sanskrut sampurn 8th amod

12. AmË‘ZonXr¶m &

Anyd©: H$mo@{n H$mofmo@¶§ {dÚVo Vd ^ma{V &
춶Vmo d¥{Õ‘m¶m{V j¶‘m¶m{V g#m¶mV² &&1&&

‘ZmoOd§ ‘méVVwë¶doJ§
{OVopÝж§ ~w{Õ‘Vm§ d[að>‘² &

dmVmË‘O§ dmZa¶yW‘w»¶§
lram‘XÿV§ eaU§ ànÚo &&2&&

Hw$gw‘§ dU©gånÞ§ JÝYhrZ§ Z emo^Vo &
Z emo^Vo {H«$¶mhrZ§ ‘Ywa§ dMZ§ VWm &&3&&

eVofw Om¶Vo eya: ghòofw M npÊS>V: &
d³Vm Xeghòofw XmVm ^d{V dm Z dm &&4&&

bmo^m{dï>mo Zamo {dÎm§ drjVo Z Vw g‘Q>‘² &
Xþ½Y§ ní¶{V ‘mOm©amo Z VWm bJwS>mh{V‘² &&5&&

Anmao H$mì¶g§gmao H${daoH$: àOmn{V: &
¶Wmñ‘¡ amoMVo {dûd§ VWm d¡ n[adV©Vo &&6&&

dZñnVoan¹$m{Z ’$bm{Z à{MZmo{V ¶: &
{dÝXVo Z ag§ Voä¶mo ~rO§ Mm{n {dZí¶{V &&7&&

Z Xodmo dV©Vo H$mð>o Z nmfmUo Z ‘¥Ê‘¶o &
^mdo {h {dÚVo Xod: Vñ‘mX² ^mdmo {h H$maU‘² &&8&&

^mfmä¶mg:

ûbmoH$:-1

1. íbmoHo$ Am. n. {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²? 3. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &

2. AYmoXÎmmZm§ eãXmZm§ H¥$Vo íbmoHo$ AmJVmZ² 춶: ´ &
eãXmZ² {bIV &
d¥{Õ: ´ &

gañdVr- A{ÛVr¶:-

42

ûbmoH$:-2 ûbmoH$:-5
1. ûbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²? 1. ‘ÄOyfm¶m: AmYmaoU ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV &

2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V & drjVo & Z drjVo &
Za:
‘mOm©a:
श्रीरामदतू : (g‘Q>‘², Xþ½Y‘², {dÎm‘², bJwS>mh{V‘²)

2. Zañ¶ {deofU§ {H$‘²?

ûbmoH$:-3 3. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
1. ûbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²? Za:, {dÎm‘², drjVo, gL²>H$Q‘², Xþ½Y‘², ‘mOm©a:,

2. bJwS>:, Amh{V: &
{deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: {-d eofUo { bIV & ûEbH$mdoHm$³:¶-oZ6 CÎmaV
1) "Hw$gw‘‘²' B˶ñ¶ Ûo &

2) "dMZ‘²' B˶ñ¶ Ûo {deofUo {bIV & 1. íbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnXo Ho$ ?
3. íbmoH$mV² g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {MZwV &
2. Anmao H$mì¶g§gmao H$: àOmn{V: ?

1) àgyZ‘², gw‘‘², nwîn‘² - ûbmoH$:-7
1. {deofU§ {bIV & ---- ’$bm{Z &
2) dM:, Cp³V:, dmŠ¶‘² - 2. gw^m{fVo Am. n. {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²?
ûbmoH$:-4 3. g˶§ dm Ag˶§ {bIV &
1. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

"A' "~' A) ‘ZwO: An¹o$ä¶: ’$boä¶: ag§ {dÝXVo &
eVofw XmVm Am) An¹$’$bm{Z {MËdm ~rOñ¶ {dZme: ^d{V &
ghòofw eya:
ûbmoH$:-8

Xeghòofw npÊS>V: 1. Xod: Hw$Ì dV©Vo?

d³Vm 2. Xod:, H$mð‘²>, nmfmU: B{V eãXmZm‘²

2. H$pñ‘Z² H$: JwU: dV©Vo? B{V {bIV & A‘aH$mofnL²>³Vr: {bIV &
A - eyao, npÊS>Vo, ^mfU{ZnwUo, CXmao 3. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &
~ - XmV¥Ëd‘², d³V¥Ëd‘², nmpÊS>˶‘², em¡¶©‘² gáå¶ÝVnXm{Z

3. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & Z
XmVm, eya:, npÊS>V:

Xod: dV©Vo & Z

Z

• gd}fm§ gw^m{fVmZm§ gabmWª ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &
• gd}fm§ gw^m{fVmZm§ ñnï>rH$aU§ ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &

43

n#mXe dm³¶m{Z & (AmË‘ZonX‘²)

1. g: ~mbH$: ^mfVo & 2 Vm¡ ~mbH$m¡ ^mfoVo & 3 Vo ~mbH$m: ^mfÝVo &
1 gm H$ݶm ^mfVo & 2 Vo H$ݶo ^mfoVo & 3 Vm: H$ݶm: ^mfÝVo &
1 VX² An˶§ ^mfVo & 2 Vo An˶o ^mfoVo & 3 Vm{Z An˶m{Z ^mfÝVo &

4 Ëd§ ^mfgo & 5 ¶wdm§ ^mfoWo & 6 ¶y¶§ ^mfÜdo &

7 Ah§ ^mfo & 8 Amdm§ ^mfmdho & 9 d¶§ ^mfm‘ho &

AYmoXÎmm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>ÝVw & H${VMZ-CXmhaUofw "Z'H$ma: {dÚVo, H${VMZ-CXmhaUofw "U'H$ma:
^d{V & ¶Wm

V¥Vr¶m EH$dMZ‘² fð>r ~hþdMZ‘²

Xod XodoZ XodmZm‘²

ZoÌ ZoÌoU ZoÌmUm‘²

hñV hñVoZ hñVmZm‘²

gy¶© gy¶}U gy¶m©Um‘²

ZH$mañ¶ UH$ma: H$Xm ^d{V ?

F$ H$ dJ©:/ a² + Am + ‘² + E + Z² + A = am‘oU

fa² ²‌ + n dJ©:/ a² + Am + ‘² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = am‘mUm‘²
¶²/d²/h² / + Z = U F$ + H²$ + f² + E + Z² + A = F$joU

H$mo@{n ñda: F$ + H²$ + f² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = F$jmUm‘²

F$ M dJ©/ + Z=Z a² + A + O² + A + H²  + E + Z² + A = aOHo$Z
a² a² + A + O² + A + H²  + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = aOH$mZm‘²
f² + Q> dJ©/ d² + F$+ f² + A + b² + E + Z² + A = d¥fboZ
d² + F$+ f² + A + b² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = d¥fbmZm‘²
V dJ©/b², e², g²

AYmoXÎmmZm§ eãXmZm§ V¥Vr¶m {d^³Vo: EH$dMZê$nm{U/fð>r {d^³Vo: ~hþdMZê$nm{U {bIV &

damh = dó = H«$sS>m =

J¥h = àOm = ñne© =

ñVmoÌ = H$U© = d¥j =

amjg = A‘˶© = ñZwfm =

Vmam = amYm = ^mfm =

gyÌ = VjH$ = nwîn =

44

13. Aídñ¶ ñdm{‘{Zð>m &

‘ܶm•g‘¶: & gd©Ì ZradVm & ‘mJ©: A{n
{Z‘©Zwî¶: & VXm Ed H$mo@{n Aíd: ‘mJ} Ymd{V &
Vñ¶ EH$: nmX: d«{UV: & g: H$ï>oZ doXZm§ ghVo
& VWm{n {Ì{^: nmX¡: ¶WmH$W‘{n g: Ymd{V &
Vñ¶ n¥ð>o Cn{dï>: ApñV Vñ¶ ñdm‘r& Vñ¶ ñdm‘r
eóàhma¡: d«{UV: &

A{daV§ YmdZoZ Aíd: AVrd lmÝV: Om¶Vo &
g: doJoZ Ym{dVw‘² Ag‘W©: ^d{V & AV: ‘ÝX§
Ym{dVw§ àma^Vo & na§ Z¡d {da‘{V g: & ""AYwZm

Jm« ‘: g‘rno Ed & VÌ ñdm{‘Z§ Z¶m{‘ ga§ jm{‘ M & na§ ‘mJ} {dñVrU:© Obàdmh: & AYZw m qH$ H$aUr¶‘?² '' B{V
{MÝV¶{V Aíd: & jrU: d{« UV: M Aíd: V‘² C„”{¶V‘w ² Ag‘W:© & {H$ÝVw g‘¶: Aën: & H$W‘{n àmUmZ²
A{dJUæ¶ g: Obàdmh‘² C„”¶{V & AnaVra§ JËdm ^‘y m¡ nV{V & VZo AmKmVZo ñdm‘r A{n ^‘y m¡ {ZnV{V &
{H${#mËH$mbmZÝVa§ ñdm‘r gk§ m§ b^Vo & g: Aídñ¶ g‘rno AmJÀN>{V & ñZho Zo Aídñ¶ eara§ ñne¥ {V & ^‘y m¡
n{VV: Aíd: A{n ñdm{‘Z§ ní¶{V g‘mYmZZo àmUmZ² ˶O{V M &

H$: Ef: Z¥n:? km¶Vo dm? g: Ed ‘hmamUmàVmn: & amOñWmZamÁ¶ñ¶
‘odmS>àXoeñ¶ Z¥nloð>: & H$: Ef: ñdm{‘^³V: Aíd:? Ef: MoVH$: Zm‘
Aíd: & Aídofw AmXe©^yV: g: & Vñ¶ ñ‘¥Ë¶Wª {Z{‘©V§ g‘m{YñWb§
‘odmS>àmÝVo {damOVo &

Yݶ: ñdm‘r amUmàVmn: Yݶ: M ñdm{‘^³V: Aíd: MoVH$: &
(H${dHw$bJwé-H$m{bXmg-g§ñH¥$V{díd{dÚmb¶oZ àH$m{eVm¶m: g§ñH¥$V~mbgm{h˶‘mbm¶m: AmYmaoU B¶§ H$Wm &)

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & ^mfmä¶mg:
1. ‘mJ©: H$sÑe:?
3. Aíd: {H$‘² C„”¶{V?
2. Aídñ¶ n¥ð>o H$: Cn{dï>: ApñV? 4. ñdm‘r qH$ ñn¥e{V?

2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &

1. ñdm‘r Aídñ¶ g‘rno AmJÀN>{V & 2. ñdm‘r ^y‘m¡ {ZnV{V &

3. ¶mo½¶ {d^p³Vê$n§ {bIV &

1. Vñ¶ (n¥ð>) Cn{dï>: ApñV Vñ¶ ñdm‘r & 3. g‘m{YñWb§ (‘odmS>àmÝV) {damOVo &

2. Vñ¶ EH$: nmX: (d«{UV) & 4. Aíd: (g‘mYmZ) àmUmZ² ˶O{V &

4. AmË‘Zon{X{H«$¶mnXm{Z {MËdm {bIV &
5. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV &
1. "newn{jU: ‘mZdñ¶ gmhm涧 Hw$d©pÝV &' B{V {df¶o H$m: H$Wm: ¶y¶§ OmZrW?

45

14. g§dmXH$m¡eb‘² &

emH$mnU: &

{dH«o$Vm- AmJÀN>Vw AmJÀN>Vw & emH$m{Z H«$sUmVw & J¥{hUr- Z ^mo:! ßbmpñQ>H$ñ¶yV§ XXmVw &

AmJÀN>Vw AmJÀN>Vw & {dH«o$Vm - jå¶Vm‘² & ßbmpñQ>H$-Cn¶moJ:

J¥{hUr- A{¶ ^mo:, H$m{Z H$m{Z emH$m{Z {dÚÝVo? àXÿfUH$maH$: & Ah§ ßbmpñQ>H$ñ¶yV§ Z

{dH«o$Vm- ApñV AÌ H$mado„‘², H$H©$Q>r, {^pÊS>:, ñWmn¶m{‘ Ed &

BX{‘XmZr‘² AmJV§ à˶J«§ d¥ÝVmH§$, a³VdUª J¥{hUr - AYwZm qH$ H$aUr¶‘² ?

J¥ÄOZH§$ M & {H$‘² BÀN>{V? {dH«o$Vm - dóñ¶yV‘² A{n H«$sUmVw & ‘y붧 Ho$db§

J¥{hUr- qH$ ‘y붑² AmbwH$ñ¶ & n#mê$߶H$m{U &

{dH«o$Vm- Z A{YH§$ ^mo:, Ho$db§ qde{V: ê$߶H$m{U J¥{hUr - ~hþ CÎm‘‘² & XXmVw & AYwZm ‘y붧 H$W¶Vw &

à{V{H$bmo{‘V‘² & {dH«o$Vm- AmbwH$ñ¶ qde{V: ê$߶H$m{U, {^ÊS>çm:

J¥{hUr- AñVw, {H$bmon[a{‘V§ ¶ÀN>Vw & {^pÊS>: n#mqde{V: ê$߶H$m{U, H$H©$Q>çm: n#mXe

A{n AY©{H$bmo{‘V‘² & ê$߶H$m{U, d¥ÝVmH$ñ¶ qde{V: ê$߶H$m{U,

{dH«o$Vm- Adí¶‘² & BVmo@{n {H$‘² Amdí¶H$‘² ? Xe ê$߶H$m{U ‘ar{MH$m¶m:, dóñ¶yVñ¶

erK«§ dXVw & n#mê$߶H$m{U & Amh˶ n#mZd{V:

J¥{hUr- H$H©$Q>t ¶ÀN>Vw, AY©{H$bmon[a{‘V§ d¥ÝVmH§$ ê$߶H$m{U &

M& Xeê$߶H$‘yë¶{‘Vm: ‘ar{MH$m: A{n J¥{hUr- AñVw & eVê$߶H$mUm§ YZņ ¶ÀN>m{‘ &

¶ÀN>Vw & Ad{eï>ñ¶ YZñ¶ AmЩH§$ ¶ÀN>Vw &

{dH«o$Vm- A{n ñ¶yV: AmZrV:? {dH«o$Vm- AñVw &

ßbmpñQ>H$ñ¶yV: O

46

H$m¶m©b¶: &
(à{dí¶)
{b{nH$:- Aao gwaoe, ‘‘ CËnr{R>H$m¶m§ gdª {dH$sU©‘² ApñV & {H$‘² BX‘²?
godH$:- {H$‘² A^dV²?
{b{nH$:- ‘‘ boIZr, A‘Zr, ‘m{nH$m, g{#mH$m M ñdñWmZo Z gpÝV &
godH$:- jå¶Vm‘² & BXmZt ¶ÀN>m{‘ &
{b{nH$:- H$J©OmZm§ g‘yh: A{n BVñVV: A^dV² &
godH$:- ‘hmoX¶, ì¶OZdm¶wZm H$J©Om: BVñVV: A^dZ² &
{b{nH$:- ‘‘ boIZnwpñVH$m A{n AÌ ZmpñV &
godH$:- Am‘² & gm Vw ‘‘ g‘rno ApñV & ø: Ed g“UHo$ Q>‘ZmWª ^dmZ² ‘ø‘² A¶ÀN>V² &
{b{nH$:- AñVw & AYwZm CËnr{R>H$m¶m§ gdm©{U CnH$aUm{Z gå¶H²$ ñWmn¶ & nwZ:nyaʶm§ ‘gr ݶyZm & ZyVZm§

nwZ:nyaUr‘² A{n AmZ¶ &
godH$:- VWm H$amo{‘ & BVmo@{n {H$‘{n Amdí¶H$‘²?
{b{nH$:- ‘mñVw & gdª {gÕ‘² & AYwZm H$m¶m©aå^§ H$amo{‘ &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. ¶wî‘mH§$ {à¶emH$mZm§ Zm‘m{Z {bIV &

2. àW‘g§dmXñ¶ AmYmaoU Xo¶H§$ nya¶V & dm{Q>H$m (emH$mnU:)

a{dZJa‘², Amå~oJmd -30

AZw. H«$. {ddaU‘² ‘y붑²

1. AmbwH$‘²

2. 25

3. ‘ar{MH$m:

4. H$H©$Q>r

5. 20

6. dóñ¶yV:

7. AmЩH$‘²

boIZH$m¡eb‘² Amh˶
g§dmXboIZ‘² YݶdmX: & Amn{UH$ñ¶ hñVm‘Z‘² .................

