶: dmŠ¶m{Z Hw$éV &

nmR>embm {dÎmH$mof: am‘: (ga¶yZXr)
J¥h‘² {dÇ>b: (MÝÐ^mJm)
dm{Q>H$m ~mbH$: N>mÌ: ({dÚmb¶) JÀN>{V &
CÚmZ‘‌² ‘mVm (nmH$J¥h)
n#mdQ>r ZXr d¥Õm (Xodmb¶)

~mbH$: {dÚmb¶§ JÀN>{V &
~mbH$: dm{Q>H$m§ JÀN>{V &

27

8.5 H$ñ‘¡ ? H$ñ¶¡ ?

H$ݶm Amn{UH$m¶ ¶y¶§ nR>Zm¶ N>mÌm: {ejH$m¶¡
YZ§ ¶ÀN>{V & {dÚmb¶§ JÀN>W & nwînm{U ¶ÀN>pÝV &

AmMm¶m©¶ Z‘: & {e{jH$m¶¡ Z‘: & OZݶ¡ Z‘: &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V &

1. (JUoe) Z‘: & 2. (gañdVr) Z‘: &

3. g: (~mb) bÈx>H§$ ¶ÀN>{V & 4. Vo (^moOZ) CnmhmaJ¥h§ JÀN>pÝV &

5. d¶§ (d¥Õm) nwînm{U ¶ÀN>m‘: & 6. Ëd§ ({‘Ì) boIZt ¶ÀN>{g &

2. ‘{hbm H$ñ‘¡ qH$ ¶ÀN>{V? B{V {bIV &

(~mbH$) ‘moXH§$

(~m{bH$m) Hy$nt

‘{hbm ({^jwH$) dó§ ¶ÀN>{V &

(go{dH$m) YZ§

(‘mVm‘hr) àmVame§

(Amn{UH$) ZmUH§$

3. {H$‘Wª Hw$Ì JÀN>{V? B{V {bIV &

(nR>Z) embm§

(dmMZ) J«ÝWmb¶§

~mbH$: (ì¶m¶m‘) ì¶m¶m‘embm§ JÀN>{V &

(dñVwH«$¶U) AmnU§

(nyOZ) ‘pÝXa§

(ImXZ) CnmhmaJ¥h§


28

8.6 H$ñ‘mV² ñWmZmV² ?

8.6.1



{dÎmH$mof: aobñWmZH$‘² nmR>embm ZXr

Ef: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: Hw$V: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V?-

Ef: {dÎmH$mofmV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: aobñWmZH$mV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &

Ef: nmR>embm¶m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: ZÚm: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &

{‘{ha: J«ÝWmb¶§ JÀN>{V & J«ÝWmb¶mV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
AdZr ‘pÝXa§ JÀN>{V & ‘pÝXamV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
‘{hbm dm{Q>H$m§ JÀN>{V & dm{Q>H$m¶m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
{nVm‘h: ZJat JÀN>{V & ZJ¶m©: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &

• H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV &
¶Wm-J«ÝWmb¶:-J«ÝWmb¶mV² (n¥ð>§ 24-"A' V: eãXm:), CÚmZ‘² -CÚmZmV² (n¥ð>§ 24-"Am' V: eãXm:),

nmR>embm-nmR>embm¶m: (n¥ð>§ 24-"B' V:eãXm:), ZXr-ZÚm: (n¥ð>§ 24-"B©' V: eãXm:)
8.6.2

d¥jmV² ’$b§ nV{V & ‘oKmV² Ob§ nV{V & AmgÝXmV² {Jare: nV{V & ~mbH$: AídmV² nV{V &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. {M̧ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶m{Z dXV &

(hñV) H$adó§ (no{Q>H$m) gm nwñVH§$ (joÌ) H¥$frdb: (ZXr) ‘mVm
nV{V & ñdrH$amo{V & AmJÀN>{V & AmJÀN>{V &

29

8.7 gå~moYZ‘² &

ao {dZ¶, A{¶ C‘oe,
Hw$Ì gå¶H²$
Jm¶{g
JÀN>{g?

^mo: N>mÌm:, ho ‘{hbm:,
¶y¶‘² CÎmam{U AmnU‘²
AÌ &
{bIW &

ho Xod, ^mo: {‘{Wbo,
Ah§ Z‘m{‘ & A{n Amdm§
Iobmd: ?

