WRITING WEEK 1
Structure: Introduction to Task 2 & Type of task 2, Intro and Conclusion,
Frames
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1 Writing Task 2 structure
Suggest time length 40 minutes
Word length a minimum of 250 words
Weight allocated accounts for 2/3 of your total
writing score
Usually a discussion of a subject of general interest
Writing style academic style, meaning that the words you use
should be formal rather than the informal
vocabulary you use in your daily conversations
Your job – you will Lists the problems/causes of a particular issue and
be assessed on your identifies solutions.
ability to Present and justify an opinion.
Compare and contrast evidence and opinions; and
Evaluate and challenge ideas, evidence, or
argument
Example: Writing Task 2
You should spend 40 minutes on this Task
Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no
specialist knowledge of the following topic:
If countries are serious about solving traffic problems, they should tax
private cars heavily and use the money to provide free or very cheap rail
travel. To what extent do you agree with the above?
2 Marking criteria:
Task response time length how accurately the task is addressed
Coherence and Cohesion how organized the writing is
Lexical resource the quality and relevance of your Vocabulary
Grammatical Range and how varied and accurate your Grammar is
Accuracy
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3 Four types of essays:
Opinion/argue –
providing your opinion
• Do you agree/disagree?
• What is your opinion?
• To what extent do you agree/disagree?
Example - Topic 3: Some people believe that unpaid community
service should be a compulsory part of high school programs.
To what extent do you agree/disagree?
Discuss/Two-side:
discussing both sides of the issue
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of the issue?
• To what extent do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
• Discuss both sides of the issue and give your opinion
Example - Topic 1: Some people think that it is more effective for
students to study in groups, while others believe that it is better for
them to study alone. Discuss both views and give your opinion?
Problems and solutions/List essays–
listing problems and solutions, causes and effects
• What are the causes and effects of the increase in car use?
• Discuss the problems caused by pollution and its effects on our life
Example – Topic 4: Many criminals re-offend after they have been
punished. Why do some people continue to commit crimes after they
have been punished, and what measures can be taken to tackle this
problem
Two-part questions
Example - Topic 5: As most people spend a major part of their adult
life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual
well-being. What factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic
is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers?
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4 Preparation – Give an example for
each types of essays:
Example: Writing Task 2
• Topic 9 - The money spent by governments on space programs would
be better spent on vital public services such as schools and hospitals. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
• Some people believe that hobbies need to be difficult to be enjoyable.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
• Many people say that we now live in “consumer societies” where money
and possessions are given too much importance. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
Note:
• Use the written language, not the spoken language. Use a wide range
of structures
• Think in English when writing. Do not translate word for word from your
mother tongue into English.
• Decide which points will be written as topic sentences. Think about how
they will be developed into paragraphs. Use topic sentences to clearly
identify the main theme in each paragraph
• Develop each paragraph in a convincing way. This may be done through
the use of examples, explanations, details, logical inferences, causes
and effects, or comparisons/contrasts.
• Ensure that your paragraphs are arranged in a logical order. Each of
these contains an appropriate connective word to ensure a smooth
transition between paragraphs.
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5 The essay organization
When writing Task 2, a structure based on the following elements could be
used: an introductory paragraph, two body paragraphs and a concluding
paragraph.
The basic essay organization
Introduction – 2 sentences
• General statements
• A thesis statement
Body (2 paragraphs)
Paragraph 1 – 5 sentences (Structure 1)
• A topic sentence which is the main point of the paragraph
(including an appropriate connective word)
• Firstly, supporting sentences 1
• Secondly, sentence 2
• Finally, sentence 3
• Evidence/example for sentence 3
Paragraph 2 – 5 sentences (Structure 2)
• A topic sentence is the main point of the paragraph (including
an appropriate connective word). 9
• Supporting idea 1
• Explanation for idea 1
• Alternatively….
• Example …
Conclusion – 1 sentence
• Typically a paraphrase of the thesis statement
• Should summarize the main points developed in the body paragraphs
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6 Introduction
Purpose the introduction is aimed at letting the reader know
• The topic
• The aspect of the topic being dealt with
• The stand (attitude) taken by the writer to the topic
• In other words, the introduction actually contains the
conclusion
General statement: give the reader the background
information about an essay. They should lead the reader
Parts of the gradually from a general idea to a very specific one.
introduction A thesis statement: introduces the main idea of an essay.
– 2 parts A thesis statement is like an answer to the question your
paper explores. It provides your reader with a guide to your
argument.
5 minutes (it is acceptable to spend 10 minutes on it for
Target time now)
7 Introduction for the four types of essays
Discussion essay
Topic 1: Some people think that it is more effective for students to study
in groups, while others believe that it is better for them to study alone.
Discuss both views and give your opinion?
Introduction: People hold different views about the effectiveness
of group study as opposed to working alone. While there are some
benefits to studying independently, I believe that group work is usually
more productive
Analysis:
First sentence (general statement)
• Opening up with “people hold different views about…..”;
• Introducing the topic words with the use of paraphrase: to study in
groups → of group study; study alone → working alone.
• Use of “….as opposed to…: 11
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Second sentence (thesis statement)
• “While there are some benefits to……”: followed by your weaker
argument
• “I believe that …. is more ….”: followed by your stronger argument
Discussion essay
Topic 2: In many cities, the use of video cameras in public places is
being increased in order to reduce crime, but some people believe
that these measures restrict our individual freedom. Do the benefits of
increased security outweigh the drawbacks?
Introduction: It is true that video surveillance has become commonplace
in many cities in recent years. While I understand that critics may see
this as an invasion of privacy, I believe that there are more benefits than
drawbacks.
Analysis:
First sentence (general statement)
• Opening up with “It is true that…..” → shows that you agree with the infor-
mation given as you’re not supposed to give your opinion here.