1. g§dmXboIZ‘² - {‘Ì‘obZ‘² (Û¶mo:), ¶mZn¥ÀN>m, ‘mJ©n¥ÀN>m
2. emH$mnUg§dmXñWmZo YmݶmnUg§dmX§ {bIV & (Cn¶w³VeãXg“«h:-Ymݶm{Z-VÊSw>b:, JmoYy‘:, Vwda:,

‘wÒ:, ‘mf:, ‘gwa:, MUH$: )
3. {ÛVr¶g§dmXo ~hÿZm§ dñVyZm‘² CnH$aUmZm§ M C„oI: ApñV & BVmo@{n ~hÿZm§ dñVyZm§ ¶y¶‘² Cn¶moJ§ Hw$éV &

Vofm§ g§ñH¥$VZm‘m{Z ApÝdî¶ dJ©g§dmX§ {bIV &

47

15. AmYw{ZH$àho{bH$m: & Vmb:

- lr‘Vr XþJm© nmaIr
àho{bH$m¶m: AWª kmËdm ûcmoH§$ ¶mo½¶{MÌoU gh ‘ob¶V &

1. {MÌdUm}@Wdm ew^«: EH$H$U©: gwXe©Z: &
^doËH$W§ {h ¶wî‘mH§$ Mm¶nmZ§ ‘¶m {dZm &&

2. {Zdm©Vm {Û‘wIr XrKm© bKw^mam gwdm{hH$m & CnZoÌ‘²
nmÌñneª {dZm no¶§ nm¶¶m{‘ gwgo{dH$m && ‘eH$Omb‘²
Mm¶MfH$:
3. Améø Zm{gH$m§ {Z˶§ ñn¥em{‘ ldUÛ¶‘² &
Ñï²>¶Wª ‘‘ gmhm涧 H$mM¶w³Vm VZw‘©‘ &&

4. ñd¶§ àgm[aVo Ombo AmnVpÝV Zam: ñd¶‘² &
b^ÝVo gwI{ZÐm§ Vo Ahmo Amü¶©‘ØþV‘² &&

5. EH$mH$s Ûm[a {Vð>m{‘ J¥hnVm¡ ~{hJ©Vo & Z{bH$m
J¥hajmH$a: eyamo bKw‘y{V©: gwH$s{V©‘mZ² &&

6. H¥$îU‘wIr M Jm¡am“r no{Q>H$m¶m§ {Zdm{gZr & JX©^:
Aq¾ d‘{V erK«§ {h K¥ï>m no{Q>H$¶m gh &&

7. ^ma§ dmoTw>§ Z ‘o Xþ:I§ Z ‘o Xþ:I§ Hw$^moOZo & A{¾ebmH$m
EVÎmw ‘o ‘hmXþ:I§ ‘yI}U gh VmobZ‘² &&

48

^mfmä¶mg:

1. ûcmoH§$ n{R>Ëdm AW©‘² ApÝdî¶V & gabmWª {bIV &

1) {Z‘rë¶ ZoÌo {n~m{‘ Xþ½Y‘² &

‘yfH$eÌw: H$W¶V H$mo@h‘² &&

2) d¥jmV² d¥j§ Hy$X} gVV‘² &

Yam{‘ nwÀN>§ H$W¶V H$mo@h‘² &&

3) Zm{gH$¶m@h§ {n~m{‘ Vmo¶‘² &

{dembH$m¶: H$W¶V H$mo@h‘² &&

4) ^fm{‘ amÌm¡ ÑîQ‰m Mm¡a‘² &

dH«$nwÀN>H$: H$W¶V H$mo@h‘² &&

5) ‘oK§ ÑîQ‰m H$amo{‘ Z¥Ë¶‘² &

{dñV¥V{nÀN>: H$W¶V H$mo@h‘² &&

- gånXmZÝX{‘l:

2. {MÌdU©Z§ Hw$éV & àho{bH$m§ aM¶V &



‘‘ dU©: h[aV: &

............... ‘‘ {ට ImÚ‘² &

‘‘ M#mw: a³Vm &

Ah§ H$:? &&



Ah§ N>m¶m§ ....... &

Ah§ ....... ¶ÀN>m{‘ &

Ah§ ....... A{n ¶ÀN>m{‘ &

Ah§ H$:? &&

‘‘ dU©: ....... &

{H$ÝVw Ah§ ....... H$mH$: &

Ah§ ‘Ywa§ ....... &

Ah§ d¥jo ....... &

Ah§ H$:? &&

‘‘ dU©: ...... &

Ah‘²....... {dham{‘ &

Ah§....... ¶ÀN>m{‘ &

Ah§ H$:? &&

49

boIZH$m¡eb‘²
{Z~ÝY:/AZwdmX:

1. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {Z~ÝY§ nya¶V &
A) lrJUoe: & lrJUoe: ({dÚm¶m:/YZñ¶) XodVm & lrJUoe: ~wqÕ (¶ÀN>pÝV/¶ÀN>{V)& lrJUoeñ¶

(‘mVm/{nVm) e‘a: & H$m{V©Ho$¶: Añ¶ ^«mVm (ApñV/ZmpñV) & (lrJUoeñ¶/lrJUoem¶) ‘moXH$m:
amoMÝVo & (lrJUoe§/lrJUoem¶) Z‘: &
~) ‘‘ embm & gañdVr-{dÚmb¶: B{V (‘ø§/‘‘) embm & Ah‘² Aï>‘rH$jm¶m§ (nR>{V/nR>m{‘) & ‘‘
embm (ZJao/ZJamV²) ApñV& ‘‘ embm¶m§ ~hÿ{Z nwñVH$m{Z ({dÚVo/{dÚÝVo) & gd} (N>mÌm:/N>mÌmUm§)
Aܶ¶Z{à¶m: gpÝV & (‘‘/‘ø§) nmR>embm AVrd amoMVo &
H$) ‘¶ya: & ‘¶ya: dfm©H$mbo (Z¥Ë¶m{‘/Z¥Ë¶{V) & Vñ¶ Z¥Ë¶‘² AVrd (a‘Ur¶§/VmnH$maH§$) dV©Vo & ObnyUª
‘oK§ (AmH$memV²/AmH$meo) ÑîQ‰m g: Z¥Ë¶{V & g: emaXmXoì¶m: dmhZ‘² (ApñV/ZmpñV) & g: (am{ï´>¶:/
am{ï´>¶m) IJ: B{V à{gÕ:&
S>) g§ñH¥$V^mfm & g§ñH¥$V^mfm AVrd (àmMrZm/ZyVZm) ^mfm & (XodmZm§/Xod¡:) ^mfm B{V Vñ¶m: »¶m{V: &
F$½doX:, gm‘doX:, ¶Owd}X:, AWd©doX: M g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: (^yfUm{Z/^yfUmZm‘²) Ed & g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§
~hÿ{Z gw^m{fVm{Z (ApñV/gpÝV) & g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: Aä¶mgoZ dmUr ({ZXm}fm/gXmofm) ^d{V & g§ñH¥$V^mfm
(‘‘/‘{¶) {à¶m ^mfm ApñV &
B) Amå~oS>H$a‘hmoX¶: & ^r‘amd-am‘Or-Amå~oS>H$a-‘hmoX¶: ^maVr¶g§{dYmZñ¶ ({Z‘m©U‘²/{Z‘m©Uñ¶)
AH$amoV²& ‘ܶàXoeo OmV: g: (~më¶m¶/~më¶o) AVrd H$ï>‘Ýd^dV² & g: {dXoe§ JËdm ~°[añQ>a B{V
Cnm{Y‘² (Ab^V/Ab^V²) & VXZÝVa§ g: (ñdXoeo/ñdXoe§) à˶mJÀN>V² & g§ñH¥$V^mfm Ed ^maVñ¶
à‘wIm, (àmMrZ:/àmMrZm) ^mfm B{V g: A‘ݶV&

2. g§ñH¥$VoZ AZwdmX§ Hw$éV & AZwdmXñ¶ H¥$Vo ³¶w.Ama (Q.R.) ‘mܶ‘oZ ñdñd^mfmZwgma§ n[aÀN>oX§ ñdrHw$éV &

nR>V-~moYV

Efm N>Ìn{V{edam¶ñ¶ amO‘wÐm & ‘wÐm¶m§ ‘w{ÐV-íbmoH$: B©Ñe:-
""à{VnƒÝÐboIod d{Y©îUw{d©íddpÝXVm &
emhgyZmo: {edñ¶¡fm ‘wÐm ^Ðm¶ amOVo &&''
Añ¶ íbmoH$ñ¶ AW©:-
(emhgyZmo:) (ehm{O‘hmamOñ¶ nwÌñ¶ {edñ¶) N>Ìn{V{edam¶ñ¶ (à{VnƒÝÐboIm Bd d{Y©îUw:) ¶Wm
à{VnX: MÝÐboIm à{V{XZ§ dY©Vo VWm dY©‘mZm, ({dûddpÝXVm) {dûdñ¶ H¥$Vo dÝXZr¶m (‘wÐm) amO‘wÐm
(^Ðm¶) H$ë¶mUm¶ (amOVo) emo^Vo & B{V &
AÚ A{n Efm ‘wÐm àmMrZJ«ÝWmb¶ofw nwñVHo$fw g§J«hmb¶ofw M Ðïw>§ eŠ¶Vo &

50

àW‘nwéf: ^mfmgyÌ‘² - 3 ३
‘ܶ‘nwéf: ६
CÎm‘nwéf: {H«$¶mnXm{Z-2 ९
bQ²bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:) AmË‘ZonX‘²

भाष‌् (१ आ.प.)
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
^mfVo १ ^mfoVo २ ^mfÝVo
^mfgo ४ ^mfoWo ५ ^mfÜdo
^mfo ७ ^mfmdho ८ ^mfm‘ho

Am. n. à˶¶m:

E.d. [Ûd. ~.d.

à.nw. Vo १ BVo २ AÝVo३
‘. nw. go ४ BWo ५ Üdo ६
C.nw. B ७ dho ८ ‘ho ९

{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² - (‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + à˶¶: = {H«$¶mnX‘²
(AmXoe:) ({M•‘²)

JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘² Vo
àW‘: A ^mfVo
MVwW©: ¶ ¶wܶVo
fð>: A {XeVo
Xe‘: A¶ nyO¶Vo

^mfVo = ^mf² + A +

‘ybYmVw: JU{dH$aU‘² à˶¶:

dÝX² (1 Am.n.) = dÝX² + A = dÝX + Vo = dÝXVo

¶wY² (4 Am.n.) = ¶wY² + ¶ = ¶wܶ + Vo = ¶wܶVo

{Xe² (6 Am.n.) = {Xe² +A = {Xe + Vo = {XeVo

nyO² (10 Am.n.) = nyO² +A¶ = nyO¶ + Vo = nyO¶Vo

51

dÝX² 1 Am.n. ¶wY² 4 Am.n.
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
à.nw. dÝXVo dÝXoVo dÝXÝVo E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
‘. nw. dÝXgo dÝXoWo dÝXÜdo à.nw. ¶wܶVo ¶wܶoVo ¶wܶÝVo
C.nw. dÝXo dÝXmdho dÝXm‘ho
‘. nw. ¶wܶgo ¶wܶoWo ¶wܶÜdo
{Xe² 6 Am.n. C.nw. ¶wܶo ¶wܶmdho ¶wܶm‘ho

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nyO² 10 Am.n.
à.nw. {XeVo {XeoVo {XeÝVo
‘. nw. {Xego {XeoWo {XeÜdo E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
C.nw. {Xeo {Xemdho {Xem‘ho à.nw. nyO¶Vo nyO¶oVo nyO¶ÝVo
‘. nw. nyO¶go nyO¶oWo nyO¶Üdo
H¥$ Am.n. bQ²>bH$ma: C.nw. nyO¶o nyO¶mdho nyO¶m‘ho

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. Ho$MZ YmVd: nañ‘¡n{XZ: (CXm. JÀN>{V, nR>{V),
à.nw. Hw$éVo Hw$dm©Vo Hw$d©Vo Ho$MZ YmVd: AmË‘Zon{XZ: (CXm. dÝXVo, ^mfVo),
‘. nw. Hw$éfo Hw$dm©Wo Hw$éÜdo
C.nw. Hw$d} Hw$d©ho Hw$‘©ho Ho$fm#mZ YmVyZm§ nañ‘¡nXê$nm{U VWm
AmË‘ZonXê$nm{U A{n ^dpÝV AV: Vo YmVd:
C^¶n{XZ:(CXm.~moY{V/~moYVo, {jn{V/{jnVo
{Xe{V/{XeVo, H$amo{V/Hw$éVo, nyO¶{V/nyO¶Vo)

CngJm©: &

Mm¡a: AOm§ ha{V & ~mbH$: CÚmZo {dha{V & dra: eÌw§ àha{V &

g§ha{V ö ha{V "ö' YmVmo: Ed EVm{Z ê$nm{U &
Amha{V {dha{V
àha{V

w AÌ g‘², Am, {d, à, B˶mX¶: eãXm§em: YmVmo: nydª Ñí¶ÝVo & EVo Ed CngJm©: &
w CngJm©: 22 gpÝV & (à, An, Cn, Ad) (nam, Am) (n[a, A{Y, A{n, A{V, {d, A{^, à{V, {Z)

(gw, AZw) (g‘², CX², {Zg², {Za², Xþg², Xþa²)
w CngJ©H$maUmV² H$Xm{MV² YmVmo: AW©: n[adV©Vo & ¶Wm JÀN>{V-AmJÀN>{V & dX{V-à{VdX{V &
w CngJm©: H$Xm{MV² YmVmo: AWª nmof¶pÝV & ¶Wm emo^Vo-gwemo^Vo & bg{V-{dbg{V & amOVo-{damOVo &

52

w CngJ©H$maUV: H$Xm{MV² YmVmo: nXn[adV©Z§ ^d{V & ¶Wm {O-O¶{V {H$ÝVw {d+{O = {dO¶Vo (Am.n.),
ñWm-{Vð>{V {H$ÝVw à+ ñWm = à{Vð>Vo (Am.n.), J‘²- JÀN>{V {H$ÝVw g‘²+ J‘² = g“ÀN>Vo(Am.n.),
a‘²-a‘Vo {H$ÝVw {d + a‘² = {da‘{V (n.n.)

