Online viewing
VIDEO 2.1. VODAFONE company profile
Watch the video and fill in the fact file below.
Company Profile
Name: _____________________ Nationality: ________________
Description: __________________________________________________________
% of UK population with mobile phones: _____________
Company’s market share in the UK: _______
Operations: ________ countries Partnership agreements: ____________ countries
Total customers worldwide: ____________________________
UK headquarters: in ____________________ No. of staff: __________________
Global headquarters: in _____________________
No. of employees worldwide: _________________
Purchases: ________________________________________________________
Provides: _________________________________________________________
Types of workers employed: ________________________________________________
Nº of UK retail stores: _______ Total no. of employees in its stores: _______
Products and services sold: ______________________________________________
Timetable: Monday-Saturday ___________________ Sunday ______________________
Average no. of employees/store: _________________
No. of customers/day: ________________ No. of phones sold/day: ____________
Target market (types of customers): children, young people, students, pensioners
Reasons for buying a mobile phone:
Children ______________________________________________________
Students ______________________________________________________
Nº of customers: UK _______________ Worldwide _________________
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LANGUAGE USE 1. Dealing with figures
2.1a Years nineteen eighty-four
listening 1984 two thousand and seven or twenty oh seven
2007 nineteen oh six
1906
Decimals*
16.5 sixteen point five
17.38% seventeen point three eight percent
2.05 two point zero five
0.185 zero point one eight five
Note: *Whole numbers and decimals are separated by a decimal point, not a comma, as they are in Spanish.
Currencies three pounds fifteen
£3.15 seventy-six dollars and fifty cents OR seventy-six fifty
$76.50
Large numbers three thousand five hundred and2 sixty
3,560 ten thousand and2 one
10,001 five hundred and2 ninety-eight thousand, three hundred and2 forty-seven
598,347
1m one /a million (1,000,000)
2,300,405 two million three hundred thousand, four hundred and2 five
3bn three billion (3,000,000,000 = 3 X 109)4
$7.5bn
£478m seven point five billion dollars
four hundred and seventy eight million pounds
Important things to remember:
1. Large numbers, when written in figures, are separated by commas or a space, not a full stop as they are in Spanish.
2. AND generally follows the word ‘hundred’ and only precedes figures <100. The ‘and’ is sometimes omitted in American
English or barely pronounced as ‘n’.
3. Notice that the words hundred, thousand and million are never used in the plural. Never say $5 millions of dollars à$5
million (dollars).
4. In many languages, a billion is not 109, but 1012 or a million million. Such is the case with Spain. Spanish newspapers
occasionally mistranslate the English "billion" as the same as a Spanish "billion". For you Spanish readers, a "billion" is
translated "mil millones". A Spanish "billion" is in English a "trillion". A trillion dollar bills laid end to end would stretch
from the Earth to the Sun.
Fractions and percentages 50%
1/2 one/a half 66%
2/3 two-thirds 25%
1/4 one/a quarter/fourth 80%
4/5 four fifths
Note: A fraction is normally expressed by using an ordinal number. A HALF and A QUARTER are exceptions.
DO NOT USE an article with percentages unless the percentage is used as an adjective.
Two-thirds of Japan is covered by mountains. 66% of Japan is covered by mountains.
A quarter of the population will be over 65 by 2015. 25% of the population will be over 65 by 2015.
Contrast with:
The Japanese have a 99% literacy rate.
2.1b Practice. Decide which of the following sentences need an article and add it if necessary.
choice 1. _____ sales of______ mobile phones have increased by _____92 % in _____ last 8 years.
2. Spain has _____ very low birth rate.
3. _____ 45% of my classmates make _____ average of _____5-10 calls _____ day.
4. Orange has _____40% market share in Europe.
5. France accounts for _____ 18.8% of ________Spain’s exports.
Communication Files: 1A p69 & 1B p73
41
VOCABULARY. Useful vocabulary for talking about companies
2.2 (Power Point Presentation)
When we talk about a company’s main office we can say the following:
HP is based in Palo Alto.
= HP is headquartered in Palo Alto.
HP’s headquarters are situated in Palo Alto. (Notice headquarters is a plural noun but can be followed by IS or
ARE (singular or plural verb). ARE is the generally preferred form. )
NOTE: You cannot say “HP’s headquarters are based(headquartereed in Palo Alto.” because
BASED/HEADQUARTERED means that it has its headquarters there.
A company is based in a PLACE but its headquarters are situated/located in a PLACE.
Retail stores are those stores which sell directly to consumers, like Alcampo or Zara. They can also
be called retailers.
Market share refers to the part of a specific market that a company controls. In other words, it refers
to the percentage of consumers which buy a specific product or products from a company.
Microsoft has an 81% market share of the software market.
A company’s target market is the group of consumers to whom the company hopes to sell
its product(s) or services.
Pull and Bear’s target market is teenagers and young people in general.
Communication Files 2A p70 & 2B p74
42
2.2 Reading. VODAFONE
Vodafone Group Plc
2.2 Vodafone
PPT Mobile phones have become an essential part of our everyday lives. In the UK, __________ of the
British population owns one. Vodafone, a subsidiary of the Vodafone Group, which is the second
________________ ____________________________________________, is currently the leading
mobile phone service provider in the UK with_______% of the UK market, which means 1 in 4 Britons
uses its services. Outside the UK, the company has operations in over _______ countries across five
continents, and has partnership agreements with _________ additional countries, where it serves
approximately _________ million mobile customers.
The company’s UK headquarters are situated in Newbury, where it operates from different office
buildings with __________ employees. Since 2009, Vodafone Group´s global operations have been
based in __________________, because the company felt it needed to be closer to its business partners
and stakeholders.
As well as providing _________________________________________________, Vodafone
purchases ________________________________ from manufacturers, which it then sells to
customers. It employs ________________ people worldwide, ranging from _________________ and
_____________________ to people who ___________________ the products that Vodafone offers.
It employs ________ sales people in its UK retail network. Each of its retail stores, staffed by an
average of _____ people, are open from ________________six days a week and_______________ on
Sunday. The sales clerks sell not only the ___________________________________ but also
Vodafone’s internet services. On average, its sales clerks wait on ________________ customers and
sell ____________ phones a day as well as phone accessories. Vodafone does not have a specific target
market. They assist many different types of customers, ranging from children, who are looking for
_______________________________________ to students and pensioners, who want to
__________________________________.
History
Complete the company’s history below by looking for the missing information in U2 Vodafone
2.2 Vodafone Fact File PPT (EBS1Online Web pages). Look up any information that is not provided in the PPT.
PPT
Mobile technology has come a long way since Vodafone's early beginnings in the 1980s. In those days,
it was science fiction to think that in a few years’ time a mobile phone would be in the hands of millions
of people worldwide. In __________, Racal Strategic Radio Ltd. was incorporated as a subsidiary of
Racal Electronics, the UK's largest maker of military radio technology at the time. As Chairman of the
Racal Radio Group, Gerald When, the company’s first CEO, had the vision to convince the Racal
Electronics Board of Directors that it should bid for one of the private sector UK cellular licences being
offered by the UK government. He masterminded the successful bid and set up the Racal Telecoms
Division to develop and implement the analogue telephone network. Based in Newbury, the company
had fewer than 50 employees.
In 1985, Vodafone hosted the first ever mobile call in the UK and launched the first cellular network
in the UK. The Vodafone founders also had the foresight to realize that people would do more than talk
over their phones and so created a future-proof name that would embrace the ideas of both VOice and
DAta mobile communication. Thus, Vodafone was chosen as the name of the new network, to reflect
the provision of voice and data services over mobile phones.
43
On 16 September _____, Vodafone ___________________ from Racal Electronics. Following this
________________, the Vodafone Group _________________________ as an independent company
and began trading on the London and New York Stock Exchanges. At the time, this was the largest
demerger in UK corporate history.
___________ years later, in addition to ________________________ Airtouch Communications in the
UK, it set up a joint venture with a US Telecommunications company, Bell Atlantic, to
______________ Verizon Wireless in the USA, an alliance which lasted until _____________. In that
year, it decided ____________________ its ________% stake to Verizon Communications for
$________________, in one of the biggest deals in corporate history
In recent years the company has continued its expansion by implementing a policy based on the
acquisition of other telecommunications companies. In April 2012, Vodafone announced an agreement
to acquire ___________________________________ (CWW) for $1.7bn, which greatly increased its
global presence. The following year, Vodafone took over the German cable
company, ____________________________, which was valued at €7.7 billion. Finally, in February
2014, Vodafone acquired Spain’s largest cable operator, ___________, in a deal worth around €7
billion.
Vodafone today
Formulate questions to obtain the missing information, using HOW MANY, HOW MUCH WHAT
PERCENT, WHERE or WHEN, Then your partner will answer them by referring to the U2 Vodafone
2.2 Vodafone Fact File PPT (EBS1Online Web pages). Look up any information that is not provided in the PPT.
PPT
Today Vodafone is a global company that owns and operates networks in _____________ countries
and has partner networks in over 41 additional countries. Its Vodafone Global Enterprise subsidiary
provides telecommunications and IT services to corporate clients in over 65 countries. The company
earned £____________________ in 20______. Its main competitors include Orange, Telefonica, the
BT Group and Deutsche Telekom.
Since 2001, one of the expansion strategies the company has been implementing is “Partner Networks”,
which enables Vodafone to introduce its services to local markets, without the need to make a hefty
investment. Under this plan, Vodafone services are marketed under the dual-brand scheme, where the
Vodafone brand is added at the end of the local brand.
In order to streamline its operations, in 2010 Vodafone Company implemented a reorganization of its
overall management structure, which currently consists of two main regions: Europe and the AMAP
region. AMAP comprises Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Pacific. In Europe, along with the UK,
Vodafone has a 100% ownership interest in _________________, _______________, and
____________. In AMAP, its main markets are in India, and South Africa, where it owns _________%
of the Vodacom Group.
