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• बालक:/बालिका कदा किं करोति?

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10. Xe 20. qde{V: 50. n#mmeV²
26. fS²{d§e{V: 36. fQ²{̧eV²

27. gáqde{V: 37. gáqÌeV²

28. Aï>mqde{V: 38. Aï>mqÌeV²

29. Zdqde{V: 39. ZdqÌeV²

30. qÌeV² 40. MËdm[a¨eV²

l aQ>Zmä¶mg: 1-50 gabH«$‘oU &
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ÑH²$lmì¶-Aܶ¶Z-AܶmnZgm{h˶‘² Cnbä¶Vo &

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मुख्यसमन्वयक g§ñH¥$V^mfmä¶mgJUgXñ¶m:
श्रीमती प्राची रवीन्द्र साठे
S>m°. ‘mYdr Omoer lr‘Vr A{XVr ‘mYdZ² lr‘Vr eodÝVr Xm“Q>
S>m°. àgmX {^S>o
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H$mJX‘²…70 GSM Cream Wove


‘wÐUmXoe:…N/PB/2020-21/35000

…‘ wÐH$:M/s S Graphix (India) Pvt Ltd.,
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1. nmH$J¥h‘² 2. embm 3. àm{UZ: 4. IJm: 5. dUm©: 6. {ZgJ©: 7. ¶mZm{Z

3. {d{dYg§ñWmZm§ ~moYdmŠ¶mZm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV & ¶Wm-g˶‘od O¶Vo & e§ Zmo déU: &
4. {d{dYàg“ofw ew^oÀN>mnÌmUm§ àmê$n§ {ejH$ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ aM¶V &
¶Wm - Zddf©ñ¶ hmXm©: ew^me¶m: & {ejH${XZ{Z{‘Îm‘² A{^dmXZ‘² &

CnH«$‘m: 8. g‘wÐVra‘²
1. 1/4/6/10 (n.n., Am.n.) YmVyZm§ Vm{bH$m: {bIV & (bQ²-bH$mao, bL²>-bH$mao)

2. A/Am/B/B© H$mamÝVeãXmZm§ Vm{bH$m: {bIV &

3. dmŠ¶{Z‘m©U‘²- n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z (bQ²-bH$mao, bL²>-bH$mao) {bIV &
4. eãX§ {bIV- AYmoXÎmmZ² {df¶mZ² A{YH¥$˶ eãXgL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &
1. embm 2. J¥h‘² 3. J«ÝWmb¶: 4. OÝ‘{XZ‘² 5. d¥j: 6. JUoe: 7. nmH$J¥h‘²

1

{MÌnXH$mof: &

’$bm{Z

Am‘«‘² Ðmjm H$Xbr

god‘² H$m{b“‘² ‘YwH$H©$Q>r
Zma“‘² Xm{S>‘‘²
nZg‘² ewH$:
H$mH$:
n{jU:

MQ>H$m

H$nmoV: Ԧya: ~H$:

gm[aH$m í¶oZ: h§g:
2

dݶned:

qgh: ^„zH$: ee:

JO: d¥H$: ì¶mK«:

‘‘ boIZdñVy{Z

‘m{nH$m nwZ:nyaUr boIZnwpñVH$m

‘mO©H$: boIZr ñ¶yV:

H$jmdñVy{Z

‌ì¶OZ‘² dmVm¶Z‘² ’$bH$‘²

AmgÝX: CËnr{R>H$m gwYmIÊS>:
3

H$‘b‘² nwînm{U OnmHw$gw‘‘²

nmQ>b‘²

gy¶©nwîn‘² godpÝVH$m MånH$‘²
YoZw: AOm
J«må¶ned:

‘{hfr

‘of: JX©^: ewZH$:

Aíd: Cï´>: ‘mOm©a:

ànaø: naø: ø: AÚ œ: naœ: ànaœ:

(e{Zdmga:) (a{ddmga:) (gmo‘dmga:) (‘“bdmga:) (~wYdmga:)    (Jwédmga:) (ewH«$dmga:)

Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & ø: AÚ œ:
~wYdmga:
ànaø: ewH«$dmga:
a{ddmga: gmo‘dmga:

4

1. n[aM¶: & (àW‘: KQ>H$:)

Ah§ N>mÌ: & Ëd§ N>mÌm &
‘‘ Zm‘ amhþb: & Ëd§ amYm &
‘‘ ‘mVm {dXþbm &
‘‘ {nVm gwaoe: & C

Efm a‘m &
C

Ef: AWd©: &

C C

g: Xrnoe: & gm lo¶m &

• H¥${V:- Ed§ gd} N>mÌm: ñdn[aM¶§ H$W¶pÝV & VWm ñd{‘Ìñ¶ Zm‘ dXpÝV &

Jm¶V! ZÝXV! 2 345 bbmQ>‘² Ho$em: ‘‘ A“m{Z & A“xbr
hñVHw$Qw>å~‘² &

1 Z¶Z‘² Zm{gH$m hñV:
Amoð>m¡ ‘{U~ÝY:
Ef: ñZohmbw: VmV: &
Añ¶ Zm‘ Ibw A“xð>: &&1&& {M~wH$‘² Hy$n©a:
H$ÊR>: H$U©:
{ZH$Q>o {Zdg{V ZZw ‘mVm & ñH$ÝY:
Zm‘ VO©Zr Vñ¶m: &&2&& dj:
H«$sS>m-{dXÿfH$: dX{V-
Á¶oð>m nwÌr XrK©V‘m & CXa‘² H$Uª Xe©¶V &
Zm‘ ‘ܶ‘m Vñ¶m: &&3&& ‘wI‘² CX²KmQ>¶V &
A‘:$ Ho$emZ² ñn¥eV &
Vñ¶m: ^{JZr ‘Zmoa‘m & OmZw hñV‘² Cn[a Hw$éV &
ApñV ZZw gm AZm{‘H$m &&4&&
{npÊS>:
AÝVo ^d{V H${Zð>~mbm &
Vñ¶m: Zm‘ H${Z{ð>H$m &&5&&

hñVÛ¶oZ àU‘m{‘ &
Amerdm©X§ {dÝXm{‘ &&6&&

nmX: nmpîU©:

5

२. क:, का, किम‌?्

2.1 Ef:/g:

C Ef: Ag r‘: & C g: àgmX: &
g: Ymd{V &
Ef: Mb{V &

H$: Mb{V? H$: Ymd{V?

Ef: Agr‘: Mb{V & g: àgmX: Ymd{V &

¶moJoe: Ymd{V & AOw©Z: JÀN>{V & ‘oK: df©{V & qgh: JO©{V &

• H¥${V :- N>mÌm: ‘ÄOyfmÛ¶ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ dm³¶m{Z dXpÝV &

NmÌ:, {Jare:, qgh:, nR{V, JÀ>N{V, AmJÀN>{V, {bI{V,
‘¶ya:, H$mH$:, JO:, ‘yfH$:, ImX{V, Cn{de{V, C{Îmð>{V, {n~{V,
ewZH$:, ewH$:, {ejH$: ní¶{V, Z¥Ë¶{V, Iob{V, Jm¶{V,
~mbH$:, Aíd:, ‘H©$Q>: Z‘{V, CËnV{V, dX{V

^mfmä¶mg:

{M̧ ÑîQ‰>m dm³¶§ {bIV &

2.2 Efm/gm

C Efm Zr{b‘m & C gm ñdmVr &
Efm Jm¶{V & gm Z¥Ë¶{V &

H$m Jm¶{V? H$m Z¥Ë¶{V?

Efm Zr{b‘m Jm¶{V & gm ñdmVr Z¥Ë¶{V &

• H¥${V: - N>mÌ: ñdg‘rno/Xÿao Cn{dï>ñ¶ {‘Ìñ¶ {df¶o dm³¶§ dX{V &
¶Wm, Ef: gw^mf: Cn{de{V & g: g‘>oV: hg{V & Efm ZrVm {bI{V & gm gwdUm© Mb{V &

6

^mfmä¶mg:

1. ‘ÄOyfm¶m: gmhmæ¶oZ dmŠ¶m{Z aM¶V &

h[aU:, Jm¶H$:, Z¥n:, g:, Ef:, H$:, MQ>H$m, {nnr{bH$m, ~m{bH$m, {dÚm{W©Zr,

A{‘V:, H$nmoV:, ‘mOm©a:, ewH$:, qgh: ‘{hbm, ‘{jH$m, JrVm, ZXr, gm, Efm, H$m,

lo¶m, {e{jH$m

dX{V, ní¶{V, nV{V, hg{V, ImX{V, {n~{V, dg{V, H$W¶{V, Z‘{V, dh{V, Jm¶{V

Mb{V, Cn{de{V, {jn{V, C{Îmð>{V, {Vð>{V, JÀN>{V, AmJÀN>{V, ^«‘{V, JO©{V

2. {M̧ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶§ {bIV &

2.3 EVX²/VX² C VV² H$‘b‘² &
EVV² ’$b‘² & VV² {dH$g{V &
EVV² nV{V &
qH$ nV{V? qH$ {dH$g{V?
EVV² ’$b§ nV{V &
C VV² H$‘b§ {dH$g{V &

• H¥${V:- {H«$¶mnX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm N>mÌm: dmŠ¶m{Z dXpÝV &

ì¶OZ‘² & An˶§ & Ob‘² & aob¶mZ‘² &

H«$sS>m- {ejH$: EH¡$H§$ eãX§ dX{V & eãXñ¶ {b“§ kmËdm N>mÌm: {H«$¶m§ Hw$d©pÝV &
¶Wm- ¶{X nw§{b“eãX: V{h© N>mÌm: hñV‘² Cn[a Hw$d©pÝV,
¶{X ór{b“eãX: V{h© Vm{bH$mdmXZ‘²,
¶{X Znw§gH${b“eãX: V{h© "›' B{V Üd{Z: &
eãXm:- Aûd:, d¥Õm, nU©‘², d¥j:, Ef:, no{Q>H$m, JJZ‘², hñV:, gm, MfH$:, Hy$nr, VV²,
dZ‘², nmÌ‘², ZXr, Efm, ñWm{bH$m, ’$b‘², ¶mZ‘², nwéf:, EVV², CXa‘² &

7

^mfmä¶mg:

1. ¶mo½¶ñVå^ofw eãXmZ² {bIV &

eãXm: g: gm VV²

MÝÐ:, bVm, nÌ‘², Xþ½Y‘², nmXajm, Aíd:,

{d‘mZ‘², em{Q>H$m, d¥Õ:, no{Q>H$m, J¥h‘²

2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & ¶Wm- ‘¥J: Ymd{V & H$: Ymd{V?

1. N>mÌ: {bI{V & 2.’$b§ nV{V & 3.~m{bH$m Jm¶{V & 4. ‘H©$Q>: ImX{V & 5. Efm ní¶{V &

पठत-बाेधत

AÌ M

VÌ E

Hw$Ì ?

ewZH$: AÌ & nd©V: VÌ & dm¶w: Hw$Ì? ¶mZ§ Hw$Ì?
~m{bH$m AÌ & d¥j: VÌ & dm¶w: gd©Ì & ¶mZ‘² AÌ ZmpñV,
H$ÝXþH$: Hw$Ì? ZXr Hw$Ì ? àH$me: Hw$Ì? ¶mZ§ VÌ ZmpñV &
H$ÝXþH$: AÌ & ZXr VÌ & àH$me: gd©Ì & ¶mZ‘² AÝ¶Ì &
~m{bH$m, H$ÝXþH$: ewZH$: M EH$Ì & J¥h§ d¥j: M EH$Ì &
dXV- AÌ, VÌ, Hw$Ì, AݶÌ, gd©Ì, EH$Ì &

Jm¶V ! ZÝXV ! ‘mVm{nVam{dh ‘‘ Z ñV:
EH$mH$s Ibw pIÞmo@h‘² &
MQ>H$! MQ>H$! E{h g‘rn§ {Md±² {Md±² {‘Ì
MQ>H$, MQ>H$, ao MQ>H$ XXm{‘ Vw䶧 ~hþYmݶ‘² &&2&&
{Md±² {Md±², Hy$O{g Ëd§ {dhJ !