• “Is being increased” → “commonplace in recent years”; “the use of video
cameras” → “video surveillance”
Second sentence (thesis statement)
• “While I understand that…” is followed with your weaker argument.
• “Restrict individual freedom” → “invasion of privacy”
• “I believe that there are more benefits than drawbacks.”
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Opinion essay
Topic 3: Some people believe that unpaid community service should
be a compulsory part of high school programs. To what extent do you
agree/disagree?
What’s particular about this type: you can agree, disagree or partly
agree/disagree
Introduction:
General statement: It is sometimes argued that high school students
should be made to do some work in their local communities.
Analysis:
• Use of “it is sometimes argued that….” to introduce the topic
• Paraphrase: unpaid community service → “work in the local
communities”; “compulsory part of high school programs” → “high school
students – made to some work”
Thesis statement: agree, disagree, partly agree
Analysis:
Agree: I completely agree that this kind of scheme would be a good
idea
• The words in bold are the simplest way to express your
agreement to an idea
Disagree: In my opinion, it would be inappropriate/nonsensical/wrong
to force teenagers to do this kind of unsalaried work.
• “In my opinion, it would be … to”
• “Force teenagers to do this kind of unsalaried work” is an
excellent way to paraphrase the information in the question
Partly agree: while I disagree with the idea of making such programs
compulsory, I do believe that community service could benefit young
people
• What you’re essentially doing here is that you agree with one
part of the question, while you disagree with the other part.
• “While I disagree with the idea that….” Is followed by your first
argument, and you’re going to use this idea here as the main
theme of the first paragraph
• “I do believe that….” Is followed by your second argument, and
you’re going to use the idea here for your second paragraph.
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problems and solutions (list essays)
Topic 4: Many criminals re-offend after they have been punished.
Why do some people continue to commit crimes after they have been
punished, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem?
(Causes & solutions)
Introduction: It is true that punishments do not always deter criminals
from committing more crimes. There are various reasons why offenders
repeatedly break the law, but governments could certainly take steps to
address this issue.
Analysis:
General statement:
• Using “it is true that….”. For this type of question, it is not expected of
you to give your opinion to the information given, therefore saying “it is
true that…” shows you accept the idea.
• Deter criminals from committing more crimes
Thesis statement:
• “There are various reasons why….” → directly answers the question. You
can also replace the word “reason” with other appropriate words de-
pending on what the question is asking.
• “But (governments) could certainly take steps to address this issue → A
very general way to answer the question, but it is good enough for your
introduction.
Note:
For questions asking the effects, you can use the following structure
• And a number of consequences/effects could arise as a result of the
(cause – effect)
• Although there will undoubtedly be some negative consequences of
this trend,… (problems & solutions)
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two-part questions
Topic 5: As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work,
job satisfaction is an important element of individual well-being. What
factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of
job satisfaction for all workers?
Introduction: work plays a central role in our lives, and we would all like
to feel fulfilled professionally. While a variety of factors may lead to job
satisfaction, it would be unrealistic to expect everyone to be happy at work
Analysis
General statement
• Most people spend a major part of their adult life at work → work plays
a central role in our lives
Thesis statement
• “While a variety of factors could lead to….” → answer the first question
• “It would be (unrealistic) to expect…” → answer the second question
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8 Conclusion
2 rules for conclusion
Never write anything new for your conclusion: your conclusion should
summarize or repeat what you already said. Your opinions should
already be clear throughout your essay.
One-sentence conclusion: repeat and summarize what you
already said in the rest of the essay. The simplest approach to writing a
conclusion is to paraphrase your introduction.
Conclusion for discussion questions
Topic 2: In many cities, the use of video cameras in public places is
being increased in order to reduce crime, but some people believe that
these measures restrict our individual freedom. Do the benefits of
increased security outweigh the drawbacks?
• Introduction: it is true that video surveillance has become
commonplace in many cities in recent years. While I understand that
critics may see this as an invasion of privacy, I believe that there are
more benefits than drawbacks.
• Conclusion: In conclusion, I would argue that the advantages of
using video security systems in public places do outweigh the
disadvantages.
• Paraphrase: video cameras in public places → video surveillance →
security system; more benefits than drawbacks → advantages outweigh
disadvantages
Conclusion for opinion questions
Topic 6: families who send their children to private schools should not
be required to pay taxes that support the state education system. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
• Introduction: it is sometimes argued that parents of children who
attend private schools should not need to contribute to state schools
through taxes. Personally, I completely disagree with this view.
• Conclusion: In conclusion, I do not believe that any financial conces-
sions should be made for people who choose private education
• Paraphrase: not required to pay taxes → should not need to pay taxes
→ contribute to state schools through taxes; families who send their chil-
dren to private schools → parents of children who attend private school →
people who choose private education. Active → passive to paraphrase
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Conclusion for problem & solution questions:
Topic 7: in the developed world, average life expectancy is increasing.
What problems will this cause for individuals and society? Suggest
some measures that can be taken to reduce the impact of aging
populations
• Introduction: it is true that people in industrialized nations can expect
to live longer than ever before. Although there will undoubtedly be
some negative consequences of this trend, societies can take steps
to mitigate these potential problems.
• Conclusion: in conclusion, various measures can be taken to tackle
the problems that are certain to arise as the populations of countries
grow older
• Paraphrase:
Phrases: the developed world → in industrialized nations; average
life expectancy is increasing → expect to live longer → populations of
countries grow older.
Structure: various measures can be taken to tackle the problems that
are certain to arise as….Societies can take steps to mitigate → various
measures can be taken… There will undoubtedly be some negative
consequences of this trend → problems that are certain to arise as
Conclusion for 2-part questions:
Topic 8: There are many different types of music in the world today.