^mfmä¶mg:

1. ¶mo½¶‘² CngJª ¶moO¶V & 2. CngJ©g{hV§ {H«$¶mnX§ {bIV dmŠ¶§ M nya¶V &
à/g‘²/{d/n[a/Ad/Am/An
1. Mm¡a: YZ‘² ha{V & 1. ‘mVm AmnUmV² & (Am+J‘²-JÀN>²)
2. ^yn: eÌw§ ha{V &
3. d¡Ú amoJ§ ha{V & 2. ~mbH$: Xod§ & (à+Z‘²)
4. ~mbH$: CÚmZo ha{V &
5. Xodr amjg§ ha{V & 3. go{dH$m Ob‘² & (Am+Zr-Z¶²)
6. OZ: nd©V‘² amoh{V &
7. ~m{bH$m nd©VmV² amoh{V & 4. aOH$: dóm{U & (à+jb²-jmb²)

5. AmMm¶©: {dÚmb¶mV² ({Za²+J‘²)

6. {ejH$: g‘ñ¶m§ & (n[a+ö-ha²)

7. dmZa: d¥jmV² & (CV²+nV²)

8. ~mb: OZZr‘² & (AZw+g¥-ga²)

3. CngJ©g{hV-J‘² YmVmo: AWª OmZrV, ñd^mf¶m {bIV, dmŠ¶o à¶moJ§ Hw$éV M &

g“ÀN>Vo g‘² Am AmJÀN>{V

AZwJÀN>{V AZw J‘² {Za² {ZJ©ÀN>{V

Cn Ad AdJÀN>{V

CnJÀN>{V

Zm‘m{Z - 2

"B' H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ "H${d' (H${d = H²$ + A + d² + B)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
H${d: H$dr H$d¶: àW‘m
H${d‘² H$dr H$drZ² {ÛVr¶m
H${dZm H${dä¶m‘² H${d{^: V¥Vr¶m
H$d¶o H${dä¶m‘² H${dä¶: MVwWu
H$do: H${dä¶m‘² H${dä¶: n#m‘r
H$do: H$ì¶mo: H$drZm‘²
H$dm¡ H$ì¶mo: H${dfw fð>r
ho H$do ho H$dr ho H$d¶: gá‘r
gå~moYZ‘²

H${dgÑem: Aݶo BH$mamÝVm: nw§{b“eãXm:-
‘w{Z, F${f, a{d, h[a, nm{U, ¶{V, ‘mé{V, ^yn{V, H${n, A{b, {J[a, A[a, d{•, ‘{U B˶mX¶: &

53

"B'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ ‘{V (‘{V = ‘² + A + V² + B)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
‘{V: ‘Vr ‘V¶: àW‘m
‘{V‘² ‘Vr ‘Vr: {ÛVr¶m
‘˶m ‘{Vä¶m‘² ‘{V{^: V¥Vr¶m
‘V¶o/‘˶¡ ‘{Vä¶m‘² ‘{Vä¶: MVwWu
‘Vo:/‘˶m: ‘{Vä¶m‘² ‘{Vä¶: n#m‘r
‘Vo:/‘˶m: ‘˶mo: ‘VrZm‘² fð>r
‘Vm¡/‘˶m‘² ‘˶mo: ‘{Vfw gá‘r
ho ‘Vo ho ‘Vr ho ‘V¶: gå~moYZ‘²

‘{VgÑem: Aݶo eãXm:- ^y{‘, ~w{Õ, àr{V, H$s{V©, lw{V, ñ‘¥{V, é{M, ep³V, Y¥{V, Amof{Y, dZñn{V B.

"B'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ dm[a (dm[a = d² + Am + a² + B)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
àW‘m
dm[a dm[aUr dmar{U {ÛVr¶m
V¥Vr¶m
dm[a dm[aUr dmar{U MVwWu
n#m‘r
dm[aUm dm[aä¶m‘² dm[a{^: fð>r
gá‘r
dm[aUo dm[aä¶m‘² dm[aä¶: gå~moYZ‘²

dm[aU: dm[aä¶m‘² dm[aä¶:

dm[aU: dm[aUmo: dmarUm‘²

dm[a{U dm[aUmo: dm[afw

ho dmao, ho dm[a ho dm[aUr ho dmar{U

dm[agÑem: Aݶo eãXm:- ew{M, gwa{^, ^y[a B˶mX¶: &

"B©'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ ZXr (ZXr = Z² + A + X² + B©)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
ZXr ZÚm¡ ZÚ: àW‘m
ZXr‘² ZÚm¡ ZXr: {ÛVr¶m
ZÚm ZXrä¶m‘² ZXr{^: V¥Vr¶m
ZÚ¡ ZXrä¶m‘² ZXrä¶: MVwWu
ZÚm: ZXrä¶m‘² ZXrä¶: n#m‘r
ZÚm: ZÚmo: ZXrZm‘² fð>r
ZÚm‘² ZÚmo: ZXrfw gá‘r
ho Z{X ho ZÚm¡ ho ZÚ: gå~moYZ‘²

ZXrgÑem: Aݶo eãXm:- OZZr, Hy$nr, Zmar, ¶wdVr, ZJar, ‘hr, dmnr, boIZr, A‘Zr, gå‘mO©Zr, épŠ‘Ur,
KQ>r, ZIH¥$ÝVZr, gañdVr, ñWmbr, Xmgr B˶mX¶: &

54

{deofU‘²

Ef: ~mbH$: & EVñ¶ Zm‘ AO¶: & AÌ CÎm‘:, MVwa:, ñdñW:,
AO¶: CÎm‘: ~mbH$: & H$m¶©VËna: EVo eãXm: AO¶: H$sÑe:
AO¶: ñdñW: H$m¶©VËna: M ~mbH$: & ApñV B{V H$W¶pÝV & AV: EVo
eãXm: AO¶ñ¶ {deofUm{Z &

¶: eãX: Zm‘nXñ¶ {df¶o A{YH§$ H$W¶{V, VX² {deofU‘² & ¶ñ¶ {df¶o kmnZ§ ^d{V, g: {deoî¶: &

ZyVZ: J«ÝW:& ZyVZm H${dVm& ZyVZ§ H$m춑² & ZyVZm¡ J«ÝWm¡ & ZyVZm: J«ÝWm: &
H$sÑe: J«ÝW:? H$sÑer H${dVm? H$sÑe§ H$m춑²?
ZyVZ: J«ÝW: & ZyVZm H${dVm & ZyVZ§ H$m춑² & ZyVZo H${dVo & ZyVZm: H${dVm: &
AÌ {deoî¶ñ¶ ¶X² {b“‘² ApñV,
VXod {deofUñ¶ {b“§ dV©Vo & ZyVZo H$mì¶o & ZyVZm{Z H$mì¶m{Z &

AÌ {deoî¶ñ¶ ¶X² dMZ‘² ApñV,

VXod {deofUñ¶ dMZ§ Ñí¶Vo &

ZyVZñ¶ J«ÝWñ¶ & ZyVZmV² J«ÝWmV² & ZyVZofw J«ÝWofw & EVofw CXmhaUofw {deoî¶ñ¶ ¶m {d^p³V:,
ZyVZm¶m§ H${dVm¶m‘² & ZyVZ¶m H${dV¶m & ZyVZm¶¡ H${dVm¶¡ & gm Ed {d^p³V: {deofUñ¶ A{n dV©Vo &
ZyVZoZ H$mì¶oZ & ZyVZmä¶m§ H$mì¶mä¶m‘² & ZyVZ¶mo: H$m춶mo:&

¶{„“§ ¶ÛMZ§ ¶m M {d^p³V{d©eoî¶ñ¶ & V{„“§ VÛMZ§ g¡d {d^p³V{d©eofUñ¶m{n &&
^mfmä¶mg:

AYmo{Z{X©ï>m{Z {deofU-{deoî¶-eãX¶w½‘m{Z {MZwV &

gwÝXar AmMm¶m£ ídoVm¡ N>mÌm:

gyÌ‘² Amdí¶H$: Hw$gw‘‘² ‘mbm

ZoÌo nyÁ¶m¡ H¥$Vkm: Amhma:
XrK©‘² H¥$îUo H$mo‘b‘² ~H$m¡

55

16. g‘mZ‘ñVw ^moOZ‘² & (MVwW©: KQ>H$:)

~mbH¥$îU: JmoHw$bo JmonmbZ§ H$amo{V ñ‘ & à{V{XZ§ g: d¶ñ¶¡: gh dZ§ JÀN>{V ñ‘ & JmoHw$bñWm:
~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh Amgm¶§ {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ & ‘ܶm•o Vo gd} ñdJ¥hoä¶: AmZrVm{Z ImÚdñVy{Z EH$Ì
Cn{dí¶ ImXpÝV ñ‘ &

EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo ^moOZdobm¶m§ gd} Jmonm: H¥$îU§ n[aV: Cnm{deZ² & XodH$sZÝXZ: Jmon~mbmZ² An¥ÀN>V² &
""AÚ ^moOZmWª {H$‘² AmZrV‘² ?'' B{V & VXm àW‘: AdXV², ""‘‘ g‘rno XܶmoXZ§ dV©Vo &'' Ana:
A^mfV, ""‘‘ g‘rno n¥WwH$m: &'' Ed‘od gd} ""Anynm:, bÈx>H$m:, dQ>H$m:, ‘moXH$m: AmZrVm:'' B{V
AdXZ² & VXm H¥$îU: AdXV², ""A{¶ {‘Ìm{U, d¶‘² EVofm§ ImÚnXmWm©Zm§ {‘lU§ Hw$‘©: &'' gd} Jmonmbm:
AmZÝXoZ H¥$îUm¶ ñd§ ñd§ ImÚ‘² A¶ÀN>Z² & H¥$îU: ñd¶‘od nXmWm©Zm§ {‘lU‘² AH$amoV² & gd}ä¶: M VX²
{‘lU§ n¶©dof¶V² & VX² Anydª ñdm{Xð>§ {‘lU§ gd}ä¶: AVrd AamoMV & ¶V: Vpñ‘Z² {‘lUo Z Ho$db§
ImÚnXmWm©: A{n Vw ñZohü {‘{lV: & VXm JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: AdXV², ""BV:na§ d¶§ gd} gpå‘ë¶ Ed
^moOZ§ Hw$‘©: & A{¶ {‘Ìm{U, Añ‘mH§$ ‘Zm§{g g‘mZm{Z, {dMmam: g‘mZm:, ^moOZ‘{n g‘mZ‘ñVw &''

^mfmä¶mg:
1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &
1. Jmon~mbm: ^moOZm¶ qH$ {H$‘² AmZ¶Z²?
2. H¥$îU: qH$ qH$ g‘mZ{‘{V dX{V?
3. H¥$îU: ImÚnXmW} qH$ {‘l¶{V?
4. nmR>o à¶w³Vm{Z H¥$îUñ¶ Zm‘m{Z {bIV &
2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &
1. JmoHw$bñWm: ~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh Amgm¶§ {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ &
2. ~mbH¥$îU: JmoHw$bo JmonmbZ§ H$amo{V ñ‘ &

56

3 . n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & gd©Zm‘ {deofU‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²
Zm‘

(JmoHw$bñWm:, H¥$îU:, AH$amoV², {H$‘², ‘‘, ‘moXH$m:, Cnm{deZ², g‘mZm:)
4. g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV &
1. ~mbH¥$îU:, XodH$sZÝXZ:, MÝÐeoIa:, JmonZm¶H$:
2. AdXV², A^UV², AJXV², AH$amoV²
5. {déÕmW©eãXmZ² ‘ÄOyfmV: {MZwV &
1. {‘Ìm{U  3. ñdm{Xð>‘² 
2. g‘rno  4. g‘mZm{Z 
(é{MhrZ‘², {d{dYm{Z, Aa¶:, Xÿao)
6. bQ²>ê$nm{U à¶wÁ¶ H$Wm§ nwZ: dXV/{bIV &
7. gh^moOZñ¶ ñdr¶‘² AZw^d§ ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &
8. H¥$îUñ¶ Aݶm{Z {d{dYm{Z Zm‘m{Z ApÝdî¶V {bIV M &
9. ¶wî‘mH§$ {à¶^moOZnXmWm©Zm§ gyqM g§ñH¥$V^mf¶m Hw$éV &

bQ²bH$mañ¶ nwaV: "ñ‘' B{V A춶ñ¶ à¶moJoZ ^yVH$m{bH$: AW©: ^d{V &
CXm. g: ’$b§ ImX{V ñ‘ = g: ’$b‘² AImXV² &
~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ = ~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh A{hÊS>ÝV &
JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: dX{V ñ‘ = JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: AdXV² &

dXV g§ñH¥$V‘² & ew^me¶m: &

1. gwà^mV‘² & 1. Zddf©ñ¶ ew^me¶m: &
2. ew^am{Ì: & 2. g’$bVm¶¡ A{^ZÝXZ‘²&
3. Z‘mo Z‘: & 3. H$m¶©H«$‘: g’$b: ^dVw &
4. YݶdmX: & 4. ew^mñVo nÝWmZ: gÝVw &
5. ñdmJV‘² & 5. narjm¶¡ ew^me¶m: &
6. H¥$n¶m & 6. OrdoV² eaX: eV‘² &
7. AñVw & 7.Xrnmdbr ‘“b‘mVZmoVw&
8.emo^Z‘²/CÎm‘‘²& 8. ew^§ ^dVw &

57

17. gyp³VgwYm &

{dÛÎd§ M Z¥nËd§ M Z¡d Vw붧 H$XmMZ &
ñdXoeo nyÁ¶Vo amOm {dÛmZ² gd©Ì nyÁ¶Vo &&1&&

Z ^yVnydª Z H$Xm{n dmVm©
hoåZ: Hw$a“mo Z H$Xm{n Ñï>: &

VWm{n V¥îUm aKwZÝXZñ¶
{dZmeH$mbo {dnarV~w{Õ: &&2&&

A‘ÝÌ‘ja§ ZmpñV ZmpñV ‘yb‘Zm¡fY‘² &
A¶mo½¶: nwéfmo ZmpñV ¶moOH$ñVÌ Xþb©^: &&3&&

A{VXmZmV² ~{b~©Õmo ø{V‘mZmV² gw¶moYZ: &
{dZï>mo amdUmo bm¡ë¶mV² A{V gd©Ì dO©¶oV² &&4&&