ZrS>o {Zdg{g gwIoZ S>¶go MUH§$ ñdrHw$é {n~ ao Zra§
ImX{g ’$bm{Z ‘Ywam{U & Ëd§ nwZa{n aQ> {Md±² {Md±² {Md±² &
{dha{g {d‘bo {dnwbo JJZo Vmof¶ ‘m§ Hw$é ‘Ywambmn§
ZmpñV OZ: Ibw dma{¶Vm &&1&& nmR>¶ ‘m‘{n Vd ^mfm‘² &&3&&
-S>m°. {dídmg:, ~|Jbwé &

8

3. Ho$ Hw$d©pÝV ?

3.1 EVo/Vo

C EVo N>mÌm: & C Vo Aídm: &
EVo nR>pÝV & Vo YmdpÝV &
Ho$ YmdpÝV?
Ho$ nR>pÝV? Vo Aídm: YmdpÝV &

EVo N>mÌm: nR>pÝV &

N>mÌm: {bIpÝV & nwéfm: Cn{depÝV & eH$Q>m: JÀN>pÝV & ~mbH$m: ní¶pÝV &

l H¥${V: - {ejH$, d¡Ú, {MÌH$ma, Jm¶H$, g¡{ZH$, EV¡: eãX¡: gh N>mÌm: n[a{MV{H«$¶mnXm{Z
¶mMH$, d¥Õ, nwéf, ~mbH$, qgh, ajH$ ¶moO{¶Ëdm ~hþdMZdmŠ¶m{Z dXpÝV &

3.2 EVm:/Vm:

CC

EVm: ~m{bH$m:& Vm: {dÚm{W©Ý¶: &
EVm: dXpÝV & Vm: Z¥Ë¶pÝV &
H$m: dXpÝV? H$m: Z¥Ë¶pÝV?
EVm: ~m{bH$m: dXpÝV & Vm: {dÚm{W©Ý¶: Z¥Ë¶pÝV &

MQ>H$m: Hy$OpÝV & ‘{hbm: Z‘pÝV & {nnr{bH$m: JÀN>pÝV & Vm: IobpÝV &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: ~hþdMZ§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm ‘m{nH$m-‘m{nH$m: &

no{Q>H$m, N>mÌm, d¡Úm, {Zdo{XH$m, A“xbr, nwpñVH$m, boIZr, Hy$nr, ÐmoUr &

9

3.3 EVm{Z/Vm{Z C

C

EVm{Z H$‘bm{Z & EVm{Z {dH$gpÝV & Vm{Z nÌm{U & Vm{Z nVpÝV &
H$m{Z {dH$gpÝV? EVm{Z H$‘bm{Z {dH$gpÝV & H$m{Z nVpÝV? Vm{Z nÌm{U nVpÝV &

{d‘mZm{Z JÀN>pÝV & ¶mZm{Z {Vð>pÝV & dmhZm{Z Ymd>pÝV&
l H¥${V:- {M̧ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶§ {bIV &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V &

1. EVo (qgh) JO©pÝV & 4. ~m{bH$m: Z¥Ë¶pÝV & (Vo/Vm:/Vm{Z)

2. (Ho$/H$m:/H$m{Z) ¶mZm{Z YmdpÝV? 5. (ZXr) dhpÝV &

3. ‘{hbm: & (dX{V/dXpÝV) 6. d¡Úm: & (ní¶{V/ní¶pÝV)

ga ga Am¶mpÝV dfm©Ymam: &&1&& Jm¶V! ZÝXV! Z¥Ë¶§ Hw$d©pÝV ‘¶yamñVo &&4&&
AÌ àgÞm: gd} Ordm: & qghm JO©pÝV ZZw ‘oKZmX: &
d¥j¡: àm᧠ZdOrdZ‘² H¥$îUmZ² ‘oKmZ² ní¶ AmH$meo gËda§ dhpÝV gmJa§ ZÚ:
Z¥Ë¶pÝV ‘moXoZ ~mbm: gVV‘² YS>m‘² YwSw>‘² YS>m‘² YwSw‘² JO©pÝV Vo & àmUm {h àm{UZm§ dfm©H$mb:
OboZ pŠbÞ§ OmV‘“§
Ymo Ymo Ymo df©pÝV ‘oKm: gVV‘² &&3&& S>m°. lrh[a: JmoH$U©H$a:

Yn² Yn² nVpÝV ObànmVm:

S´±>d S´±>d Hw$d©pÝV Hy$n‘ÊSy>H$m: &

Q>n² Q>n² Jm¶pÝV nU}fw {~ÝXd:

n¹$dQ>ImXZo ‘¾m OZm: &&2&&

10

4 .1 EVm¡/Vm¡ 4. Ûm¡, Ûo, Ûo &
C
C

EVm¡ ewZH$m¡ & EVm¡ ImXV: & Vm¡ ~mbm¡ & Vm¡ IobV: &
H$m¡ ImXV:? EVm¡ ewZH$m¡ ImXV: & H$m¡ IobV:? Vm¡ ~mbm¡ IobV: &

4.2 EVo/Vo C

C

EVo Jm{¶Ho$ & EVo Jm¶V: & Vo {dÚm{W©Ý¶m¡ & Vo nR>V: &
Ho$ Jm¶V:? EVo Jm{¶Ho$ Jm¶V: & Ho$ nR>V:? Vo {dÚm{W©Ý¶m¡ nR>V: &

4.3 EVo/Vo C

C

Vo nwîno& Vo {dH$gV: &
Ho$ {dH$gV:? Vo nwîno {dH$gV: &
EVo dmhZo & EVo JÀN>V: &
Ho$ JÀN>V:? EVo dmhZo JÀN>V: &

1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & ^mfmä¶mg: 2. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

N>mÌ: nR>{V & N>mÌm¡ nR>V: & J¥h‘² Vo
ì¶mK«: JO©{V & ‘mOm©am¡ {n~V: &
VV² nÌo
JO: JÀN>{V &
nÌ‘² nwñVHo$

nwñVH$‘² J¥ho

nwéfm¡ ní¶V: &

11

5. Ah§, Ëd‘² &

5.1 Ah‘²

Ah§ ~mbH$: Apñ‘ & Ah§ ~m{bH$m Apñ‘ &
Ah§ à^mVo ñZmZ§ H$amo{‘ & Ah§ àmVame§ ImXm{‘ &
Ah§ ‘ܶm•o embm§ JÀN>m{‘ & Ah§ à^mVo embm§ JÀN>m{‘ &
Ah§ gm¶‘mbo Iobm{‘ & Ah§ ‘ܶm•o ñdmܶm¶§ H$amo{‘ &
Ah§ amÌm¡ {ZÐm§ H$amo{‘ & Ah§ gm¶‘mbo JrV§ Jm¶m{‘ &

l H¥${V:- N>mÌ: ñd{XZM¶mª n#mfS²dmŠ¶ofw dX{V &

5.2 Ëd‘² {e{jH$m - Ëd§ Hw$Ì dg{g?
N>mÌ: - Ah§ Zm{eH$ZJao dgm{‘ &

{e{jH$m - Ëd§ H$Xm Iob{g?

N>mÌ: - Ah§ gm¶‘mbo gnmXgádmXZo Iobm{‘ &

{e{jH$m - V{h© H$Xm Aܶ¶Z§ H$amo{f?

N>mÌ: - amÌm¡ XedmXZn¶©ÝV‘² Aܶ¶Z§ H$amo{‘ &

{e{jH$m - Ëd§ gå¶H²$ Jm¶{g & {MÌ‘{n gwÝXa‘² Am{bI{g & Aܶ¶Z‘² A{n

H$amo{f & g˶‘od Ëd‘² AmXe©: ~mbH$: &

l H¥${V:- EH$: N>mÌ: Aݶ§ N>m̧ àíZ§ n¥ÀN>{V & Aݶ: N>mÌ: CÎma§ dX{V & "Ëd§ Hw$Ì dg{g? Ëd§ qH$

H$amo{f?' Ed§ N>mÌm: nañna§ àíZ§ Hw$d©pÝV & CÎma§ dXpÝV M &

Ah‘²/Ëd‘² B{V eãX§ ¶moO¶V & ^mfmä¶mg: nR>{g &
1. Iobm{‘ & 2. Ymd{g & 3.

4. ní¶m{‘ & 5. Hy$X©{g & 6. hgm{‘ &

5.3 Amdm‘², d¶‘²

Amdm§ {bImd: & d¶§ {bIm‘: &

Amdm§ {bImd: & d¶§ Ymdm‘: &

l H¥${V:-EH$: N>mÌ: dmŠ¶§ dX{V (Ah§ JÀN>m{‘ &), AZÝVa§ ~mbH$Û¶‘² "Amdm§' eãXoZ (Amdm§ JÀN>md:&),
Aݶo ~mbH$m: "d¶§' eãXoZ (d¶§ JÀN>m‘: &) B{V ~hþdMZ§ dXpÝV & VW¡d Aݶo N>mÌm: &

12

5.4 ¶wdm§, ¶y¶‘²

त्वं पश्यसि । युवां पश्यथ: । ययू ं पश्यथ ।

^mfmä¶mg:

1. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV {bIV M &

1. Ah‘² & (Cn{dem{‘/Cn{dem‘:) 6. dX{g & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)
{jnW & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)
2. H«$sS>m‘: & (Ah§/d¶§) 7. Z¥Ë¶{g & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)
{bIW: & (Ëd§/¶wdm§)
3. d¶§ & (^«‘m{‘/^«‘m‘:) 8.
& (nR>{g/nR>W)
4. d¶§ & (Z‘m{‘/Z‘m‘:) 9.

5. hgm{‘ & (Ah§/d¶§) 10. ¶y¶§

6. ldUmä¶mg:

dmMZ‘² ldU‘² AZwdmMZ‘² Ad~moYZ‘²

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: H$Wm§ H$W¶{V & N>mÌm: e¥ÊdpÝV, AdJÀN>pÝV, ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m nwZ: dXpÝV &

g˶{à¶: H$m{ð>H$: &

EH$: H$m{ð>H$: H$mð>ÀN>oXZmWª dZ§
JÀN>{V & AZdYmZmV² Vñ¶ hñVmV² Hw$R>ma:
Obo nV{V & g: {MÝVmHw$b: ^d{V & VXm
VÌ Xod: AmJÀN>{V & Xod: Obo ‘‚m{V &
gwdU©Hw$R>ma§ J¥hrËdm ~{h: AmJÀN>{V & g:
dX{V, ""A{n Ef: Vd Hw$R>ma:?'' H$m{ð>H$:
dX{V- ""Z Ef: ‘‘ Hw$R>ma: &'' VXZÝVa§
Xod: am¡ß¶Hw$R>ma§ Xe©¶{V & H$m{ð>H$: VX{n
Z ñdrH$amo{V & AÝVo Xod: bmohHw$R>ma‘²
AmZ¶{V & H$m{ð>H$: dX{V, ""Am‘², Ef:
Ed ‘‘ Hw$R>ma: &'' àgÞ: Xod: Vñ‘¡ gdm©Z²
Hw$R>mamZ² ¶ÀN>{V & Ahmo H$m{ð>H$ñ¶
{Z:ñn¥hVm g˶{à¶Vm M !