^mfmä¶mg: Jm¶V! Z ÝXV ! ^mo: {dO¶,
Am‘² VmV &
1. dmŠ¶m{Z Hw$éV &
1) ............ H$Xm AmJÀN>{g? (CX¶) JwS§> ImX{g?
2) ao ............ erKǤ {bI{g Ibw! ({dZrVm) Z {h VmV &
3) ^mo: ............ A{n d¶§ nR>m‘:? (~mbH$)
4) ^mo: ............ ¶y¶§ gå¶H²$ Z¥Ë¶W & (~m{bH$m) {‘϶m dX{g?
Z {h VmV &

‘wI‘² CÓmQ>¶,
hm hm hm &&

Aܶ¶Zm¶ Cn¶w³Vm: AmÝVaOmbg‘oVm:
1) http://Sanskritdocuments.org/atul/kathaa/
2) Sanskrit Tutorial (Class 6 to 12)
Free Download - http:// Sanskrittutorial.in

30

9. {d^p³V‘mbm &

Y‘m} O¶{V ZmY‘©:, g˶§ O¶{V ZmZ¥V‘² &
j‘m O¶{V Z H«$moYmo, Xodmo O¶{V Zmgwa: && àW‘m &&

dgwXodgwV§ Xod§ H§$gMmUya‘X©Z‘² &
XodH$sna‘mZÝX§ H¥$îU§ dÝXo OJX²Jw鑲 && {ÛVr¶m &&

H$mì¶emó{dZmoXoZ H$mbmo JÀN>{V Yr‘Vm‘² &
ì¶gZoZ Vw ‘yIm©Um§ {Zжm H$bhoZ dm && V¥Vr¶m &&

{dÚm {ddmXm¶ YZ§ ‘Xm¶
Ibñ¶ ep³V: nanrS>Zm¶ &
gmYmoñVw gdª {dnarV‘oVV²
kmZm¶ XmZm¶ M ajUm¶ && MVwWu &&
V¡bmÐjoX² ObmÐjoX² ajoV² {e{Wb~ÝYZmV² &
‘yI©hñVo Z XmV춑² Ed§ dX{V nwñVH$‘² && n#m‘r &&
Zañ¶m^aU§ ê$n§ ê$nñ¶m^aU§ JwU: &
JwUñ¶m^aU§ kmZ§ kmZñ¶m^aU§ j‘m && fð>r&&
ì¶gZo {‘Ìnarjm eyanarjm aUm“Uo ^d{V &
{dZ¶o ^¥Ë¶narjm XmZnarjm M Xþ{^©jo && gá‘r &&
Am{XXod Z‘ñVw䶧 àgrX ‘‘ ^mñH$a &
{XdmH$a Z‘ñVw䶧 à^mH$a Z‘mo@ñVw Vo && gå~moYZ‘²&&
am‘mo amO‘{U: gXm {dO¶Vo am‘§ a‘oe§ ^Oo
am‘oUm{^hVm {ZemMaM‘y am‘m¶ Vñ‘¡ Z‘: &
am‘mÞmpñV nam¶U§ naVa§ am‘ñ¶ Xmgmo@ñå¶h‘²
am‘o {MÎmb¶: gXm ^dVw ‘o ^mo am‘ ‘m‘wÕa &&

31

ûbmoH$: -1 ^mfmä¶mg:

1. àW‘mÝVnXm{Z {bIV & ûbmoH$: -4
2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &
1. MVw϶©ÝVnXm{Z {bIV &
O¶{V 2. ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV &

Z O¶{V {H$‘² {H$‘W©‘²
Ibñ¶ g‚mZñ¶
ûbmoH$: -2
{dÚm
1. {ÛVr¶mÝVnXm{Z {bIV & YZ‘²
2. gw^m{fVo {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²? ep³V:
3. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &
3. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &
lrH¥$îU: 1. gmYmo: {dÚm {H$‘Wª ^d{V ?
2. H$ñ¶ ep³V: nanrS>Zm¶ ^d{V ?

ûbmoH$: -5

1. n#må¶ÝVnXm{Z {bIV &
2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &

nwñVH$ajU‘²
‘yI©hñVmV²

ûbmoH$: -3 ûbmoH$: -6

1. V¥Vr¶mÝVnXm{Z {bIV & 1. fîR>çÝVnXm{Z [bIV &
2. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² ‘ob¶V & 2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &

{dZmoX: Xþaä¶mg: Zañ¶
ê$nñ¶ Am^aU‘²
‘yI©: e¶Z‘² JwUñ¶
kmZñ¶
{ZÐm ‘ZmoaÄOZ‘²
32
ì¶gZ‘² ‘yT>:

3. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &
1. Yr‘Vm§ H$mb: H$W§ JÀN>{V?
2. ‘yIm©Um§ H$mb: H$W§ JÀN>{V?