In Spain, Vodafone has a __________% market share, and provides service to ___________ customers,
__________% of whom use its prepaid services. In 2014, Vodafone’s revenues in Spain amounted to
£____________________, which accounted for _____% of Vodafone’s total sales, while its EBITDA
(earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) totalled £____________________,
which represented _____% of Vodafone’s total profit.
The mobile communications revolution is entering new and uncharted territory, but as bandwidth
increases and applications proliferate, Vodafone’s fundamental approach will remain the same. As the
world enters a new, full colour, multimedia era, Vodafone will continue to invest, continue to innovate,
and continue to exceed its customers’ expectations.
44
a. Word search 1. The first letter is provided to help you find words in the text that mean:
Overview
2.2 currently a) now, at present
b) principal, most important
Word Search
leading
provider c) a company that offers services instead of goods
operations d) business activities of a company, or part of it
customers e) people who buy a company’s products or use its services
headquarters f) a company’s central or main offices
stakeholder g) anyone who has an economic interest in a business or enterprise,
purchases e.g. shareholders, employees, and suppliers.
manufacturers h) buys
i) makers, producers
worldwide j) throughout the world
retail stores
k) shops that sell goods to the public, usually in small rather than large
assist quantities (2 words)
l) help (verb)
accessories m) 1. supplementary components; 2. items that are worn or carried, but
are not part of your principal piece of clothing, e.g. belt, handbag,
sunglasses, etc.
latest market n) most recent, newest
target o) group of people at whom a product or service is aimed (2 words)
pensioners p) retired people, who no longer work
History
2.3 vision / foresight q) ability to see the future (2 different words in text)
Word Search bid for r) applied for, put in an offer for the acquisition of sth(2 words)
set up s) established, started a company (2 words)
t) be the place where the company has its headquarters (2 words)
based in u) (company) was formed, legally constituted
was incoporated v) formation of two companies from a single company
demerger w) the part of a business that you own because you have invested
stake money in it
x) growth, increasing an organization’s presence in more places
expansion y) put (a plan, a policy) into practice, carry out
z) began selling its shares publicly on a stock market
implement aa) got a controlling interest in a company by buying a majority of its
was listed shares (2 different terms – one is (phrasal verb)
acquire
took over
45
The company today
subsidiary bb) company which is more than 50% owned by another company,
known as the parent company
main competitors cc) principal rivals (2 words)
streamline dd) make sth more efficient and effective by using faster or simpler
working methods.
c of / ee) be made up of (2 different expressions)
c
amounted to ff) totalled (2 words)
revenues gg) income, money generated from a business activity
accounted for hh) represented (2 words)
sales ii) the plural nominal form of ‘sell’
profit jj) earnings; money that a business makes after costs are deducted
b. Vocabulary enrichment - Using professional language
Throughout the course you will be expected to incorporate new vocabulary into your oral and
written work in order to learn how to sound more professional. Substitute the everyday verbs
2.3 underlined in the sentences below with a more professional-sounding equivalent from the
Word Search
text.
Ex. _Nearly / own___ Almost all Britons have a mobile phone.
1. __________________ The company gives mobile phone services worldwide.
2. __________________ It buys them from other mobile phone makers.
3. __________________ The company does not make its own phones. (Note: the personal
noun, not the verb, appears in the text)
4. __________________ The company has engineers, IT specialists and salespeople.
5. __________________ Vodafone put into practice the reorganization of its regional
management structure.
6. __________________ Vodafone includes Vodafone Spain, Vodafone UK and Vodafone
Italy.
7. __________________ In South Africa the Company does business as Vodacom.
8. __________________ In 2014, Vodafone got ONO for €7bn..
9. __________________ Its revenues were over £43 bn in 2013..
10. __________________ In 2013, the company made over £12 bn in profits. .
11. __________________ Nowadays Vodafone is one of the principal companies in the
telecommunications industry.
46
c. Word building / transformation
1. Transform the following words by adding the appropriate suffix as in the example.
Verb Abstract Noun Personal noun Adjective
2.5 assistance assistant best-selling
sales employee leading
word builder assist manufacturer retail
expansion advisor / adviser
develop provision innovative
grow competitor
invest success founder
successor
own consumer
2. Use the appropriate form of one of the words above to complete the texts below.
2.6 Rather than 1 _______________ its own phones, Vodafone specializes in 2___________
gap fill mobile phone services to its customers. This policy has enabled it to become one of
the 3_____________ companies in the telecommunications sector. Since its 4______________
in 1982, the secret of its 5______________ has been its commitment to offering
6________________ the most up-to-date technology possible. One of the most exciting
recent 7______________ in mobile telephony has been the introduction of new services
such as Internet access and data transfer. The company’s strategy is to continue its
8___________ by acquiring new companies and to continue 9___________ more money in
R + D in order to stay ahead of the 10_____________. Vodafone also spends large
amounts of money training its 11_____________ so that they can 12_____________ the
customers that visit their shops and 13_____________ them on the most suitable phone
for their particular needs.
47
d. Structures for giving a list of examples
include / range from / such as + nominal structure / ing
The sentences below show ways of giving some examples of what you have previously
mentioned in a sentence. These expressions help you avoid etc. or ……, which are not
considered correct in academic or professional writing. All are followed by a nominal structure
or a gerund.
Inditex markets its products in 73 countries, including (= which include) Estonia, Thailand and Lebanon.
A secretary’s tasks include answering the phone, organising the office and arranging her boss’s meetings.
Procter and Gamble markets its products under different brand names such as Olay, Herbal Essence, Gillette
and Tide.
Vodafone has nearly 12,000 employees in the UK and 90,000 worldwide, ranging from *(= which range
from*) IT specialists and engineers to marketing analysts. (*used when there is a wide variety or range of different
items)
Language note: INVOLVE vs. INCLUDE
Be careful not to confuse the following two verbs:
My job involves preparing financial reports and keeping the accounts. (used to describe a job or post)
My responsibilities / tasks include interviewing candidates and training new employees. (used to give examples
of something you have just mentioned)
Complete the following sentences with one of the structures for introducing examples
provided in the box below. Vary the structures you use.
SUCH AS WHICH INCLUDE INCLUDING
RANGING FROM WHICH RANGE FROM
1. Our university offers a number of degrees in various fields .........................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
2. As Production Manager, Bob Harris has a lot of responsibilities ................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Apple markets a number of successful products ...............................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
4. A department store like el Corte Inglés sells many different kinds of products ....................
................................................................................................................................................................................
5. In Spain you can choose from several mobile phone providers ..................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
48
e. False friends
As we saw in the previous unit, like in education, in business there are thousands of cognates
between Spanish and English, i.e. words that are basically the same in both languages, with
the same etymology and similar meanings. However, there are also many other expressions—
also known as "false friends" or falsos amigos —that look like they might mean the same
thing but don't. They can be confusing, and if you make the mistake of using them in speech
or writing you're likely to be misunderstood. If you’d like to see a more complete list of typical
traps of this kind, visit the following Web sites:
http://www.eloihr.net/falsefriends/;
http://www.miguelmllop.com/glos/index.php;
http://spanish.about.com/cs/vocabulary/a/obviouswrong.htm
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsos_amigos
Find and correct the false friends in the following sentences. The number in [ ] indicates the
number of false friends in each sentence.
1. The M-11 massacre by Islamic terrorists has been one of the most tragic successes in recent
2.7 Spanish history. [1]
false friends
2. The EU, which began as the EEC, was originally funded by six countries. Actually it consists
of twenty-seven member states. [2]
3. The company won $25m in benefits last year, after costs had been deduced from last year’s
revenues, which ascended to $230m. [4]
4. Small shops accuse larger supermarkets and department stores of unfair competence. [1]
5. The fusion of Banco Pastor with Banco Popular in 2011 created the fifth largest bank in
Spain. [1]
6. At Zara, you can buy clothing and complements such as belts and handbags. [1]
7. Actions are usually a good long-term inversion option. [2]
8. Sales in Europe supposed 20% of the company’s total turnover. [1]
9. As part of his job, he has to assist to frequent meetings at the company’s headquarters in
Newbury. [1]
10. The promotional campaign had an enormous exit; sales increased by 40%. [2]
11. He elected the less expensive option of the two. [1]
12. The company has contracted four new employees; before they start, they will have to do a
two-week formation course.[2]
13. In view of the scandal, the Managing Director was forced to resign from his charge. [1]
14. Nokia’s last phone includes Internet, video and MP3. [1]
15. To become a lawyer, you need a title in Law. [1]
Communication Files 3A p71 & 3B p75
49
LANGUAGE USE 2. Simple Past-Active and Passive Voice
1. The simple past tense is the tense most frequently used to describe a company’s history or
past performance. As seen in the texts you have read about a company’s history, you will also
find past tense verbs in the passive voice.
In 1982 The Racal Telecoms Division was set up to develop the first cellular network in the UK.
Vodafone was chosen as the name of the new network.
Estée Lauder was founded by Esther Mentzer in 1948.
Practice
1. Practise forming the passive voice by completing the short texts about Nintendo. Form
complete sentences where the words are given, adding any necessary word(s) and using the
correct verb form.
The verbs are in INFINITIVE form.
Nintendo is a leading electronics company which is based in Kyoto, Japan.
FOUND / Fusajiro Yamauchi / 1889
..........................................................................................................................................................................
At first the company produced and marketed playing cards. However, the company started
making games in 1966. first video games / LAUNCH / 1970’s/ and / first handheld video games
/ SELL /1980
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
Thanks to / success, the first Game Boy / DESIGN / 1989.
..........................................................................................................................................................................
Today Nintendo continues to sell home consoles, the improved version of its original Game
Boy.
2. Remember that the question form depends on whether the verb is active or passive.
Complete the following questions based on this text and then practise these question forms
with Communication Files 4A p72 & 4B p76
When ....................... the company …………………………………………… making games? → in 1966
When ..........................................................................? → in the 1970’s.
What ................... the company ……………………………………………………… at first?→ playing cards
When ...............................................................................? → in 1989
Passive Question Formation WS 2.3 p153
50
2.3 Company structures
A subsidiary is a company that is more than 50% owned by another company, known as the
parent company, which is said to have a majority interest or controlling stake in it. An
affiliate is a company in which another company has a minority interest (less than 50%)
or two companies that are related because they belong to the same parent company.