A{n ñdU©‘¶r b‘m Z ‘o bú‘U amoMVo &
OZZr OÝ‘^y{‘íM ñdJm©X{n Jar¶gr &&5&&

Ho$¶yam Z {d^yf¶pÝV nwéf§ hmam Z MÝÐmo‚dbm:
Z ñZmZ§ Z {dbonZ§ Z Hw$gw‘§ ZmbL²>H¥$Vm ‘yY©Om: &

dmʶoH$m g‘b‘amo{V nwéf§ ¶m g§ñH¥$Vm Ym¶©Vo
jr¶ÝVo Ibw ^yfUm{Z gVV§ dm½^yfU§ ^yfU‘² &&6&&

H¥${V: - ~moY{M•ofw {bpIVm{Z dmŠ¶m{Z nR>V AdJÀN>V M & BVmo@{n
Aݶofm§ ~moY{M•mZm§ ~moYdmŠ¶mZm§ M g“«h§ Hw$éV &
‘‘ embm¶m: ~moYdmŠ¶§ ApñV &
H¥${V: - ^maVgd©H$mañ¶ ~moYdm³¶§ "g˶‘od O¶Vo' B{V & Am¶w{d©‘m-‘hm‘ÊS>bñ¶ ~moYdm³¶§ "¶moJjo‘§
dhmå¶h‘²' B{V & BVmo@{n Aݶofm§ ~moY{M•mZm§ ~moYdmŠ¶mZm§ M gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &
‘‘ embm¶m: ~moYdmŠ¶§ --------------- ---- ApñV &

58

^mfmä¶mg:

ûcmoH$: - 1 ûcmoH$: - 5

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 1. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &

A) amOm Hw$Ì nyÁ¶Vo? {deofU‘² {deo²

Am) H$: gd©Ì nyÁ¶Vo? ---- b‘m

2. MVwWª nX§ {bIV & Jar¶gr ---- , ---

{dÛmZ² = {dÛËd‘² :: Z¥n: = .........& ûcmoH$: - 6
3. g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV & 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) ^yn:, ‘hrnmb:, nm{W©d:, npÊS>V: & A) hmam: H$sÑem:?
Am) àmk:, {dMjU:, MmUmj:, {j{Vn{V: & Am) ‘yY©Om: H$sÑem:?
ûcmoH$: - 2
B) ¶WmWª ^yfU§ {H$‘²?
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
B©) H$m nwéf§ g‘b‘amo{V?
A) H$sÑe: Hw$a“: Z H$Xm{n Ñï>:?
2. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² ‘ob¶V &
Am) gwdU©ñ¶ Hw$a“ñ¶ V¥îUm H$ñ¶ Om¶Vo?
2. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & ‘yY©Om: àgyZ‘²
Hw$a“: àkm Ho$¶yam: Ab§H$ma:
aKwZÝXZ: {nnmgm Hw$gw‘‘² Ho$em:
V¥îUm ‘¥J: dmUr ~mhþ^yfUm{Z
~w{Õ: am‘: ^yfU‘² ^mfm

ûcmoH$: - 3 hgV ! ZÝXV !
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
A) H$sÑe‘² Aja§ ZmpñV? (‘mohZ: Jbo nXH$Û¶§ Ya{V)
Am) H$sÑe§ ‘yb§ ZmpñV? ‘moZm - ‘mohZ, Jbo Y¥V§ bKwnXH§$ {H$‘Wª bãY§
B) H$sÑe: nwéf: ZmpñV?
B©) H$: Xþb©^:? Ëd¶m?
ûcmoH$: - 4 ‘mohZ: - JrVJm¶ZmW©‘² &
1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & ‘moZm - A{^ZÝXZ‘² & V{h© ~¥hËnXH§$ {H$‘Wª
~{b: ~Õ: A{V‘mZmV² &
bãY‘²?
gw¶moYZ: ~Õ: bm¡ë¶mV² &
amdU: {dZï>: A{VXmZmV² & ‘mohZ: - JrVg‘mnZmW©‘² & JJ

2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & ‘{hbm - ‘rZo, Vd g‘rno Xe god’$bm{Z
A) ~{b: H$ñ‘mV² ~Õ:? gpÝV & Vofw n#m ’$bm{Z ¶{X Vd gIr
Am) gw¶moYZ: H$ñ‘mV² ~Õ:? Zoî¶{V V{h© qH$ ^doV²?

‘rZm - ¶wÕ‘² & JJ

B) amdU: H$ñ‘mV² {dZï>:? - MÝX‘m‘m-‘m{gH$mV² &
B©) qH$ gd©Ì dO©¶oV²?

59

18. CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU‘² &

am‘m¶U‘² Am{XH$m춑² & am‘m¶Uñ¶ aM{¶Vm dmë‘r{H$: & lram‘ñ¶ M[aV‘² Añ¶ J«ÝWñ¶ {df¶: & Ef:
àg“: am‘m¶UmV² &

‘mé{V: grVm¶m: AÝdofUmWª b‘m§ à{V CÈ>¶Vo & ‘mJ} ‘hmgmJa: ApñV & Vñ¶ Vbo AdV©V ‘¡ZmH$: Zm‘
nd©V: & ¶Xm ‘¡ZmH$: JJZo ‘méqV ní¶{V VXm g: CÒÀN>{V & g‘wÐmV² ~{h: Am¶m{V & ‘mé{VZm H«$‘Ur¶: ‘mJ©:
XrK©: & ‘ܶo {dlm‘mWª ñWmZ‘{n ZmpñV B{V ‘¡ZmH$: OmZm{V & g: Vñ¶ gmhm涧 H$Vw©‘² BÀN>{V & AV: ‘¡ZmH$:
‘méqV àmW©¶Vo, ""‘hmH$no! Ab§ n[al‘oU, H¥$n¶m ‘‘ Hy$Q>o {dlm‘§ H$amoVw &''

{H$‘Wª ‘¡ZmH$: ‘méVo: gmhmæ¶mW©‘² CÚw³V:? A{n g: ‘méVo: Amerd©MZ‘² BÀN>{V? Z Ibw & EVV² Vw
CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU‘² & ‘méVo: VmV: ndZXod: ‘¡ZmH$ñ¶ gmhm涑² AH$amoV² nwam & VXm gd} nd©Vm: gnjm: & Vo
AmH$meo ñdoÀN>¶m {dhapÝV ñ‘, ghgm ^y‘m¡ {ZnVpÝV ñ‘ & VoZ ÌñVm: F$f¶: BÝБ² CnmJÀN>Z² & BÝÐ: nd©Voä¶:
AHw$߶V² & g: dO«oU nd©VmZm§ njmZ² N>oÎmw§ àma^V & ¶Xm BÝÐ: ‘¡ZmH§$ à{V AJÀN>V² VX¡d ndZXod: doJoZ V§
g‘wÐVb‘² AZ¶V² & Ed§ ndZXod: ‘¡ZmH§$ dO«àhmamV² AajV² & ‘¡ZmH$: ndZXodñ¶ EV‘² CnH$ma§ ñ‘a{V ñ‘ &
g: A{MÝV¶V², ""H¥$Vo M à{VH$V©ì¶‘² Ef Y‘©: gZmVZ:'' & AV: ‘¡ZmH$: ndZnwÌñ¶ ‘méVo: gmhm涑²
AH$amoV² & ‘¡ZmH$ñ¶ Am{V϶oZ ‘mé{V: àrV: & VWm{n {dlm‘‘² AH¥$Ëdm g: H$m¶©{gX²Ü¶W©‘² AJ«o ga{V &

^mfmä¶mg:
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &
1) ‘mé{V: H$ñ¶m: AÝdofUmWª CÈ>¶Vo? 2) nd©Vñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘²?
3) nwam gd} nd©Vm: H$sÑem:? 4) nd©V¡: Ho$ ÌñVm:?
5) ‘¡ZmH§$ g‘wÐVb§ H$: Z¶{V?
2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &
1) ndZXod: ‘¡ZmH§$ dO«àhmamV² aj{V & 2) F$f¶: BÝБ² CnmJÀN>Z² &
3) BÝÐ: nd©Voä¶: AHw$߶V² & 4) ‘¡ZmH$: g‘wÐmV² ~{h: Am¶m{V &

60

3. n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & gd©Zm‘ {deofU‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²
Zm‘

(‘mé{V:, V‘², F$f¶:, XrK©:, àrV:, {MÝV¶{V, CÒÀN>{V, g:)

4. g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV &

1) ‘mé{V:, ndZnwÌ:, hZw‘mZ², nmdH$: &

2) gwan{V:, eH«$:, dO«‘², BÝÐ: &

3) ‘¡ZmH$:, ZJ:, {J[a:, AMb: &

5. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &

1) ~{h: ´ 2) CÚw³V: ´ 3) ñ‘aU‘² ´

6. nmR>o "‘mé{V' eãXñ¶ ñWmZo "ndZgwV' A{n M "nd©V' B˶ñ¶ ñWmZo "A{Ð' B{V eãX§ à¶wÁ¶ nmR>§

nwZ{b©IV &

7. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &

1. "CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU§' ‘¡ZmHo$Z H$W§ H¥$V‘²?

2. ‘méVo: CÈ>mUH$Wm§ lwËdm H$ñ¶ AmYw{ZH$H$WmnmÌñ¶ ñ‘aU§ ^d{V?

3. am‘m¶Uo ¶ofm‘² C„oI: Vofm‘² Aݶ-new-n{jUm§ {df¶‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ gÝX^m©Z² {bIV &

4. ¶{X nd©Vm: AYwZm A{n nj¶w³Vm: ñ¶w: V{h© qH$ ^{dî¶{V?

boIZH$m¡eb‘² &
g§dmXboIZ‘² &

CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU‘² B{V JÚnmR>§ ‘ÄOyfm¶m: AmYmaoU g§dmXê$noU {bIV &

‘¡ZmH$:- H$: Ef: AmH$meo CÈ>¶Vo ? Ef: Vw ‘mé{V:, ndZnwÌ: &

Z‘: Vo &

‘mé{V:- Z‘: &

‘¡ZmH$:- A¶§ g‘wБmJ©: & ‘mJ©‘ܶo ZmpñV &

AV: jU§ ¶mdV² ‘‘ {dlm‘§ H$amoVw &

‘mé{V:- Amd¶mo: n[aM¶: A{n ZmpñV & VWm{n Ëd§ {H$‘Wª ‘‘ H$amo{f?

‘¡ZmH$:- Vd {nVm & Vñ¶ CnH$mañ‘aU§ H$amo{‘ & nwam gnjm: AmgZ² &

H«$moYoZ nd©VmZm§ N>oÎmw‘² Ama^V & VXm ‘‘ gmhm涑²

AH$amoV² & Ëd§ Vñ¶ AV: Ah§ Vd gmhm涧 H$Vw©‘² BÀN>m{‘ &

‘mé{V:- AñVw & Ah§ àgÞ: & {H$ÝVw ñWmVw§ Z eŠZmo{‘ & am‘H$m¶m©W©‘² A{dbå~§ JÀN>m{‘ &

‘ÄOyfm - (nd©Vm:, ndZnwÌm¶, XrK©:, ‘¡ZmH$m¶, Hy$Q>o, {dlm‘ñWmZ‘², ndZXod:, gmhm涑², BÝÐ:, g:,
njmZ², nwÌ:)

61

19. amï´>^p³V: &

AW H$mo@{n ¶m{ÌH$: à{V{XZ§ aob¶mZoZ ¶mÌm§ H$amo{V ñ‘ & EH$Xm Vñ¶¡d n¥ð>V: XrKm©gZo EH$m N>mÌm
Cnm{deV² & AH$ñ‘mV² gm embmñ¶yV‘² CÓmQ>ç gyqM VWm gy̧ ñì¶H$amoV² & ¶m{ÌH$: Hw$VyhboZ Vm§ ní¶{V ñ‘ &
~m{bH$m embmñ¶yVo {H$‘Wª gy{MgyÌo AmZ¶{V? VWm M aob¶mZo Vmä¶m§ qH$ à¶moOZ‘²? B{V ¶m{ÌH$: A{MÝV¶V² &
gm ~m{bH$m gyÀ¶m§ gy̧ {Zdoí¶ AmgZñ¶ {N>Þ§ Vën§ ¶Wmnyd©‘² AH$amoV² & ¶m{ÌH$: An¥ÀN>V², ""A{¶ ~m{bHo$,
Ëd§ qH$ H$amo{f?'' ~m{bH$m AdXV² "" EVX² aob¶mZ‘² Añ‘mH§$ H¥$Vo ApñV & EVV² amï´>ñ¶ gån{Îm: Ibw & Vñ¶
gwajU‘² Añ‘mH$‘² AmÚ§ H$V©ì¶‘² Ed & Ah§ VXod H$amo{‘ &'' ~m{bH$m¶m: EVX² CÎma‘² AVrd ~moYàX‘² & AZoZ
CÎmaoU ^y[a à^m{dV: g: ¶m{ÌH$: {dMma‘¾mo@^dV² &

^mo: ~mbH$m:, d¶‘{n gd} amï´>gånÎmo: gwajUm¶, amï´>ajUm¶ g§dY©Zm¶ M H${Q>~Õm: ^dm‘: & amï´>Y‘©‘²
AmMam‘: &

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & ^mfmä¶mg:

(1) ¶m{ÌH$: Ho$Z ¶mÌm§ H$amo{V ñ‘? (2) N>mÌm Hw$Ì Cnm{deV²?

(3) ~m{bH$m¶m: embmñ¶yVo {H$‘² AmgrV²? (4) d¶§ {H$‘² AmMam‘:?

(5) ~m{bH$m¶m: CÎma§ H$sÑe‘² ApñV?

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV &

(1) H$m Zm‘ amï´>gån{Îm: ? (2) amï´>gånÎmo: gwajUm¶ ¶y¶§ qH$ Hw$éW ?

3. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &

(1) ¶m{ÌH$: Hw$VyhboZ ~m{bH$m§ ní¶{V ñ‘ & (2) dmhZñ¶ gwajU‘² Añ‘mH$‘² AmÚ§ H$V©ì¶‘² &

4. JÚm§eV: g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &

(A) Am¡ËgwŠ¶‘²- (Am) YZ‘²- (B) {dÚmb¶:- (B©) XmoaH$:-

5. JÚm§eV: {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &

(A) Z¶{V ........... & (Am) C{Îmð>{V ........... &

6. H$: H§$ dX{V?

(1) ""A{¶ ~m{bHo$, Ëd‘² qH$ H$amo{f?''

7. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & {deofUm{Z- ~moYàX‘², {dMma‘¾:, {N>Þ‘²

{deoî¶m{U- ¶m{ÌH$:, Vën‘², CÎma‘²

8. H$moï>H§$ nya¶V &

Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ bQ²>ê$nm{U bL²>ê$nm{U

(~m{bH$¶m, AmMam‘:, Ah‘², n¥ÀN>{V, AmgZñ¶, EVX², CÎmaoU, H$amo{‘, Añ‘mH$‘², ¶mÌm‘²,
A^dV², Cnm{deV², AmZ¶{V)

62

boIZH$m¡eb‘² &
{MÌdU©Z‘² &

nyd©{gÕVm l {M̧ ní¶V & gyú‘‘² AdbmoH$Z§ Hw$éV & l EVV² H$ñ¶ {MÌ‘²?
l AÌ Ho$ nXmWm©:? H$m{Z Vofm§ g§ñH¥$VZm‘m{Z? l AÌ H$m: {H«$¶m:?
l {MÌñ¶ qH$ d¡{eï²ç‘²?

l eãX‘ÄOyfm¶m: AmYmaoU {MÌdU©Z§ Hw$éV &

EVX² {ZgJ©{MÌ‘² & AmH$meo , M gpÝV & Z¥Ë¶{V &
, M gpÝV &
aQ>{V & d¥jñ¶ AY: {Vð>V: & Obo

‘ÄOyfm - (‘¶ya:, ‘rZm:, ‘oKm:, ‘ÊSy>H$:, IJm:, H$‘bm{Z, ~mbH$m¡)

H¥${V:- {ejH$ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ N>mÌm: dJ©H$jm, aobñWmZ§, H«$sS>m“U‘², CÚmZ‘² EVofm§ {MÌmUm§ dU©Z§ Hw$d©pÝV &

63

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 4

{H«$¶mnXm{Z-3
bL²>bH$ma: (àW‘^yVH$mb:)

AÚ ~mbH$: ø:
JÀN>{V AJÀN>V²
ImX{V AImXV²
dX{V AdXV²


^yVH$mb: nyd©H$mbo K{Q>Vm§ {H«$¶m§ Xe©¶{V & g§ñH¥$Vo ^yVH$mb̶§ dV©Vo & bL²>, {bQ² VWm bwL²> B{V&
AÌ d¶§ Ho$db§ bL²> (àW‘^yVH$mb§) ní¶m‘: & bL²> bH$mao ‘ybYmVmo: nyd©‘² "A' B{V AmJ‘: ^d{V &

क्रियापदसतू ्रम्‌ ("A'AmJ‘: + ‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + à˶¶:= {H«$¶mnX‘²
(AmXoe:) ({M•‘²)

A + nR² + A = AnR> + V² = AnR>V²
A + Z¥V² + ¶ = AZ¥Ë¶ + V² = AZ¥Ë¶V²
A + {bI² + A = A{bI + V² = A{bIV²
A + nyO² + A¶ = AnyO¶ + V² = AnyO¶V²

bL>²à˶¶m:

n.n. à˶¶m: Am. n. à˶¶m:

E.d. [Ûd. ~.d. E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

à.nw. V² Vm‘² AZ² V BVm‘² AÝV

‘. nw. : V‘² V Wm: BWm‘² Üd‘²

C.nw. A‘² d ‘ B d{h ‘{h

nR²> 1 n.n. bL²>ê$nm{U ^mf² 1 Am. n.

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d. à.nw. E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.
‘.nw. A^mfV A^mfoVm‘² A^mfÝV
à.nw. AnR>V² AnR>Vm‘² AnR>Z² C.nw. A^mfWm: A^mfoWm‘² A^mfÜd‘²
‘.nw. AnR>: AnR>V‘² AnR>V A^mfo A^mfmd{h A^mfm‘{h
à.nw.
C.nw. AnR>‘² AnR>md AnR>m‘ ‘.nw. ¶wY² 4 Am. n.
C.nw.
Z¥V² 4 n. n. E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.
A¶wܶV A¶wܶoVm‘² A¶wܶÝV
E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.
à.nw. AZ¥Ë¶V² AZ¥Ë¶Vm‘² AZ¥Ë¶Z² A¶wܶWm: A¶wܶoWm‘² A¶wܶÜd‘²

‘.nw. AZ¥Ë¶: AZ¥Ë¶V‘² AZ¥Ë¶V A¶wܶo A¶wܶmd{h A¶wܶm‘{h
C.nw. AZ¥Ë¶‘² AZ¥Ë¶md AZ¥Ë¶m‘

64

{bI² 6 n.n. {Xe² 6 Am. n.

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d. E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.
à.nw. A{XeV A{XeoVm‘² A{XeÝV
à.nw. A{bIV² A{bIVm‘² A{bIZ² ‘.nw. A{XeWm: A{XeoWm‘² A{XeÜd‘²
C.nw. A{Xeo A{Xemd{h A{Xem‘{h
‘.nw. A{bI: A{bIV‘² A{bIV

C.nw. A{bI‘² A{bImd A{bIm‘

nyO² 10 n. n. nyO² 10 Am. n.

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d. E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.
à.nw. AnyO¶V² AnyO¶Vm‘² AnyO¶Z²
‘.nw. AnyO¶: AnyO¶V‘² AnyO¶V à.nw. AnyO¶V AnyO¶oVm‘² AnyO¶ÝV
C.nw. AnyO¶‘² AnyO¶md AnyO¶m‘
‘.nw. AnyO¶Wm: AnyO¶oWm‘² AnyO¶Üd‘²
C.nw. AnyO¶o AnyO¶md{h AnyO¶m‘{h

n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z (n.n./Am.n.) Ag² n.n.
1. g: ~mbH$: AJÀN>V²/A^mfV &
1. gm ~m{bH$m AJÀN>V²/A^mfV & E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
1. VX² An˶‘² AJÀN>V²/A^mfV & à.nw. AmgrV² AmñVm‘² AmgZ²
2. Vm¡ ~mbH$m¡ AJÀN>Vm‘²/A^mfoVm‘² & ‘.nw. Amgr: AmñV‘² AmñV
2. Vo ~m{bHo$ AJÀN>Vm‘²/A^mfoVm‘² & C.nw. Amg‘² Amñd Amñ‘
2. Vo An˶o AJÀN>Vm‘²/A^mfoVm‘² &
3. Vo ~mbH$m: AJÀN>Z²/A^mfÝV & H¥$ n.n.
3. Vm: ~m{bH$m: AJÀN>Z²/A^mfÝV &
3. Vm{Z An˶m{Z AJÀN>Z²/A^mfÝV & E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
4. Ëd‘² AJÀN>:/A^mfWm: & à.nw. AH$amoV² AHw$éVm‘² AHw$d©Z²
5. ¶wdm‘² AJÀN>V‘²/A^mfoWm‘² & ‘.nw. AH$amo: AHw$éV‘² AHw$éV
6. ¶y¶‘² AJÀN>V/A^mfÜd‘² & C.nw. AH$ad‘² AHw$d© AHw$‘©
7. Ah‘² AJÀN>‘²/A^mfo &
8. Amdm‘² AJÀN>md/A^mfmd{h & H¥$ Am.n.
9. d¶‘² AJÀN>m‘/A^mfm‘{h &
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

à.nw. AHw$éV AHw$dm©Vm‘² AHw$d©V

‘.nw. AHw$éWm: AHw$dm©Wm‘² AHw$éÜd‘²

C.nw. AHw${d© AHw$d©{h AHw$‘©{h

{H«$¶mnXH$moemV² n.n./Am.n. YmVyZ² ÑîQ‰m
15 dmŠ¶m{Z dXV &

65

{H«$¶mnXm{Z-4

CngJ©g{hVm{Z bL²>ê$nm{U &
1. H$ݶm OZH$‘² AÝdJÀN>V² & 2. N>mÌ: {ejH$‘² à˶dXV² &
3. AOw©Z: aWo Cnm{deV² & 4. ~mb: OZZt ÑîQ‰m ì¶hgV² &

AYmoaopIVm{Z bL²{H«$¶mnXm{Z & {H$ÝVw AÌ "A' B{V AmJ‘: ñnï>V¶m Z Ñí¶Vo &
AÝdJÀN>V² = AZw+ AJÀN>V²
à˶dXV² = à{V+ AdXV²
Cnm{deV² = Cn+ A{deV²
ì¶hgV² = {d+ AhgV²
AÌ AZw, à{V, Cn, {d EVo CngJm©: & CngJm©: YmVmo: nydª ^dpÝV &
bL²>ê$n{Z‘m©Ug‘¶o àW‘§ "A' B{V AmJ‘g{hVê$n§ ^d{V & AZÝVa§ CngJ©g§¶moOZ§ ^d{V &
à + J‘² - bL²>bH$ma: g‘² + ^mf² - bL²>bH$ma:
1. à + AJÀN>V² = àmJÀN>V² 2. g‘² + A^mfV = g‘^mfV

à{V + J‘² -JÀN>² (1 n.n.) g‘² + ^mf² (1 Am.n.)

E.d. [Ûd. ~.d. E.d. [Ûd. ~.d.

à. nw. à˶JÀN>V² à˶JÀN>Vm‘² à˶JÀN>Z² à. nw. g‘^mfV g‘^mfoVm‘² g‘^mfÝV

‘.nw. à˶JÀN>: à˶JÀN>V‘² à˶JÀN>V ‘.nw. g‘^mfWm: g‘^mfoWm‘² g‘^mfÜd‘²

C.nw. à˶JÀN>‘² à˶JÀN>md à˶JÀN>m‘ C.nw. g‘^mfo g‘^mfmd{h g‘^mfm‘{h

nR>V-~moYV-[a³VñWmZo {bIV &

CngJ©: + YmVw: bQ²>ê$n‘² CngJ© + ‘ybYmVmo: bL²>ê$n‘² bL²>ê$n‘²
Cn + J‘² CnJÀN>{V Cn + AJÀN>V² (A + A = Am) = CnmJÀN>V²
Ad + J‘² AdJÀN>{V Ad + AJÀN>V² (A + A = Am) =
à + J‘² àJÀN>{V à + AJÀN>V² (A + A = Am) = AmJÀN>V²
Am + J‘² AmJÀN>{V {ZaJÀN>V²
{Za² + J‘² {Za² + AJÀN>V² (a² + A = a) =
CX² + J‘² CÒÀN>{V CX² + AJÀN>V² (X² + A = X) = à˶JÀN>V²
à{VJÀN>{V
à{V + J‘² A{YJÀN>{V à{V + AJÀN>V² (B + A = ¶) = AÝdJÀN>V²
A{Y + J‘² A{Y + AJÀN>V² (B + A = ¶) = g‘JÀN>V
g“ÀN>Vo
AZw + J‘² AZw + AJÀN>V² (C + A = d) =
g‘² + J‘² g‘² + AJÀN>V (‘² + A = ‘) =
{d + a‘² {d+ Aa‘V² (B + A = ¶) =

66

^mfmä¶mg:

1. C{MV§ bL²>ê$n§ {bIV &

YmVw: JU: nX§ M nwéf: dMZ§ M ê$n‘²
àW‘nwéf: ~. d.
1. {bI² 6 n. n. CÎm‘nwéf: E. d.
‘ܶ‘nwéf: ~. d.
2. Vwf² 4 n. n. CÎm‘nwéf: {Ûd.
àW‘nwéf: ~. d.
3. ew^² (emo^²) 1 Am. n. CÎm‘nwéf: ~. d.
àW‘nwéf: {Ûd.
4. god² 1 Am. n. ‘ܶ‘nwéf: E. d.
CÎm‘nwéf: ~. d.
5. CV² +nV² 1 n. n. ‘ܶ‘nwéf: {Ûd.

6. ¶wY² 4 Am. n.

7. ^j² 10 Am. n.

8. Am+H$U©² 10 Am. n.

9. OZ² (Om) 4 Am. n.

10. H$ån² 1 n. n.


2. ê$nn[aM¶§ {bIV &

ê$n‘² YmVw: JU: nX§ M H$mb: nwéf: dMZ‘²

1. AImX‘²

2. A{‘«¶V

3. Cnm{de‘²

4. g‘^mfÝV

5. Ab^Üd‘²

6. A{Vð>:

7. n¶©Ë¶OV²

8. AZ¶V²

9. Aa‘Üd‘²

10. Aní¶V

¶Xm YmVmo: àW‘mja§ ñda: ^d{V VXm {deofV¶m AdYmZ‘² Amdí¶H$‘² &
"A' AmJ‘: + YmVw-AmXoe: + JU{dH$aU‘² = YmËd“§ + à˶¶: = {H«$¶mnXê$n‘²
1. A + AQ² + A = AmQ> + V² = AmQ>V² (AÌ "A' ñWmZo "Am' ^d{V &)
2. A + B©j² + A = Eoj + V = EojV (AÌ "B©' ñWmZo "Eo' ^d{V &)
3. A + Bf²(BÀN²) + A = EoÀN> + V = EoÀN>V² (AÌ "B' ñWmZo "Eo' ^d{V &)

67

A춶m{Z-{d{eï>{d^³V¶ü &

H¥$frdb: &
¶Xm H¥$frdb: joÌo ~rOm{Z dn{V VXm Ymݶ§ {dÝXVo & H¥$frdb: Am{XZ‘² AVrd H$ï>§ H$amo{V,
VWm{n Z lmÝV: ^d{V & ~brdXm©Zm§ gmhmæ¶oZ ^yq‘ H¥$f{V & joÌo Ed {XZ§ ¶mn¶{V & ¶{X Ob§ Z
df©{V V{h© Vñ¶ OrdZ‘² ApñWa§ ^d{V & ^y{‘nwÌm¶ Z‘: &
AÌ AYmoaopIVmZ² eãXmZ² ní¶V & EVofw eãXofw {b“-{d^p³V-nwéf-dMZmZwgma§ H$Xm{n 춶:
(n[adV©Z§) Z ^d{V & AV: EVm{Z A춶m{Z B{V CÀ¶ÝVo & AV:, ¶V:, ¶Wm, VWm, ¶{X, V{h©,
¶Ú{n, VWm{n, AÌ, VÌ, Hw$Ì, H$Xm, H${V, nwaV:, n¥ð>V:, nwZ:, Z, AZÝVa‘², ZZw, Ibw, A{¶,
Am‘², B{V, Bd, Ed, Ed‘², {H$b, VV:, M, Cƒ¡:, ZrM¡:, {h, d¡, Vw, A{n B˶mXr{Z A춶m{Z &

H$m{ZMZ A춶m{Z {d{eï>-{d^p³Vê$n‘² AnojÝVo & Vm{Z AY: {Z{X©ï>m{Z &

1. A{^V: = ({ÛVr¶m) gy¶©‘² A{^V: J«hm: ^«‘pÝV &
2. n[aV: = ({ÛVr¶m) Xodmb¶§ n[aV: ^³Vm: gpÝV &
3. C^¶V: = ({ÛVr¶m) ‘mJ©‘² C^¶V: d¥jm: dV©ÝVo &
4. à{V = ({ÛVr¶m) ~mbH$: OZZt à{V Ymd{V &
5. {dZm = ({ÛVr¶m/V¥Vr¶m/n#m‘r) Ob§/OboZ/ObmV² {dZm OrdZ‘² AeŠ¶‘² &
6. gh = (V¥Vr¶m) am‘oU gh grVm dZ§ JÀN>{V &
7. Ab‘² = (V¥Vr¶m) Ab§ ImXZoZ & Ab§ n[al‘oU &
8. Z‘: = (MVwWu) lrJUoem¶ Z‘: & emaXm¶¡ Z‘: &
9. ~{h: = (n#m‘r) Oå~yH$: Hy$nmV² ~{h: AmJÀN>V² &
10. H¥$Vo = (fð>r) Xoeñ¶ H¥$Vo g¡{ZH$m: ñdàmUmZ² ˶OpÝV &
11. g‘rno = (fð>r) embm¶m: g‘rno H«$sS>m“U§ dV©Vo &