ûbmoH$: -7 ûbmoH$: -9

1. gáå¶ÝVnXm{Z {bIV & 1. "am‘' B{V eãXñ¶ H$m {d^p³V: dm³¶o à¶w³Vm

2. ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV & H$Xm ? B{V {bIV &
1. amO‘{U: am‘: gXm {dO¶Vo &
narjm H$ñ¶ ? 2. Ah§ am‘§ ^Oo &
{‘Ìñ¶ 3. am‘oU {ZemMaM‘y: A{^hVm &
eyañ¶ 4. Vñ‘¡ am‘m¶ Z‘: &

^¥Ë¶ñ¶ 5. am‘mV² naVa§ nam¶U§ Z ApñV &

XmZñ¶ 6. Ah§ am‘ñ¶ Xmg: Apñ‘ &
7. ‘o (‘‘) {MÎmb¶: gXm am‘o ^dVw &
ûbmoH$: -8 8. ^mo am‘, (Ëd§) ‘m‘² CÕa &
1. gå~moYZmÝVnXm{Z {bIV &
2. "gy¶©' B˶ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H¥$Vo A‘anpL²>º¨$ {bIV & l    gd©ûcmoH$mZm§ gabmWª ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &

l AYmoXÎmofw ûcmoHo$fw C³Vm§ {d^p³V‘² AYmoaopIVm§ Hw$éV &

a{düÝÐmo KZm d¥jm ZXr Jmdü g‚mZm: & nmXnmZm§ ^¶§ dmVmV² nÙmZm§ {e{eamض‘² &

EVo namonH$mam¶ bmoHo$ XodoZ {Z{‘©Vm:&& (àW‘m) nd©VmZm§ ^¶§ dO«mV² gmYyZm§ XþO©ZmV² ^¶‘² &&(n#m‘r)
Z‘m{‘ emaXm§ Xodt {dÚmaå^o gw‘“bm‘² &
hñVñ¶ ^yfU§ XmZ§ g˶§ H$ÊR>ñ¶ ^yfU‘² &
ZañVñ¶m: àgmXoZ nmpÊS>˶§ b^Vo gXm &&({ÛVr¶m) lmoÌñ¶ ^yfU§ emó§ ^yfU¡: qH$ à¶moOZ‘² &&(fð>r)
X[aÐVm YraV¶m {damOVo
{dXoeofw YZ§ {dÚm ì¶gZofw YZ§ ‘{V: &
Hw$^moOZ§ MmoîUV¶m {damOVo&
nabmoHo$ YZ§ Y‘©: erb§ gd©Ì d¡ YZ‘² &&(gá‘r)
Hw$ê$nVm erbJwUoZ amOVo
d¥j: ’$bmpÝdVmo ^m{V d¥j§ YyZ¶Vo H${n: &
Hw$dóVm ew^«V¶m {damOVo && (V¥Vr¶m)
d¥joU dm¶©Vo Vmn: Ob§ d¥jm¶ Xr¶Vo &&
XmZm¶ bú‘r: gwH¥$Vm¶ {dÚm
d¥jmV² nVpÝV nUm©{Z d¥jñ¶ àgamo ‘hmZ²
{MÝVm naofm§ gwIdY©Zm¶ &
d¥jo IJm {ZHy$OpÝV d¥j Yݶmo@{g ^yVbo &&
namd~moYm¶ dMm§{g ¶ñ¶

Yݶ{óbmoH$s{VbH$: g Ed && (MVwWu)

ApñV (P) dm ZmpñV (O) B{V {bIV &

‘‘ g‘rno dJ} J¥ho J«ÝWmb¶o
boIZr {MÌ’$bH$‘² XÿaXe©Z‘² g§ñH¥$VH$WmnwñVH$‘²
boIZnwpñVH$m {XZX{e©H$m g“UH$: gå^mfUgÝXoe: (g§ñH¥$V‘m{gH$‘²)
eãXYmVwê$nmd{b: CËnr{R>H$m H$nm{Q>H$m g§ñH¥$VeãXH$mof:
eãXH$mof: AmgÝX: erVH$nm{Q>H$m gwY‘m© (g§ñH¥$VX¡{ZH$‘²)
nmR>çnwñVH$‘² gwYmIÊS>: Xn©U: A‘aH$mof:
{ÛM{H«$H$m ’$bH$‘mO©Zr XÊS>Xrn: g§ñH¥${VH$mof:

33

10. ‘‘ {e{jH$m &

H¥${V:- {ejH$: nmR>§ nR>{V & N>mÌm: e¥ÊdpÝV AdJÀN>pÝV M &

Efm ‘‘ g§ñH¥$V{e{jH$m hf©Xm & Efm gab§ gwJ‘§ M nmR>¶{V &
gm N>mÌ¡: gh ñZohoZ AmMa{V & Vñ¶m: CƒmaU‘² AVrd ñnï>‘² &
gm ûcmoH$mZ² gå¶H²$ Jm¶{V & gm nmR>Zo AmYw{ZH$-gmYZmZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H$amo{V
bQ²> d¶§ g§ñH¥$VdJ} Z Ho$db§ nR>m‘: A{n Vw ^mfmH«$sS>¶m AmZÝX‘² AZw^dm‘: &
VoZ Añ‘mH§$ g§ñH¥$Vé{M: dY©Vo &



gm N>mÌmZ² J«ÝWmb¶§ Z¶{V & {d{dYm{Z nwñVH$m{Z Xe©¶{V &
d¶§ Vm{Z nwñVH$m{Z AmZÝXoZ nR>m‘: &
‘‘ g§ñH¥$V{e{jH$m¶m: ì¶p³V‘Îd§ àgÞ‘² &
Vñ¶m: AܶmnZoZ d¶§ gÝVwï>m: ^dm‘: &

^mfmä¶mg:

[a³VñWmZm{Z nya{¶Ëdm dU©Z§ Hw$éV &

‘‘ Hw$Qw>å~‘² & & AÌ ‘‘ Hw$Qw>å~OZm: &
Ef:/Efm Ah‘² & Ah‘² Aï>‘rH$jm¶m§ (nR²)

(VX²) ‘‘ OZZr & EVñ¶m: Zm‘ & (VX²) é{Ma§ ^moOZ§

H$amo{V& Ef: (Añ‘X²) OZH$: & EVñ¶ Zm‘ & g:

ê$noU H$m¶ª H$amo{V & {dam‘{XZo g: (Añ‘X²) ^«‘UmWª Z¶{V &

H$Xm{MV² Amdm§ VaUmWª M (J‘²) & (EVX²) ‘‘ ^«mVm & EVñ¶ Zm‘ & g: ‘‘ AZwO:/

AJ«O: H$jm¶m§ nR>{V & Efm ‘‘ AJ«Om/AZwOm & Ef: ‘‘ {nVm‘h: & g: H$Wm§ H$W¶{V & Ah§

{nVm‘ht Mb^mfà¶moJ§ nmR>¶m{‘ & {nVm‘h§ M g“UH§$ nmR>¶m{‘ & ‘‘ Hw$Qw>å~§ ‘‘ {එ² &

‘‘ J¥h‘² & àH$moð>o
‘‘ J¥h§ ZJao ApñV & J¥h§ n[aV: CÞVm: d¥jm: gpÝV & J¥ho àH$moð>m: gpÝV & (àW‘)
AmgÝX:, XÿaXe©Z§ ì¶OZ§ M dV©ÝVo & (nmH$J¥h) ñWm{bH$m:, M‘gm:,
{d{dY^mÊS>m{Z VW¡d Mw{„: erVno{Q>H$m M dV©ÝVo & e¶ZH$jo Vën:, {dÚwÔrn:
ì¶OZm{Z M dV©ÝVo& {^Îmm¡ ‘‘ Hw$Qw>å~ñ¶ N>m¶m{MÌ‘² ApñV & J¥ho ‘‘ VWm
M ^{Jݶm: H¥$Vo EH$m Aä¶m{gH$m dV©Vo & VÌ CËnr{R>H$m, AmgÝXm:,
boIZdñVy{Z M gpÝV & VW¡d VÌ Aܶ¶ZmW©‘² Cn¶w³Vm: {d{dYJ«ÝWm:
gpÝV & ‘‘ J¥hñ¶ (gm¡Y) Añ‘mH$‘² EH$‘² CÚmZ§ dV©Vo & VX² CÚmZ§
Zm‘ ‘‘ J¥hñ¶ emo^m &

H¥${V:- Ed§ N>mÌm: {ejH$gmhmæ¶oZ ‘‘ {ejH$:, embm, ‘mVm, {nVm, {‘Ì‘² B{V {df¶mZ² A{YH¥$˶ ñd¶§
dmŠ¶m{Z aM¶pÝV, H$W¶pÝV, {bIpÝV M &

34

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 2

नामानि-१

• Zm‘- dñVw-ñWmZ-Zm‘Xe©H$: eãX: & ¶Wm gwYmIÊS>:, ‘m{nH$m, embm, Xoe:, C‘oe:, kmZ‘² B˶mX¶:&
• àm{Vn{XH$‘²- eãXñ¶ ‘yb§ ê$n‘² & ¶Wm Xod, dZ, ‘mbm, Añ‘X², ¶wî‘X² B˶mX¶: & dmŠ¶aMZm¶m§

‘ybeãXñ¶ (àm{Vn{XH$ñ¶) Cn¶moJ: Z {H«$¶Vo & A{n Vw {d^p³V¶w³VeãXmZm‘² Cn¶moJ: ^d{V &