CompuTech
International
CompuTech CompuTech CompuTech
UK (66%) Spain (75%) Italy(68%)
2.8 Put a suitable word in the spaces with a solid line and decide if an article (a, the) is
gap fill necessary on the …… line..
CompuTech International, ……… _________________ company, has three __________________ . It
_________________ ……… 66% of CompuTech UK, ……….. 75% of CompuTech Spain and ………
69% of CompuTech Italy. In other words, CompuTech Intl. has ……….. ___________ _____________
in each of these three _________________. In relation to each other, Computech Italy and
Computech Spain are ………. _________________.
Listening 2.1. Sara Lee-Douwe-Egberts. Practice with numbers.
In Unit One you heard Esteban Farrero describing his post as General Manager of Douwe-
Egberts in Spain. Now you are going to listen to a short profile of the company. Complete the
table below with the information you hear.
COMPANY PROFILE
Sara Lee Corporation Douwe Egberts
Status: parent company Status: subsidiary 100% owned by
Nationality: _______________________
No. of employees worldwide: ________ Sara Lee Corp.
Annual turnover: ___________________
Business activities: __________________ Nationality: ___________________
_________________________________ Main product: _________________
Year established: ______________
Sara Lee/DE Spain
Status: regional offices Douwe-Egberts Spain
No. of employees: ________________ Location: ____________________
No. of employees: ______________
Annual turnover: ______________
51
US giant acquires Royale
S & L gets its hands on Royale’s lace
Royale Intimates –owner of the Bare Needs and Royale Chic bra
acquisition
brands– has finally agreed to a takeover bid from S & L Apparel,
U.S. manufacturer of the Wonderful bra brand. The US textile and consumer products group had been
after its British competitor for months and finally succeeded by offering 145p per share, which valued
Royale at £150m ($238m). Its original bid in February of 100p per share had been dismissed by Royale
as far too low.
Royale, founded in the year 1849, is an emblematic British intimate apparel manufacturer, whose shares
–which had performed poorly until S & L’s original offer– jumped 14p to 142.2p on the announcement.
S & L 's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Brian Jones, commented: "The acquisition will strengthen
our European presence and give us access to a range of exciting market opportunities. We believe that
the combination of S & L and Royale has strong commercial logic and will bring benefits for retail trade
customers and consumers which could not be achieved by Royale alone."
Based in Chicago, S & L is a global apparel manufacturer with more than $20bn in annual revenues. Its
product range includes T-shirts, socks, stockings, underwear and bras. The firm has nearly 150,000
employees and operates in more than 55 countries. Royale, on the other hand, employs 20,000 people
in 17 countries. Two years ago its profits amounted to £27.8 m on sales of £900m. It is one of the main
suppliers of Marks & Spencer, the well-known British clothing retailer, which accounted for nearly 40%
of Royale’s turnover.
This year, however, Royale had been under intense pressure to reduce prices as a result of the financial
difficulties of its main customer, Marks & Spencer. The retail chain has been squeezing its suppliers to
cut costs as it outsources more and more overseas. Consequently, Royale was forced to make 2,000
employees redundant, who were mainly making clothes for M&S. Royale announced losses of £3.6m
last September.
1 p stands for pence. 100 pence = £1 (one pound sterling) in Great Britain
52
US Giant Buys Royale.
a. Reading Comprehension questions Ask your partner the following questions.
STUDENT A
1. Who is the “US Giant” mentioned in the headline? What are three other ways that this
company is referred to as in the article?
2. What price per share did Royale first reject? What price did it finally agree to accept? How
much did the acquisition price amount to?
3. What effect did the announcement have on Royale’s share price? Was the price per share
paid by S & L higher or lower?
4. What does Royale specialize in? How old is Royale? Where is it based?
5. Where does S & L have its headquarters?
STUDENT B
1. Give two examples of intimate apparel mentioned in the article.
2. How much money did Royale make in the two-year period before this article was published
after paying costs and taxes?
3. What company is Royale’s main customer? What % of Royale’s sales does this customer
account for?
4. How many employees did Royale have to fire? Why?
5. What have Royale’s most recent financial results been like?
Follow-up practice
2.9 / 2.10 b. Synonyms. Read the words below to your partner. He must find the synonym in the text
matching on the previous page (among the words highlighted in grey) and write the synonym above
the word in the text on the previous page.
STUDENT A (Paragraphs 1 & 2) STUDENT B (Paragraphs 3 & 4)
acquisition abroad
advantages earnings
badly, not well variety
buyers lay (sb) off
established multinational
maker, producer negative results
offer to buy put pressure on
public statement decrease (2)
reinforce represented
rejected, turned down sales revenue
rival subcontract
underwear totalled
53
Speaking practice and vocabulary review
a. Practise the new vocabulary from this unit by discussing the following with your partner in
English. If your partner is not sure of the meaning of a word, try to explain it in English.
b. When you finish discussing write a complete sentence answering each question to give your
teacher. You must use the word(s) in bold print in your answer.
1. What apparel manufacturers do you know? Name some of the products they make.
2. Do you think that hotels in Spain had higher revenues last summer or in the summer of
2012? Why?
3. Nike is a leading sportswear manufacturer. What does it produce?? Which of its products
do you think accounts for most of its sales?
4. What chain of stores do you think is the leading clothing retailer in Spain? What retailers
are its main competition?
5. Many companies in Spain have had to make many of their workers redundant. Why? Can
you think of any recent examples?
6. Inditex’s turnover in 2018 amounted to €16.14 bn. Do you think their profits for that year
totalled €3.4bn, €340m or €34m?
7. Did Inditex acquire or take over any of the retail
subsidiaries that the company currently owns
and operates? If so, which one and when?
8. What services does this university outsource?
9. Name some well-known Spanish companies
(outside the fashion industry) that operate
overseas.
10. What percent of Inditex’s turnover do you think Zara accounts for?
c. Translation exercise. Talking about figures.
Notice the following expressions that are used to talk about a company's financial
performance and results. How would you translate them into English?
1. El año pasado la empresa obtuvo un beneficio de 27,8 millones de libras.
2. Las ventas en Europa supusieron el 33% de los ingresos de la empresa.
3. Los ingresos de Vodafone ascendieron a 900 millones de libras en 2019.
4. La empresa va a ser adquirida por Vodafone en los próximos días por 238,5 millones de dólares.
5. Actualmente, el fabricante de esta marca da empleo a más de 20.000 personas en todo el mundo.
54
Some Common Financial Terms
revenue - general term that refers to the gross amount of money a company earns from its
business activities and investments in other businesses.
sales revenue/turnover - how much the company has made solely from the sales of its
products or services; also known as the top line.
expenses/expenditures - costs incurred in the ordinary course of business to be deducted
from revenue(s).
profits/earnings/income (gross or net) - how much the company has earned after
deducting expenses from revenue(s). REVENUE - EXPENSES = INCOME
gross - before expenses have been deducted
gross profit/gross earnings/gross income - gross refers to the total amount of income
before deductions
net - after expenses have been deducted
net profit/net earnings/net income - after all deductions and adjustments have been taken
off, also known as the bottom line
NOTE: If net income is positive, the business turned a profit; if net income is negative, the business turned a loss.
The Income Statement - a financial document which shows a company's performance over
a given period of time, usually a year.
The Balance Sheet - a financial document which shows where the company's money is at
present, i.e. the status of the company’s assets, liabilities and owners’ equity on a
given date. ASSETS = LIABILITIES+EQUITY
Useful expressions
PLACE
A global company is present all over the world / throughout the world/ around the world / worldwide.
Benetton is present all over Europe / throughout Europe.
(NOT over(all) the world/Europe; in all the world/Europe; all around the world/Europe; across the
world/Europe/etc. )
TIME
Another way of referring to the present is currently, at present, today. Avoid using nowadays which
means ‘now, compared with what happened in the past’, and is used to compare social changes, not to
describe the present moment.
To speak about the future using NEXT, you must add the word FEW.
the next few days/weeks/months/years
Founded in the United States in 1939, today, currently, at present nowadays the company sells its
brands in over 200 countries. It plans to continue expanding over the next few/ next years.
55
d. Verb tense review.
Complete the sentences below with a correct verb in the correct tense.
2.11
gap fill
1. Steve Jobs WAS CEO of Apple until September 2011 when he resigned
from the post.
2. Tim Cook HAS BEEN the CEO since Jobs’ resignation.
3. Tim Cook was appointed CEO when Steve Jobs resigned from the post.
4. Tim Cook STARTED/BEGAN working for Apple in 1998.
5. Tim Cook HAS WORKED at Apple since 1998.
6. Before that, he WORKED/WAS EMPLOYED at Compaq.
7. Apple MANUFACTURES mobile phones as well as computers.
8. Apple EARNED $48bn in revenues last year. This year it HAS not EARNED as much.
9. Apple HAS SUCCEEDED thanks to its attractive, well-designed, innovative products.
10. Its current net worth AMOUNTS to $945bn.
Online viewing
VIDEO 2.2 Company profiles. List of company profile videos with
company histories
56
2.4 - DEVELOPING WRITING SKILLS.
COMPLEX SENTENCE STRUCTURES
LANGUAGE USE 1. Apposition (U2.6 PPT)
A structure that is often used to form complex sentences is apposition. Apposition is simple
and easy to use. It is formed by inserting a nominal structure separated by commas directly
after the noun it describes. Apposition can be formed with a simple nominal structure:
Donald Trump, the President of the US, will be visiting the Prime Minister next month. = (Donald Trump
will be visiting the Prime Minister next month. Donald Trump is the President of the US.)
The new CEO, Philip Clark, has called a meeting with all the managers. = (The new CEO has called a
meeting with all the managers. The new CEO is Philip Clark.)
Apposition can also be formed with a complex nominal structure like you formed in the last
exercise.
Apollo, a U.S. based private equity firm, has made a takeover bid for the RPC group.= (Apollo has made
a takeover bid for RPC Group. Apollo is a US based private equity firm.)