Why do we need music? Is the traditional music of a country more
important than international music heard everywhere nowadays
• Introduction: it is true that a rich variety of musical styles can be
found around the world. Music is a vital part of all human cultures for
a range of reasons, and I would argue that traditional music is more
important than modern, international music.
• Conclusion: In conclusion, music is a necessary part of human
existence, and I believe that traditional music should be given more
importance than international music.
• Paraphrase: music is a part of all human cultures → music is a
necessary part of human existence; I would argue that …. is more
important than → should be given more importance than…..
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HOMEWORK
Exercise 1. Complete the following tasks for the following essays
• Underline topic words and the task
• Rewrite the introduction
• Write a conclusion
Topic 1: Some people think that it is more effective for students to study in
groups, while others believe that it is better for them to study alone. Dis-
cuss both views and give your opinion.
Topic 3: Some people believe that unpaid community service should be
a compulsory part of high school programs. To what extent do you agree/
disagree?
Topic 4: Many criminals re-offend after they have been punished. Why do
some people continue to commit crimes after they have been punished,
and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem? (Causes & solu-
tions)
Topic 5: As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job
satisfaction is an important element of individual well-being. What factors
contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satis-
faction for all workers?
Exercise 2. Complete the following tasks for the following essays
• Underline topic words and the task
• Write a two-sentence introduction for the following essays
Topic 9: The money spent by governments on space programs would be
better spent on vital public services such as schools and hospitals. To what
extent do you agree and disagree?
Topic 10: Some people think that a sense of competition in children should
be encouraged. Others believe that children who are taught to cooperate
rather than compete become more useful adults. Discuss both views and
give your opinion.
Topic 11: In many countries, schools have severe problems with student
behavior. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you
suggest?
Topic 12: News editors decide what to broadcast on television and what to
print on newspapers. What factors do you think influence these decisions?
Do we become used to bad news, and would it be better if more good
news was reported? GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 13
WRITING WEEK 2
Structure: Introduction to Task 2 & Type of task 2, Intro and Conclusion,
Frames
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1 Structures of main body paragraphs
Structures:
● 2 main body paragraphs
● 5 sentences for each body paragraph (around 100 words)
● Add up to over 200 words
Two main structures for main body paragraphs:
1st type: firstly, secondly, finally
When to use:
● We have several ideas
● Perfect for questions involving problems & solutions (causes &
effects), advantages & disadvantages
● Can also be used for Opinion essays
2nd type: idea, explain, example
When to use:
● When we only have one central idea (one idea, one reason or one
opinion)
● You have to explain it in great detail
● Focus on “why”, “how” and examples to expand on your ideas.
Detailed plan for Body
Topic 3: Some people believe that unpaid community service should be
a compulsory part of high school programs. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?
Detailed plan for Body 1 (3 minutes)
Body 1: disagree with voluntary service being compulsory
● School timetable is full, no time for community service (2) +e.g. (3)
● Students’ work in other subjects would be affected (4)
● Teenagers might not want to do it (reluctant, no motivation) (5)
The ideas above are separate ideas rather than parts of the same idea.
Therefore, we can say the following for the topic sentence:
● Disagree for several reasons (1)
● “Firstly, secondly, finally” structure.
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Note:
● As you can see, you might want to start with brainstorming for ideas
first in the Planning process, before preparing the Topic sentence
and which body.
● So what happens if time ran out and you didn’t manage to finish a
five-sentence plan? - Just start writing and think of more ideas to add
on later.
Detailed plan for Body 2 (3 minutes)
Body 2: voluntary (not compulsory) community service is positive.
- Students are more motivated if they can choose
- Gain work experience, self-confidence, skills
- Good for CVs, career, university admissions, employers
One point centering around the topic sentence rather than 3 separate
points as in paragraph one. It focuses on work and career experience
How to make the plan into five-sentence paragraphs
Body 1
There are several reasons why I would argue against having compulsory
service for secondary school students. Firstly, the school curriculum is
already full of important academic subjects, such as maths, science and
languages. For example, I remember having an extremely busy timetable
at high school, and it would not have been possible to add to it. Secondly,
students’ performance in other subjects would be affected if valuable study
time were taken by charity work or neighborhood improvement schemes.
Finally, I believe that teenagers would be reluctant to take part in any
program of obligatory work, and this could lead to poor motivation or even
bad behavior.
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Exercise 1: Based on the plan and the sample paragraph above,
deploy the following ideas into full sentences (firstly, secondly,
thirdly)
Disagree for several reasons (1)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
School timetable is full, no time for community service (2) + (3) e.g.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Students’ work in other subjects would be affected (4).
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Teenagers might not want to do it (reluctant, no motivation) (5)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Note:
“firstly, secondly, finally” are not vocabulary. They’re linking words instead,
so you do not need complicated vocabulary for your linking words. Keep
them simple and clear. On the other hand, topic-related vocabulary is
what’s going to get you scores and they are the words in bold.
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Body 2
On the other hand, the opportunity to do voluntary community service
could be extremely positive for high school students. By making these pro-
grams optional, schools would ensure that only motivated students took
part. These young people would gain valuable experience in an adult
working environment, which could help to build their self-confidence
and enhance their skills. Having such experience and skills on their CVs
could greatly improve school leavers’ career prospects. For example, a pe-
riod of voluntary work experience might impress a university admissions
officer or a future employer.
Note:
● This paragraph is developed in a different manner with a lot of ex-
planations focusing on whys and hows: why voluntary, why positive,
why it helps their career, how it is going to help their future and an
example.
● In this Idea, explain, example structure, you’re expected to explain
in much more detail (2-3 sentences) because you only have one idea.
The rest of the sentences will be evidence/examples for your explana-
tion.
● The paragraphs above might look like it lacks linking words, but if
you pay close attention, you’d notice that all the underlined words are
linking words.