• {d^p³Vê$nm{U- dmŠ¶mWm©Zwgma§ eãXmZm§ {d{dYm{Z ê$nm{U ^dpÝV & Vm{Z {d^p³Vê$nm{U B{V CÀ¶ÝVo &
1) Ef: ‘‘ hñV: & 2) emaXm¶m: hñVo drUm emo^Vo &

3) hñVñ¶ ^yfU§ XmZ‘² & 4) hñVmV² KQ>: nV{V &

AÌ "hñV' B{V àm{Vn{XH$ñ¶ hñV:, hñVo, hñVñ¶, hñVmV² B{V {d^p³Vê$nm{U &

{d^³V¶: gá-àW‘m, {ÛVr¶m, V¥Vr¶m, MVwWu, n#m‘r, fð>r, gá‘r &

gå~moYZ‘² B{V n¥WH²$ {d^p³V: Z & àW‘m{d^ºo$: ê$nmUm‘² Ed nañna-AmdmhZo à¶moJ: - gå~moYZ‘² &

Ed§ 8 (7 {d^³V¶:+ gå~moYZ‘²)  3 (dMZm{Z) = 24 Zm‘nXmZm§ {d^p³Vê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

AH$mamÝV: nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²
AmH$mamÝV: Xod --- dZ
BH$mamÝV: --- ‘mbm ---
B©H$mamÝV: H${d ‘{V dm[a
CXmhaUm{Z --- ZXr ---

XÝV, Xoe, M‘g, embm, {dÚm, ~mbm, Ob, ì¶OZ, nwñVH$,
MfH$, hñV, dJ©, H$ݶm, H$Wm, H$bm, ¶wVH$, kmZ, AmgZ,
ñ¶yV, Xrn, nmX, H«$sS>m, ~w{Õ, ^y{‘, Z¥Ë¶, XmZ, ’$b,
H$U©, ¶{V, ‘w{Z, Hy$nr, boIZr B. YZ, J¥h, ^y[a B.

F${f, a{d B.

"A'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ Xod (Xod = X² + E + d² + A)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
Xod: Xodm¡ Xodm: àW‘m
Xod‘² Xodm¡ XodmZ² {ÛVr¶m
XodoZ Xod¡: V¥Vr¶m
Xodm¶ Xodmä¶m‘² Xodoä¶: MVwWu
XodmV² Xodmä¶m‘² Xodoä¶: n#m‘r
Xodñ¶ Xodmä¶m‘² XodmZm‘² fð>r
Xodo Xod¶mo: Xodofw gá‘r
ho Xod Xod¶mo: ho Xodm: gå~moYZ‘²
ho Xodm¡

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"A'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ dZ (dZ = d² + A + Z² + A)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
dZ‘² dZo dZm{Z àW‘m
dZ‘² dZo dZm{Z {ÛVr¶m
dZoZ dZmä¶m‘² dZ¡: V¥Vr¶m
dZm¶ dZmä¶m‘² dZoä¶: MVwWu
dZmV² dZmä¶m‘² dZoä¶: n#m‘r
dZñ¶ dZ¶mo: dZmZm‘² fð>r
dZo dZ¶mo: dZofw gá‘r
ho dZ ho dZo ho dZm{Z gå~moYZ‘²

Znw§gH${b“eãXmZm§ V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV§ nw§{b“eãXdV² ê$nm{U gd©Ì ^dpÝV &

"Am'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ ‘mbm (‘mbm = ‘² + Am + b² + Am)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
‘mbm ‘mbo ‘mbm: àW‘m
‘mbm‘² ‘mbo ‘mbm: {ÛVr¶m
‘mb¶m ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbm{^: V¥Vr¶m
‘mbm¶¡ ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbmä¶: MVwWu
‘mbm¶m: ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbmä¶: n#m‘r
‘mbm¶m: ‘mb¶mo: ‘mbmZm‘² fð>r
‘mbm¶m‘² ‘mb¶mo: ‘mbmgw gá‘r
ho ‘mbo ho ‘mbo ho ‘mbm: gå~moYZ‘²

1. ê$nn[aM¶§ {bIV & ^mfmä¶mg: {d^p³V: dMZ‘²
H«$. Zm‘ê$n‘² àm{Vn{XH$‘² AÝV: {b“‘²
1. {dÚm‘²
2. ¶wVHo$ 36
3. H$mÝV¶m
4. MfH$¶mo:
5. Xrnmä¶m‘²
6. XÝV¡:
7. H$Wm¶m:
8. H$bm¶¡