Peugeot, a leading French car manufacturer, took over Citroën in 1975 = (Peugeot took over Citroën
in 1975. Peugeot is a leading French car manufacturer.)
IMPORTANT:
Apposition must ALWAYS appear directly before or after the word it modifies
2.18 Practice
multiple 1. Practise using apposition by rewriting the sentences below. For each sentence select a
choice suitable complex nominal structure from the grid and add it in the correct place. Don’t forget
to use commas.
1. Amancio Ortega is one of the richest men in Spain. a) the world's largest chain of
2. Bank of America took over Merrill Lynch in 2008. fast food restaurants
3. Mattel is best-known for its Barbie doll. b) a leading US commercial
bank
4. Carrefour operates over 15,000 stores in 33
countries worldwide. c) a US toy manufacturer
5. McDonald's Corporation serves nearly 47 million d) the founder of Inditex
customers daily all over the world.
e) the largest hypermarket
6. Pepsi markets its products under a variety of well- chain in the world
known brands, which include Pepsi-Cola, Frito-Lay
and Tropicana. f) the multinational food and
beverage company
Appendix 1.4 Correct order of adjectives pp144-145
Complex Sentences WS 2.2 p151
57
Practice. Combine the information given below about each company to form an apposition.
Add true information about the company to complete the sentence. Do not use the word
“company” in your answer.
2.17b EXAMPLE: Peugeot makes cars. It is a French company. It is a leading company.
word order
Peugeot, a leading French car maker, was founded at the end of the 19th century.
1. Heineken produces beer. It is the largest company of this type in Holland. It is Dutch.
2. Prada designs clothing. The clothing is fashionable. Its headquarters are in Italy. It is well-
known.
3. Uber developed a mobile app. It is based in the U.S. It is very popular.
4. Mercadona is a food retailer. It is highly successful. It is Spanish.
5. L’Oréal manufactures cosmetics. It is a global company. It is French.
6. El Corte Ingles is a chain of department stores. It is the leading one. It is based in Spain.
7. Procter & Gamble is based in the U.S.A. It distributes consumer goods. It is a major
company.
8. McDonald’s sells fast-food. It is a restaurant chain. It is the most popular one in the world.
9. Vega Sicilia produces wine. It is a high-quality wine. It is produced in Spain.
10. Electronic Arts develops video games. It is a multinational company. It is innovative.
Nationality: nouns and adjectives p110
Appendix 1.4 Correct order of adjectives pp144-145
58
Use / omission of A/AN/THE when talking about nationality
2.17a Indicate which of the nominal structures below are correct.
correct or More than one of the phrases may be correct.
wrong? 1. __________ the France’s president
2. __________ the French president
3. __________ the president of France
4. __________ France´s president
5. __________ the french president
1. __________ a USA manufacturer
2. __________ USA’s manufacturer
3. __________ a U.S. manufacturer
4. __________the USA’s manufacturer
5. __________ an USA manufacturer
1. __________ a leading British producer
2. __________ a British leading producer
3. __________ Britain’s leading producer
4. __________ the Britain’s leading producer
5. __________ the leading Britain’s producer
1. __________ the major Spanish clothing retailer
2. __________ one of Spain’s major clothing retailers
3. __________ the Spain’s major clothing retailer
4. __________ a major Spanish retailer
5. __________ the major clothing retailer of Spain
6. __________ the largest clothing retailer in Spain
7. __________ one of the Spain´s largest retailer
1. __________ the Spanish most important olive oil producer
2. __________ the Spain’s leading olive oil producer
3. __________ the top olive oil producer in Spain
4. __________ the Spanish principal olive oil producer
Language note
major - [adjective usually used before noun; used with indefinite article
A, never with THE] important, when compared to other things or people
that are similar [≠ minor] e.g. a major role /factor/company etc.
SYNONYMS: leading, top, prominent
Britain played a major role in the negotiations.
There are two major political parties in the US.
a major player in the retail sector.
a major development in computer technology
a major company in the textile industry
a major pharmaceutical manufacturer
59
LANGUAGE USE 2. Normal relative clauses
1. Complete the sentences below with a relative pronoun.
2.12a a) Colgate Palmolive, __________________ owns Sanex, is a leading global manufacturer and
multiple distributor of high-quality consumer products.
choice
b) The Managing Director, __________________ is the company’s top executive officer,
supervises the work of the senior executives.
c) Oscar Meyer, _____________ headquarters are in Chicago, was founded by a German
immigrant in 1904.
d) Colgate-Palmolive’s profit, 81.5% of _____________ comes from outside the U.S., amounted
to $4.2bn in 2019.
e) Hanes clothing lines, most of _____________ are basic apparel products such as socks, T-
shirts and underwear, do not have to adapt to changing fashion trends.
f) Established in 1957 as Executive Leasing, the company was later renamed Enterprise by
founder Jack Taylor in 1969 in memory of the aircraft carrier_____________ he served on
during WWII.
g) Nick Read, ____________ is the current CEO of Vodafone, has occupied this post since
October 2018.
h) Laura T. Koellner and J.T. Battenberg, each of ___________ heads a division, are both
executive vice-presidents.
i) The Board of Directors has to decide _______________ to do in moments of crisis.
j) The hotel ______________ we have organised the meeting has a large conference room in
_____________ presentations can be given.
k) The new Chairman of the Board, whom the shareholders elected in the second round of
votes, was previously the company’s CEO.
l) The policy _____________ the CEO plans to implement is not very popular among the
workers.
GRAMMAR QUESTION
a. In which sentences …
1. could you use ‘that’? _________________________
2. could you omit the relative pronoun? ________________________
b. List all the relative pronouns you used.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
c. Discuss with your partner how and when each is used.
d. What do sentences d), e) and h) have in common?
60
2. Combine the sentences below by converting the underlined word/expression in the 2nd
sentence into an adjective clause and inserting it in the appropriate place in the 1st sentence.
2.12b IMPORTANT:
multiple
choice An adjectival clause must ALWAYS appear next to the word it modifies.
a) Oscar Meyer has its headquarters in Chicago. Oscar Meyer was founded in 1904.
b) ONO was taken over by Vodafone in 2014. Its shares were valued at 70 p.
c) Mr. Colao has been at the head of the company since 2008. Mr. Colao succeeded Mr.
Sarin.
b) Zara and Berksha are owned by Inditex. Both of them are well-known fashion retail
outlets in Spain.
c) Vodafone employs nearly 93,000 people worldwide. 11,000 of these employees work
in the UK.
d) Wal-Mart first opened in China in 1996 and now has 47 stores, including three Sam's Club
stores. One of these Sam’s Club stores opened this year in Beijing.
e) Vodacom is based in South Africa. Over half of Vodacom is owned by the Vodafone
Group.
3. Write sentences, using the visual prompts and relative pronouns provided. Include
apposition as well. You cannot use the verb BE as a principal verb. You can use the back
of Worksheet 2.1 (page 150) to write your answers.
61
2.13 Grammar Reference 1 – Relative Clauses pp 77-80
relative clauses WS 2.1 p150
further practice
multiple choice 62
LANGUAGE USE 3. Reduced relative clauses (PPT U2.6)
Write down some examples of reduced relative clauses which your teacher provides.
Examples:
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
SUMMARY
To add information, we have seen the following types of subordinate clauses.
1) Apposition a nominal clause, no verb
Pau Gasol, ________________________, has won two NBA championships.
2) Normal relative clause can begin with that, who, which, whose, where, when.
There are defining and non-defining relative clauses.
Pau Gasol, _________________________, has won two NBA championships.
3. Reduced relative clause always begin with a verb (past or present participle).
______________________, Pau Gasol has won two NBA championships.
Poorly written sentence
Mercedes, which is a German vehicle manufacturer which was founded in 1881 which is a
division of Daimler AG, is known for the quality and durability of its automobiles.
1) A sentence should NEVER contain more than one WHICH.
2) A relative clause needs to be next to the noun it modifies.
3) Avoid including too much information in a subordinate clause after the noun
Improved sentence
Founded in 1881, Mercedes, a German vehicle manufacturer which is a division of Daimler
AG, is known for the quality and durability of its automobiles.
63
Practice.
1. “Reduce” the relative clauses below by eliminating unnecessary words, changing the verb
or adding a preposition
1. 3M specialises in making a wide range of office products, which range from Scotch tape
to Post-it notes.
2. Vodafone, which was founded in the 1980s, hosted the first mobile phone call in the UK.
3. A multinational company needs executives that are willing to travel.
4. Inditex, which is owned by Amancio Ortega, designs, manufactures and sells fashionable
clothing.
5. Apple makes electronic devices, which include mobile phones, tablets and laptops.
2. Combine these sentences into one. You cannot use the verbs BE or HAVE (is, are, was,
has, etc.) as a principal verbs, only as an auxiliary verb. Each sentence must include 1) a
NORMAL RELATIVE CLAUSE, 2)a REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSE and 3) an APPOSITION.
1. Mercadona was founded by Juan Roig in 1977. It is a leading Spanish supermarket chain.
It sells its own product lines. It began as a small butcher shop.
2. Rafa Nadal was born in 1986. He plays tennis. He is Spanish. His uncle encouraged him
to take up tennis at the age of three. He has won Roland Garros 12 times.
3. Inditex is based in Galicia. It manufactures clothing. It is divided into eight business
formats. One of them, Zara, accounts for 67% of its income.
4. Pablo Isla is Inditex’s Chairman. He was appointed in 2011. He joined Inditex in 2005. In
2018 he was named the best CEO in the world by the HBR (Harvard Business Review).
5. Vodafone provides telephone services globally. It is headquartered in the UK. It went
public in 1991. It acquired ONO for $130bn in 2014.
64
2.5 VOCABULARY REVIEW COMPANY PROFILES
Verb+Noun Collocations
Your objective is to fill in the gaps in the definitions on the next page with an appropriate verb from
this page. Procedure: Read a pair of examples on this page and then, on the next page, find the
appropriate definition for the verb in bold. Definition '1' is an example.