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Exercise 2: Based on the plan and the sample paragraph above,
deploy the following ideas into full sentences (idea, explain &
example)
Voluntary (not compulsory) community service is positive (1)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Students are more motivated if they can choose (2)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Gain work experience, self-confidence, skills (3)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Good for CVs, career, university admissions, employers (4)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Example of 4 (5)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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2 Choosing Supporting ideas and Examples
for 2 main body paragraphs
2.1 Why are Supporting ideas and Examples important to achieve a
high score in Task Response in Writing Task 2?
Look at writing task 2 band descriptors:
● Band 7: Presents, extends and supports main ideas, but there may be
a tendency to overgeneralise and/or supporting ideas may lack focus
● Band 8: Presents a well-developed response to the question with rel-
evant, extended and supported ideas
● Band 9: Presents a fully developed position in answer to the question
with relevant, fully extended and well-supported ideas
Similarities of band 7, band 8, band 9 in Task Response:
Provide main points, and fully support the main points with supporting
ideas and examples that are closely related to the main points.
2.2 What is Supporting idea and What is Example?
If the main idea often acts as the main thesis in a paragraph, the support-
ing idea is to clarify, thereby increasing the persuasion of the main idea.
Meanwhile, examples are concrete ones, which have a convincing role in
supporting the previous supporting idea, or the main idea itself.
Example: Writing Task 2
Main idea: I believe that the money from space programs should go to
vital public services instead.
Supporting idea: Public servants do jobs that have a positive impact on
every member of society.
Example: For example, we all use schools, hospitals and roads, and we all
need the security that the police provide.
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➔ The main idea here is that the money from space programs should go
to vital public services instead. The supporting idea helps to clarify why
this source of money should be reallocated to public services (because
public servants, who work in public sectors, do jobs that have a positive
impact on every citizen). The example serves to make the supporting
idea more convincing by showing some public services we all use.
2.3 When to use Supporting idea and When to use Example?
Question: Look at the 3 following main ideas and try to think whether it is
better to give supporting ideas or examples to clarify those main ideas in
each case.
Main idea:
● On the one hand, I accept that businesses must make money in or-
der to survive in a competitive world.
● If we simply try to live with climate change, I believe that the conse-
quences will be disastrous.
● On the one hand, many people do achieve fame without really work-
ing for it.
The use of supporting ideas or examples to support main ideas depends on
three factors:
Factor 1: Persuasiveness
Factor 2: The level of difficulty
Factor 3: Specificity
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Factor 1: Persuasiveness – Whether providing supporting ideas or
examples would be more convincing for the main idea.
Example:
(Main idea) On the one hand, I accept that businesses must make money
in order to survive in a competitive world.
➔ This is a fairly obvious fact, so giving an example does not increase the
level of persuasiveness. In this case, a supporting idea should be giv-
en to clarify that idea (HOW). If an example is given, a counterexample
would be more convincing.
➔ At this point, providing an example of any business that survives with
money will be quite unconvincing, as there are countless businesses in
the world, and the survival of a successful business with money does not
mean others can do the same thing. Instead, giving supporting ideas to
explain more about how money helps businesses survive will be more
convincing.
(Supporting ideas) It seems logical that the priority of any company should
be to cover its running costs, such as employees’ wages and payments for
buildings and utilities. On top of these costs, companies also need to invest
in improvements and innovations if they wish to remain successful.
➔ Obviously, money helps businesses meet operating costs, such as em-
ployees’ wages, payments for buildings and other equipment. In addi-
tion, money also helps businesses invest in improvements and innova-
tions.
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Factor 2: The level of difficulty - In certain cases, it may be easier to
come up with Supporting ideas than examples or vice versa
Example:
(Main idea) If we simply try to live with climate change, I believe that the
consequences will be disastrous.
➔ The main idea is that if people try to live with climate change, the con-
sequences will be extremely serious. At this point, because the main
idea itself is quite clear, it will be difficult if the writer tries to give the
supporting idea by explaining why or how as this may require spe-
cialized scientific knowledge. Instead, giving an example of a climate
change phenomenon and its consequences will be much easier.
(Example) To give just one example, I am not optimistic that we would
be able to cope with even a small rise in sea levels. Millions of people
would be displaced by flooding, particularly in countries that do not have
the means to safeguard low-lying areas. These people would lose their
homes and their jobs, and they would be forced to migrate to nearby cit-
ies or perhaps to other countries.
➔ In this case, a fairly simple example is the rise of sea level. This will
cause millions of people to be displaced from their homes due to flood-
ing, especially in countries without the means to protect the low-lying
areas.
Normally, an example should include only about 1-2 sentences and should
not be up to 3 sentences. In this case, for the purpose of illustrating, 3 sen-
tences are included in the example.
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Factor 3: Specificity - when supporting ideas are not specific and
clear enough to support main ideas, there should be examples to il-
lustrate specific supporting ideas, thereby clarifying main ideas.
Example:
(Main idea) On the one hand, many people do achieve fame without really
working for it.
➔ At this point, a supporting idea is needed to clarify HOW some people
can become famous without working hard.
(Supporting idea) They may have inherited money from parents, married
a famous or wealthy person, or they may have appeared in gossip maga-
zines or on a reality TV program.
Note: This supporting idea can be considered as an example. However, as it
does not go deep into one specific case but goes into many cases instead,
it will be more of a supporting idea.
➔ This supporting idea has clarified the main idea. However, readers still
need one more specific example of a celebrity that is easy to relate to,
one that almost everyone knows and is well known in other ways rather
than hard work.
(Example) A good example would be Paris Hilton, who is rich and famous
for the wrong reasons. She spends her time attending parties and night-
clubs, and her behaviour promotes the idea that appearance, glamour and
media profile are more important than hard work and good character.