2. MVwW©nX§ {bIV & & 2. ñ¶yV-ñ¶yVmZm‘² :: M‘g - &
1. Xod-XodoZ :: ^yn - & 4. gy¶©-gy¶m©V² :: MÝÐ &
6. ‘mbm-‘mbmgw :: embm - &
3. ’$b-’$bm{Z :: nU© - &
5. Xod-Xodofw :: dZ - {d^p³V:
àW‘m
3. eãXmZm‘² AWª {d^³ËçZwgma§ ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV & {ÛVr¶m
V¥Vr¶m
1. d¥jmZ² 2. ^m¶m©¶¡ 3. H$amä¶m‘² 4. Xn©Uo 5. Hw${#mH$¶m MVwWu
6. ¶mZmV² 7. JrVofw 8. d¥jofw 9. hñV¶mo: 10. H$Um©ä¶m‘² n#m‘r
fð>r
4. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & gá‘r
gå~moYZ‘²
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

MÝÐm¡

ZoÌ‘²

‘m{nH$¶m

XÝVoä¶:

dmVm¶Zmä¶m‘²

JOmZZñ¶

CËnr{R>H$¶mo:

ho d¶ñ¶m:

gd©Zm‘m{Z

1) a‘oe: embm§ JÀN>{V & g: embm§ JÀN>{V &

2) a‘oe: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & g: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & "a‘oe:'- Zm‘
g:- gd©Zm‘
3) a‘oe: àý§ n¥ÀN>{V & g: àý§ n¥ÀN>{V &

4) a‘oe: JrV§ Jm¶{V & g: JrV§ Jm¶{V &

5) a‘oe: gwaoe§ dX{V & g: gwaoe§ dX{V &

Zm‘nXñ¶ ñWmZo à¶wº§$ nX§ "gd©Zm‘' B{V CÀ¶Vo &

CÎm‘nwéfdmMH§$ gd©Zm‘ ‘ܶ‘nwéfdmMH§$ gd©Zm‘
({Ìfw {b“ofw g‘mZ‘²) "Añ‘X²' ({Ìfw {b“ofw g‘mZ‘²) "¶wî‘X²'

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘² àW‘m Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘²
‘m‘²/‘m Amdm‘²/Zm¡ {ÛVr¶m ¶wdm‘²/dm‘²
‘¶m Amdmä¶m‘² Añ‘mZ²/Z: V¥Vr¶m Ëdm‘²/Ëdm ¶wdmä¶m‘² ¶wî‘mZ²/d:
‘ø‘²/‘o Amdmä¶m‘²/Zm¡ Añ‘m{^: MVwWu Ëd¶m ¶wdmä¶m‘²/dm‘² ¶wî‘m{^:
‘V² Amdmä¶m‘² Añ‘䶑²/Z: n#m‘r ¶wdmä¶m‘² ¶wî‘䶑²/d:
‘‘/‘o Amd¶mo:/Zm¡ Añ‘V² fð>r Vw䶑²/Vo ¶wd¶mo:/dm‘² ¶wî‘V²
‘{¶ Amd¶mo: Añ‘mH$‘²/Z: gá‘r ËdV² ¶wd¶mo: ¶wî‘mH$‘²/d:
Añ‘mgw Vd/Vo ¶wî‘mgw
37 Ëd{¶

àW‘nwéfdmMH$m{Z gd©Zm‘m{Z
VX²

VX² nw§{b“‘² VX² ór{b“‘² VX² Znw§gH${b“‘²

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E.d. {Ûd. ~. d {d^p³V:
àW‘m
g: Vm¡ Vo gm Vo Vm: VV²-VX² Vo Vm{Z
{ÛVr¶m
V‘² Vm¡ VmZ² Vm‘² Vo Vm: VV²-VX² Vo Vm{Z
V¥Vr¶m
VoZ Vmä¶m‘² V¡: V¶m Vmä¶m‘² Vm{^: VoZ Vmä¶m‘² V¡:
MVwWu
Vñ‘¡ Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: Vñ¶¡ Vmä¶m‘² Vmä¶: Vñ‘¡ Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: n#m‘r
Vñ‘mV² Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: Vñ¶m: Vmä¶m‘² Vmä¶: Vñ‘mV² Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: fð>r
Vñ¶ V¶mo: Vofm‘² Vñ¶m: V¶mo: Vmgm‘² Vñ¶ V¶mo: Vofm‘² gá‘r
Vpñ‘Z² V¶mo: Vofw Vñ¶m‘² V¶mo: Vmgw Vpñ‘Z² V¶mo: Vofw

Ad~moYV - gd©Zm‘nXmZm§ gå~moYZ{d^{º$: Z ^d{V &

"VX²' gd©Zm‘dV² Ed "¶X²', "EVX²' VWm "{H$‘²' EVofm§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. E. d. {Û.d. ~. d. E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