Contextualised Examples:
a. The results that you are trying to achieve are being put at risk by their behaviour.
High-performance work design enabled them to achieve those objectives by increasing flexibility,
output quality and effective use of assets.
b. The current rate of unemployment in the US amounts to 9.2%.
Burger King’s total revenue amounted to $2.23 bn in 2007.
c. Though French brands still account for nearly half of the luxury market, German, British, Italian
and even a few Japanese and American brands are showing up on the shelves.
Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea now account for 6.2% of world trade.
d. The television company's sales teams are based in London, where 90 per cent of the advertising
comes from.
Google, based in California, has been rated as the best place to work according to Fortune
Magazine.
e. The European Union has grown significantly since its foundation in 1993 and today it is made up
of 27 member states.
The Board of Directors is made up of 12 Directors who are elected by the shareholders.
f. Before breaking into the Japanese market, Haagan Daz carried out extensive market research,
As the Chairman’s personal assistant, you will be expected to carry out a variety of tasks.
g. If you have any problems, you should speak to the customer services manager, who will be able
to deal with the problem, or advise what you should do.
Ms Burkhart deals with the German clients and and I deal with the Italians.
h. A company's decision to develop a new product is probably one of the most important decisions
to be made in the history of that company.
Obama proposed developing a new spacecraft to carry Americans back to the moon as early as
2015.
i. The banks were ordered to implement internal reforms but there was a lot of resistance to the
changes.
If you want your report to be read by someone who has the authority to implement your
proposals, you must be brief and incisive.
j. The post of Marketing Manager involves a lot of travelling.
Successfully breaking into a foreign market involves carrying out market research and adapting
products to meet the needs of local consumers.
k. However, any commercial negotiations would require Australian Government approval.
Nevertheless, we will, of course, require your assistance in writing the non-financial section of the
memorandum.
l. The employee training program has been running since the company implemented it in 2001.
Mr Blake has been running the company since 1987.
m. Topaz specializes in designing high-quality Italian fashion accessories.
Some market research companies are specialized in certain industrial sectors.
65
2.14 1. Complete the following definitions using the appropriate verb in bold from the contextualised
gap fill examples on the previous page. Definition '1' is an example.
DEFINITIONS
1. If you develop a product, you design and produce it. Example pair: h
2. If a person or thing ______________________ something, that thing is needed or is necessary. Example
pair: _____
3. If a company is ______________________ a place, it has its headquarters in that place (= It is
headquartered in that place). Example pair: _____
4. If you ______________________ something you succeed in doing it, obtaining it, or causing it to happen,
usually after a lot of effort. Example pair: _____
5. If something is ______________________ a number of things or people, it is composed of those people
or things. Example pair: _____
6. If you ______________________ a thing, you know a lot about it and concentrate a lot of your time and
efforts on it. Example pair: _____
7. If you ______________________ something or someone, you give your attention to it or them, often with
the objective of solving a problem. Example pair: _____
8. If something ______________________ a particular total, all the parts of it add up to that total. Example
pair: _____
9. ______________________ = "represent" e.g. an amount. Example pair: _____
10. If a situation or activity ______________________ something, that thing is a necessary part or
consequence of it. Example pair: _____
11. If you ______________________ something, you ensure that what has been planned is done. Example
pair: _____
12. If you ______________________ a task, you do it. Example pair: _____
13. i) If you talk about how a system or organisation ___________________, you say how well it operates.
Example pair: _____ (ii) If you ______________________ a business or an activity, you are in charge of
it or you organise it. Example pair: _____
2. Match the verbs with either the nouns with which they collocate or the type of noun with which they
collocate (in italics). Use the definitions and examples to help you. Then fill in the blanks with a noun
from either the example sentences or the definitions. Verbs nos.8 and 2 are examples.
2.15 VERB COLLOCATION
matching 1. achieve a) ideas, a new product
2. amount to i) b) improvements, experiments, surveys, tests, ______________, _______________
3. account for c) a business activity (normally in the gerund) ex. making chocolates
4. (be) based in d) a number e.g. five sections
5. (be) made up of e) a place
6. carry out f) department, business,_____________________
7. deal with g) emergencies, crises, _____________________
8. develop a) h) a proportion or percentage of a total or whole
9. implement i) a quantity, figure, proportion or percentage
10. involve j) goals, success, targets, progress, __________________, __________________
11. require k) permission,_____________________,_____________________
12. run l) a plan, a policy, a strategy, a decision, ___________,____________
13. specialize in m) an activity, (normally with a gerund) ex. attending a lot of meetings
66
3. Complete the blanks below by choosing the most appropriate verb. Make sure you use the
appropriate tense and form (Active or Passive).
2.16a account for be based in develop implement run
gap fill achieve be made up of ensure involve specialize in
be aimed (at) carry out employ launch work on
amount to deal with have require
1. The company’s R +D department is in charge of coming up with new product ideas and
_______________ these new products. At the moment, our researchers _____________________
on a new type of motor that runs on water.
2. The company ____________________ over 450 workers.
3. The company’s workforce _______________________ about 1,000 employees.
4. The Latin American market ____________________ 24% of the company's sales last year.
5. The Managing Director is responsible for ____________________ company policy and
____________________ that everything ____________________ smoothly.
6. The company has to ____________________ the problems caused by the increasing number of
competitors on the market.
7. This new video game ____________________ at teenage girls between 14 and 18 years of age.
8. The type of work (that) a Purchasing Manager does ____________________ negotiating with
suppliers in order to obtain the best prices.
9. A management position ____________________ a person with the ability to motivate people
and work on a team.
10. Consumer spending on sports gear in 2001 ____________________ $9.75 billion.
11. The company ____________________ the United States but it ____________________ subsidiaries
all over the world.
12. The company hopes to ____________________ this objective by the end of next year.
13. Before ___________________ the new product, the company had ____________________ an
extensive market research study.
14. The company ______________________ manufacturing and selling fast-moving consumer
goods.
Test your knowledge so far in this course:
Sentence completion:
Verb + Noun Collocations WS 2.1 p149
67
4. Complete the text below with the correct word. Then identify the company being described.
2.16b BASED in Sweden, _________ , the world’s LARGEST furniture and home product RETAILER
multiple has stores THROUGHOUT the world. It is SPECIALISED in selling affordable flat pack
choice furniture that customers can assemble by THEMSELVES at home. FOUNDED in 1943 by 17-
year-old Ingvar Kamprad from Elmtaryd in Agunnaryd, South Sweden, its name COMES from
the initials of its FOUNDER and the places he grew up. The company OPERATES over 300
stores as franchises in 37 countries with over 12,000 products in its catalogue RANGING from
furniture to bathroom and kitchen items. The company, WHICH EMPLOYS over 125,000
people WORLDWIDE , aims “to create a better everyday life for people by offering a wide
RANGE of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as MANY
people as possible will be ABLE to afford them”. Europe alone ACCOUNTS for 65% of
its sales.
Possible answers for translation exercise p54
Compare the sentences you translated with the proposed translations below.
1. Last year, the company obtained / reported / generated a profit of £27.8m. / the company earned
£27.8m in profit(s). / The company’s profit(s) last year amounted to £27.8m
2. European sales / Sales/ Turnover in Europe accounted for 33% of the company's (gross)
income/revenue.
3. Vodafone’s revenue amounted to / totalled 900 million pounds /£900m in 2019.
4. The company is going to be acquired / taken over/ bought out by Vodafone in the next few days
for £238.5m.
5. Today/ At present/ Currently, this brand manufacturer employs over 20,000 people worldwide /
throughout the world.
68
COMMUNICATION FILES
FILE 1A NUMBER PRACTICE
Part 1 Number Practice
1. Read these figures to 2. Listen to your partner reading these figures. If s/he says it incorrectly,
your partner. Your make him/her repeat it until he/she says it correctly.
partner will tell you to eighteen eighty six
try again if you say it sixteen oh one
incorrectly. two thousand and seven, twenty oh seven
1524 five pounds thirty
1806 years
2010 nineteen point seven six percent
£7.95 nought/zero point three four nine
64.41% two thousand four hundred (and) thirty*
0.482 five thousand two hundred (and) thirty-six*
7,932 seven hundred (and) twenty-four thousand, two hundred (and)
8,498 sixty-eight*
945,841 three hundred (and) sixty-three thousand, five hundred (and)
641,781 forty-two*
$25,000,000,000 three million four hundred thousand
* In U.S. English, the ‘and’ is often omitted.
Part 2 Question and Number Practice. Interesting facts
Ask your partner questions and write in the missing numbers in the first column. Then answer
your partner’s questions using the information you have. You must form your questions
using one of the word(s) below. You cannot simply use WHAT:
HOW MANY? HOW MUCH? WHEN? WHAT PERCENT(AGE) OF?
1,600,000,000 Number of Muslims1 in the world
€88m Number of cars Toyota sold in 2015.
57,000 Amount of money Cristiano Ronaldo earned in 2015
90% Profit Inditex made in 2015
55,000 Number of people Google employs
1886 Year Apple launched its first iPod
12% Percentage of Americans who own a mobile phone
Amount Bill Gates is worth
Number of different products 3M makes
Year Nokia was founded
Year Coca Cola was invented
Percentage of Spanish homes which have Internet
Percentage of applicants accepted by Harvard Business School
1 Muslims - musulmanes
69
FILE 2A – FORMULATING QUESTIONS
Speaking
1. Get the following information from your partner by asking a correctly formulated question.
2. Then answer your partner’s questions, using your
common sense. Where are you
Example: Ask your partner where he/she is studying. studying?
Ask your partner:
…….. where Inditex is based.
……. where Toyota has its headquarters.
……. what retail stores he / she usually goes to.
……. what he/ she buys there.
…….what retail store chain probably has a larger market share, Zara or Cortefiel.
……. what easyJet’s target market is.
70
FILE 3A FALSE FRIENDS 1
1. With a partner, take turns reading out the sentences below. The partner who listens must
identify the false friend and decide which of the two sentences is correct. The partner with the
error should correct the mistake in his/her sentence.
