English for business studies I (B2)

3.2 c. Complete each sentence below with a nationality adjective or noun, using the correct form
Gap fill of the word in bold print provided.

3.3 A.
Gap Fill
1. Hewlett-Packard has performed better, in some areas, than its rivals Dell and Apple. Dell, Apple and
Hewlett-Packard are American computer companies. Most Americans own at least one PC.

2. Nordak is currently looking for a senior manager who will head its UK subsidiary. Nordak is not of
____________________ origin. However, the Virgin Group, founded by ____________________ Richard
Branson, is.

3. The shares of Heineken NV, the ____________________ beer producer, have reached a record level in their
domestic market, Holland.

4. We always make sure that our foreign embassies and consulates are staffed by people from the
country concerned. Therefore, our new consulate in Finland will employ ____________________ .This
____________________ office will open next month.

5 The authorities in Japan now allow foreign firms to invest in the Tokyo market. This market was
previously restricted to ____________________ firms.

6 This year we cannot attend the meeting in Milan as the date coincides with a more important
conference in Austria. We will be attending the ____________________ conference.

7 Our main trading partners are in Eastern Europe and North America. However, we also do business
with Portugal. The ____________________ are our closest partners in Western Europe.

8 Although our company was originally from Sweden, four years ago we transferred all of our operations
to Switzerland. The company is no longer ______________________. Today it is _____________________.

9 In the first half of 2010 the presidency of the EU was occupied by Spain. The EU president was a
________________________.

10. Ireland offers excellent facilities for businesses, so many companies are setting up
____________________ operations.

B.

1. Holland is north of Belgium. ............................ people /The ...................... like to travel by bicycle.
A................................. is often blond.

2. Germany used to be divided into two countries. ............................ people /The ...................... are
industrious and prosperous. However, the typical .................................. is sometimes said to be too
rigid in his thinking.

3. Denmark is one of the Scandinavian countries. ............................ people /The ...................... are quite
civilised. A typical ...................... is often a liberal thinker.

4. Russia used to form part of the USSR. The ............................... are used to enduring very cold winters.
A typical .............................. lives in a small flat.

5. Switzerland is in the centre of Europe. ............................ people /The ...................... are very polite and
reserved. However, because of this, a typical ........................………........ can sometimes seem
inhospitable.

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Listening 3.1. Doing business in China

(I Exp-Into 8.1-8.2)

a. Before you listen, discuss the following questions.
1. What do you know about China –e.g. food, lifestyle, politics, culture and traditions, people?
2. What problems might Westerners have in doing business in China?
Now, listen to the dialogue. As you listen, complete each section.

Part 1
a. Listen to David giving his friend Robert information and advice about doing business in China.
What does David tell Robert about …
1. the time needed to get results?………………………………………………………………
2. the Chinese way of doing business?…………………………………………………………

b. Listen again. Complete the sentences below.

3. To succeed in China, you …………………………………………………commitment.
4. It …………………………………………………………… or more before you get any results.
5. You …………………………………………………………………….. if you want to succeed.
6. You …………………………………. the system to be ……………………………… the West.
7. You ……………………………………………..be very successful.

c. Write the verbs from 2 next to the appropriate meaning.

1. it's necessary/obligatory
2. it's possible
3. it's necessary/obligatory not to do it

Part 2
a. Listen to the second part of the conversation.
What information or advice does Robert give about …
1. trip preparation? .............................................................................................................................................................
2. meetings? ...........................................................................................................................................................................
3. Chinese names? ...............................................................................................................................................................
4. invitations to banquets? ...............................................................................................................................................
5. drinking alcohol? .............................................................................................................................................................
6. the questions Chinese people often ask? .............................................................................................................

b. Listen again. Complete the extracts.

1. It's important …………………………… the cultural differences that ………………………… problems.
2. It’s……………………………………. to confirm …………………………………………….
3. In formal situations, you ………………………..………to the country as the People’s Republic of China. In

informal situations you ………………………………………… to the country as China.
4. You ………………………… some important people at a banquet.
5. You ………………… worry if you really don't like the look of something like sea slug (babosa de mar) or

snake.
6. You need ………………………………..... drink. You ………………...………………..drunk.
7. You ……………………………eat everything.
8. You …………………………………………. as a topic of conversation.

c. Write the modal verbs from 2 next to the appropriate meaning.

a. it’s advisable should c. it’s possible e. it’s not necessary/obligatory

b. it’s not advisable d. it’s permitted

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3.2 USING MODALS & EQUIVALENTS. Formal vs. Informal Register

Register refers to the degree of formality in a piece of text. As you know, a sentence beginning
with YOU will generally be less formal than one beginning with IT or a NOMINAL STRUCTURE.
An impersonal sentence in the passive voice is generally more formal than a sentence in the
active voice.

Language note
Note the grammatical difference between the following formal structures.
STH/DOING STH + IS + PAST PARTICIPLE + TO DO STH
Ex. A visa is required to enter the country.
but
IT + IS + ADJECTIVE + TO DO STH
Ex. It is necessary to have a visa in order to enter the country.

Complete the table below with the missing formal equivalents.

STH/DOING STH + IS + PAST IT + IS + ADJECTIVE + TO DO STH
PARTICIPLE + It is
TO DO STH

X is allowed/permitted

It is obligatory /compulsory / necessary

It is forbidden* to ….

X is recommended/advised

*“forbidden” is considered both a past participle and an adjective.

Worksheet 3.2 p165-166

For further practice.
Online viewing

VIDEO 3.1. Chinese Business Culture

Watch the video and fill in the online PDF worksheet.