¶X² ¶: ¶m¡ ¶o ¶m ¶o ¶m: ¶X² ¶o ¶m{Z

EVX² Ef: EVm¡ EVo Efm EVo EVm: EVV²/EVX² EVo EVm{Z
{H$‘² H$: H$m¡ Ho$ H$m Ho$ H$m: {H$‘² Ho$ H$m{Z

1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & ê$n‘² ^mfmä¶mg:
¶mgm‘²
{d^p³V: H$m{^: 2. ¶mo½¶ê$n§ {bIV &
àW‘m EVñ‘¡ 1. (EVX²) ‘‘ hñVm¡ &
{ÛVr¶m ‘m‘² 2. Aao ~mbH$, qH$ (¶wî‘X²) Zm‘ &
V¥Vr¶m ‘V² 3. (¶X²) hñVo eó§ (VX²) g¡{ZH$:  &
MVwWu Ëd{¶ 4. (Añ‘X²) gd} ^maVr¶m: &
Vm{Z 5. (VX²) ZJao àm{UgL²>J«hmb¶: dV©Vo &
n#m‘r
fð>r
gá‘r

Zm‘gd©Zm‘nXmZm§ gdm©{U {d^p³Vê$nm{U Cƒ¡: nR>V H$ÊR>ñWrHw$éV M &
38

nR>V-~moYV Ag² (n.n.) bQ²>bH$ma:

N>mÌ: ApñV & N>mÌm: gpÝV & E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.
XÝV: ApñV & XÝVm: gpÝV & à. nw. ApñV ñV: gpÝV
Ho$e: ApñV Ho$em: gpÝV & ‘. nw. A{g ñW: ñW
MaU: ApñV & MaUm¡ ñV: & C. nw. Apñ‘ ñd: ñ‘:
hñV: ApñV & hñVm¡ ñV: &
Ah§ N>mÌ: Apñ‘ & d¶§ N>mÌm: ñ‘: & H¥$ (n. n.) bQ²>bH$ma:
Ëd§ ~mbH$: A{g & ¶y¶§ ~mbH$m: ñW &
~mbH$: nR>Z§ H$amo{V & E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.
~mbH$m: nR>Z§ Hw$d©pÝV & à. nw. H$amo{V Hw$éV: Hw$d©pÝV
Hw$å^H$ma: Hw$å^mZ² H$amo{V & ‘. nw. H$amo{f Hw$éW: Hw$éW
Hw$å^H$mam: Hw$å^mZ² Hw$d©pÝV & C. nw. H$amo{‘ Hw$d©: Hw$‘©:
bdHw$em¡ Jm¶Z§ Hw$éV: &
nmÊS>dm: XmZ§ Hw$d©pÝV & "Ag²' VWm "H¥$' EV¶mo: Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm n#mXedm³¶m{Z
dXV &

1. ê$nn[aM¶§ {bIV & àm{Vn{XH$‘² ^mfmä¶mg: {d^p³V: dMZ‘²
H«$. gd©Zm‘ê$n‘² {b“‘²
1. ‘ø‘²
2. ¶wd¶mo:
3. EVmgw
4. ¶oZ
5. Vñ¶¡

2. àm{Vn{XH$ñ¶ ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dmŠ¶§ nwZ: {bIV &
1. ¶moJoe: (gwYmIÊS>) {bI{V &
2. (Xþ½Y) dU©: ew^«: &
3. g§ñH¥$V^mfm (Añ‘X²) àmMrZ^mfm &
4. ({H$‘²) Zm‘ Xrnoe:?
5. Ah‘² (CnZoÌ) ní¶m{‘ &

39

11. {H«$¶mnXñ¶ ghMam: & (V¥Vr¶: KQ>H$:)

nR>m{‘, {bIm{‘, ¶ÀN>m{‘, ní¶m{‘ EVm{Z nXm{Z {H«$¶m§ Xe©¶pÝV & AV: Vm{Z {H«$¶mnXm{Z & dmŠ¶o
{H«$¶mnXñ¶ Z¡Ho$ ghMam: & OmZr‘: VmZ² gdm©Z² &

AÌ H$m {H«$¶m?-boIZ‘² &
H$: {bI{V &
Jm¡ad: {bI{V & Jm¡ad: B{V H$Vm© &
Jm¡ad: qH$ {bI{V?
Jm¡ad: {Z~ÝY§ {bI{V & {Z~ÝY‘² B{V H$‘© &
Jm¡ad: Ho$Z {Z~ÝY§ {bI{V?
Jm¡ad: boIݶm {Z~ÝY§ {bI{V & boIZr B{V gmYZ§
H$aU§ dm &

gm{ZH$m qH$ ¶ÀN>{V?
gm{ZH$m boIZnwpñVH$m§ ¶ÀN>{V & boIZnwpñVH$m‘²
B{V H$‘© &
gm{ZH$m H$ñ‘¡ boIZnwpñVH$m§ ¶ÀN>{V?
gm{ZH$m AܶmnH$m¶ boIZnwpñVH$m§ ¶ÀN>{V &
AܶmnH$m¶ B{V gåàXmZ‘² &

gm{ZH$m Jm¡ad: M qH$ ní¶V:?