1. The M-11 massacre by Islamic terrorists has been the most horrible success in recent Spanish
history.
2. The EU, which began as the EEC, was originally founded by six countries.
3. It began with six founding members, but currently it consists of twenty-seven member states.
4. Following its new marketing campaign, the company earned $25m last year.
5. In 2004, Microsoft’s profits were even higher than those of the previous year.
6. After costs had been deduced, it became clear that earnings ascended to $8m, 3% higher
than the previous quarter’s. (2 errors)
7. Small shops accuse larger supermarkets and departments stores of unfair competition.
8. The fusion of Banco Santander with Banco Central and Banco Hispano-Americano created the
largest bank in Spain.
9. At Zara, you can buy clothing and accessories such as belts and handbags.
10. Shares are usually a good long-term investment option.
11. Sales in Europe supposed 20% of the company’s total turnover.
12. As part of his job, he has to assist to frequent meetings at the company’s headquarters in
Newbury.
13. The promotional campaign was enormously successful; sales increased by 40%.
14. He chose the less expensive option.
15. In view of the scandal, the Managing Director was forced to resign from his charge.
16. Vodafone’s latest phone has Internet, video and MP3.
71
FILE 4A PASSIVE QUESTION REVIEW
INSTRUCTIONS. After you answer your partner’s questions, formulate the question
needed to obtain the missing information from your partner.
QUESTIONS
Ex.The cheeseburger was patented by Louis Ballast in 1935.
What was patented by Louis Ballast in 1935?
1. Air bags were first included as a safety feature in cars in 1973.
2. The book Business @ the Speed of Thought was written by Bill Gates.
3. Sony, an electronics company, was founded in 1946.
4. The first Apple Macintosh computer was sold for $2,495 in 1984.
5. Rolex watches were first manufactured in Switzerland in 1906.
6. BMW’s headquarters are situated in Munich.
7. In 1971, Carolyn Davidson was paid $35 to design the Nike logo.
8. The original Mini was designed by Alec Issigonis in 1959.
9. The first McDonald's restaurant was opened in Illinois in 1955.
10. IBM is known as 'Big Blue'.
FUN FACTS-ANSWERS
Scan the sentences below to find the information your partner is asking you for.
The first iPad was sold on January 23rd, 2010 for $399.
Crash test dummies were first used in safety tests on cars in 1966.
The first shopping mall was built near Kansas City in 1922.
Google was set up in 1998.
Guinness (beer company) is based in Dublin, Ireland.
Microsoft Windows was launched in 1983.
The cash register was first introduced in shops in 1883.
The first Ford motor factory was located in Detroit.
The first patented glue was made from fish.
The Suez Canal was opened in Egypt in 1869.
The World Bank's headquarters are located in Washington DC.
Passive question formation - Worksheet 2.3 p153
72
FILE 1B NUMBER PRACTICE
Part 1 Number Practice
1. Listen to your partner reading these figures. If s/he says it 2. Read these figures to your
incorrectly, make him/her repeat it until he/she says it correctly. partner. Your partner will
fifteen twenty four tell you to try again if you
eighteen oh six say it incorrectly.
two thousand and ten, twenty ten 1886
seven pounds ninety-five 1601 years
sixty-four point four one percent 2007
nought/zero point four eight two
seven thousand nine hundred (and) thirty-two* £ 5.30
eight thousand four hundred (and) ninety-eight* 19.76%
nine hundred (and) forty-five thousand, eight hundred 0.349
(and) forty-one* 2,430
six hundred (and) forty-one thousand, seven hundred (and) 5,236
eighty-one* 724, 268
363, 542
twenty five billion dollars
* In U.S. English, the ‘and’ is often omitted. 3,400,000
Part 2 Question and Number Practice
Ask your partner questions and write in the missing numbers in the first column. Then answer
your partner’s questions using the information you have. You must form your questions
using one of the word(s) below. You cannot simply use WHAT:
HOW MANY? HOW MUCH? WHEN? WHAT PERCENTAGE?
96,781 Number of Muslims1 in the world
€1,250,000,000 Number of cars Toyota sold in 2015.
2001 Amount of money Cristiano Ronaldo earned in 2015
$86bn Profit Inditex made in 2015
1865 Number of people Google employs
79% Year Apple launched its first iPod
Percentage of Americans who own a mobile phone
Amount Bill Gates is worth
Number of different products 3M makes
Year Nokia was founded
Year Coca Cola was invented
Percentage of Spanish homes which have Internet
Percentage of applicants accepted by Harvard Business School
If you had problems forming the questions, write them for homework.
1 Muslims - musulmanes
73
FILE 2B – FORMULATING QUESTIONS
Speaking
1. Answer your partner’s questions, using your common sense.
2. Then get the following information from your partner by asking a correctly formulated question.
Example: Ask your partner where he/she is Where are you
studying. studying?
Ask your partner:
…where Heineken is based.
…where Fiat has its headquarters.
…what is his /her favourite retail shop.
…how frequently he / she goes shopping there.
…what retail store chain probably has a larger market share: Massimo Dutti or Promod.
……. what Imaginarium’s target market is
74
FILE 3B FALSE FRIENDS
With a partner, take turns reading out the sentences below. The partner who listens must
identify the false friend and decide which of the two sentences is correct. The partner with the
error should correct the mistake in his/her sentence.
1. The M-11 massacre by Islamic terrorists has been the most horrible event in recent Spanish
history.
2. The EU, which began as the EEC, was originally funded by six countries.
3. It began with six founding members but actually it consists of twenty-seven member-states.
4. Following its new marketing campaign, the company won $25m last year.
5. In 2004, Microsoft’s benefits were even higher than those of the previous year.
6. After costs had been deducted, it became clear that earnings amounted to $8m, 3% higher
than the previous quarter’s. (2 errors)
7. Small shops accuse larger supermarkets and departments stores of unfair competence.
8. The merger of Banco Santander with Banco Central and Banco Hispano-Americano created
the largest bank in Spain.
9. At Zara, you can buy clothing and complements such as belts and handbags.
10. Actions are usually a good long-term inversion option. (2 errors)
11. Sales in Europe accounted for 20% of the company’s total turnover.
12. As part of his job, he has to attend frequent meetings at the company’s headquarters in
Newbury.
13. The promotional campaign had an enormous exit; sales increased by 40%.
14. He elected the less expensive option.
15. In view of the scandal, the Managing Director was forced to resign from his post.
16. Vodafone’s last phone has Internet, video and MP3.
75
FILE 4B PASSIVE QUESTION REVIEW
INSTRUCTIONS. After you answer your partner’s questions, formulate the question
needed to obtain the missing information from your partner.
FUN FACTS-ANSWERS
Scan the sentences below to find the information your partner is asking you for.
The cheeseburger was patented by Louis Ballast in 1935.
Air bags were first included as a safety feature in cars in 1973.
BMW’s headquarters are situated in Munich.
IBM is known as 'Big Blue'.
In 1971, Carolyn Davidson was paid $35 to design the Nike logo.
Rolex watches were first manufactured in Switzerland in 1906.
Sony, an electronics company, was founded in 1946.
The book Business @ the Speed of Thought was written by Bill Gates.
The first Apple Macintosh computer was sold (for $2,495) in 1984.
The first McDonald's restaurant was opened in Illinois in 1955.
The original Mini was designed by Alec Issigonis in 1959.
QUESTIONS
Example: The iPod was first sold on January 27th, 2010 for $499.
What was first sold on January 27th, 2010 for $499?
1. The World Bank's headquarters are situated in Geneva.
2. The cash register was first introduced in shops in 1883.
3. The Suez Canal was opened in Egypt in 1869.
4. The first Ford motor factory was located in Detroit.
5. Guinness (beer company) is based in Dublin, Ireland.
6. Crash test dummies were first used in safety tests on cars in 1966.
7. The first patented glue was made from fish.
8. Microsoft Windows was launched in 1983.
9. Google was set up by two friends in 1998.
10. The first shopping mall was built near Kansas City in 1922.
76
Grammar Reference
1. Relative clauses
1. Defining and Non-Defining Relative clauses
1. Defining Relative Clauses
- provide essential information that tells us which thing we are referring to. We never use commas in
such sentences.
WHO, WHICH or THAT
The candidate became Chairman.
Which candidate?
The candidate who/that received the most votes became Chairman.
2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses
- provide extra information about the thing we are referring to. We must use commas to separate the
‘extra information’ in these sentences.
Only WHO and WHICH can be used.
WHO, WHICH THAT*
Tom Morrison, who received the most votes, became Chairman.
IMPORTANT:
An adjectival subordinate clause must ALWAYS appear next to the word it modifies.
2. Relative pronouns
a. Subject/object relative clauses.
It is possible to omit the relative pronoun if it is the complement, i.e. object, of a sentence (i.e.
it is followed by a NOUN/PRONOUN + VERB):
The ministers who/that the prime minister appoints can be changed at any time. OR
The ministers who/that the prime minister appoints can be changed at any time.
People Things
Subject who, that which, that, what
Object
Possessive who, that, whom* which*, that
whose
*Use these forms after prepositions (See following point).
b. Relative clauses with quantifiers/partitives + OF (always preceded by a comma)
,some of / ,none of ,many of ,most of ,10% of ,two of
,half of ,both of ,neither of ,each of ,all of / ,a part of
,both of ,several of ,a few of ,a little of ,a number of
,a slice of ,a tenth of ,an amount of ,much of ,1,000 of
Examples:
The annual crop averages 400,000 tons per year, roughly half of which is exported.
Nintendo is composed of 3 Japanese Kanji characters, Nin-ten-do, the first two of which can be translated to "Heaven
blesses hard work"; do is a common ending for any store.
He talked at great length about the expertise of his people, most of whom were American, some British.
1.7% live with both parents, neither of whom are employed.
c. Use of WHAT
“What” replaces “the +noun +that”. Study these sentences:
Eat what(ever) you like. Eat the fruit that you like.
What I want is a beer. The drink that I want is a beer. BUT
She passed all her exams, whatwhich made her parents very happy. (Here “which” refers back to the entire previous
clause. WHICH substitutes “The fact that she passed all her exams”).