Ho$MZ YmVd: A{n {d{eï>m§ {d^p³V‘² AnojÝVo & Vofw {deofV¶m AdYmZ§ XmV춑² & Vo YmVd: AY: {Z{X©ï>m: &

1. J‘² = ({ÛVr¶m) Ah§ embm§ JÀN>m{‘ &
2. éM² = (MVwWu) H«$sS>ZH§$ ‘ø§ amoMVo &
3. Hw$n² = (MVwWu) OZH$: ‘ø§ H$Xm{n Z Hw$߶{V &
4. H«w$Y² = (MVwWu) Ah§ {‘Ìoä¶: Z¡d H«w$ܶm{‘ &
5. Xm-¶ÀN² = (MVwWu) Am{X˶: A{ZHo$Vm¶ boIZt ¶ÀN>{V &
6. H$W² = (MVwWu) N>mÌ: {ejH$m¶ d¥ÎmmÝV§ H$W¶{V &
7. aj² = (n#m‘r) am‘: AgwamV² aj{V &
8. {d + a‘² = (n#m‘r) CÚmoJr ‘Zwî¶: ñdH$m¶m©V² Z {da‘{V &
9. pñZh² = (gá‘r) Aå~m ‘{¶ {ZVam§ pñZø{V &

68

àýmW©H$m: &

àý{Z‘m©UmWª "{H$‘²' gd©Zm‘ Cn¶wÁ¶Vo & VWm "H$'-AjaoU Aݶo àýmW©H$eãXm: Ama^ÝVo & Vo H$H$mam:&

¶Wm- {H$‘², Hw$Ì, H${V, H$Xm, Hw$V:, H$W‘², {H$‘W©‘² &

• àý{Z‘m©U§ H$W‘²? 3. MQ>H$m {Zdmgm¶ ZrS§> aM¶{V &
1. {e{jH$m gwYmIÊS>oZ {bI{V & MQ>H$m {H$‘Wª ZrS§> aM¶{V?
{e{jH$m Ho$Z {bI{V?
2. am‘: grVm¶¡ ’$bm{Z ¶ÀN>{V & 4. gm gwñda§ Jm¶{V &
am‘: H$ñ¶¡ ’$bm{Z ¶ÀN>{V? gm H$W§ Jm¶{V?

• à{VnX§ H$H$ma: H$W§ ¶wÁ¶Vo?

A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V &

1. H$: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ?

2. A‘o¶: Hw$Ì gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ?

3. A‘o¶: J¥ho H$Xm n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ?

4. A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo qH$ kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ?

5. A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z {H$‘W©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ?

6. A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmWª H$W§ nR>{V ?

1. àý{Z‘m©UmW©‘² C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &

1. AmH$meo ‘oKm: JO©pÝV & (H$:/Ho$) 2. N>mÌ¡: embm emo^Vo & (H$ñ‘¡/H¡$:)

3. IJmZm§ g‘yh: JJZo dV©Vo & (Ho$fm§/H$mgm‘²) 4. {ejH$mZ² à{V AmXa: Amdí¶H$: &(Ho$fm‘²/H$mZ²)

5. Ah‘² AZÝVa§ ^moOZ§ H$amo{‘ & (H$Xm/Hw$Ì) 6. Vo nR>Zm¶ {dÚmb¶§ JÀN>pÝV & (H$Xm/{H$‘W©‘²)

nR>V-~moYV &

AmMm¶©: = A{¶ N>mÌm:, AÚ d¶§ àýmoÎmar-‘mܶ‘oZ H«$sS>m‘: &
aoUwH$m = ¶: CÎma{V g: Ibw kmZn{V: & ní¶m‘:, H$: ^d{V kmZn{V: ?
AmMm¶©: = dXV, " F$fo aM¶ am‘m¶U‘² &' B{V ~«÷Xod: H$‘² Am{XeV²?
ídoVm = AmMm¶©, Ah§ dXm{‘ & "F$fo, aM¶ am‘m¶U‘²' B{V ~«÷Xod: ‘h{f©dmë‘r{H$‘² Am{XeV² &
AmMm¶©: = emo^Z§ ídoVo & AYwZm {ÛVr¶: àý: & ‘hm^maV§ Ho$Z {bpIV‘² ?
‘hoe: = AmMm¶©, ‘hm^maV§ JUoeoZ {bpIV‘² &
AmMm¶©: = ~hþ gå¶H²$ & ‘h{f©ì¶mgoZ ‘hm^maV§ a{MV‘² & JUoeoZ VV² {bpIV‘² & ‘hoe, gmYw gmYw &

Ëd‘{n kmZn{V: & AYwZm V¥Vr¶: àý: & ^JdmZ² gy¶©: H$ñ‘¡ H$dMHw$ÊS>bm{Z XÎmdmZ²?
àVrjm = AmMm¶©, Ah§ dXm{‘ & ^JdmZ² gy¶©: H$Um©¶ H$dMHw$ÊS>bm{Z XÎmdmZ² &
AmMm¶©: = CÎm‘‘² & AOw©Z: nmewnVmó§ H$ñ‘mV² àmádmZ²?
{demb: = AmMm¶©, AOw©Z: nmewnVmó§ e‘amV² àmádmZ² &
AmMm¶©: = emo^Z§ emo^Z‘² & ¶wî‘mH§$ gm‘mݶkmZ‘² CÎm‘‘² ApñV & ^dÝV: gd}@{n kmZdÝV: ^dÝVw &
N>mÌm: = YݶdmXm: AmMm¶© &

EVoZ àH$maoU H$jm¶m§ ì¶p³Ve: / JUe: àýmoÎmar‘mܶ‘oZ H«$sS>V &
69

dU©‘mbm &

ñdam: (13) ñdam{lVm¡ (2)- AZwñdma: ( § )
1) õñd-ñdam:- A B C F$ b¥ {dgJ©: (:) M &

2) XrK©-ñdam:- Am B© D$ G

3) g§¶w³V$-XrK©ñdam:- E (A/Am + B/B©) g§¶w³V-ì¶ÄOZm{Z &

Eo (A/Am + E/Eo)
Amo (A/Am + C/D$) l = e² + a² + A &
Am¡ (A/Am + Amo/Am¡) J« = J² + a² + A &

Ì = V² + a² + A &
k = O² + Äm² + A &
ì¶ÄOZm{Z (33) j = H²$ + f² + A &
1) dJu¶ì¶ÄOZm{Z

Hw$ (H$ dJ©:) H²$ I² J² K² L²>

Mw (M dJ©:) M² N² O² P² Äm² g§¶w³V-ì¶ÄOZ-boIZ‘² &
nX²‘‘² = nÙ‘² {Mh²Z‘² = {M•‘²
Qw> (Q> dJ©:) Q² R² S² T² U² ~«h²‘m= ~«÷m {X²dVr¶m = {ÛVr¶m
CX²^d: = CØd: JL²>Jm = J“m
Vw (V dJ©:) V² W² X² Y Z² {dX²¶m = {dÚm ZmQ>²¶‘² = ZmQ>瑲
H$píMV²= H${üV² ~w{X²Y: = ~w{Õ:
nw (n dJ©:) n² ’²$ ~² ^² ‘² {dX²dÎmm = {dÛÎmm
2) AdJu¶ì¶ÄOZm{Z
(1) AÝV:ñWì¶ÄOZm{Z ¶² a² b² d²
(2) Cî‘ì¶ÄOZm{Z e² f² g² h²
A{^OmVg§ñH¥$Vo "i²' ZmpñV, Ho$db§ d¡{XH$gyºo$fw &

eãX{dJ«h: & (CXmhaUmZwgma§ eãX{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &)
‘mbm- ‘² + Am + b² + Am & H¥$îU:- H²$ + F$ + f² + U² + A: &
àkm- n² + a² + A + O² + Äm² + Am & ~«÷- ~² + a² + A + h² + ‘² + A &
M#mw: - M² + A + Äm² + M² + C: & XÎm‘² - X² + A + V² + V²$ + A$ + ‘² &
g§ñH¥$V‘²- lrnmX: -
{M•‘² - ^wO“: -
Om•dr - hñV: -
Aíd: - Xod: -

70

AZwñdmañ¶> CƒmaU§ boIZ§ M &

J§Jm, amo‘m§M:, K§Q>m, X§V:, O§~yH$:- B{V eãXofw AZwñdma: g‘mZ:, naÝVw AZwñdmañ¶ CƒmaU§

Z g‘mZ‘² & VÌ qH$ H$maU‘²? AZwñdmañ¶ nao ¶: dU©: VXZwgma‘² CƒmaU§ ^d{V &

¶Wm- J§Jm

l AZwñdmañ¶ nao "J'H$ma: & JH$ma: H$ dJ} ApñV & (H²$, I², J², K², L²>)

l H$ dJ©ñ¶ AZwZm{gH$‘² L²> B{V &

l AV: J§Jm B{V eãXo AZwñdmañWmZo dJu¶ñ¶ AZwZm{gH$ñ¶ CƒmaU§ ^d{V &

J§Jm = JL²>Jm(J“m) &

VW¡d amo‘m§M:- M², N², O², P², Äm² = amo‘mÄm²M: (amo‘mÄM:)

K§Q>m - Q², R², S², T², U² = KU²Q>m (KÊQ>m)

X§V: - V², W², X², Y², Z² = XZ²V: (XÝV:)

O§~yH$: - n², ’²$, ~², ^², ‘² = O‘²~yH$: (Oå~yH$:)

l AZwñdmañ¶ nao AdJu¶-dU©: ^d{V VXm AZwñdma: Ed bopIVì¶: & ¶Wm h§g:, g§dmX:

¶mo½¶‘² AZwZm{gH§$ ¶moO{¶Ëdm eãX§ nwZ: {bIV & CXm. - A§O{b:- AÄO{b:
‘§Xm{H$Zr, ZmJ|Ð:, e§H$m, n§M, H§$nZ‘², b§{~V‘², ^wO§J:, Vm§S>d‘², g§^«‘:, M§Ð:, g§»¶m,

Z§{XZr, g§V{V:, A§~wO‘², ‘§Sy>H$:, qgMZ‘², qZ~:, Hw§${MH$m, H§$Q>H$:

AZwñdmañ¶/‘H$mañ¶ boIZ‘² &

1. Ho$db§ eãXboIZg‘¶o eãXmÝV-AZwñdmañ¶ ñWmZo "‘²' B{V Ed AZwZm{gH§$ boIZr¶‘² &
¶Wm - gm¡Oݶ‘²&

2. AZwñdmañ¶ nwaV: ì¶ÄOZmÝVeãX: ^doV² VXm AZwñdma: ( § ) boIZr¶: &
¶Wm-dmŠ¶§ agmË‘H§$ H$m춑² &

3. AZwñdmañ¶ nwaV: ñda: ^doV² VXm "‘²' B{V boIZr¶‘² & ¶Wm-dmŠ¶‘² AVrd agnyU©‘² &
4. dmŠ¶mÝVo AZwñdma: ^doV² VXm "‘²' B{V Ed boIZr¶‘² & ¶Wm-hñVñ¶ ^yfU§ XmZ‘² &

g§ñH¥$VboIZ{Z¶‘mZwgma§ nwZ: {bIV &
CXm. g˶‘² H§$R>ñ¶ ^yfU§ (A¶mo½¶‘²)& g˶§ H$ÊR>ñ¶ ^yfU‘² (¶mo½¶‘²)&
1. namonH$mamWª BX‘² eara‘² &

2. qnS>o qnS>o ‘{V: {^Þm &

3. gVm‘² Vw g§J: gH$b‘² àgyVo &

4. gËg§J{V: H$W¶ {H$‘² Z H$amo{V nw§gm§ &

5. Z^mo@ÝV[aj‘² JJZ‘² AZ§V‘² gwadË‘© I§ &

71

AQ²-AQ>{V 1. n.n. AH$mam{XH«$‘oU YmVwH$mof: &

Ah©²-Ah©{V g¥-ga²-ga{V
ñWm-{Vð²>- {Vð>{V
Hy$O²-Hy$O{V ñ‘¥-ñ‘a{V
òw-òd²-òd{V
H¥$f²-H$f©²-H$f©{V hg²-hg{V

H«$sS²-H«$sS>{V 1 Am.n.
B©j²-B©jVo
{j-j¶²-j¶{V H$‘²-H$m‘¶²-H$m‘¶Vo
H$ån²-H$ånVo
Ma²-Ma{V Y¥-Ya²-YaVo
~mY²-~mYVo
On²-On{V ^O²-^OVo
^mf²-^mfVo
Oën²-Oën{V ¶V²-¶VVo
a^²-a^Vo
{O-O¶²-O¶{V a‘²-a‘Vo
amO²-amOVo
Ord²-Ord{V éM²-amoM²-amoMVo
b^²-b^Vo
V¦-Va²-Va{V bå~²-bå~Vo
dÝX²-dÝXVo
˶O²-˶O{V d¥V²-dV©²-dV©Vo
d¥Y²-dY©²-dY©Vo
Xm-¶ÀN²-¶ÀN>{V ew^²-emo^²-emo^Vo
gh²-ghVo
Ñe²-ní¶²-ní¶{V god²-godVo
ñVå^²-ñVå^Vo
X§e²-Xe²-Xe{V
1 C.n.
Ymd²-Ymd{V Hy$X©²-Hy$X©{V/Vo
Zr-Z¶²-Z¶{V/Vo
ܶ¡-ܶm¶²-ܶm¶{V ~wY²-~moY²-~moY{V/Vo
{l-l¶²-l¶{V/Vo
Z‘²-Z‘{V ö-ha²-ha{V/Vo

nV²-nV{V 72

nm-{n~²-{n~{V

^y-^d²- ^d{V

^«‘²-^«‘{V

¶O²-¶O{V

aQ²-aQ>{V

aj²-aj{V

éh²-amoh²-amoh{V

bn²-bn{V

bg²-bg{V

dX²-dX{V

df©²-df©{V

dg²-dg{V

d«O²-d«O{V

2. n.n. 6. Am.n.