In the above case, giving specific examples requires specialized knowledge
of that field, and we do not always have knowledge related to the field. In
the absence of knowledge, you should not make up examples to illustrate
your point. (For example: my neighbor)
➔ Paris Hilton has met the above criteria of a good example, making the
supporting idea stronger and thereby making the main idea more per-
suasive.
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2.4 Some Linking phrases used to lead Supporting ideas / Examples
Sequence Supporting ideas
Elaboration/ Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally, Next
clarification To be more specific, Specifically, in other words
Addition
In addition, additionally, in addition to, moreover,
Contrast furthermore, and,...
Listing Reason however, in contrast, While, whereas, although, even
Result though, yet, but
due to, because, because of, as
Giving example therefore, so, as a result, as a result of
Example
For example, for instance, to illustrate, as an
example, to name an example
Note: Each linking phrase will have specific grammatical usage, so
be careful to ensure proper grammar usage.
Example:
Example 1: The price of pork rose recently. As a result, the price of pork-re-
lated products has gone up as well.
“As a result” is used to indicate the Cause-Effect relationship for the two
sentences.
If we use “As a result of”, the structure of the sentence will also have to be
changed.
Example 2: As a result of the rise in pork prices, the price of pork-related
products has gone up.
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HOMEWORK
Exercise 1. Write supporting ideas and/or examples for the following:
1. Companies should not be run with the sole aim of maximising profit; they
have a wider role to play in society. One social obligation that owners and
managers have is to treat their employees well, rather than exploit them.
2. (Demonstrate why online newspapers will continue to be an important
source of / will replace newspapers) Another key benefit of online news
compared to newspapers is the ability to share articles, discuss them with
other people, give our views, and even contribute with our own updates on
social media.
3. If people choose their jobs based on enjoyment or other nonfinancial
factors, they might find it difficult to support themselves. Artists and mu-
sicians, for instance,
4. (Supporting idea) It is beneficial for all members of society to have a
high quality education system with equal opportunities for all young peo-
ple. This will result in
5. (Supporting idea) In my opinion, it is a bad idea to simply give financial
aid to governments of poor countries
Exercise 2. Identify main ideas, then supporting ideas and examples
for the following topics:
Topic 9: The money spent by governments on space programs would be
better spent on vital public services such as schools and hospitals. To what
extent do you agree and disagree?
Topic 10: Some people think that a sense of competition in children should
be encouraged. Others believe that children who are taught to cooperate
rather than compete become more useful adults. Discuss both views and
give your opinion.
Topic 11: In many countries, schools have severe problems with student
behavior. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you
suggest?
Topic 12: News editors decide what to broadcast on television and what to
print on newspapers. What factors do you think influence these decisions?
Do we become used to bad news, and would it be better if more good
news was reported?
26 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
Exercise 3. For the plan that you come up with in exercise 2.
Write 1 paragraph using firstly/secondly/finally structures
Write 1 paragraph using Idea/explain/example structures
Note: you can choose any body paragraphs for the essays in exercise and it
does not matter which one you choose.
Exercise 4. Thought-provoking questions to prepare for Writing Day 3:
Topic 9 - The money spent by governments on space programs would
be better spent on vital public services such as schools and hospitals.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Question:
1. What is the type of this essay?
2. What are the keywords in the Question?
3. What does the Question GIVE? (the provided information/back-
ground statement)
4. What does the Question ASK? (Your task)
5. What is the function of the first and second sentences in the Intro-
duction?
Governments in some countries spend large amounts of money on
space exploration programs. I completely agree with the idea that
they are a waste of money, and that the funds should be allocated to
public services.
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 27
WRITING WEEK 3
28 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
1 Revision Writing lesson 1 and 2
1.1 4 types of essays: Opinion, Discussion, List essay, 2-part question
1.2 Analyse Questions with Key Topic Words & Key Instruction Words
→ Task Response
1.3 Essay organization: The basic essay organization
Introduction – 2 sentences
a. A general statement
b. A thesis statement
Body (2 paragraphs)
Paragraph 1 – 5 sentences
Paragraph 2 – 5 sentences
Conclusion – 2 sentences
1.4 Introduction
Parts of the introduction – 2 parts
General statement: give the reader the background information about an
essay. They should lead the reader gradually from a general idea to a very
specific one.
General Statement often states the background information in the ques-
tion (what the Question GIVES).
A thesis statement: introduces the main idea of an essay. A thesis state-
ment is like an answer to the question your paper explores. It provides your
reader with a guide to your argument.
In the Thesis Statement, the writer often gives answers to ALL questions
and also a GUIDE to your essay.
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 29
Example:
Topic 7: in the developed world, average life expectancy is increasing.
What problems will this cause for individuals and society? Suggest some
measures that can be taken to reduce the impact of ageing populations.
Introduction: It is true that people in industrialized nations can expect to
live longer than ever before. Although there will undoubtedly be some
negative consequences of this trend, societies can take step to mitigate
these potential problems.
1.5 Conclusion
Never write anything new for your conclusion: your conclusion should
summarize or repeat what you already said. Your opinions should already
be clear throughout your essay.
One/Two-sentence conclusion: repeat and summarize what you already
said in the rest of the essay. The simplest approach to writing conclusion is
to paraphrase your introduction.
Example:
Topic 7: Conclusion: In conclusion, various measures can be taken to
tackle the problems that are certain to arise as the populations of coun-
tries grow older.
Question: How are Thesis Statement and Conclusion related to each
other?
Answer:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
30 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
1.6 Supporting ideas + Examples
Question: What does the use of supporting ideas or examples depend on?
Answer:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2 3-step planning
Step 1: Read and understand the questions: highlight key parts,
including the topic words and the task. (Critical for Task Achievement)
Exercise: Highlight key parts, including the topic words and the task
in the following questions:
Topic 9 - The money spent by governments on space programs would be
better spent on vital public services such as schools and hospitals. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
Topic 10 - Some people think a sense of competition in children should
be encouraged. Others believe that children who are taught to co-operate
rather than compete become more successful adults. Discuss both views
and give your opinion.