77
d. What or That??
Is it a mistake to say “all what I have done” instead of “all that I have done”?
Yes, it is a mistake to say: All what I have done…. What cannot be used as a relative pronoun after a
noun or pronoun. You must use the relative pronoun that and say: All that I have done…. Or, if that
is the object of the relative clause as in this example, we can omit it, and say: All I've done…
All (that) I've done is to offer to help him with his homework. I haven't done his homework for him.
More examples. That cannot be omitted if it is the subject of the relative clause as in the last example
below:
Everything (that) you ordered is now in the shop and can be collected.
The paintings (that) I bought are now hanging on the walls in my house.
The only thing that keeps me awake at night is wondering if the house is properly insured.
What can, however, be used to introduce a clause where it combines the function of noun and relative
pronoun and means that which or the thing(s)/noun(s) that:
What he does in his free time doesn't interest me.
PRACTICE: Replace the underlined words by reformulating the sentence with: which, who,
whom, whose, what [=the +noun +(that)] or that. Careful – in some cases THAT is
invisible!!
If there are two sentences, combine them into one.
Examples:
a. He was writing with something. It looked like a Mont Blanc pen.=He was writing with something that looked like a Mont Blanc pen.
b. He was writing with something that looked like a Mont Blanc pen.=He was writing with what looked like a Mont Blanc pen.
1. S & L is based in Chicago. This city is known as the Windy City.
2. S & L is based in the city that is known as the Windy City.
3. The company itself does not manufacture the brands it markets.
4. S & L has bought Royale. It =(this fact) will benefit consumers.
5. All the things they sell are fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG).
6. The sector it specialises in is intimate apparel.
7. It makes ten different brands. Two of them are Bare Needs and Royale Chic.
8. John Bryan has made the company the success it is today.
9. Cary McMillan is an executive vice-president at S & L. Her father is the CEO.
10. Royale recorded losses last year. Two thousand of its workers were fired.
78
“Tricky” relative clauses
Underline the words that the words in bold refer back to. Then combine the sentences into
one. If there is a gap (________), complete it using an appropriate relative pronoun (if necessary).
1. The U.S. president can only serve two consecutive terms in office. He is elected every four
years
2. The company directors are elected by the shareholders. Power is delegated to them.
3. Inditex has 687 Zara stores worldwide. Sixteen of these stores are in the US.
4. Madeleine Allbright was born in Czechoslovakia. Mr. Carson appointed her CEO.
5. The directors meet every week. Their job is to decide corporate strategy
6. Executives must be willing to travel. (if) they work for multinational companies
7. The amount of travel _________ necessary depends on the post ___________ a person
occupies.
8. A good salesman always has to keep his customers happy. This is not always an easy task.
9. The Public Relations department must analyse _________ is published about the company.
10. Inditex spends very little money on advertising, _________ increases the amount of money
it can spend on other areas such as Logistics.
d. The “Invisible Relative” Clause. Reduced Defining / Non-defining Relative Clauses
Contracted or reduced relative clauses are common in written English. Below are some examples:
1. PASSIVE REDUCED RELATIVES + past participle
Sara Lee, which is based in Chicago, is a global consumer goods distributor. means the same as
Sara Lee, based in Chicago, is a global consumer goods distributor. /or/
Based in Chicago, Sara Lee is a global consumer goods distributor. (You must use a reduced relative if you place
it before the subject.)
2. ACTIVE REDUCED RELATIVES + present participle
The company was divided into seven subsidiaries, each of which encompassed previously existing divisions.=
The company was divided into seven subsidiaries, each encompassing previously existing divisions.
3. REDUCED RELATIVES BEGINNING WITH AN ADJECTIVE + adjective
The illustration shows a control system with an electrical signal which is proportional to the desired position. =
The illustration shows a control system with an electrical signal proportional to the desired position.
4. REDUCED FUTURE RELATIVES + to be +past participle
The project, which will be presented at the worldwide meeting next week, will cost over $10 m.=
The project, to be presented at the worldwide meeting next week, will cost over $10 m.
5. THAT/WHO/WHICH HAS + with + noun clause
The company, which currently has 2000 employees, plans to open a new subsidiary in August.=
The company, with 2000 employees at present, plans to open a new subsidiary in August.
79
e. Other Problematic points
Use Examples Things to remember
Use WHO to refer to people The U.S. president, who is elected every four You can substitute WHO with
years, can only serve two consecutive terms THAT only if it is a defining relative
in office. clause.
Use WHOM instead of who: a. 350 demonstrators, ten/some of whom WHOM is generally limited to
a. after prepositions are in critical condition, were injured, formal written English. It can be
b. after quantity expressions b. Madeleine Allbright, whom Mr. Carson expressed more informally by
c. in formal English when it appointed CEO, was born in Czechoslovakia. omitting the relative pronoun and
refers to the object of the
verb in the clause. c. The company directors, to whom power is placing the prep. after the verb. e.g.
delegated, are elected by the shareholders. The company directors, who power
is delegated to, are elected by the
shareholders. (LESS FORMAL STYLE)
Use WHOSE as a possessive The directors, whose job is to decide Do not confuse WHO’S with
relative pronoun. It means corporate strategy, meet every week. WHOSE.
OF WHOM/OF WHICH.
Use THAT to replace WHO Executives who/that work for multinational In clauses where THAT represents
or WHICH only in defining
clauses. companies must be willing to travel. the object of the verb, THAT can be
The amount of travel (that/which is) omitted.
required depends on the post that/which/--
- a person occupies.
Use WHICH: The government is staffed by a professional THAT can substitute WHICH only
a. to refer to things civil service, which has traditionally been in defining clauses without
b. after prepositions (you considered inefficient. prepositions.
cannot use THAT)
The measure to which he referred was never
c. after quantity expressions approved.
(all, some, both, etc.)
d. to refer to an entire Inditex has 687 Zara stores worldwide,
previous clause. sixteen of which are in the US.
The proposal was approved by a slim margin,
which was criticised by the shareholders.
Use WHAT to mean ‘a thing Marketing must try to find out what the Do not confuse WHAT with THAT
that or the thing(s) that’ consumers actually want or need. or WHICH.
The Public Relations department must
analyse what is published about the
company.
80
U2-Progress Check
2.19 1. Verbs
gap fill Complete the text below with a logical verb.
COLGATE PALMOLIVE company
William Colgate 1_________ the Colgate Company in 1806 as a starch, soap and candle business
in New York City. For the first 100 years, the company 2_________ all its business in the U.S.
However, in the early 1900s, the company 3_________ an aggressive expansion programme that
4_________ to the establishment of Colgate operations in countries throughout Europe, Latin
America and the Far East. In recent years, it 5_________ operations in the Near East, Eastern
Europe and China. Today C-P 6_________ a truly global products company worth $8.7bn and
selling in more than 200 countries.
C-P 7_________ of five main sectors. In the area of Oral Care, as a result of the company’s heavy
investment in R+D, it 8____________ many successful toothpastes, rinses and toothbrushes. To
strengthen its presence in professional products, C-P 9_____________Ora-Pharm in 1990. For
many years, C-P 10____________ a strong dental education programme in schools and
11_______________ a close relationship with the international dental community. Recently, it
12_________ a web site for dental professionals. The company 13__________________[always] close
attention to the environment and 14______________ great progress in the use of recyclable
bottles and packaging materials.
2. Combining sentences
Rewrite the following paragraph, combining the information and reducing the number of sentences in
this paragraph to two sentences by using:
1. relative pronouns (normal and reduced)
2. apposition (transforming sentences into nominal structure).
3. using nouns as adjectives or converting them to adjectives
4. using temporal connector (.e.g. WHEN).
You cannot add or use AND or BUT to combine the sentences, except where indicated*.
1Vodafone is a leading company. Vodafone is from Great Britain. Vodafone distributes
phones and* provides telephone services. It employs 12,000 people in England. 3,500
people work in Newbury. It is based in Newbury, England. / 2Vodafone was originally a
subsidiary of Racal Electronics. In 1991 Vodafone became an independent company. The
company changed its name to Vodafone. Its name is a combination of the words VOICE,
DATA and* PHONE.
81
2.20 3. Relative clause review
multiple
choice a. Relative clauses in formal language
Complete the sentences below with a preposition + relative pronoun like the example.
EX. The enclosed order form must be returned to the company from which the goods are being ordered.
1. When a customer phones, the first thing that must be done is to record the name of the
person ___________________ you are speaking.
2. The hotel has a large conference room __________________ the exhibits can be set up.
3. He has run the engineering departments at Cascade as well as Ascend, the company
__________________ it merged.
4. He often relies on advice from the Finance Manager, __________________ he reports.
2.21 b. Relative clauses with phrases of QUANTITY
gap fill Look at the following sentences. What do the underlined words refer to?
Every center is in charge of three or four of the company's 50 operating divisions, each of which is run like
a small business with its own unique culture.
In addition, the European organization has a number of product managers (most of whom are in Brussels)
along with the managing directors.
Combine these sentences about 3M in the same way, using a relative clause + quantity word.
1. 3M Spain has 800 employees. 300 employees work in Rivas.
................................................................................................................................................
2. There are 17 subsidiaries in Europe. Most of them have a Managing Director.
................................................................................................................................................
3. The divisions are like small businesses. Each one has its own corporate culture.
..................................... ...........................................................................................................
4. The company earned over $900M last year. 11% came from the life sciences sector.
................................................................................................................................................
5. 3M has over 75,000 employees worldwide. Nearly half of them work outside the U.S.
................................................................................................................................................
2.22 c. Typical errors with relative clauses
multiple Correct the mistakes in the use of relative clause structures in the following sentences.
choice
who
EX. Yesterday I spoke to your new secretary, that seemed very pleasant over the phone.
1. The town where the company is based in is in the northeast of Spain.
2. Brazil, which inflation was high in the 1990s, is now a leading economic force in Latin America.
3. Inditex, which over half is owned by Amancio Ortega, went public in 2001.
4. The company decided not to pay out a dividend, what made the shareholders protest.
5. BMW, that its headquarters are in Germany, produces the new Mini in England.
(continues on the next page)
82
6. Pull & Bear and Massimo Dutti, which both belong to Inditex, account for 18% of its annual
turnover.