13

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 1

{H«$¶mnXm{Z-1

bQ²bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:) nañ‘¡nX‘²
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
३
१२

àW‘nwéf:

g: Vm¡ Vo

४ ५६

‘ܶ‘nwéf:

Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘²
७८ ९

CÎm‘nwéf:

Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘²

àW‘nwéf: ImX{V १ ImXV: २ ImXpÝV ३
‘ܶ‘nwéf: ImX{g ४ ImXW: ५ ImXW ६
CÎm‘nwéf: ImXm{‘ ७ ImXmd: ८ ImXm‘: ९

पञ्चदश वाक्यानि । (परस्ैपम दम्)‌ कण्ठस्थीकरणारमथ् ‌् ।

1 g: ~mbH$: ImX{V & 2 Vm¡ ~mbH$m¡ ImXV: & 3 Vo ~mbH$m: ImXpÝV &
1 gm H$ݶm ImX{V & 2 Vo H$ݶo ImXV: & 3 Vm: H$ݶm: ImXpÝV &
1 VX² An˶§ ImX{V & 2 Vo An˶o ImXV: & 3 Vm{Z An˶m{Z ImXpÝV &

4. Ëd§ ImX{g & 5. ¶wdm§ ImXW: & 6. ¶y¶§ ImXW &
7. Ah§ ImXm{‘ & 8. Amdm§ ImXmd: & 9. d¶§ ImXm‘: &

EVofw dmŠ¶ofw "ImX{V' B{V ñWmZo nR>{V, Ymd{V, hg{V, Iob{V, JÀN>{V, AmJÀN>{V, Cn{de{V,
C{Îmð>{V EVofm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm nwZ: dXV ñ‘aV M &

14

{H«$¶mnXñ¶ ‘yb§ = YmVw: & bQ²>bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:)
YmVyZm§ Xe {d^mJm: = JUm: & nañ‘¡nXà˶¶m:
JUgyMH$‘² {M•‘² = JU{dH$aU‘² & E.d. {Ûd. ~. d.

YmVyZm§ àH$maÛ¶‘² à. nw. {V १ V: २ ApÝV३

nañ‘¡n{XZ: & AmË‘Zon{XZ: & ‘.nw. {g ४ W: ५ W ६
H$mbmZwgma§ nXmZwgma§ M à˶¶m: ^dpÝV &
C.nw. {‘ ७ d: ८ ‘: ९

{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² - (‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + à˶¶: = {H«$¶mnX‘²
(AmXoe:) ({M•‘²)

JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘²
àW‘: A nR>{V
MVwW©: ¶ Z¥Ë¶{V
fð>: A {bI{V
Xe‘: A¶ nyO¶{V

nR>{V = nR²> + A + {V

‘ybYmVw: JU{dH$aU‘² à˶¶:

nR² (1 n. n.) = nR² + A = nR> + {V = nR>{V

Z¥V² (4 n. n.) = Z¥V² + ¶ = Z¥Ë¶ +{V = Z¥Ë¶{V

{bI² (6 n. n) = {bI² +A = {bI + {V= {bI{V

nyO² (10 n. n) = nyO² +A¶ = nyO¶ + {V = nyO¶{V

AmXoe: (EH$ñ¶ ñWmZo Anañ¶ AmJ‘Z§ Zm‘ AmXoe: &)
AmXoea{hV: YmVwg‘yh: - Z‘²-Z‘{V, H«w$Y²-H«w$ܶ{V, {bI²-{bI{V, nyO²-nyO¶{V
AmXoeg{hV: YmVwg‘yh: - J‘²-JÀN>² (1 n. n.) = JÀN>² + A = JÀN> + {V = JÀN>{V
ñWm {Vð>² - (1 n. n.) = {Vð>{V, nm {n~² -(1 n.n.) = {n~{V
àÀN² n¥ÀN² - (6 n. n.) = n¥ÀN>{V, Xm ¶ÀN²> - (1 n. n.) = ¶ÀN>{V

15

nR²> 1 n. n. bQ²>ê$nm{U ~. d.
Z¥Ë¶pÝV
E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. Z¥V² 4 n. n. Z¥Ë¶W
à. nw. nR>{V nR>V: nR>pÝV Z¥Ë¶m‘:
‘. nw. nR>{g nR>W: nR>W E. d. [Ûd.
à. nw. Z¥Ë¶{V Z¥Ë¶V:
C.nw. nR>m{‘ nR>md: nR>m‘: ‘. nw. Z¥Ë¶{g Z¥Ë¶W:
C. nw. Z¥Ë¶m{‘ Z¥Ë¶md:

{bI² 6 n. n. nyO² 10 n. n.

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

à. nw. {bI{V {bIV: {bIpÝV à. nw. nyO¶{V nyO¶V: nyO¶pÝV

‘. nw. {bI{g {bIW: {bIW ‘. nw. nyO¶{g nyO¶W: nyO¶W

C.nw. {bIm{‘ {bImd: {bIm‘: C. nw. nyO¶m{‘ nyO¶md: nyO¶m‘:

H«$rS>m -
1. {H«$¶mnXgL²>J«h:- à˶oH§$ N>mÌ: EH¡$H§$ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & EHo$Z Cº§$ {H«$¶mnX‘² AݶoZ Z d³V춑² &
2. Amew-A{^Z¶:- EH$: N>mÌ: A{^Z¶oZ {H«$¶m§ Xe©¶{V & Aݶo N>mÌm: {H«$¶mnX‘² A{^OmZpÝV dXpÝV M &
3. {H«$¶mnXe¥’bm - EH$: N>mÌ: EH§$ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & {ÛVr¶: N>mÌ: nydmo©³V{H«$¶mnXoZ gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§
dX{V & V¥Vr¶: N>mÌ: AZwH«$‘oU nydm}³V-{H«$¶mnX-Û¶oZ gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & Ed§ à˶oH§$ N>mÌ:

nydm}³V-{H«$¶mnX¡: gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & Ed§ {H«$¶mnXmZm§ e¥’bm ^doV² &

4. A{dbå~§ Xe{H«$¶mnXm{Z dXV &
5. {ZaÝVa§ n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z dXV &

nR>V-~moYV & AZwñdmañ¶/‘H$mañ¶ boIZ‘² &

1. Ho$db§ eãXboIZg‘¶o eãXmÝV-AZwñdmañ¶ ñWmZo "‘²' B{V Ed AZwZm{gH§$ boIZr¶‘² &

¶Wm-gm¡Oݶ‘², {MÌ‘² &

2. AZwñdmañ¶ nwaV: ì¶ÄOZmÝVeãX: ^doV² VXm ( §) AZwñdma: boIZr¶: & ¶Wm-dmŠ¶§ agmË‘H§$ H$m춑² &

3. AZwñdmañ¶ nwaV: ñda: ^doV² VXm "‘²' B{V boIZr¶‘² & ¶Wm-dmŠ¶‘² AVrd agnyU©‘² &

4. dmŠ¶mÝVo AZwñdma: ^doV² VXm "‘²' B{V Ed boIZr¶‘² & ¶Wm-hñVñ¶ ^yfU§ XmZ‘² &

g§ñH¥$VboIZ{Z¶‘mZwgma§ nwZ: {bIV &

CXm. g˶‘² H§$R>ñ¶ ^yfU§ (A¶mo½¶‘²)& g˶§ H$ÊR>ñ¶ ^yfU‘² (¶mo½¶‘²)&

1. namonH$mamWª BX‘² eara‘² & 2. qnS>o qnS>o ‘{V: {^Þm &

3. gVm‘² Vw g§J: gH$b‘² àgyVo & 4. gËg§J{V: H$W¶ {H$‘² Z H$amo{V nw§gm§ &

5. Z^mo@ÝV[aj‘² JJZ‘² AZ§V‘² gwadË‘© I§ &

16

dJ©narjmàmê$n‘² & JwUm: - 10

Aä¶mgH«$‘:- ñdn[aM¶:, {b“kmZ‘², nwéfkmZ‘², dMZkmZ‘², bQ²>ê$nm{U &

àmê$n‘² - 1) {MÌZm‘ {bIV & ({MÌnXH$mofV:) 2

2) dMZ‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {MÌZm‘m{Z {bIV & 2

3) ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & (H$V¥©nX§-{H«$¶mnX‘²) 2

4) gL²>»¶m: {bIV & (Aja¡:/A‘¡$:) 1

5) eãXmZ² n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & ({b“mZwgma‘²) 1

6) {H«$¶mnXH$moï>H§$ nya¶V & (bQ²>ê$nm{U) 2

dJ©narjm
1. {MÌZm‘ {bIV & १ २ 2






2. dMZ‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {MÌZm‘ {bIV & १ २ 2




3. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & (Ho$db§ 2) 2

A ~ CÎmam{U 1
1
1) ‘{hbm: Jm¶{V -----

2) nwéf: ní¶{g -----

3) EVm¡ Z¥Ë¶pÝV -----

4) Ëd‘² dXV: -----

4. gL²>»¶m: Aja¡: {bIV & (Ho$db§ 1) 1) 27 & 2) 43 &

5. eãXmZ² n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & (Ho$db§ 2)

eãXm: g: gm VX² 2
MÝÐ:, ‘mbm, J¥h‘², ‘m{nH$m, {d‘mZ‘²
6. {H«$¶mnXH$moï>H§$ nya¶V &

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

à. nw. YmdV: YmdpÝV
‘. nw. Ymd{g YmdW:
C. nw. Ymdm‘:

17

7. dUm©Zm§ g§dmX: & ({ÛVr¶: KQ>H$:)

A-Am-B-B©-C-D$- F$- d¶§ gd} ñdam: & F$, G , b¥ EVo A{n ñdam: Ed &
G -b¥ -E-Eo-Amo-Am¡ F$½doX:, F${f: AmXrZm§ eãXmZm‘² AJ«ñWmZo F$
B{V ñda: &

H²$ I² J² Ah‘² AZñw dma: & Ah§ Vw : Ah§ {dgJ©: & ‘‘ A{n CƒmaU§
K² L²> ñdamUm‘² Aml¶Uo Ed {Vð>m{‘ & ñda¡: gh ^d{V & ¶{X ‘m‘²
qH$ ‘‘ CƒmaU§ H$V‘©w ² BÀN>{g? M² N²> O² dºw$‘² BÀN>{g V{h© dX, "A:'
Q²> R²> S²> V{h© dX "A‘'² "Am‘'² "B‘'² B{V & P² Äm² "B:' "C:' B{V &
T²> U²
d¶§ ì¶ÄOZm{Z & d¶§ gd} ghmoXam: & d¶‘² A{n ghmoXam: & "M' dJu¶m: &
n² ’²$ ~² > "H$' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaU§ Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaUñWmZ‘² ApñV
^² ‘² H$ÊR>o ^d{V & AV: d¶§ H$ÊR>çm:& Vmbw: & AV: d¶§ Vmbì¶m: &

d¶§ Ibw "Q>' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² V² W² X² d¶§ "V' dJu¶m: & d¶§ XÝ˶m: &
CƒmaUñWmZ§ dV©Vo ‘yYm© & AV: Y² Z² Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaUo {Oˆm XÝVmZ²
d¶§ ‘yY©Ý¶m: &
ñn¥e{V &

d¶§ "n' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² ¶² Ah§ Vmbì¶: & a² Ah§ ‘yY©Ý¶: &
CƒmaUo Amoð>m¡ gpå‘bV: & d¶§ b² Ah§ XÝ˶: & d² Ah§ XÝVmoîR>ç: &
Ibw Amoð²>¶m: &

e² ¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm {Oˆm¶m: f² ¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm
‘ܶ: Vmbw§ {H${#mV² ñn¥e{V & ¶Wm {Oˆm¶m: n¥ð>^mJ: ‘yYm©Z§ {H${#mV²

eeH$: B{V eãXo & AV: Ah§ Vmbì¶:& ñn¥e{V & ¶Wm fQ²H$moU: B{V eãXo &

AV: Ah§ ‘yY©Ý¶: &

g² ¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm {Oˆm¶m: h² Ah§ H$ÊR>ç: &