Topic 11 - In many countries schools have severe problems with student
behavior. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you
suggest?
Topic 12 - News editors decide what to broadcast on television and what to
print in newspapers. What factors do you think influence these decisions?
Do we become used to bad news, and would it be better if more good
news was reported?
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 31
Step 2: Planning for essay structures for 4 paragraphs
● Introduction: general statement + thesis statement
● Body 1: main theme
● Body 2: main theme
● Conclusion: repeat the answer
Step 3: Plan ideas for the two main paragraphs
● Brainstorm & note down any ideas you have: note down any idea you
can think of.
● Develop ideas in detail: keep asking yourself these two questions
“why” and “how”
● Think of examples to support your ideas.
● Group related ideas by numbering them:
➔ Put the intended order of the sentences next to the idea.
➔ This step should be done last.
3 Opinion Essay:
Topic 3: Some people believe that unpaid community service should
be a compulsory part of high school programs. To what extent do you
agree/disagree?
Question? What are you given in the Question?
Answer:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
32 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
What is it?
● You are given an opinion about a certain social issue to discuss.
● Sometimes, you’re given some background information, then the
opinion and the task
● To this type of question, you are being asked for your personal
opinion; therefore, it is enough to talk generally about the topic.
Tips for a well-written opinion essay
● You must give your personal view, therefore the use of “my” & “I”
are acceptable.
● You are supposed to present evidence and draw a general conclu-
sion.
● Your opinion NEEDS TO BE clear from the introduction (thesis
statement) and you should repeat it in the conclusion.
● More often than not, you can agree with one part of the essay, and
disagree with the other part.
Example 1:
Topic 3: Some people believe that unpaid community service should
be a compulsory part of high school programs. To what extent do you
agree/disagree?
It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do
some work in their local communities. While I disagree with the idea of
making such programs compulsory, I do believe that community service
could benefit young people.
Question: What is included in the above Introduction? Is the writer’s opin-
ion clear from the Introduction? What is the opinion of the writer here?
Answer:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 33
Typical opinion/argue questions – The task
● Do you agree/disagree?
● What is your opinion?
● To what extent do you agree/disagree?
Case in point:
Topic 9 - the money spent by governments on space programs would
be better spent on vital public services such as schools and hospitals. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
3-step planning
Step 1: read and understand the question
Question: Identify key words and the task in the question.
Answer:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Step 2: plan the structure
Introduction
● General statement: government spending
● Thesis statement: agree – pubic services instead of space projects
Question: Based on Thesis statement, think of the main ideas for 2 Body
paragraphs.
Answer:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
● Repeat the answer: spend on services that benefit us all
34 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
Step 3: plan ideas for the main paragraphs
Body 1 - why space spending should be stopped (1)
● Waste of money when projects fail (4)
● Expensive (scientists, facilities, equipment) (2)
● No benefit to normal people (the general public) (3)
● Politicians showing power (3)
● Risks of accidents & deaths (4). E..g. challenger space shuttle (5)
Body 2 – why public spending is better (1)
● Cheaper e.g. doctors, teachers, police instead of astronauts (2)
● public services impact on everyone (3)
● Reduce poverty (5)
● Better quality of life (5)
● We all use schools, hospitals, police, roads etc. (4)
Note: Numbering ideas should be the last step
Deployment of ideas into full essay
Introduction
Governments in some countries - You don’t need to use “It is argued
spend large amounts of money on that…” in this case since you’re pre-
space exploration programs. I com- senting a fact.
pletely agree with the idea that they
- Structure “I completely agree with
are a waste of money, and that the
the idea that + Idea 1, and that + idea
funds should be allocated to public
2
services
- Vocabulary: funds should be allo-
cated
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 35
Body 1
There are several reasons why space - Structure “there are several rea-
programs should be abandoned. (1) sons why….abandoned”
Firstly, it is extremely expensive to - Extremely expensive to train …. In-
train scientists and other staff in- volved with/in
volved with space missions, and
equipment also comes at a huge
cost to the government. (2) - “Comes at a huge cost to…” para-
phrase of “expensive”
→ In this case, we do not have spe-
cific knowledge to give data on this
issue. (In the IELTS official test, we
cannot do research) → We cannot
make it more specific. Besides, the
idea itself is already clear and per-
suasive.
Secondly, the programs do not ben-
efit the general public in our daily
lives; they are simply vanity projects - Do not benefit the general public
for politicians. (3)
…., are simply vanity projects for pol-
Finally, many missions to space fail itician
completely, and the smallest tech-
nological error can cost astronauts
their lives (4)
The Challenger space shuttle di- - Smallest technological error can
saster showed us that space travel cost astronauts their lives (deaths).
is extremely dangerous, and in my Note that the idea “waste of money”
opinion it is not worth the risk. (5) is not used here.
- “And in my opinion, it is not worth
the risk” is a nice way to follow up
the previous clause about space
travel being extremely dangerous
36 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
Body 2
I believe that the money from space - (the money) … go to vital public
programs should go to vital public services instead.
services instead. (1)
It is much cheaper to train doctors, - It is much cheaper to … than it is
teachers, police and other public to….
service workers than it is to train as- - Public service workers, space ex-
tronauts or the scientists and engi- ploration projects
neers who work on space explora-
tion projects. (2)
Furthermore, public servants do - Every member of society instead
jobs that have a positive impact on of everyone.
every member of society. (3)
For example, we all use schools, hos-
pitals and roads, and we all need the
security that the police provide. (4) - Note that the police is plural.