gm{ZH$m Jm¡ad: M Am‘«’$b§ ní¶V: &

Am‘«’$b‘² B{V &

Am‘«’$b§ H$ñ‘mV² nV{V?

Am‘«’$b§ d¥jmV² nV{V & d¥jmV² B{V AnmXmZ‘² &

Am‘«’$b§ Hw$Ì nV{V?

Am‘«’$b‘² A“Uo nV{V &

A“Uo B{V A{YH$aU‘² &

H$Vm©-H$‘©-H$aU§-gåàXmZ‘²-AnmXmZ‘²-A{YH$aU‘² M B˶oVo gd} dmŠ¶o {H«$¶mnXñ¶ ghMam: &
Vo gd} {‘{bËdm {H«$¶m§ Hw$d©pÝV & AV: Vm{Z H$maH$m{U &

40

H$maH$‘² {d^p³V: CXmhaU‘²
H$Vm© àW‘m a‘m JrV§ Jm¶{V &
H$‘© {ÛVr¶m ‘Ywam Ob§ {n~{V &
H$aU‘² V¥Vr¶m Ah§ gwYmIÊS>oZ {bIm{‘ &
gåàXmZ‘² MVwWu ‘mVm ~mbH$m¶ H«$sS>ZH§$ ¶ÀN>{V &
AnmXmZ‘² n#m‘r Z¥n: aWmV² AdVa{V &
fð>r(gå~ÝY:) XeaWñ¶ nwÌ: am‘: &
----- gá‘r YoZw: Jmoð>o {Vð>{V &
A{YH$aU‘²

^mfmä¶mg:

1. AYmoaopIVmZm§ eãXmZm§ H$maH§$ {bIV ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m AZwdmX§ Hw$éV M &

1) Am{X˶: JrV§ Jm¶{V & 2) ~mbH$m: CÚmZo H«$sS>pÝV &

3) Ah§ Xod§ àU‘m{‘ & 4) Ëd§ Nw>[aH$¶m ’$b§ H$V©¶{g &

5) CëH$m AdH$memV² nV{V & 6) ‘w»¶mܶmnH$: N>mÌoä¶: nm[aVmo{fH$m{U ¶ÀN>{V &

7) d¶§ {MÌnQ>§ ní¶m‘: & 8) {nVm‘h: à^mVo d¥Îmņ nR>{V &

9) {J¶m©amohH$: {eIamV² ¶{ï>H$mä¶m‘² AdVa{V &

2. ¶mo½¶{d^p³Vê$n§ ¶moO¶V &

1. ¶wdH$: ({dÎmH$mof) YZ‘² AmZ¶{V & 4. {nVm‘h: (Xod) nyO¶{V &
{MÌm{U gpÝV &
2. Amn{UH$: (Vwbm) Ymݶ§ Vmob¶{V & 5. (àX{e©Zr)

3. ^«mVm (^{JZr) em{Q>H$m§ ¶ÀN>{V &

3. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &

1. N>mÌ: íbmoH$:/íbmoH§$ ñ‘a{V & 5. AmH$meo/AmH$memV² VmaH$m: nVpÝV &

2. ajH$: H«$moYoZ/H«$moYm¶ Mmoa§ VmS>¶{V & 6. ‘pÝÌ‘hmoX¶: H$m¶©H«$‘ñ¶/H$m¶©H«$‘‘² CÓmQ>¶{V &

3. {ejH$: N>mÌoä¶:/N>mÌ¡: nwñVH$m{Z ¶ÀN>{V &

4. dm{Q>H$m¶m§/dm{Q>H$m¶m: ObYmam¶ÝÌ‘² ApñV &

4. C{MV{d^p³Và¶moJoU dm³¶§ aM¶V & g§ñH¥$Vñ¶
{ejH$:
a‘oe

N>mÌ H$W¶{V H$Wm
‘Ywañda {dÚmb¶

nwñVH$

5. {d{^Þ-H$maH$mUm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm ¶ÀN>{V, J«W{V, {jn{V, nR>{V B˶mXrZm§ {H«$¶mnXmZm§ gmhmæ¶oZ
XrKm©{U dmŠ¶m{Z aM¶V &

41