AJ«§ XÝVmZ² {H${#mV² ñn¥e{V & ¶Wm

g‘ra: B{V eãXo & AV: Ah§ XÝ˶: &

j² (H²$ + f²) EV¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Ah§ k² (O² + Äm²) EV¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Ah§
^dm{‘ & AV: Ah§ g§¶w³Vmja‘² & ^dm{‘ & AV: Ah‘{n
g§¶w³Vmja‘² &

18

^mfmä¶mg:

1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & 2. AYmoXÎmofw dJ}fw ¶mo½¶§ dUª {bIV &

õñdñda: XrK©ñda: Äm², ‘², L²>, U², Z²

A ---- H²$ I² J² K² .... &

--- B© M² N² O² P² .... &

---- D$ Q² R² S² T² .... &

F$ ---- V² W² X² Y² .... &

n² ’²$ ~² ^² .... &

3. AYmoXÎmmZ² eãXmZ² ní¶V, nR>V, CƒmaU^oX‘² AdJÀN>V &

Ame¶:, {df¶:, ‘eH$:, ‘yfH$:, gH$b:, eH$b: &

4. g‘yhoVa§ dUª {MZwV & 5. ewÕ§ eãX§ {MZwV &

1 ) H²$ I² J² L²> R² 1) ê$Mm - F$Mm 2) n¥Ïdr - à¥Ïdr
2) n² N² ’²$ ‘² ^² 3) F$U‘² - éU‘² 4) ê${f:- F${f:
3) B© E C j² Amo 5) {dîdmg:- {dídmg:

4) Z² Y² W² M² X²

6. e ãXH$mofo "kmZ‘²' VWm "j‘m' B{V eãXÛ¶‘² ApÝdî¶V &

7. A ZwnR>V-Xod:, ‘mbm:, H${d:, ZXr:, ‘{V:, ^mZw:, YoZy:, Xod¡:, ZÚmo:, ‘Vo:, Jm¡: &

nR>V-~moYV l {nZmH$-’${U-~mboÝXþ-^ñ‘-‘ÝXm{H$Zr¶wVm &
ndJ©a{MVm‘y{V©andJ©àXm{¶Zr &&

dU©‘mbm &

ñdam: (13) ì¶ÄOZm{Z (33) K² L²>
1) õñd-ñdam:- A B C F$ b¥ 1) dJu¶ì¶ÄOZm{Z P² Äm²
2) XrK©-ñdam:- Am B© D$ G Hw$ (H$ dJ©:) H²$ I² J² T² U²
Y Z²
3) g§¶w³V$-XrK©ñdam:- E (A/Am + B/B©) Mw (M dJ©:) M² N² O² ^² ‘²
Eo (A/Am + E/Eo) Qw> (Q> dJ©:) Q² R² S²
Amo (A/Am + C/D$) Vw (V dJ©:) V² W² X²
Am¡ (A/Am + Amo/Am¡) nw (n dJ©:) n² ’²$ ~²
2) AdJu¶ì¶ÄOZm{Z

ñdam{lVm¡ (2)- AZwñdma: ( § ) (1) AÝV:ñWì¶ÄOZm{Z ¶² a² b² d²
{dgJ©: (:) M & (2) Cî‘ì¶ÄOZm{Z e² f² g² h²
A{^OmVg§ñH¥$Vo "i²' ZmpñV, Ho$db§ d¡{XH$gyºo$fw &

19

$8.1 gå~ÝYdmMH$m: &

8.1.1 am‘: H$ñ¶ nwÌ: am‘:? XeaWñ¶ nwÌ: am‘: &
XeaW: ‘oKZmX: H $ñ¶ {nVm XeaW:? am‘ñ¶ {nVm XeaW: &
amdU: पिता Xþ¶m}YZ: १. रावणस्य पतु ्र: मघे नाद: । ५. मघे नादस्य पिता रावण: ।
Y¥Vamï´>: पतु ्र: bd: २. पतु ्र: दरु ्योधन: । ६. दरु ्योधनस्य ।
am‘: KQ>moËH$M: ३. लव: । ७. पिता राम: ।
^r‘: ४. भीमस्य । ८. पिता ।
8.1.2
dmë‘r{H$: 1. am‘m¶Uñ¶ H${d: dmë‘r{H$: &
am‘m¶U‘²
‘hm^maV‘² H${d: ì¶mg: 2. ‘hm^maVñ¶ H${d: ì¶mg: &
aKwd§e‘²
JrVJmo{dÝX‘² H$m{bXmg: 3. H${d: H$m{bXmg: &

O¶Xod: 4. H${d: O¶Xod: &

8.1.3 ‘ba{{demm‘úYÇd:‘>bd:U::: ४१३२कक ....सस प््ययाार:प्व ततप््यतनाीि::सपरीत तािमा:पप?:प?ततशतििििर::सव: ालवमी:मतिसक।ाठा््ध य्षय ्ठमवाणपल::त:प:्।न।ती। ि स:६७५८ीरत....ा मा :। । पत्नी D$र्लिम ा ।
grVm पत्नी ।
aD‘${m‘ ©b m पति:
nmd©Vr पत्नी पत्नी पार्वती ।
épŠ‘Ur ।

8.1.4 Vd-‘‘ Efm ‘‘ nmR>embm &
Efm Vd nmR>embm&
E Ef: ‘‘ ñ¶yV: &
EVñ¶ dU©: Zrb: &
E Efm Vd Hy$nr &
EVñ¶m: dU©: a³V: &

8.1.5 Vñ¶-Vñ¶m: E D

g: ~mbH$: & VX² Vñ¶ nwñVH$‘² & gm ‘{hbm &
Vñ¶m: em{Q>H$m nrVm &
nwñVH$ñ¶ Zm‘ "Am‘moX:' & Vñ¶m: ñ¶yV: H¥$îU: &

gm Vñ¶ boIZr &

Vñ¶m: dU©: H¥$îU: &

20

l H¥${V:- N>mÌ: ñdg‘rno VWm M Xÿao Cn{dï>ñ¶ N>mÌñ¶ Zm‘ H$W¶{V &
¶Wm- EVñ¶ Zm‘ hare: & EVñ¶m: Zm‘ a‘m &

Vñ¶ Zm‘ ‘H$aÝX: & Vñ¶m: Zm‘ C‘m &

1. ¶mo½¶oZ ê$noU JrV§ nya¶V & ^mfmä¶mg:

(H$mH$) dU©: H¥$îU: H¥$îU: & (Am‘«) dU©: nrV: nrV: &
(JJZ) dU©: Zrb: Zrb: &
(nU©) dU©: h[aV: h[aV: &

2. dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV&

eH©$am ñdmX: ‘Ywa:

¶mZ‘² doJ: A{YH$:

~mbH$: ¶wVH$‘² ‘{bZ‘²

ZX r Ob‘² erV‘²

3. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & ‘‘ 4. eãXê$nm{U {bIV & ¶Wm Xod:-Xodñ¶
Ef: EVñ¶ 1) gy¶©: 2) ñ¶yV: 3) JUoe: 4) nmXn:
VX² Vñ¶ 5) ‘mbm 6) ~m{bH$m 7) ‘m{nH$m 8) em{Q>H$m
Ah‘² EVñ¶m: 9) ZXr 10) ÐmoUr 2) do„Zr 12) H$V©ar
Ëd‘² Vd 13) Ob‘² 14) J¥h‘² 15) dZ‘² 16) eara‘²
Efm 17) Ah‘² 18) Efm 19) Ëd‘² 20) VV²

5. {MÌñW-eãXmZm‘² AmYmaoU dm³¶m{Z aM¶V & ¶Wm-nmR>embm¶m: nwaV: ÜdOñVå^: ApñV &

Cn[a

n¥îR>V: dm‘V:
nwaV:

दक्षिणत:

AY:
21

८.२ कतु ्र अस्ति?

8.2.1

’$b§ Hw$Ì ApñV? Hy$nr Hw$Ì ApñV? MÝÐ: Hw$Ì? ‘rZm: Hw$Ì VapÝV ?

’$b§ d¥jo ApñV & Hy$nr ñ¶yVo ApñV & MÝÐ: JJZo & ‘rZm: Obo VapÝV &

l H¥${V:-{ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm dJ©:-dJ}

(A) (eãXm:- hñV:, ’$bH$:, ‘mJ©:, nd©V:, AmgÝX:, KQ>:, H$U©:, {dÚmb¶:)

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm J¥h‘²-J¥ho &

(Am) (eãXm:- nmÌ‘², Ûma‘², ‘wI‘², nwîn‘², ’$b‘², emH$‘², nwñVH$‘², nmZH$‘², Xþ½Y‘², CÚmZ‘²)

8.2.2

‘m¡p³VH$m{Z Hw$Ì? boIZr Hw$Ì? Zm¡H$m Hw$Ì dh{V? Ob§ Hw$Ì ApñV?
‘m¡p³VH$m{Z ‘mbm¶m‘² & boIZr no{Q>H$m¶m‘² & Zm¡H$m ZÚm§ dh{V & Ob§ Ðmoʶm‘² ApñV &

l कतृ ि:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm-em{Q>H$m-em{Q>H$m¶m‘² &
(B) (eãXm:- ‘m{nH$m, Zm{gH$m, Z{bH$m, nmR>embm, ‘m{J©H$m, ‘ÄOyfm, eH©$am, dm{Q>H$m, Xmobm)

l कतृ ि:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm, ZXr-ZÚm‘² &
(B©) (eãXm:- H$V©ar, ‘mO©Zr, boIZr, nwZ:nyaUr, KQ>r, Hy$nr)

1. AW©nyUm©{Z dm³¶m{Z aM¶V & ^mfmä¶mg:
2 . Ob§ Hw$Ì ApñV? B{V {bIV &

(nd©V) ‘pÝXa‘² ApñV gamoda: Hy$nr H$be:
(Xþ½Y) eH©$am ZmpñV J“m Ob‘² ZXr
(boIZr) ‘gr
(dm{Q>H$m) Xmobm
(nwñVH$) JrV‘²

g‘wÐ:

22

८.३ सहायका: ।

8.3.1

g: gwYmIÊS>oZ {bI{V & Ah§ MaUoZ VmS>¶m{‘ & Ah§ M‘goZ ImXm{‘ & gm hñVoZ dmX¶{V &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: EH¡$H§$ eãX§ dX{V & XÝVHy$M©:, MaU:, ‘mO©H$:, XÝV:, H$U©:, ñ¶yV:, Xrn:, g“UH$:,

H$be:, Vmb:, IS²J:, ~mU: B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm hñV:-hñVoZ
8.3.2

g: ¶mZoZ JÀN>{V & Ah§ ‘wIoZ dXm{‘ & gm dóoU ‘mO©¶{V & ‘H©$Q>: ì¶OZoZ drO¶{V &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & ZoÌ‘², dmhZ‘², Ob‘², dó‘², ¶ÝÌ‘², ì¶OZ‘², nwñVH$‘², ^mÊS>‘², eó‘²

B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm ZoÌ‘²-ZoÌoU &
8.3.3

gm ‘m{nH$¶m ~m{bH$m Nw>[aH$¶m ‘mVm do„ݶm amo{Q>H$m: ~mbH$: Hy$߶m Xþ½Y§
Am{bI{V &$ H$V©¶{V &
H$amo{V & {n~{V &

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & amo{Q>H$m, nwpñVH$m, H$nm{Q>H$m, no{Q>H$m, Z{bH$m, CËnr{R>H$m, eH©$am,

Jw{bH$m, nwÎm{bH$m, Hw${#mH$m, ‘mO©Zr, A“xbr, nwZ:nyaUr, A‘>Zr, H$V©ar, KQ>r B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U