Ag² - ApñV Ñ-{жVo

4 n. n. ‘¥-{‘«¶Vo
bñO²-b‚m²-b‚mVo
Ag²-Añ¶{V 4. Am.n.
Bf²-Bî¶{V 6. C.n.
H«w$Y²-Hw$ܶ{V {jn²-{jn{V/Vo
Vwf²-Vwî¶{V {Xe²-{Xe{V/Vo
Ze²-Zí¶{V ‘wM²-‘w#m²-‘w#m{V/Vo
Z¥V²-Z¥Ë¶{V {‘b²-{‘b{V/Vo
nwf²-nwî¶{V {dX²-{dÝX²-{dÝX{V/Vo
^«‘²-^«må¶{V {gM²-{g#m²-{g#m{V/Vo
l‘²-lmå¶{V
{gY²-{gܶ{V 8. C.n.
pñZh²-pñZø{V
H¥$ - H$amo{V/Hw$éVo
pŠbe²-pŠbí¶Vo 10. C.n.
nX²-nÚVo
‘Z²-‘ݶVo H$W²-H$W¶{V/Vo
¶wO²-¶wÁ¶Vo jb²-jmb²-jmb¶{V/Vo
¶wY²-¶wܶVo {MÝV²-{MÝV¶{V/Vo
{dX²-{dÚVo Y¥-Yma²-Yma¶{V/Vo
nrS²-nrS>¶{V/Vo
6. n.n. nyO²-nyO¶{V/Vo
nya²-nya¶{V/Vo
Bf²-BÀN²-BÀN>{V ^j²-^j¶{V/Vo
H¥$f²-H¥$f{V ^yf²-^yf¶{V/Vo
àÀN²-n¥ÀN²-n¥ÀN>{V aM²-aM¶{V/Vo
‘ñO²-‘‚m²-‘‚m{V bmoH²$-bmoH$¶{V/Vo
{bI²-{bI{V dU©²-dU©¶{V/Vo
bwR²-bwR>{V d¥O²-dO©²-dO©¶{V/Vo
{de²-{de{V gyM²- gyM¶{V/Vo
g¥O²-g¥O{V ñn¥h²-ñn¥h¶{V/Vo

10 Am.n.
AW©²-AW©¶Vo

ñn¥e²-ñn¥e{V ‘Ý̲-‘Ý̶Vo

ñ’w$a²-ñ’w$a{V ‘¥J²-‘¥J¶Vo

N>mÌ¡: YmËdWm©: {ejH$ñ¶ / YmVwH$mofñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ boIZr¶m: &

73

अकारादिक्रमणे शब्दकोष: ।
N>mÌ¡: eãXmWm©: {ejH$ñ¶ / eãXH$mofñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ boIZr¶m: &

AJ«O: (nw§.) = {Zdm©Vm ({deo.) = {dÎmH$mof: (nw§.) =
AZwO: (nw§.) = {ZemMaM‘y: (ór.) = do„Zr (ór.) =
AZ¥V‘² (Znw§) = n¹$dQ>: (nw§.) = dmoTw>‘² (A춶) =
AÝdofU‘² (Znw§.) = nn©Q>: (nw§.) = 춶: (nw§.) =
A{^hVm ({deo.) = n[aV: (A춶) = ì¶gZ‘² (Znw§.) =
AmÝVOm©b‘² (Znw§.) = nmXmoZ (A춶) = em{Q>H$m (ór.) =
AmnU: (nw§.) = nmZH$‘² (Znw§.) = embmñ¶yV: (nw§.) =
Amn{UH$: (nw§.) = nm¶g‘² (Znw§.) = {e{Wb~ÝYZ‘² (Znw§.) =
Am^aU‘² (Znw§.) = àH$moð>: (nw§.) = erVno{Q>H$m (ór.) =
AmgÝX: (nw§.) = àOmn{V: (nw§.) = ewZH$: (nw§.) =
Amgm¶‘² (A춶) = à{VH$V©ì¶‘² ({deo.) = gwá: ({deo.) =
Amh˶ (A춶) = àga: (nw§.) = gy{M: (ór.) =
CÛm{hZr (ór.) = àmVame: (nw§.) = gyÌ‘² (Znw§.) =
CnZoÌ‘² (Znw§.) = àrV: ({deo.) = ñ¶yV: (nw§.) =
H$H©${Q>H$m (ór.) = ^„zH$: (nw§.) = ñdU©‘¶r (ór.) =
H$H©$Q>r (ór.) = ‘ZmoOd: (nw§.) = ho‘Z² (Znw§.) =
H$J©O: (nw§.) = ‘ar{MH$m (ór.) =
H$m{ð>H$: (nw§.) = ‘eH$: (nw§.) =
Hw${#mH$m (ór.) = ‘gr (ór.) =
Hw$R>ma: (nw§.) = ‘mO©Zr (ór.) =
Hy$Q>‘² (Z.) = ‘¥Ê‘¶r (ór.) =
Hy$nr (ór.) = ‘¥Ê‘¶‘² (Znw§.) =
Ho$¶ya: (nw§.) = ¶{ï>H$m (ór.) =
Jar¶g² ({deo.) = ¶mZ‘² (Znw§.) =
JbpÝVH$m (ór) = ¶wVH$‘² (Znw§.) =
J¥hn{V: (nw§.) = bJwS>: (nw§.) =
K¥ï>: ({deo.) = bKw^mam ({deo.) =
MfH$: (nw§.) = bm¡ë¶‘² (Znw§.) =
{N>Þ‘² ({deo.) = d‘{V (YmVwê$n) =
ObànmV: (nw§.) = d¶ñ¶: (nw§.) =
XÝVHy$M©: (nw§.) = dmVmË‘O: (nw§.) =
Xmobm (ór.) = dm¶©Vo (YmVwê$n) =
YyZ¶Vo (YmVwê$n) = {dH$sU©‘² ({deo.) =

74

H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘² & && A‘aH$mof: && {dJ«h: &

JUoe:-{dZm¶H$mo {d¿ZamOÛ¡‘mVwaJUm{Ynm: & {dZm¶H$:, {d¿ZamO:, Û¡‘mVwa:, JUm{Yn: &

gañdVr- ~«m÷r Vw ^maVr ^mfm Jrdm©½dmUr gañdVr & ~«m÷r, ^maVr, ^mfm, Jr:, dmH²$, dmUr, gañdVr &

{nVam¡- Aå~mW OZZr ‘mVm VmVñVw OZH$: {nVm & Aå~m, OZZr, ‘mVm, VmV:, OZH$:, {nVm &

Xod:- A‘am {ZO©am Xodm{óXem {d~wYm: gwam: & A‘am:, {ZO©am:, Xodm:, {ÌXem:, {d~wYm:, gwam: &

nmfmU:- Aí‘m J«mdm {ebmIÊS>: nmfmUàñVamonbm: & Aí‘m, J«mdm, {ebmIÊS>:, nmfmU:,àñVa:, Cnb: &

d¥j:- d¥jmo ‘hréh: emIr {dQ>nr nmXnñVé: & d¥j:, ‘hréh:, emIr, {dQ>nr, nmXn:, Vé: &

nÌ‘²- ņ nbme§ N>XZ§ Xb§ nUª N>X: nw‘mZ² & nÌ‘², nbme‘², N>XZ‘², Xb‘², nU©‘², N>X: &

nwîn‘²- {ó¶: gw‘Zg: nwîn§ àgyZ§ Hw$gw‘§ gw‘‘² & gw‘Zm:, nwîn‘², àgyZ‘², Hw$gw‘‘², gw‘‘² &

nd©V:- ‘hrY«o {eI[aú‘m^¥Xhm¶©Yand©Vm: & ‘hrY«:, {eIar, ú‘m^¥V², Ahm¶©Ya:,nd©V: &

Agwa:- Agwam X¡Ë¶X¡Vo¶XZwOoÝÐm[aXmZdm: & Agwam:,X¡Ë¶m:,X¡Vo¶m:,XZwOm:, BÝÐma¶:, XmZdm: &

YZ‘²- Ð춧 {dÎm§ ñWmnVo¶§ [aŠW‘¥ŠW§ YZ§ dgw: & Ð춑², {dÎm‘², ñWmnVo¶‘², [aŠW‘², F$ŠW‘², YZ‘²,

dgw: &

Ob‘²- CXH§$ OrdZ§ Vmo¶§ nmZr¶§ g{bb§ Ob‘² & CXH$‘², OrdZ‘², Vmo¶‘², nmZr¶‘², g{bb‘², Ob‘² &

am{Ì:- {Zem {Zer{WZr am{Ì{ó¶m‘m jUXm jnm & {Zem, {Zer{WZr, am{Ì:, {̶m‘m, jUXm, jnm &

ZXr- Va{“Ur e¡d{bZr V{Q>Zr õm{XZr YwZr & Va{“Ur, e¡d{bZr, V{Q>Zr, õm{XZr, YwZr &

{‘Ì‘² - d¶ñ¶: pñZ½Y: gd¶m AW {‘̧ gIm gwöV² & d¶ñ¶:, pñZ½Y:, gd¶m:, {‘Ì‘², gIm, gwöV² &

J¥h‘² - J¥h§ JohmoXd{gV§ doí‘ gÙ {ZHo$VZ‘² & J¥h‘², Joh‘², CXd{gV‘², doí‘, gÙ, {ZHo$VZ‘² &

erK«‘²- gËda§ Mnb§ VyU©‘{dbpå~V‘mew M & gËda‘², Mnb‘², VyU©‘², A{dbpå~V‘², Amew &

gmJa:- CXÝdmZwX{Y: {gÝYw: gañdmZ² gmJamo@U©d: & CXÝdmZ², CX{Y:, {gÝYw:, gañdmZ², gmJa:, AU©d: &

IJ:- IJo {dh“{dhJ{dh“‘{dhm¶g: & IJ:, {dh“:, {dhJ:, {dh“‘:, {dhm¶: &

{dÛmZ²- Yramo ‘Zrfr k: àmk: gL>²»¶mdmZ² npÊS>V: H${d: & Yra:, ‘Zrfr, k:, àmk:, gL>²»¶mdmZ,² npÊS>V:,

H${d: &

dZ‘²- AQ>ì¶aʶ§ {d{nZ§ JhZ§ H$mZZ§ dZ‘² & AQ>dr, Aaʶ‘², {d{nZ‘², JhZ‘², H$mZZ‘², dZ‘²&

‘mOm©a:- AmoVw{~©S>mbmo ‘mOm©amo d¥fX§eH$ AmIw^wH²$ & AmoVw:, {~S>mb:, ‘mOm©a:, d¥fX§eH$:, AmIw^wH²$ &

‘Z:- {MÎm§ Vw MoVmo öX¶§ ñdmÝV§ öÝ‘mZg§ ‘Z: & {MÎm‘², MoV:, öX¶‘², ñdmÝV‘², öX², ‘mZg‘², ‘Z:

ndZ:- g‘ra‘méV‘éÁOJËàmUg‘raUm: & g‘ra:, ‘méV:, ‘éV², OJËàmU:, g‘raU: &

BÝÐ:- BÝÐmo ‘éËdmZ² ‘Kdm {~S>m¡Om: nmH$emgZ: & BÝÐ:, ‘éËdmZ², ‘Kdm, {~S>m¡Om:, nmH$emgZ: &

‘wI‘²- d³Ìmñ¶o dXZ§ VwÊS>‘mZZ§ bnZ§ ‘wI‘² & d³Ì‘², Amñ¶‘², dXZ‘², VwÊS>‘², AmZZ‘², bnZ‘²,

‘wI‘² &

ho‘- ñdUª gwdUª H$ZH§$ {haʶ§ ho‘ hmQ>H$‘² & ñdU©‘², gwdU©‘², H$ZH$‘², {haʶ‘², ho‘, hmQ>H$‘² &

Am^aU‘²- Ab‘mañËdm^aU§ n[aîH$mamo {d^yfU‘² & Ab‘ma:, Am^aU‘², n[aîH$ma:, {d^yfU‘² &

J“m- J“m {dîUwnXr O•þVZ¶m gwa{ZåZJm & J“m, {dîUwnXr, O•þVZ¶m, gwa{ZåZJm &

Ho$ed:- Xm‘moXamo öfrHo$e: Ho$edmo ‘mYd: ñd^y: & Xm‘moXa:, öfrHo$e:, Ho$ed:, ‘mYd:, ñd^y: &

gy¶©:- ^mZwhªg: ghòm§ewñVnZ: g{dVm a{d: & ^mZw:, h§g:, ghòm§ew:, VnZ:, g{dVm, a{d: &

75

Aï>‘r H$jm-‘y붑mnZ‘² &

àW‘§/{ÛVr¶§ gÌ‘² - (100 JwUm:) ‘m¡pIH$s narjm (10 JwUm:)

g‘ {bV-‘y붑mnZ‘²- l ldU‘²- lwVboIZ‘² (Ho$db§ 4 eãXm:) 2 JwUm¡ &

50 boIr + 10 ‘m¡pIH$s 60 JwUm: & l dmMZ‘²- An{R>VJÚm§e: 2 JwUm¡&

AmH$m[aH$-‘y붑mnZ‘²- 40 JwUm: & (dUm}ƒmam:, g²/f²,Z²/U² ^oXm: Ðï>ì¶m:)

1) dJ©narjm- (àmê$nmZwgma‘²) 20 JwUm: & l ^mfU‘²- Amew^mfU‘²/{M̧ Xe©{¶Ëdm dU©Z‘² 2 JwUm¡&

2) àH$ën:- (Ame¶mYm[aV‘²) 5 JwUm: &   l H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘²- 4 JwUm:&

3) CnH«$‘:- (boIZH$m¡eë¶mYm[aV‘²) 5 JwUm: & àmW©Zm, ûcmoH$nR>Z‘², Vm{bH$mnR>Z‘² (Zm‘, gd©Zm‘,

4) boIZnwpñVH$m- 5 JwUm: & {H«$¶mnX‘²) n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z, gL²>»¶m:, KQ>r M &

5) H$jmñdmܶm¶:- 5 JwUm: &

CnH«$‘m:
1. 1/4/6/10 (n.n., Am.n.) YmVyZm§ Vm{bH$m: {bIV & (bQ²-bH$mao, bL²>-bH$mao)

2. A/Am/B/B© H$mamÝVeãXmZm§ Vm{bH$m: {bIV &

3. dmŠ¶{Z‘m©U‘²- n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z (bQ²-bH$mao, bL²>-bH$mao) {bIV &
4. g§dmXboIZ‘²- (g§dmXÛ¶‘²) 10/20 dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV &
5. {MÌdU©Z‘²- 3 {MÌm{U & (8-10 dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV &)
6. eãX§ {bIV- AYmoXÎmmZ² {df¶mZ² A{YH¥$˶ eãXgL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &
1. embm 2. J¥h‘² 3. J«ÝWmb¶: 4. dómnU: 5. OÝ‘{XZ‘²

6. g‘wÐVra‘² 7. d¥j: 8. JUoe: 9. aobñWmZH$‘²

7. {Z~ÝYny{V©: - {df¶‘² A{YH¥$˶ 8-10 dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V &
1. JO: 2. ‘‘ ‘mVm 3. ‘‘ {nVm 4. ‘‘ Hw$Qw>å~‘² 5. ‘‘ {e{jH$m

6. ‘‘ {à¶: IJ:/new: & 7. ‘‘ {dÚmb¶: 8. ‘¶ya: 9. Am‘«d¥j: 10. lrJUoe:

8. A‘aH$mofnL²>³Vr: {bIV &

àH$ënm:
1. {df¶mZwgma§ gw^m{fVgL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &
1. {dÚm 2. namonH$ma: 3. g‚mZm: 4. àho{bH$m: 5. JwUm: 6. ñd^mdm: 7. g§ñH¥$V^mfm

8. {d{eï>-{d^³Ë¶ÝVgw^m{fVm{Z 9. AmË‘ZonXr¶{H«$¶mnX¶w³Vgw^m{fVm{Z 10. bQ²bH$ma¶w³Vm{Z

gw^m{fVm{Z

2. dñVyZm§ àXe©Zt ¶moO¶V &
1. nmH$J¥h‘² 2. embm 3. emH$m: 4. àm{UZ: 5. IJm: 6. dUm©: 7. AmnUm: 8. {ZgJ©:

9. ImÚnXmWm©: 10. ¶ÝÌm{U

3. {d{dYg§ñWmZm§ ~moYdmŠ¶mZm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV & ¶Wm-g˶‘od O¶Vo & e§ Zmo déU: &
4. XÿaXe©Zo "g§ñH¥$VdmVm©dbr' H$m¶©H«$‘§ ÑîQ‰>m dmVm©g‘ bZ§ Hw$éV &
5. {d{dYàg“ofw ew^oÀN>mnÌmUm§ àmê$n§ {ejH$ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ aM¶V &
¶Wm - Zddf©ñ¶ hmXm©: ew^me¶m: & {ejH${XZ{Z{‘Îm‘² A{^dmXZ‘² &

76

àW‘ / {ÛVr¶-gÌmÝV-narjm (50 JwUm:)

gy{MV-àmê$n‘² &

à.1. A) {M̧ ÑîQ‰m Zm‘ {bIV & (5 V: 4) ({MÌnXH$mofV: &) 2
Am) dU©‘mbm-AmYmaoU& 2
B) gL²>»¶m-AmYmaoU& (5 V: 4) 2
B©) g‘¶~moY: (KQ>r-AmYmaoU) & (3 V: 2) 2

à. 2. eãXkmZ-AmYmaoU & (H¥${Vn{ÌH$m{Z‘m©Ug‘¶o {ejH$m: {d{dYH¥$VrZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H$Vw©‘² Ah©pÝV & 2
¶Wm (1) MVwW©nX§ {bIV & (2) ‘ÄOyfmV: eãXmZ² {MZwV & (3) eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV & (4) ‘obZ‘² & 2
(5) OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V & (6) g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV-Ho$db§ g‘mZmW©H$nXmZm§ H¥$Vo &) 2
A) g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: & (5 V: 4)
Am) {déÕmW©H$eãXm: &(5 V: 4)
B) {deofU§ {deo M &

à. 3. A) íbmoH$ny{Vª Hw$éV & (4 V: 2) 4
Am) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & (JÚ‘²/nÚ‘²) (4 V: 2) 2

à. 4 A) (H$) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m gabmWª {bIV & (JÚ‘²) 4
àW‘§ gÌ‘² - H$mݶ{n 6 gabm{Z dm³¶m{Z & (6 V: 4) (àW‘: KQ>H$: {ÛVr¶: KQ>H$: M &)
{ÛVr¶§ gÌ‘² - n[aÀN>oXÛ¶§ àï>춑² & à{Vn[aÀN>oX§ 4/5 dm³¶m{Z & (nmR> H«$. 13, 16, 18, 19) 2
(I) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m gabmWª {bIV & (nÚ‘²) (2 V: 1) 4
àW‘§ gÌ‘² - nÚ‘² 9 & {ÛVr¶§ gÌ‘² - nÚ‘² 12, 17 &
Am) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (JÚ‘²/nÚ‘²) (3 V: 2)

à. 5. A) n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & (Vm{bH$mê$noU) Zm‘, gd©Zm‘, {H«$¶mnX‘², {deofU‘²& (6 V: 4) 2

Am) AYmoXÎmofw Ho$db§ ̶mUm§ àýmZm‘² CÎmam{U {bIV & 6

1) ¶mo½¶§ {d^p³Vê$n§ {bIV &

2) A춶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dmŠ¶§ {bIV & (AÌ, ø:, nwaV: ...)

3) ewÕ§ eãX§/dmŠ¶§ {MZwV &

4) gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & (dMZ§/nwéf:/H$mbn[adV©Z‘²/àý{Z‘m©U‘²)

à. 6. A) An{R>V§ JÚ‘² & (JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm àýmZ² CÎmaV &) 4
1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (2 V: 1) 2
2) JÚm§eV: g‘mZmW©H$eãX§/{déÕmW©H$eãX§/{deofU§/{d^³Ë¶ÝV§ nX§ {MZwV & (2 V: 1)
3) OmbaoIm{M̧/ñVå^§ nya¶V &
Am) An{R>V§ nÚ‘² & (nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm àýmZ² CÎmaV &)
1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (2 V: 1)
2) JÚm§eV: g‘mZmW©H$eãX§/{déÕmW©H$eãX§/{deofU§/{d^³Ë¶ÝV§ nX§ {MZwV & (2 V: 1)

à. 7 A) C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {Z~ÝY§ {bIV & AWdm 4
eãX‘ÄOyfm¶m: gmhmæ¶oZ {MÌdU©Z§/g§dmX§ nya¶V & (Ho$db§ 4 dm³¶m{Z) 2

Am) AZwdmX§ {bIV & (g§ñH¥$VoZ AZwdmX: &)

77

H$jm-Aï>‘r H¥${Vn{ÌH$m {ÛVr¶-gÌ‘² (50 JwUm:) g‘¶:-hmoamÛ¶‘²

à.1. (A) {M̧ ÑîQ‰m Zm‘ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 4) 2

12 3 4 5

(Am) 1) ¶mo½¶‘² CÎma§ {MZwV & 1

(H$) H²$ I² J² K² -- & (L²>/Äm²) (I) "M²' B{V dU©: & (AmoîR>ç:/Vmbì¶:)

2) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & dO«àhmamV² - & 1

(B) Aja¡: AL²>H¡$: dm gL²>»¶m: {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 4) 2
&
1) 2 & 2) ZdXe & 3) 36

4) fmoS>e & 5) 28 &

(B©) g‘¶§ Xe©¶V {bIV dm & (Ho$db‘² 2) 2

1) gmY©fS²dmXZ‘² 2) gnmXgádmXZ‘² 3)

à.2. (A) g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 4) 2
1) emo^Vo, 2) dZ‘², 3) ‘Zwî¶:, 4) nwîn‘², 5) JÀN>{V 2
2
‘ÄOyfm - (Hw$gw‘‘², ‘mZd:, amOVo, ¶m{V, H$mZZ‘²)
4
(Am) {déÕmW©H$-eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV & (Ho$db‘² 4) 2
j¶:, ‘yI©:, AmZ¶{V, gwI‘², npÊS>V:, Aj¶:, H$mVa:, Z¶{V, Yra:, Xþ:I‘²

(B) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

"A' "~'

1) g‘mZm: A) Aíd: &

2) bKw^mam ~) {dMmam: &

3) dU©gånÞ‘² H$) Z{bH$m &
4) jrU: S>) Hw$gw‘‘²&

à.3. (A) ûcmoH$ny{Vª Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 2)

1) A‘ÝÌ‘ja§ ..................Xþb©^: && 2) eVofw .................. Z dm &&

3) Z ^yVnydª .................. {dnarV~w{Õ: && 4) dZñnVo .................. {dZí¶{V &&

(Am$) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 2)

1) Xod: Hw$Ì dV©Vo? 2) nwam gd} nd©Vm: H$sÑem:?

3) N>mÌm Hw$Ì Cnm{deV² ? 4) amOm Hw$Ì nyÁ¶Vo?

78

à. 4 (A) (H$) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m JÚm§eñ¶ gabmWª {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 1) 4

1) ~m{bH$m AdXV² "" EVX² aob¶mZ‘² Añ‘mH§$ H¥$Vo ApñV & EVV² amï´>ñ¶ gån{Îm: Ibw & Vñ¶
gwajU‘² Añ‘mH$‘² AmÚ§ H$V©ì¶‘² Ed & Ah§ VXod H$amo{‘ &'' ~m{bH$m¶m: EVX² CÎma‘² AVrd
~moYàX‘² &

2) EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo ^moOZdobm¶m§ gd} Jmonm: H¥$îU§ n[aV: Cnm{deZ² & XodH$sZÝXZ: Jmon~mbmZ² An¥ÀN>V² &
""AÚ ^moOZmWª {H$‘² AmZrV‘² ?'' B{V & VXm àW‘: AdXV², ""‘‘ g‘rno XܶmoXZ§ dV©Vo &''
Ana: A^mfV, ""‘‘ g‘rno n¥WwH$m: &''

(I) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m nÚm§eñ¶ gabmWª {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 1) 2
1) A{n ñdU©‘¶r b‘m Z ‘o bú‘U amoMVo &

OZZr OÝ‘^y{‘ûM ñdJm©X{n Jar¶gr &&

2) Anmao H$mì¶g§gmao H${daoH$: àOmn{V: &

¶Wmñ‘¡ amoMVo {dûd§ VWm d¡ n[adV©Vo &&

(Am) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 2) 4

1) ""Z emo^Vo {H«$¶mhrZ§ ‘Ywa§ dMZ§ VWm'' & EVX² dmŠ¶§ ñd^mf¶m ñnï>rHw$éV &

2) "dm½^yfU§ ^yfU‘²' EVm§ gyq³V ñd^mf¶m ñnï>rHw$éV &

3) CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU§ ‘¡ZmHo$Z H$W§ H¥$V‘²?

à.5. (A) n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 4) 2

Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ {H«$¶mnX‘² {deofU‘²

‘ÄOyfm- (ndZXod:, Mb{V, AJÀN>V², eya:, g:, Jmonmb:) 6
(Am) AYmoXÎmofw Ho$db§ ̶mUm§ àýmZm‘² CÎmam{U {bIV &
(H$) ¶mo½¶{d^p³Vê$n§ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 2)
1) OZH$: (Añ‘X²) Z H$Xm{n H«w$ܶ{V & 2) Ah§ (Xodmb¶) JÀN>m{‘ &
3) AJ«Om (AZwOm) pñZø{V &
(I) A춶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dmŠ¶{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 2)
1) AÌ 2) C^¶V: 3) Z‘:
(J) ewÕ§ eãX§ {MZwV & (Ho$db‘² 2)
1) Xþ½Y‘², Xÿ½Y‘² 2) h[aV:, harV: 3) {M•‘², {MÝh‘² 4) Hw$pÝMH$m, Hw${#mH$m

(K) gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & (Ho$db§ 2 dmŠ¶o)
1) XeaWñ¶ nwÌ: am‘: & (AYmoaopIV§ eãX‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & )

2) Ëd§ {‘Ìm¶ boIZt ¶ÀN>{g& (Ëd‘² B˶ñ¶ ñWmZo Ah‘² B˶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ§ Hw$éV &)

3) {ejH$: gwYmIÊS>oZ {bI{V & (~hþdMZ§ Hw$éV&)

79

à.6. (A) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm àýmZm‘² CÎmam{U {bIV & 4

CÚmZo nwîn’$b¶wVm: d¥jm: bVm: M {damOÝVo & ~hd: ned: {dhJm: A{n AÌ nm{bVm: a{jVm: M
gpÝV & qghm:, ì¶mK«m:, Oå~yH$m:, ‘¥Jm: B{V {d{dYm: ned: VWm M ‘¶ya:, ewH$:, gm[aH$m, MQ>H$m B{V
Aݶo {d{dYm: IJm: AÌ gpÝV &

H$) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (Ho$db‘² EH$‘²) (1) CÚmZo Ho$ {damOÝVo? (2) Ho$ nm{bVm: a{jVm: M ?

I) Ho$db‘² EH§$ {bIV & (1) JÚm§eV: g‘mZmW©H§$ nX§ {MZwV & IJm: = &

(2) JÚm§eV: {déÕmW©H§$ nX§ {MZwV & Aënm:  &

J) JÚm§eo AmJVm{Z Zm‘m{Z {bIV & ned:
IJm:

(Am) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm àýmZm‘² CÎmam{U {bIV & (Ho$db§ 2) 2

AmH$memV² n{VV§ Vmo¶§ ¶Wm JÀN>{V gmJa‘² & gd©XodZ‘ñH$ma: Ho$ed§ à{V JÀN>{V &&

(H$) EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & (Ho$db§ 1)

1) AmH$memV² {H$‘² nV{V? 2) Ho$ed§ à{V qH$ JÀN>{V?

(I) nÚm§eV: n#m‘r{d^³Ë¶ÝV§ nX§ {MZwV &

(J) g‘yhoVa§ nX§ {MZwV & gmJa:, CX{Y:, CXH$‘², g‘wÐ:

à.7. (A) eãX‘ÄOyfm¶m: gmhmæ¶oZ {MÌdU©Z§ nya¶V & 4

AmajU‘² 1) aobñWmZH$ñ¶ nwaV:

^ma§ dhpÝV &

gm§Jbr-aobñWmZH$‘² àVrjmb¶: 2) ~{h: EH$: OZ:

AWdm C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {Z~ÝY§ {bIV & ‘¶ya: & Cn{de{V &

3) AmajUñ¶ H¥$Vo Ûm¡ OZm¡

&

4) EVV² ZJañ¶

aobñWmZH$‘² &

‘ÄOyfm - ({Vð>V:, gm§Jbr,

àVrjmb¶mV², ^madmhH$m:)

‘¶ya: dfm©H$mbo (Z¥Ë¶m{‘/Z¥Ë¶{V) & Vñ¶ Z¥Ë¶‘² AVrd (a‘Ur¶§/VmnH$maH§$) dV©Vo & ObnyUª ‘oK§ (AmH$memV²/
AmH$meo) ÑîQ‰m g: Z¥Ë¶{V & g: emaXmXoì¶m: dmhZ‘² (ApñV/ZmpñV) & g: am{ï´>¶: IJ: B{V à{gÕ:&

(Am) AYmoXÎmmZm§ dmŠ¶mZm§ g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ AZwdmX§ Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 2) 2

1) AmH$memV ‘oK AmhoV. AmH$me ‘| ‘oK h¡ & There are clouds in the sky.

2) H$mdù¶mMm a§J H$mim Amho. H$m¡Ao H$m a§J H$mbm h¡ & The colour of crow is black.

3) XmoZ ‘wbo emioV OmV AmhoV. Xmo N>mÌ {dÚmb¶‘| Om aho h¡ & Two students are going to school.
àíZ 7 (Am) H¥$Vo ³¶w.Ama (Q.R.) ‘mܶ‘ñ¶ Cn¶moJ§ Hw$éV &

80

‘hmamï´>amÁ¶-nmR>çnwñVH$-{Z{‘©{V: VWm
Aä¶mgH«$‘-g§emoYZ-‘ÊS>b‘², nwUo-4

` 39.00

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