If governments reallocated the - Use of second conditional sen-
money spent on space travel and tence to show a possible benefit of
research, many thousands of peo- money spent on space travel and
ple could be lifted out of poverty or research.
given a better quality of life. (5)
- Lifted out of poverty
In conclusion, my view is that gov- - Always begin with “in conclusion”
ernments should spend money on
services that benefit all members of - Restating the answer “my view is
society, and it is wrong to waste re- that governments should ….”
sources on projects that do not im- - Add another phrase “it is wrong
prove our everyday lives. to….”
- Paraphrase “benefit all members
of the society” to “improve our ev-
eryday lives”
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 37
Exercise 1: Identify the flow of the two body paragraphs above
Body 1:
Sentence 1: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 2: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 3: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 4: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 5: ________________________________________________________
Body 2
Sentence 1: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 2: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 3: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 4: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 5: ________________________________________________________
IMPORTANT NOTE
Trong lúc đưa các ideas, luôn phải cân nhắc 3 yếu tố:
● Specificity (nói thế này đã đủ chi tiết chưa, ko thể research nhưng vẫn
phải chi tiết để đảm bảo rõ ràng)
● Persuasiveness (viết thế này đã đủ thuyết phục chưa, tăng điểm Task
Response)
● The level of difficulty: trong lúc phát triển ý, chọn các ý dễ phát triển
thì dễ viết hơn. Dễ hay không phụ thuộc vào kiến thức của mỗi người.
● Không bịa ra ví dụ (ví dụ: không bịa ra những ví dụ như “According to
recent research, millions of dollars…”)
38 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
Exercise 2: Identify cohesive devices (the linking words, signposts
& pronouns of the paragraph above)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4 Discussion essay
What is it?
● You are given two different views on a social issue and you have to
discuss both of them.
● Sometimes, you’re given some background information, then the
contrasting views and the task
● The questions often have the following words “Some people…..
others……”
Tips for a well-written opinion essay
● You must give your personal view, therefore the use of “my” & “I”
are acceptable.
● Your opinion NEEDS TO BE clear from the introduction (thesis
statement) and you should repeat it in the conclusion.
● Again, restate the side you take at the end of the essay.
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 39
Typical opinion/argue questions – The task
● What are the advantages and disadvantages of the issue? – this is
the only type for which you don’t have to choose side in discussion
essays.
● To what extent do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
● Discuss both sides of the issue and give your opinion
Case in point:
Topic 10 - some people think a sense of competition in children should
be encouraged. Others believe that children who are taught to co-oper-
ate rather than compete become more successful adults. Discuss both
views and give your opinion
3-step planning
Step 1: read and understand the question
Key words: sense of competition, children, encouraged; co-operate
→ more successful adults
Question: discuss both views and give your opinion.
Answer:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Step 2: plan the structure
Introduction
● General statement: competition or cooperation
● Thesis statement: benefits of both, co-operation more important
●
Body
● Body 1 – why encourage competition
● Body 2 –why teach cooperation (my view)
Conclusion:
● Repeat the answer: accept both views, co-operation better
40 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
Step 3: plan ideas for the main paragraph
Body 1 - why encourage competition (1)
● Motivation to work harder (2)
● Be better than other children (2)
● Self confidence, independent work, faster progress (3)
● Competitive situations when leave school (4)
● E.g. job interviews, prepared for adult life (5)
One idea and what happens as a result of that idea, so we use “Idea – ex-
plain – example” structure.
Body 2 – why teach co-operation (my view)
● Co-operation even more important (1)
● e.g. at work (teams, follow boss’s instructions, help junior staff) (2)
● Collaboration more useful than winning (3)
● Better attitude for young people (4)
● Working together (5)
As you can see, the “Idea – explain – example” is also used for the 2nd para-
graph.
Deployment of ideas into full essay
Introduction General statement
People have different views about - “people have different views
whether children should be taught about….”
to be competitive or co-operative. - Simply changing the word forms
While a spirit of competition can to paraphrase: competitive and co-
sometimes be useful in life, I believe operative. Thesis statement
that the ability to cooperate is more - “While….”
important. - …. Can sometimes be useful” weak-
er argument
- I believe that ….. is more important.
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 41
Body 1
On the one hand, competition can Opening up with “on the one hand…”.
be a great source of motivation for For discussion essay, it is suggested
children. (1) that you use “on the one hand…., on
the other hand” at the beginning of
each paragraph
When teachers use games or prizes - Great source of motivation.
to introduce an element of compet- - Teachers – introduce an element
itiveness into lessons, it can encour- of competitiveness
age children to work harder to out-
do other pupils in the class. (2) - To work harder and outdo the oth-
ers in the class.
This kind of healthy rivalry may help - Healthy rivalry - build self con-
to build children’s self confidence, fidence; push them to work in-
while pushing them to work in- dependently and progress more
dependently and progress more quickly
quickly. (3)
When these children leave school, - Leave school confidence & deter-
their confidence and determination mination help in competitive situa-
will help them in competitive situa- tion
tions such as job interviews. (4)
It can therefore be argued that com- - “It can therefore be argued that….”
petition should be encouraged in – concluding sentence of the para-
order to prepare children for adult graph
life. (5)
42 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
Body 2
On the other hand, it is perhaps - “On the other hand…” is linked to
even more important to prepare the Topic sentence in paragraph 1
children for many aspects of adult - Many aspects of adult life that re-
life that require cooperation (1) quire co-operation.