N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm em{Q>H$m-em{Q>H$¶m, ZXr-ZÚm &

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V & ^mfmä¶mg:

1) ‘{hbm (ÐmoUr) Ob‘² AmZ¶{V & 4) g: (XÊS>) VmS>¶{V &

2) ~mbH$: (M‘g) ImX{V & 5) gm (Ob) ‘wI§ àjmb¶{V &

3) gm (hñV) amo{Q>H$m§ ImX{V & 6) Ah§ (Hw${#mH$m) Vmb‘² CÓmQ>¶m{‘ &

23

8.3.4 gh


‘ÝXma: {ZZmXoZ gh Iob{V & {e{jH$m N>m̶m gh ûcmoH§$ nR>{V & Zrbm ‘mo{hݶm gh nwñVH§$ nR>{V &
8.3.5 {dZm



‘Ëñ¶m: OboZ {dZm Z OrdpÝV & ~mbH$: bÈx>Ho$Z {dZm {H$‘{n Z ImX{V & d¥Õ: CnZoÌoU {dZm Z nR>{V &

l H¥${V:- {ejH$: N>mÌmZ² àý§ n¥ÀN>{V, "Ëd§ Ho$Z gh {bI{g/H«$sS>{g/ImX{g?' ñd{‘Ìñ¶ Zm‘

¶moO{¶Ëdm N>mÌ: CÎma§ dX{V &

Jm¶V! ZÝXV! H¥$îU: ¶m{V {dÇ>b: ¶m{V
am‘: ¶m{V
amY¶m gh
grV¶m gh & épŠ‘ʶm gh &

Hw$Ì g: ¶m{V? Hw$Ì g: ¶m{V? Hw$Ì g: ¶m{V?

ga¶yZXr‘² &&1&& ¶‘wZmZXr‘² &&2&& MÝÐ^mJm‘² &&3&&

- {eewJrVm{Z 1A°n² V: &

AZwñdmañ¶> CƒmaU§ boIZ§ M &
J§Jm, amo‘m§M:, K§Q>m, X§V:, O§~yH$:- B{V eãXofw AZwñdma: g‘mZ:, naÝVw AZwñdmañ¶ CƒmaU§ Z
g‘mZ‘² & VÌ qH$ H$maU‘²? AZwñdmañ¶ nao ¶: dU©: VXZwgma‘² CƒmaU§ ^d{V &
¶Wm- J§Jm
l AZwñdmañ¶ nao "J'H$ma: & JH$ma: H$ dJ} ApñV & (H²$, I², J², K², L²>)
l H$ dJ©ñ¶ AZwZm{gH$‘² L²> B{V &
l AV: J§Jm B{V eãXo AZwñdmañWmZo dJu¶ñ¶ AZwZm{gH$ñ¶ CƒmaU§ ^d{V & J§Jm = JL²>Jm(J“m) &
VW¡d amo‘m§M:- M², N², O², P², Äm² = amo‘mÄm²M: (amo‘mÄM:)
K§Q>m - Q², R², S², T², U² = KU²Q>m (KÊQ>m)
X§V: - V², W², X², Y², Z² = XZ²V: (XÝV:)
O§~yH$: - n², ’²$, ~², ^², ‘² = O‘²~yH$: (Oå~yH$:)

l AZwñdmañ¶ nao AdJu¶-dU©: ^d{V VXm AZwñdma: Ed bopIVì¶: & ¶Wm h§g:, g§dmX:

¶mo½¶‘² AZwZm{gH§$ ¶moO{¶Ëdm eãX§ nwZ: {bIV & CXm. - A§O{b:- AÄO{b:
‘§Xm{H$Zr, ZmJ|Ð:, e§H$m, n§M, H§$nZ‘², b§{~V‘², ^wO§J:, Vm§S>d‘², g§^«‘:, M§Ð:, g§»¶m,

Z§{XZr, g§V{V:, A§~wO‘², ‘§Sy>H$:, qgMZ‘², qZ~:, Hw§${MH$m, H§$Q>H$:

24

8.4 {H$‘²? {H$‘²?

8.4.1



1. {M̧ ÑîQ‰m àýmZ² nR>V & {MÌdU©Z§ nR>V &
1) ~mbH$: qH$ nR>{V? (nwñVH$) 1) ~mbH$: nwñVH§$ nR>{V &
2) d¥Õ: qH$ Ya{V? (N>Ì) 2) d¥Õ: N>̧ Ya{V &
3) ewZH$: qH$ ImX{V? (amo{Q>H$m) 3) ewZH$: amo{Q>H$m§ ImX{V &
4) ~m{bH$m qH$ {jn{V? (H$ÝXþH$) 4) ~m{bH$m H$ÝXþH§$ {jn{V &
5) ‘{hbm qH$ Z¶{V? (ÐmoUr) 5) ‘{hbm ÐmoUt Z¶{V &
6) d¥Õm qH$ ní¶{V? (~m{bH$m) 6) d¥Õm ~m{bH$m§ ní¶{V &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. "{H$‘²' eãXñ¶ ñWmZo CÎma§ ¶moO¶V & dmŠ¶§ nwZ: dXV &
1) ‘H©$Q>: qH$ ImX{V? (H$Xbr’$b) 4) ~mbH$: qH$ ñdrH$amo{V? (bÈx>H$)

2) JO: qH$ {jn{V? (Ob) 5) N>mÌm qH$ dX{V? (ûcmoH$)

3) ewH$: qH$ ImX{V? (‘ar{MH$m) 6) nwéf: qH$ ní¶{V? (ZXr)

H«$sS>m- A{^Z¶H«$sS>m - {ejH$: N>mÌm¶ dmŠ¶§ H$W¶{V & N>mÌ: dmŠ¶ñ¶ A{^Z¶§ H$amo{V & Vñ¶ {‘Ìm{U
dmŠ¶‘² A{^OmZpÝV &

8.4.2 ~mbH$: Hw$Ì JÀN>{V?

{dÚmb¶: dmŠ¶m{Z Hw$éV &

nmR>embm {dÎmH$moe: am‘: (ga¶yZXr)
J¥h‘² {dÇ>b: (MÝÐ^mJm)
dm{Q>H$m ~mbH$: N>mÌ: ({dÚmb¶) JÀN>{V &
CÚmZ‘‌² ‘mVm (nmH$J¥h)
n#mdQ>r ZXr d¥Õm (Xodmb¶)

~mbH$: {dÚmb¶§ JÀN>{V &
~mbH$: dm{Q>H$m§ JÀN>{V &

25

8.5 H$ñ‘¡ ? H$ñ¶¡ ?

H$ݶm Amn{UH$m¶ ¶y¶§ nR>Zm¶ N>mÌm: {ejH$m¶¡
YZ§ ¶ÀN>{V & {dÚmb¶§ JÀN>W & nwînm{U ¶ÀN>pÝV &

AmMm¶m©¶ Z‘: & {e{jH$m¶¡ Z‘: & OZݶ¡ Z‘: &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V &

1. (JUoe) Z‘: & 2. (gañdVr) Z‘: &

3. g: (~mb) bÈx>H§$ ¶ÀN>{V & 4. Vo (^moOZ) CnmhmaJ¥h§ JÀN>pÝV &

5. d¶§ (d¥Õm) nwînm{U ¶ÀN>m‘: & 6. Ëd§ ({‘Ì) boIZt ¶ÀN>{g &

2. ‘{hbm H$ñ‘¡ qH$ ¶ÀN>{V? B{V {bIV &

(~mbH$) ‘moXH§$

(~m{bH$m) Hy$nt

‘{hbm ({^jwH$) dó§ ¶ÀN>{V &

(go{dH$m) YZ§

(‘mVm‘hr) àmVame§

(Amn{UH$) ZmUH§$

3. {H$‘Wª Hw$Ì JÀN>{V? B{V {bIV &

(nR>Z) embm§

(dmMZ) J«ÝWmb¶§

~mbH$: (ì¶m¶m‘) ì¶m¶m‘embm§ JÀN>{V &

(dñVwH«$¶U) AmnU§

(nyOZ) ‘pÝXa§

(ImXZ) CnmhmaJ¥h§


26

8.6 H$ñ‘mV² ñWmZmV² ?

8.6.1



{dÎmH$mof: aobñWmZH$‘² nmR>embm ZXr

Ef: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: Hw$V: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V?-

Ef: {dÎmH$mofmV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: aobñWmZH$mV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &

Ef: nmR>embm¶m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: ZÚm: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &

{‘{ha: J«ÝWmb¶§ JÀN>{V & J«ÝWmb¶mV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
AdZr ‘pÝXa§ JÀN>{V & ‘pÝXamV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
‘{hbm dm{Q>H$m§ JÀN>{V & dm{Q>H$m¶m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
{nVm‘h: ZJat JÀN>{V & ZJ¶m©: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &

• H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV &
¶Wm-J«ÝWmb¶:-J«ÝWmb¶mV² (n¥ð>§ 24-"A' V: eãXm:), CÚmZ‘² -CÚmZmV² (n¥ð>§ 24-"Am' V: eãXm:),

nmR>embm-nmR>embm¶m: (n¥ð>§ 24-"B' V:eãXm:), ZXr-ZÚm: (n¥ð>§ 24-"B©' V: eãXm:)
8.6.2

d¥jmV² ’$b§ nV{V & ‘oKmV² Ob§ nV{V & AmgÝXmV² {Jare: nV{V & ~mbH$: AídmV² nV{V &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. {M̧ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶m{Z dXV &

(hñV) H$adó§ (no{Q>H$m) gm nwñVH§$ (joÌ) H¥$frdb: (ZXr) ‘mVm
nV{V & ñdrH$amo{V & AmJÀN>{V & AmJÀN>{V &

27

8.7 gå~moYZ‘² &

ao {dZ¶, Hw$Ì JÀN>{g? A{¶ C‘oe, gå¶H²$ Jm¶{g ^mo: N>mÌm:, ¶y¶‘² CÎmam{U
{bIW &

ho ‘{hbm:, AmnU‘² AÌ & ho Xod, Ah§ Z‘m{‘ & ^mo: {‘{Wbo, A{n Amdm§
Iobmd: ?