7. Shell is a Dutch oil company, it is building a pipeline in Nigeria that it will cost $35bn.
8. Their new range of skin care products will be launched in the fall, they have spent over
€500,000 on it.
9. Arteixo, where is based Inditex, is a small town near A Coruña.
10. Over 2,000 employees work in Newbury, where is situated the company.
4. Word transformation / builder
Fill in with the correct form of the word in CAPITAL LETTERS.
Have you ever been (BE) to a Zara store? You probably have, as today it is one of the _______-
2.23
word builder _____________(1)(FAST-GROW) chains in the world.
The person behind Zara is Amancio Ortega. He is one of the _________________ (2)(WEALTH) men in
Spain, but very few people know his face as he rarely appears in the news. When he was young he
worked as a shop _______________ (3)(ASSIST) in a clothes store, but he always dreamed of
____________________(4)(OWN) his own business. In 1963 he ______________________(5)(SET) up a small
company which made women’s pyjamas. In 1975, at the age of 40, he opened his first clothes shop
in La Coruña, a small city in north-west Spain, and ______________________(6)(CALL) it Zara. Now Zara
shops are found __________________(7)(WORLD), from New York to Moscow to Singapore. So why is
Zara so ____________________ (8)(SUCCEED)?
The main reason is that Zara reacts incredibly __________________(9)(QUICK) to the
_________________(10)(LATE) designer fashions, and _______________________(11)(SALE) clothes which
are ________________________(12)(TREND) yet __________________(13) (EXPENSE). Zara can
__________________(14) (DESIGNER) and ___________________(15)(PRODUCT) a new line of clothes in
three weeks. Other companies __________________(16)(USE) take about nine months. The clothes also
change from week to week – so customers keep _______________________(17)(COME) back to see
what’s new. It produces 20,000 new designs a year – and none of them stay in the shops for more
than a month. So if you’ve __________________________(18)(SEE) a new jacket or skirt you like in a Zara
store, hurry up and buy it, because it won’t be there for long.
83
5. Vocabulary and verb form review
2.24 commitment goals over principal wide
gap fill due to headquarters overseas sales range worldwide
ensure launch posts researching worth
manufacturing turnover
Verbs a. Use the verbs in the correct form and tense to complete the dotted lines…..
account b. Find a synonym in the box above for the words in bold provided in parentheses
achieve
() and write your answer on the continuous line ____.
acquire EARLY HISTORY
divide 3M ………………………… in 1902 in Two Harbors, Minnesota. Five businessmen
establish ………………………… up 3M to mine a mineral deposit. When these deposits proved
make up to be of little value, they moved to Duluth and………………………… in sandpaper
manage products. Today, 3M’s (central offices)_______________ are situated in St. Paul,
operate Minnesota. (As a result of) _______________ its (dedication)________________to
represent innovation, it markets a (large)_____________ (variety) ______________ of products
including adhesives, tapes, abrasives, electronic, electrical and telecom products,
set
specialise
respirators, automotive components, and medical/surgical supplies and devices.
THE COMPANY TODAY
The company is (valued at) _______________ $14 billion and it
has (more than) __________ 75,000 employees working in 200
countries (throughout the world) _____________. In Europe
3M is one of the 300 largest companies and it has 17
subsidiaries that ………………………… at a national level. There
are 40 EMATS that ………………………… of 8 to 10 managers who
………………………… different countries and these managers
occupy different (positions) _________________ within their subsidiaries. They meet to discuss
the (introduction of new products onto the market) ________________ of a new product and
to (make sure) ________________ that the company’s (targets)_______________ ………………………….
The Group's (main) _______________ activities are (investigating new products)________________,
(producing)______________and marketing products that serve many different market sectors.
3M ………………………… into four sectors; industrial and electronics (which ………………………… for
36% of (sales) _____________________; (Sales abroad) _______________ ………………………… more than
52 % of 3M’s total sales in 1998. In 2001, 3M ………………………… MicroTouch Systems Inc and
Polymer Engineering Corp, in order to expand and diversify.
3M’s COMPANY PHILOSOPHY (further practice only available in Moodlerooms)
2.25
gap fill Put the verb in parentheses into the correct form on the ______________ Add a correct preposition where
(only in Moodle) you see (…..)
84
6. Company profiles-Sentence rewrites
Rewrite the sentences below without using the verb TO BE or TO HAVE as the
principal verb. You can use them as auxiliary verbs.
Then combine the information to form only four sentences.
EX: The original founders were Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning in 2003.
The company was initially founded in 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc
Tarpenning.
Tesla is an electric car designer and maker.
Tesla ...........................................................................................................................................................
Tesla has two divisions: Tesla Motors and Tesla Energy.
Tesla ...........................................................................................................................................................
Tesla’s headquarters are in Palo Alto, California.
Tesla is.......................................................................................................................................................
Tesla has 12,000 employees.
Tesla ...........................................................................................................................................................
Tesla has operations in 31 countries.
Tesla ...........................................................................................................................................................
Tesla’s income was $3.2 bn last year.
Tesla ................................................................................................................................................ /or/
Tesla’s income.........................................................................................................................................
Most of its turnover is from the USA.
Most of its turnover .................................................................................................................. /or/
The USA....................................................................................................................................................
Elon Musk’s date and place of birth was 1971 in South Africa.
Elon Musk ...............................................................................................................................................
Elon Musk has a B.S. in Physics from the University of Pennsylvania.
Elon Musk ...............................................................................................................................................
Tesla’s Chairman has been Elon Musk since 2005.
Elon Musk ...............................................................................................................................................
Elon Musk’s was the founder of Space X before Tesla.
Elon Musk ...............................................................................................................................................
Space X is a space launch vehicle developer and manufacturer.
Space X ....................................................................................................................................................
85
PRACTICE COMBINING INFORMATION. Eliminate the words that are unnecessary and place commas
where needed. Change the verb if necessary.
1. Britannia is , a Mutual Insurance Association of ship owners throughout the world. It , is
registered in the U.K.
2. Coca-Cola makes, sells, and delivers carbonated and noncarbonated beverages. These
beverages include including drinks, bottled water, teas, juices, isotonic, and energy
drinks. ,Aall of these beverages which are Coca-Cola’s primary products.
3. Dell and Apple are two leading American companies. Both of them manufacture computers.
Both of them are headquartered on the West coast of the U.S.
4. Phillips is a global leader in home appliances. It is based in the Netherlands. Phillips
completed the acquisition of Saeco of Italy. Saeco is one of the world’s leading espresso
machine makers
5. Special K is one of Kellogg’s leading brands. It is aimed at women. These women are
normally very worried about their weight.
6. The company currently employs nearly 2,000 people. Most of them work in factories in Asia.
7. El Corte Ingles is a leading Spanish retailer. It has several subsidiaries. Some of these include
Hipercor, Sfera, and SuperCor.
8. Chloe is a French fashion label. Chloe belongs to The Vendome Group. Lagerfeld used to
be Chloe’s head designer.
9. Wal-Mart competes with other U.S. stores. These stores range from discount, department,
drug and specialty stores to supermarkets. Many of these stores and supermarkets are
national or regional chains.
10. In June 1997 El Corte Inglés entered into a 50-50 joint venture with Repsol. Repsol is
Spanish. Repsol is a gas and oil company. The purpose of the venture was to develop a
chain of supermarket-style service stations and stores. The stores were operated under the
name Opencor.
Unit 2 Crossword puzzle (for vocabulary review) – Online only
2.26
crossword
gap fill
(only in Moodle)
86
3 – International Business
TOPIC Cultural differences
Doing business abroad
Readings: What is offshoring?
Listening: 3.1 Doing business in China
LISTENING & READING Video: 3.1 Doing business in China; 3.2-Europeans vs. Italians ; 3.3 Pros & cons
of offshoring; 3.4/3.5-Presentation tips, 3.6- Men vs Women. Compare &
contrast
Modal verbs
LANGUAGE USE Comparative structures
Compound adjectives
Linking words of comparison and contrast
VOCABULARY Expressions to give advice, prohibit, indicate obligation and necessity
Expressions of comparison, contrast, concession
SPEAKING Comparing and contrasting cultures, characteristics and data
Doing research to prepare an oral presentation and/or a written report
By the end of this unit, you Interpret and writing a comparative description using data from tables and
charts
should be able to:
Make a well-structured presentation
"In today's global economy, it is important to raise the bar of excellence
even higher. Today's students must be prepared to compete effectively on
an international level." – (Kenny Marchant)
Reading.
Worksheet 3.1a
“What is culture?”
p155
Video 3.4
Low Context vs High
Context Cultures
87
3.1 Nationality
Complete the slides below with the missing information.
U3 - Nationalities
Refer to GRAMMAR REFERENCE – 1 Nationality – p110
88
Practice
a. Combine the words from the three columns below to make true sentences. You must
transform the names of the countries to adjectives.
1. The BBC China a) pharmaceutical and chemical company
2. Bayer Finland b) airline
3. Camembert France c) carmaker
4. Chop suey the U.S.A. d) cheese
5. Nokia Germany e) confectionery product manufacturer
6. Ferrero Rocher Great Britain f) daily newspaper
7. Nestlé Greece g) developer and manufacturer of
8. Ikea Israel
9. Honda Italy (2) electronic and electrical products
10.Thessaliki Spirits Co. Japan h) dish
11.El Al Norway i) furniture maker
12.Corriere della Sera Spain Spanish j) hotel chain
13.Philips k) mobile phone manufacturer
14.Holiday Inn Sweden l) seafood exporter
15.As Møre Codfish Co. Switzerland m) television network
16.Hola The Netherlands n) wine producer
o) food multinational
p) weekly glossy magazine
Example: Hola is a weekly Spanish glossy magazine.
b. Identify the nationality and activity of the companies below. Write original sentences about
each one.
89
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English for business studies I (B2)
2021-2022
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