In the workplace, adults are expect- - In the workplace; boss - superiors;
ed to work in teams, follow instruc- help - supervise or support; junior
tions given by their superiors, or su- members of staff
pervise or support junior members
of staff. (2)
Team collaboration skills are much - A is/are more useful than B + to
more useful than a competitive de- Verb
termination to win. (3)
This is the attitude that I believe - To foster an attitude: to create and
schools should foster in young peo- promote and attitude; “I believe” -
ple. (4) showing your ideas
Instead of promoting the idea that - Promote the idea that….
people are either winners or losers,
teachers could show children that - Winners or losers
they gain more from working to- - Win more from working together
gether (5)
In conclusion, I can understand why - “I can understand why….” shows
people might want to encourage that you approve of/agree with the
competitiveness in children, but idea that competitiveness should
it seems to me that a co-operative be encouraged.
attitude is much more desirable in - “But it seems to me that ….” shows
adult life. your ideas again.
- Co-operative attitude is much
more desirable
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 43
Exercise 1: Identify the flow of the two body paragraphs above
Body 1:
Sentence 1: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 2: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 3: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 4: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 5: ________________________________________________________
Body 2:
Sentence 1: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 2: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 3: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 4: ________________________________________________________
Sentence 5: ________________________________________________________
Exercise 2: Identify cohesive devices (the linking words, signposts
& pronouns of the paragraph above)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
44 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
ILLUSTRATION OF 3-STEP ESSAY PLANNING (OPTIONAL)
Topic 1: some people think that it is more effective for students to study
in groups, while others believe that it is better for them to study alone.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion?
Step 1
● Topic words: study in groups & study alone, more effective
● Question: discuss both views and give your opinion
Step 2
Introduction:
● General statement: study groups/study alone….
● Thesis statement: sometimes better alone, usually better in a group
Body 1: benefits of studying alone – the weaker argument
Body 2: benefits of group study (my view – the stronger argument)
Conclusion: both have benefits, but prefer groups
Step 3
Brainstorming, why & how, examples
Benefits of studying alone:
● concentrate better, no distractions
● focus on the task,
● read books or articles, study at own pace,
➔ e.g. when revising for an exam
➔ Memorize information
● Benefits of group study
➔ More ideas, share knowledge
➔ Gather information e.g. research project
➔ Learn from each other
➔ More motivating. Why? Responsibility to the group & sense of
competition
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 45
Numbering
● Benefits of studying alone (1)
➔ concentrate better, no distractions (2)
➔ focus on the task (2)
➔ read books or articles (3) – e.g.
➔ study at own pace (5)
➔ e.g. when revising for an exam (3)
➔ Memorize information (4)
● Benefits of group study (1)
➔ More ideas, share knowledge (2)
➔ Gather information e.g. research project (3)
➔ Learn from each other (2)
➔ More motivating. Why? Responsibility to the group & sense of
competition (4) & (5)
HOMEWORK
Exercise 1. Write about the following topic
Topic 6: Families who send their children to private schools should not be
required to pay taxes that support the state education system. To what ex-
tent do you agree or disagree?
Topic 2: In many cities, the use of video cameras in public places is being
increased in order to reduce crime, but some people believe that these
measures restrict our individual freedom. Do the benefits of increased se-
curity outweigh the drawbacks?
46 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
WRITING WEEK 4
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 47
1 Problem & solution (enumerative) essay
What is it?
● Usually given when the title is about a phenomenon/an emerging
trend
● Listing problems and solutions, causes and effects
● The writer’s task is to:
➔ Discuss problems and solutions to an identified phenomenon.
➔ Point out the causes and effects of a phenomenon.
Tips for a well-written opinion essay
● Typically use the “firstly, secondly, finally” structure, but you may
want to use a different set of signposts for different paragraphs.
● The approach for this essay can also be used for Advantages & Dis-
advantages(discussion essay).
● You DO NOT have to discuss the issue, just point out some of your
ideas to appropriately respond to the task question.
● It is ok to use “I believe…” or “in my opinion…” for this type of essay.
Typical opinion/argue questions – The task
● What are the causes and effects of the increase in car use?
● Discuss the problems caused by pollution and its effects on our
life.
● What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you
suggest?
Case in point:
Topic 11 - in many countries schools have severe problems with student
behavior. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can
you suggest?
48 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
3-step planning
Step 1: read and understand the question
● Key words: severe problems, student behavior
● Question: causes and solutions
Step 2: plan the structure
Introduction
● General statement: student behavior in schools
● Thesis statement: variety of reasons, steps can be taken to tackle
Body
● Body 1 – causes of bad student behaviour
● Body 2 – my suggested solutions
Conclusion: you can either:
● Repeat the answer: Various measures can be taken to tackle the prob-
lem of + student behavior caused by a number of factors
● Summarize the problems and steps (the preferred way)
Step 3: plan ideas for the main paragraph
Body 1 – causes of bad behavior (1)
● Parents not strict (too lenient) (2)
● Children don’t accept teachers’ instructions or school rules (3)
● Teachers’ fault, no control, bad classroom management (4)
● Influence of celebrities who are a bad example (5)
Body 2 – my suggested solutions
● Parents set rules for children (2)
● Use punishments – actions have consequences (3)
● Schools train teachers and parents (4)
● Discipline techniques, better communication (4)
● Famous people act as a role model (5)
Note:
● As you may have noticed, for questions asking ‘problems – solutions’
or ‘causes-solutions’ -it may be a good idea to link your solutions (2nd
paragraph) to the causes/problems (1stparagraph).
● Numbering ideas should be the last step
GIÁO TRÌNH IELTS 56 49
Deployment of ideas into full essay
Introduction General statement
It is true that the behavior of school - Starting with “it is true that….” – ac-
pupils in some parts of the world cepting the background informa-
has been getting worse in recent tion given in Problem & solution es-
years. There are a variety of possible say
reasons for this, but steps can defi- - Paraphrase – behavior, school pu-
nitely be taken to tackle the prob- pils, getting worse; In many coun-
lem tries -some parts of the world
Thesis statement
- If the question is problem-solution,
you can use this structure after in-
troducing the problem in your the-
sis statement.
50 IZONE - IELTS TRAINING ACADEMY
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