1. dmŠ¶m{Z Hw$éV & ^mfmä¶mg:

1) ............ H$Xm AmJÀN>{g? (CX¶) 2) ao ............ erK«§ {bI{g Ibw! ({dZrVm)

3) ^mo: ............ A{n d¶§ nR>m‘:? (~mbH$) 4) ^mo: ............ ¶y¶§ gå¶H²$ Z¥Ë¶W & (~m{bH$m)

g§¶w³V-ì¶ÄOZm{Z & g§¶w³V-ì¶ÄOZ-boIZ‘² &

l = e² + a² + A & nX²‘‘² = nÙ‘² {Mh²Z‘² = {M•‘² ~«h²‘m= ~«÷m

J« = J² + a² + A & {X²dVr¶m = {ÛVr¶m CX²^d: = CØd: JL²>Jm = J“m

Ì = V² + a² + A & {dX²¶m = {dÚm ZmQ>²¶‘² = ZmQ>瑲 H$píMV²= H${üV²

k = O² + Äm² + A & ~w{X²Y: = ~w{Õ: {dX²dÎmm = {dÛÎmm

j = H²$ + f² + A &

eãX{dJ«h: & (CXmhaUmZwgma§ eãX{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &)
‘mbm- ‘² + Am + b² + Am & H¥$îU:- H²$ + F$ + f² + U² + A: &
àkm- n² + a² + A + O² + Äm² + Am & ~«÷- ~² + a² + A + h² + ‘² + A &
M#mw: - M² + A + Äm² + M² + C: & XÎm‘² - X² + A + V² + V²$ + A$ + ‘² &
g§ñH¥$V‘²- lrnmX: -
{M•‘² - ^wO“: -
Om•dr - hñV: -
Aíd: - Xod: -

28

9. {d^p³V‘mbm &

Y‘m} O¶{V ZmY‘©:, g˶§ O¶{V ZmZ¥V‘² &
j‘m O¶{V Z H«$moYmo, Xodmo O¶{V Zmgwa: && àW‘m &&

dgwXodgwV§ Xod§ H§$gMmUya‘X©Z‘² &
XodH$sna‘mZÝX§ H¥$îU§ dÝXo OJX²Jþ鑲 && {ÛVr¶m &&

H$mì¶emó{dZmoXoZ H$mbmo JÀN>{V Yr‘Vm‘² &
ì¶gZoZ Vw ‘yIm©Um§ {Zжm H$bhoZ dm && V¥Vr¶m &&

{dÚm {ddmXm¶ YZ§ ‘Xm¶
Ibñ¶ ep³V: nanrS>Zm¶ &
gmYmoñVw gdª {dnarV‘oVV²
kmZm¶ XmZm¶ M ajUm¶ && MVwWu &&

V¡bmÐjoX² ObmÐjoX² ajoV² {e{Wb~ÝYZmV² &
‘yI©hñVo Z XmV춑² Ed§ dX{V nwñVH$‘² && n#m‘r &&

Zañ¶m^aU§ ê$n§ ê$nñ¶m^aU§ JwU: &
JwUñ¶m^aU§ kmZ§ kmZñ¶m^aU§ j‘m && fð>r&&

ì¶gZo {‘Ìnarjm eyanarjm aUm“Uo ^d{V &
{dZ¶o ^¥Ë¶narjm XmZnarjm M Xþ{^©jo && gá‘r &&

Am{XXod Z‘ñVw䶧 àgrX ‘‘ ^mñH$a &
{XdmH$a Z‘ñVw䶧 à^mH$a Z‘mo@ñVw Vo && gå~moYZ‘²&&

am‘mo amO‘{U: gXm {dO¶Vo am‘§ a‘oe§ ^Oo
am‘oUm{^hVm {ZemMaM‘y am‘m¶ Vñ‘¡ Z‘: &
am‘mÞmpñV nam¶U§ naVa§ am‘ñ¶ Xmgmo@ñå¶h‘²
am‘o {MÎmb¶: gXm ^dVw ‘o ^mo am‘ ‘m‘wÕa &&

^mfmä¶mg:

ûbmoH$: -1 O¶{V Z O¶{V

1. àW‘mÝVnXm{Z {bIV &
2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &

29

ûbmoH$: -2 ûbmoH$: -6

1. {ÛVr¶mÝVnXm{Z {bIV & 1. fîR>çÝVnXm{Z [bIV &
2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &
2. gw^m{fVo {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²?
Zañ¶
3. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &

lrH¥$îU: ê$nñ¶ Am^aU‘²
JwUñ¶

kmZñ¶

ûbmoH$: -3 ûbmoH$: -7

1. V¥Vr¶mÝVnXm{Z {bIV & 1. gáå¶ÝVnXm{Z {bIV &
2. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² ‘ob¶V &
2. ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV &
{dZmoX: Xþaä¶mg:
narjm H$ñ¶ ? H$Xm ?
‘yI©: e¶Z‘² {‘Ìñ¶
eyañ¶
{ZÐm ‘ZmoaÄOZ‘² ^¥Ë¶ñ¶
XmZñ¶
ì¶gZ‘² ‘yT>:

ûbmoH$: -4 ûbmoH$: -8

1. MVw϶©ÝVnXm{Z {bIV & 1. gå~moYZmÝVnXm{Z {bIV &
2. "gy¶©' B˶ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H¥$Vo A‘anpL²>º¨$ {bIV &
2. ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV &
ûbmoH$: -9
{H$‘² {H$‘W©‘² 1. "am‘' B{V eãXñ¶ H$m {d^p³V: dm³¶o à¶w³Vm
Ibñ¶ g‚mZñ¶
B{V {bIV &
{dÚm 1. amO‘{U: am‘: gXm {dO¶Vo &
YZ‘² 2. Ah§ am‘§ ^Oo &
ep³V: 3. am‘oU {ZemMaM‘y: A{^hVm &
4. Vñ‘¡ am‘m¶ Z‘: &
ûbmoH$: -5 5. am‘mV² naVa§ nam¶U§ Z ApñV &
6. Ah§ am‘ñ¶ Xmg: Apñ‘ &
1. n#må¶ÝVnXm{Z {bIV & 7. ‘o (‘‘) {MÎmb¶: gXm am‘o ^dVw &
8. ^mo am‘, (Ëd§) ‘m‘² CÕa &
2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &

nwñVH$ajU‘² •    gd©ûcmoH$mZm§ gabmWª ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &
‘yI©hñVmV²

30

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 2

नामानि-१

• Zm‘- dñVw-ñWmZ-Zm‘Xe©H$: eãX: & ¶Wm gwYmIÊS>:, ‘m{nH$m, embm, Xoe:, C‘oe:, kmZ‘² B˶mX¶:&

• àm{Vn{XH$‘²- eãXñ¶ ‘yb§ ê$n‘² & ¶Wm Xod, dZ, ‘mbm, Añ‘X², ¶wî‘X² B˶mX¶: & dmŠ¶aMZm¶m§

‘ybeãXñ¶ (àm{Vn{XH$ñ¶) Cn¶moJ: Z {H«$¶Vo & A{n Vw {d^p³V¶w³VeãXmZm‘² Cn¶moJ: ^d{V &

• {d^p³Vê$nm{U- dmŠ¶mWm©Zwgma§ eãXmZm§ {d{dYm{Z ê$nm{U ^dpÝV & Vm{Z {d^p³Vê$nm{U B{V CÀ¶ÝVo &

1) Ef: ‘‘ hñV: & 2) emaXm¶m: hñVo drUm emo^Vo &

3) hñVñ¶ ^yfU§ XmZ‘² & 4) hñVmV² KQ>: nV{V &

AÌ "hñV' B{V àm{Vn{XH$ñ¶ hñV:, hñVo, hñVñ¶, hñVmV² B{V {d^p³Vê$nm{U &

{d^³V¶: gá-àW‘m, {ÛVr¶m, V¥Vr¶m, MVwWu, n#m‘r, fð>r, gá‘r &

gå~moYZ‘² B{V n¥WH²$ {d^p³V: Z & àW‘m{d^ºo$: ê$nmUm‘² Ed nañna-AmdmhZo à¶moJ: - gå~moYZ‘² &

Ed§ 8 (7 {d^³V¶:+ gå~moYZ‘²)  3 (dMZm{Z) = 24 Zm‘nXmZm§ {d^p³Vê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

AH$mamÝV: nw§{b“‘ ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²
AmH$mamÝV: Xod --- dZ
BH$mamÝV: --- ‘mbm ---
B©H$mamÝV: H${d ‘{V dm[a
CXmhaUm{Z --- ZXr ---

XÝV, Xoe, M‘g, embm, {dÚm, ~mbm, Ob, ì¶OZ, nwñVH$,
MfH$, hñV, dJ©, H$ݶm, H$Wm, H$bm, ¶wVH$, kmZ, AmgZ,
ñ¶yV, Xrn, nmX, H«$sS>m, ~w{Õ, ^y{‘, Z¥Ë¶, XmZ, ’$b,
H$U©, ¶{V, ‘w{Z, Hy$nr, boIZr B. YZ, J¥h, ^y[a B.

F${f, a{d B.

"A'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ Xod (Xod = X² + E + d² + A)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
Xod: Xodm¡ Xodm: àW‘m
Xod‘² Xodm¡ XodmZ² {ÛVr¶m
XodoZ Xod¡: V¥Vr¶m
Xodm¶ Xodmä¶m‘² Xodoä¶: MVwWu
XodmV² Xodmä¶m‘² Xodoä¶: n#m‘r
Xodñ¶ Xodmä¶m‘² XodmZm‘² fð>r
Xodo Xod¶mo: Xodofw gá‘r
ho Xod Xod¶mo: ho Xodm: gå~moYZ‘²
ho Xodm¡

31

"A'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ dZ (dZ = d² + A + Z² + A)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
dZ‘² dZo dZm{Z àW‘m
dZ‘² dZo dZm{Z {ÛVr¶m
dZoZ dZmä¶m‘² dZ¡: V¥Vr¶m
dZm¶ dZmä¶m‘² dZoä¶: MVwWu
dZmV² dZmä¶m‘² dZoä¶: n#m‘r
dZñ¶ dZ¶mo: dZmZm‘² fð>r
dZo dZ¶mo: dZofw gá‘r
ho dZ ho dZo ho dZm{Z gå~moYZ‘²

Znw§gH${b“eãXmZm§ V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV§ nw§{b“eãXdV² ê$nm{U gd©Ì ^dpÝV &

"Am'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ ‘mbm (‘mbm = ‘² + Am + b² + Am)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
‘mbm ‘mbo ‘mbm: àW‘m
‘mbm‘² ‘mbo ‘mbm: {ÛVr¶m
‘mb¶m ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbm{^: V¥Vr¶m
‘mbm¶¡ ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbmä¶: MVwWu
‘mbm¶m: ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbmä¶: n#m‘r
‘mbm¶m: ‘mb¶mo: ‘mbmZm‘² fð>r
‘mbm¶m‘² ‘mb¶mo: ‘mbmgw gá‘r
ho ‘mbo ho ‘mbo ho ‘mbm: gå~moYZ‘²

1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & ^mfmä¶mg: ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
EH$dMZ‘² XÝVoä¶: àW‘m
{ÛdMZ‘² ho d¶ñ¶m: {ÛVr¶m
ZoÌ‘² MÝÐm¡ V¥Vr¶m
‘m{nH$¶m MVwWu
n#m‘r
JOmZZñ¶ dmVm¶Zmä¶m‘² fð>r
CËnr{R>H$¶mo: gá‘r
gå~moYZ‘²



32

2. eãXmZm‘² AWª {d^³ËçZwgma§ ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &

d¥jmZ², ^m¶m©¶¡, H$amä¶m‘², Xn©Uo, Hw${#mH$¶m, ¶mZmV², JrVofw, d¥jofw, hñV¶mo:, H$Um©ä¶m‘²

3. MVwW©nX§ {bIV & & 2. ñ¶yV-ñ¶yVmZm‘² :: M‘g - &
1. Xod-XodoZ :: ^yn -

3. ’$b-’$bm{Z :: nU© - & 4. gy¶©-gy¶m©V² :: MÝÐ &

5. Xod-Xodofw :: dZ - & 6. ‘mbm-‘mbmgw :: embm - &

gd©Zm‘m{Z

1) a‘oe: embm§ JÀN>{V & g: embm§ JÀN>{V &

2) a‘oe: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & g: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & " a‘oe: '- Zm‘
g:- gd©Zm‘
3) a‘oe: àý§ n¥ÀN>{V & g: àý§ n¥ÀN>{V &

4) a‘oe: JrV§ Jm¶{V & g: JrV§ Jm¶{V &

5) a‘oe: gwaoe§ dX{V & g: gwaoe§ dX{V &

Zm‘nXñ¶ ñWmZo à¶wº§$ nX§ "gd©Zm‘' B{V CÀ¶Vo &

CÎm‘nwéfdmMH§$ gd©Zm‘ ‘ܶ‘nwéfdmMH§$ gd©Zm‘
({Ìfw {b“ofw g‘mZ‘²) "Añ‘X²' ({Ìfw {b“ofw g‘mZ‘²) "¶wî‘X²'

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘² àW‘m Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘²
‘m‘²/‘m Amdm‘²/Zm¡ {ÛVr¶m ¶wdm‘²/dm‘²
‘¶m Amdmä¶m‘² Añ‘mZ²/Z: V¥Vr¶m Ëdm‘²/Ëdm ¶wdmä¶m‘² ¶wî‘mZ²/d:
‘ø‘²/‘o Amdmä¶m‘²/Zm¡ Añ‘m{^: MVwWu Ëd¶m ¶wdmä¶m‘²/dm‘² ¶wî‘m{^:
‘V² Amdmä¶m‘² Añ‘䶑²/Z: n#m‘r ¶wdmä¶m‘² ¶wî‘䶑²/d:
‘‘/‘o Amd¶mo:/Zm¡ Añ‘V² fð>r Vw䶑²/Vo ¶wd¶mo:/dm‘² ¶wî‘V²
‘{¶ Amd¶mo: Añ‘mH$‘²/Z: gá‘r ËdV² ¶wd¶mo: ¶wî‘mH$‘²/d:
Añ‘mgw Vd/Vo ¶wî‘mgw
Ëd{¶

àW‘nwéfdmMH$m{Z gd©Zm‘m{Z - VX²

VX² nw§{b“‘² VX² ór{b“‘² VX² Znw§gH${b“‘²

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E.d. {Ûd. ~. d {d^p³V:

g: Vm¡ Vo gm Vo Vm: VV²-VX² Vo Vm{Z àW‘m

V‘² Vm¡ VmZ² Vm‘² Vo Vm: VV²-VX² Vo Vm{Z {ÛVr¶m

VoZ Vmä¶m‘² V¡: V¶m Vmä¶m‘² Vm{^: VoZ Vmä¶m‘² V¡: V¥Vr¶m

Vñ‘¡ Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: Vñ¶¡ Vmä¶m‘² Vmä¶: Vñ‘¡ Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: MVwWu
Vñ‘mV² Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: Vñ¶m: Vmä¶m‘² Vmä¶: Vñ‘mV² Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: n#m‘r
Vñ¶ V¶mo: Vofm‘² Vñ¶m: V¶mo: Vmgm‘² Vñ¶ V¶mo: Vofm‘² fð>r
Vpñ‘Z² V¶mo: Vofw Vñ¶m‘² V¶mo: Vmgw Vpñ‘Z² V¶mo: Vofw gá‘r

Ad~moYV - gd©Zm‘nXmZm§ gå~moYZ{d^{º$: Z ^d{V &
33

"VX²' gd©Zm‘dV² Ed "¶X²', "EVX²' VWm "{H$‘²' EVofm§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. E. d. {Û.d. ~. d. E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

¶X² ¶: ¶m¡ ¶o ¶m ¶o ¶m: ¶X² ¶o ¶m{Z

EVX² Ef: EVm¡ EVo Efm EVo EVm: EVV²/EVX² EVo EVm{Z

{H$‘² H$: H$m¡ Ho$ H$m Ho$ H$m: {H$‘² Ho$ H$m{Z

1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & ^mfmä¶mg:

{d^p³V: ê$n‘² 2. ¶mo½¶ê$n§ {bIV &
àW‘m ¶mgm‘² 1. (EVX²) ‘‘ hñVm¡ &
{ÛVr¶m H$m{^: 2. Aao ~mbH$, qH$ (¶wî‘X²) Zm‘ &
V¥Vr¶m EVñ‘¡ 3. (¶X²) hñVo eó§ (VX²) g¡{ZH$:  &
MVwWu ‘m‘² 4. (Añ‘X²) gd} ^maVr¶m: &
n#m‘r ‘V² 5. (VX²) ZJao àm{UgL²>J«hmb¶: dV©Vo &
fð>r Ëd{¶
gá‘r Vm{Z

nR>V-~moYV Ag² (n.n.) bQ²>bH$ma:

N>mÌ: ApñV & N>mÌm: gpÝV & E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.
XÝV: ApñV & XÝVm: gpÝV & à. nw. ApñV ñV: gpÝV
Ho$e: ApñV Ho$em: gpÝV & ‘. nw. A{g ñW: ñW
MaU: ApñV & MaUm¡ ñV: & C. nw. Apñ‘ ñd: ñ‘:
hñV: ApñV & hñVm¡ ñV: &
Ah§ N>mÌ: Apñ‘ & d¶§ N>mÌm: ñ‘: & H¥$ (n. n.) bQ²>bH$ma:
Ëd§ ~mbH$: A{g & ¶y¶§ ~mbH$m: ñW &
~mbH$: nR>Z§ H$amo{V & E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.
à. nw. H$amo{V Hw$éV: Hw$d©pÝV
~mbH$m: nR>Z§ Hw$d©pÝV & ‘. nw. H$amo{f Hw$éW: Hw$éW
Hw$å^H$ma: Hw$å^mZ² H$amo{V & C. nw. H$amo{‘ Hw$d©: Hw$‘©:

Hw$å^H$mam: Hw$å^mZ² Hw$d©pÝV & "Ag²' VWm "H¥$' EV¶mo: Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm n#mXedm³¶m{Z
bdHw$em¡ Jm¶Z§ Hw$éV: & dXV &

nmÊS>dm: XmZ§ Hw$d©pÝV &

34

10. AmË‘ZonXr¶m & (V¥Vr¶: KQ>H$:)

Anyd©: H$mo@{n H$mofmo@¶§ {dÚVo Vd ^ma{V &
춶Vmo d¥{Õ‘m¶m{V j¶‘m¶m{V g#m¶mV² &&1&&

Hw$gw‘§ dU©gånÞ§ JÝYhrZ§ Z emo^Vo &
Z emo^Vo {H«$¶mhrZ§ ‘Ywa§ dMZ§ VWm &&2&&
Anmao H$mì¶g§gmao H${daoH$: àOmn{V: &
¶Wmñ‘¡ amoMVo {dûd§ VWm d¡ n[adV©Vo &&3&&

eVofw Om¶Vo eya: ghòofw M npÊS>V: &
d³Vm Xeghòofw XmVm ^d{V dm Z dm &&4&&

Z Xodmo dV©Vo H$mð>o Z nmfmUo Z ‘¥Ê‘¶o &
^mdo {h {dÚVo Xod: Vñ‘mX² ^mdmo {h H$maU‘² &&5&&

^mfmä¶mg:

ûbmoH$:-1 ûbmoH$:-2
1. íbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²? 1. ûbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²?
2. AYmoXÎmmZm§ eãXmZm§ H¥$Vo íbmoHo$ AmJVmZ² 2. {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: -

eãXmZ² {bIV & 1) "Hw$gw‘‘²' B˶ñ¶ Ûo {deofUo {bIV &
gañdVr- A{ÛVr¶:- 2) "dMZ‘²' B˶ñ¶ Ûo {deofUo {bIV &
gL²>J«h: - 3. íbmoH$mV² g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {MZwV &
3. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & 1) àgyZ‘², gw‘‘², nwîn‘² -
춶: ´ d¥{Õ: ´ 2) dM:, Cp³V:, dmŠ¶‘² -

ûbmoH$:-3

EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
1. íbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnXo Ho$ ?
2. Anmao H$mì¶g§gmao H$: àOmn{V: ?

35

ûbmoH$:-4 ûbmoH$:-5
1. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
1. Xod: Hw$Ì dV©Vo?
"A' "~' 2. Xod:, H$mð‘²>, nmfmU: B{V eãXmZm‘²

eVofw XmVm A‘aH$mofnL²>³Vr: {bIV &
ghòofw eya: 3. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &
Xeghòofw npÊS>V: gáå¶ÝVnXm{Z
d³Vm
Z

2. H$pñ‘Z² H$: JwU: dV©Vo? B{V {bIV & Xod: dV©Vo & Z
A - eyao, npÊS>Vo, ^mfU{ZnwUo, CXmao
~ - XmV¥Ëd‘², d³V¥Ëd‘², nmpÊS>˶‘², em¡¶©‘² Z
3. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
XmVm, eya:, npÊS>V:

• gd}fm§ gw^m{fVmZm§ gabmWª ñnï>rH$aU§ M ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &

n#mXe dm³¶m{Z & (AmË‘ZonX‘²)

1. g: ~mbH$: ^mfVo & 2 Vm¡ ~mbH$m¡ ^mfoVo & 3 Vo ~mbH$m: ^mfÝVo &
1 gm H$ݶm ^mfVo & 2 Vo H$ݶo ^mfoVo & 3 Vm: H$ݶm: ^mfÝVo &
1 VX² An˶§ ^mfVo & 2 Vo An˶o ^mfoVo & 3 Vm{Z An˶m{Z ^mfÝVo &

4 Ëd§ ^mfgo & 5 ¶wdm§ ^mfoWo & 6 ¶y¶§ ^mfÜdo &

7 Ah§ ^mfo & 8 Amdm§ ^mfmdho & 9 d¶§ ^mfm‘ho &

nR>V-~moYV

Efm N>Ìn{V{edam¶ñ¶ amO‘wÐm & ‘wÐm¶m§ ‘w{ÐV-íbmoH$: B©Ñe:-
""à{VnƒÝÐboIod d{Y©îUw{d©íddpÝXVm &
emhgyZmo: {edñ¶¡fm ‘wÐm ^Ðm¶ amOVo &&''
Añ¶ íbmoH$ñ¶ AW©:-
(emhgyZmo:) (ehm{O‘hmamOñ¶ nwÌñ¶ {edñ¶) N>Ìn{V{edam¶ñ¶ (à{VnƒÝÐboIm Bd d{Y©îUw:) ¶Wm
à{VnX: MÝÐboIm à{V{XZ§ dY©Vo VWm dY©‘mZm, ({dûddpÝXVm) {dûdñ¶ H¥$Vo dÝXZr¶m (‘wÐm) amO‘wÐm
(^Ðm¶) H$ë¶mUm¶ (amOVo) emo^Vo & B{V &
AÚ A{n Efm ‘wÐm àmMrZJ«ÝWmb¶ofw nwñVHo$fw g§J«hmb¶ofw M Ðïw>§ eŠ¶Vo &

36

AYmoXÎmm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>ÝVw & H${VMZ-CXmhaUofw "Z'H$ma: {dÚVo, H${VMZ-CXmhaUofw "U'H$ma:
^d{V & ¶Wm

V¥Vr¶m EH$dMZ‘² fð>r ~hþdMZ‘²

Xod XodoZ XodmZm‘²

ZoÌ ZoÌoU ZoÌmUm‘²

hñV hñVoZ hñVmZm‘²

gy¶© gy¶}U gy¶m©Um‘²

ZH$mañ¶ UH$ma: H$Xm ^d{V ?

F$ H$ dJ©:/ a² + Am + ‘² + E + Z² + A = am‘oU

fa² ²‌ + n dJ©:/ a² + Am + ‘² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = am‘mUm‘²
¶²/d²/h² / + Z = U F$ + H²$ + f² + E + Z² + A = F$joU

H$mo@{n ñda: F$ + H²$ + f² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = F$jmUm‘²

F$ + M dJ©/ + Z=Z a² + A + O² + A + H²  + E + Z² + A = aOHo$Z
a² Q> dJ©/ a² + A + O² + A + H²  + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = aOH$mZm‘²
f² d² + F$+ f² + A + b² + E + Z² + A = d¥fboZ
V dJ©/b², e², g² d² + F$+ f² + A + b² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = d¥fbmZm‘²

AYmoXÎmmZm§ eãXmZm§ V¥Vr¶m {d^³Vo: EH$dMZê$nm{U/fð>r {d^³Vo: ~hþdMZê$nm{U {bIV &

damh = dó = H«$sS>m =

J¥h = àOm = ñne© =

ñVmoÌ = H$U© = d¥j =

amjg = A‘˶© = ñZwfm =

Vmam = amYm = ^mfm =

gyÌ = VjH$ = nwîn =

ApñV (P) dm ZmpñV (O) B{V {bIV &

‘‘ g‘rno dJ} J¥ho J«ÝWmb¶o
boIZr {MÌ’$bH$‘² XÿaXe©Z‘² g§ñH¥$VH$WmnwñVH$‘²
{XZX{e©H$m g“UH$: gå^mfUgÝXoe: (g§ñH¥$V‘m{gH$‘²)
boIZnwpñVH$m CËnr{R>H$m H$nm{Q>H$m g§ñH¥$VeãXH$mof:
eãXYmVwê$nmd{b: erVH$nm{Q>H$m gwY‘m© (g§ñH¥$VX¡{ZH$‘²)
AmgÝX: Xn©U:
eãXH$mof: gwYmIÊS>: XÊS>Xrn: A‘aH$mof:
nmR>çnwñVH$‘² ’$bH$‘mO©Zr g§ñH¥${VH$mof:
{ÛM{H«$H$m

37

11. Aídñ¶ ñdm{‘{Zð>m &

‘ܶm•g‘¶: & gd©Ì ZradVm & ‘mJ©:
A{n {Z‘©Zwî¶: & VXm Ed H$mo@{n Aíd: ‘mJ}
Ymd{V & Vñ¶ EH$: nmX: d«{UV: & g: H$ï>oZ
doXZm§ ghVo & VWm{n {Ì{^: nmX¡: ¶WmH$W‘{n
g: Ymd{V & Vñ¶ n¥ð>o Cn{dï>: ApñV Vñ¶
ñdm‘r& Vñ¶ ñdm‘r eóàhma¡: d«{UV: &

A{daV§ YmdZoZ Aíd: AVrd lmÝV:
Om¶Vo & g: doJoZ Ym{dVw‘² Ag‘W©: ^d{V &
AV: ‘ÝX§ Ym{dVw§ àma^Vo & na§ Z¡d {da‘{V

g: & ""AYwZm J«m‘: g‘rno Ed & VÌ ñdm{‘Z§ Z¶m{‘ g§ajm{‘ M & na§ ‘mJ} {dñVrU©: Obàdmh: & AYwZm
qH$ H$aUr¶‘²?'' B{V {MÝV¶{V Aíd: & jrU: d«{UV: M Aíd: V‘² C„”{¶Vw‘² Ag‘W©: & {H$ÝVw g‘¶:
Aën: & H$W‘{n àmUmZ² A{dJUæ¶ g: Obàdmh‘² C„”¶{V & AnaVra§ JËdm ^y‘m¡ nV{V & VoZ AmKmVoZ
ñdm‘r A{n ^y‘m¡ {ZnV{V & {H${#mËH$mbmZÝVa§ ñdm‘r g§km§ b^Vo & g:
Aídñ¶ g‘rno AmJÀN>{V & ñZohoZ Aídñ¶ eara§ ñn¥e{V & ^y‘m¡ n{VV:
Aíd: A{n ñdm{‘Z§ ní¶{V g‘mYmZoZ àmUmZ² ˶O{V M &

H$: Ef: Z¥n:? km¶Vo dm? g: Ed ‘hmamUmàVmn: & amOñWmZamÁ¶ñ¶
‘odmS>àXoeñ¶ Z¥nloð>: & H$: Ef: ñdm{‘^³V: Aíd:? Ef: MoVH$: Zm‘
Aíd: & Aídofw AmXe©^yV: g: & Vñ¶ ñ‘¥Ë¶Wª {Z{‘©V§ g‘m{YñWb§
‘odmS>àmÝVo {damOVo &

Yݶ: ñdm‘r amUmàVmn: Yݶ: M ñdm{‘^³V: Aíd: MoVH$: &
(H${dHw$bJwé-H$m{bXmg-g§ñH¥$V{díd{dÚmb¶oZ àH$m{eVm¶m: g§ñH¥$V~mbgm{h˶‘mbm¶m: AmYmaoU B¶§ H$Wm &)

^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & 3. Aíd: {H$‘² C„”¶{V?
1. ‘mJ©: H$sÑe:? 4. ñdm‘r qH$ ñn¥e{V?

2. Aídñ¶ n¥ð>o H$: Cn{dï>: ApñV? 2. ñdm‘r ^y‘m¡ {ZnV{V &
2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &
1. ñdm‘r Aídñ¶ g‘rno AmJÀN>{V &

3. ¶mo½¶ {d^p³Vê$n§ {bIV & 3. g‘m{YñWb§ (‘odmS>àmÝV) {damOVo &
1. Vñ¶ (n¥ð>) Cn{dï>: ApñV Vñ¶ ñdm‘r & 4. Aíd: (g‘mYmZ) àmUmZ² ˶O{V &

2. Vñ¶ EH$: nmX: (d«{UV) &

4. AmË‘Zon{X{H«$¶mnXm{Z {MËdm {bIV &

5. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV &
1. "newn{jU: ‘mZdñ¶ gmhm涧 Hw$d©pÝV &' B{V {df¶o H$m: H$Wm: ¶y¶§ OmZrW?

38

12. g‘mZ‘ñVw ^moOZ‘² &

~mbH¥$îU: JmoHw$bo JmonmbZ§ H$amo{V ñ‘ & à{V{XZ§ g: d¶ñ¶¡: gh dZ§ JÀN>{V ñ‘ & JmoHw$bñWm:
~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh Amgm¶§ {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ & ‘ܶm•o Vo gd} ñdJ¥hoä¶: AmZrVm{Z ImÚdñVy{Z EH$Ì
Cn{dí¶ ImXpÝV ñ‘ &

EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo ^moOZdobm¶m§ gd} Jmonm: H¥$îU§ n[aV: Cnm{deZ² & XodH$sZÝXZ: Jmon~mbmZ² An¥ÀN>V² &
""AÚ ^moOZmWª {H$‘² AmZrV‘² ?'' B{V & VXm àW‘: AdXV², ""‘‘ g‘rno XܶmoXZ§ dV©Vo &'' Ana:
A^mfV, ""‘‘ g‘rno n¥WwH$m: &'' Ed‘od gd} ""Anynm:, bÈx>H$m:, dQ>H$m:, ‘moXH$m: AmZrVm:'' B{V
AdXZ² & VXm H¥$îU: AdXV², ""A{¶ {‘Ìm{U, d¶§ EVofm§ ImÚnXmWm©Zm§ {‘lU§ Hw$‘©: &'' gd} Jmonmbm:
AmZÝXoZ H¥$îUm¶ ñd§ ñd§ ImÚ‘² A¶ÀN>Z² & H¥$îU: ñd¶‘od nXmWm©Zm§ {‘lU‘² AH$amoV² & gd}ä¶: M VX²
{‘lU§ n¶©dof¶V² & VX² Anydª ñdm{Xð>§ {‘lU§ gd}ä¶: AVrd AamoMV & ¶V: Vpñ‘Z² {‘lUo Z Ho$db§
ImÚnXmWm©: A{n Vw ñZohü {‘{lV: & VXm JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: AdXV², ""BV:na§ d¶§ gd} gpå‘ë¶ Ed
^moOZ§ Hw$‘©: & A{¶ {‘Ìm{U, Añ‘mH§$ ‘Zm§{g g‘mZm{Z, {dMmam: g‘mZm:, ^moOZ‘{n g‘mZ‘ñVw &''

^mfmä¶mg:
1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &

1. Jmon~mbm: ^moOZm¶ qH$ {H$‘² AmZ¶Z²?
2. H¥$îU: qH$ qH$ g‘mZ{‘{V dX{V?
3. H¥$îU: ImÚnXmW} qH$ {‘l¶{V?
4. nmR>o à¶w³Vm{Z H¥$îUñ¶ Zm‘m{Z {bIV &
2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &
1. JmoHw$bñWm: ~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh Amgm¶§ {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ &
2. ~mbH¥$îU: JmoHw$bo JmonmbZ§ H$amo{V ñ‘ &

39

3 . n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & gd©Zm‘ {deofU‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²
Zm‘

(JmoHw$bñWm:, H¥$îU:, AH$amoV², {H$‘², ‘‘, ‘moXH$m:, Cnm{deZ², g‘mZm:)
4. g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV &
1. ~mbH¥$îU:, XodH$sZÝXZ:, MÝÐeoIa:, JmonZm¶H$:
2. AdXV², A^UV², AJXV², AH$amoV²
5. {déÕmW©eãXmZ² ‘ÄOyfmV: {MZwV &
1. {‘Ìm{U  3. ñdm{Xð>‘² 
2. g‘rno  4. g‘mZm{Z 
(é{MhrZ‘², {d{dYm{Z, Aa¶:, Xÿao)
6. bQ²>ê$nm{U à¶wÁ¶ H$Wm§ nwZ: dXV/{bIV &
7. gh^moOZñ¶ ñdr¶‘² AZw^d§ ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &
8. H¥$îUñ¶ Aݶm{Z {d{dYm{Z Zm‘m{Z ApÝdî¶V {bIV M &
9. ¶wî‘mH§$ {à¶^moOZnXmWm©Zm§ gyqM g§ñH¥$V^mf¶m Hw$éV &

bQ²bH$mañ¶ nwaV: "ñ‘' B{V A춶ñ¶ à¶moJoZ ^yVH$m{bH$: AW©: ^d{V &
CXm. g: ’$b§ ImX{V ñ‘ = g: ’$b‘² AImXV² &
~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ = ~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh A{hÊS>ÝV &
JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: dX{V ñ‘ = JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: AdXV² &

dXV g§ñH¥$V‘² & ew^me¶m: &

1. gwà^mV‘² & 1. Zddf©ñ¶ ew^me¶m: &
2. ew^am{Ì: & 2. g’$bVm¶¡ A{^ZÝXZ‘²&
3. Z‘mo Z‘: & 3. H$m¶©H«$‘: g’$b: ^dVw &
4. YݶdmX: & 4. ew^mñVo nÝWmZ: gÝVw &
5. ñdmJV‘² & 5. narjm¶¡ ew^me¶m: &
6. H¥$n¶m & 6. OrdoV² eaX: eV‘² &
7. AñVw & 7.Xrnmdbr ‘“b‘mVZmoVw&
8.emo^Z‘²/CÎm‘‘²& 8. ew^§ ^dVw &

40

àW‘nwéf: ^mfmgyÌ‘² - 3 ३
‘ܶ‘nwéf: ६
CÎm‘nwéf: {H«$¶mnXm{Z-2 ९
bQ²bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:) AmË‘ZonX‘²

भाष‌् (१ आ.प.)
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
^mfVo १ ^mfoVo २ ^mfÝVo
^mfgo ४ ^mfoWo ५ ^mfÜdo
^mfo ७ ^mfmdho ८ ^mfm‘ho

Am. n. à˶¶m:

E.d. [Ûd. ~.d.

à.nw. Vo १ BVo २ AÝVo३
‘. nw. go ४ BWo ५ Üdo ६
C.nw. B ७ dho ८ ‘ho ९

{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² - (‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + à˶¶: = {H«$¶mnX‘²
(AmXoe:) ({M•‘²)

JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘² Vo
àW‘: A ^mfVo
MVwW©: ¶ ¶wܶVo
fð>: A {XeVo
Xe‘: A¶ nyO¶Vo

^mfVo = ^mf² + A +

‘ybYmVw: JU{dH$aU‘² à˶¶:

dÝX² (1 Am.n.) = dÝX² + A = dÝX + Vo = dÝXVo

¶wY² (4 Am.n.) = ¶wY² + ¶ = ¶wܶ + Vo = ¶wܶVo

{Xe² (6 Am.n.) = {Xe² +A = {Xe + Vo = {XeVo

nyO² (10 Am.n.) = nyO² +A¶ = nyO¶ + Vo = nyO¶Vo

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