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Modals and equivalents

Necessity/  You must +DO STH
Obligation  You have TO + DO STH
 You are required TO + DO
Advice
 Visitors/Students/Passengers/etc. are required + TO DO
Permission  It is necessary/obligatory/compulsory/mandatory+ (FOR SB) TO DO
 STH is needed / required.
Prohibition  STH is necessary /obligatory / compulsory / mandatory.

No necessity/  It is required to do…. 
obligation
Possibility (for  You should/shouldn’t + DO
speculating about  You ought TO + DO
possible future
consequences)  It is advisable/important +(FOR SB) TO DO STH
 It is (not) a good idea +(FOR SB) TO DO STH
 It is recommended that +SENTENCE (Verb in subjunctive form)1
 STH is advisable/recommended (but not essential/necessary).

 It is recommended to do…. 

 You may/can + DO
 You are allowed/permitted + TO DO

 It is possible/permissible (FOR SB) + TO DO
 STH is permitted/allowed.
 STH may/can + BE DONE.

 It is allowed/permitted to do…. 

 You mustn’t + DO
 You may not/cannot + DO
 You are forbidden/not allowed/not permitted + TO DO

 It is not possible/forbidden to (FOR SB) + TO DO
 STH is forbidden/not allowed/not permitted.
 AVOID + VERB-ing

 It is not allowed/permitted to do…. 

 You don't have/need + TO DO STH.
 You needn't + DO STH
 You are not required + TO DO STH

 It is not necessary + (FOR SB) TO DO STH
 STH is not necessary.
 STH is not needed/required.

 You can/may/might/could …

 It is possible that ...
 STH may/can/could/might + HAPPEN.

1 The subjunctive form of the verb in English is the infinitive form without TO. Example: It is recommended that

visitors be vaccinated against malaria.

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3.5 Structure practice
Multiple a. Complete the sentences below using the words provided so that they mean the same as
Choice the sentence above.

1. It is not a good idea to refuse food in China as it is considered rude.

You _____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Women may not drive in Saudi Arabia.
Women are ___________________________________________________________________________

3. You mustn’t photograph local people in Nepal.
Taking photographs _________________________________________________________________

4. You must be a Muslim to enter a mosque in Morocco.
Non-Muslims are __________________ _______ ___________________________________________

5. It’s not a good idea to wear shorts or show bare shoulders if you want to visit a cathedral in
Italy.

You should avoid ____________________________________________________________________

6. In the U.S., it is illegal to drink alcohol in public places in some states.
Drinking alcohol ______________________________________________________________________

7. Chewing gum is forbidden by law in Singapore.
You cannot ____________________________________________________________________________

8. Young men are no longer obliged to do the military service in Spain.
Today young men in Spain don’t _________________________________________________
The military service in Spain is no longer _______________________________________

9. Red and gold are colours with favourable associations in China. They are good choices for
your business card, but never write a person's name in red.

You may _____________________________________________________,but you must not ___
__________________________________________________________________________________________

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10. In Germany, always knock before opening an office door, and remember that moving your
chair or furniture is an insult.

You should___________________________________________________________, but you shouldn’t
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

11. Since many Indians are Hindu and revere cows, don’t wear leather.
It is not a good idea _____________________________________________________________________

12. Change is not necessarily a good thing in the U.K. Many businesspeople prefer traditional,
well-made clothes to the latest fashions.

You needn’t ________________________________________________________________________

13. Gift-giving is infrequent among businesspeople in South Africa.. However, when invited to
someone's home, you can bring something edible, especially to informal gatherings.

You don’t have to _____________________________________________________, but you can
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

14. In some parts of Asia (notably Japan), presenting a business card with two hands conveys
respect. When using both hands, hold your card by the two upper corners.

You ought to _____________________________________________________________________________

15. In Chinese cultures, clocks are inappropriate gifts (Reason: the word for ‘clock’ in Chinese
sounds like a word relating to funerals, and they are symbols of bad luck).

You must not _____________________________________________________________________________

b. Write a paragraph telling someone who is going to visit Spain or your home country about
what to do and not to do. What advice could you give to a person unfamiliar with your
country’s culture about the cultural norms in some of these areas? Avoid using the same
structure more than once.

 Physical contact  Birthday celebrations
 Personal questions  Eating times and etiquette
 Drinking and drunkenness  The meaning of gestures
 Price bargaining  Introductions
 Talking about politics  Punctuality
 Gift giving  Teacher/student relationships

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Pair Work. Writing Activity

SITUATION 1. Taking the lift.

INFORMAL STYLE.

a. Write five sentences individually or in pairs starting each one with YOU
about one of the situations the teacher assigns you. You must write
sentences expressing: OBLIGATION, ADVICE, PROHIBITON, NO
NECESSITY, and POSSIBILITY. Do not use the same structure more than

once.

 OBLIGATION. Informal – You must be over 12 years old to use the lift.
 ADVICE. You should not jump in the lift.
 PROHIBITION. You may not/must not exceed the weight limit allowance.
 LACK OF NECESSITY. You needn´t use the lift. You can walk up the stairs if you wish.
 POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES / ACTIONS TO TAKE You might/may get stuck in the lift if

too many people try to use it at the same time. / You may/can ring the alarm if the
lift gets stuck.

EVERYDAY SITUATIONS

1. Studying at the university 9. Taking a city bus

2. Doing the military service 10. Eating in the university cafeteria.

3. Getting your driver's license 11. Driving a car /or/ Riding a motorbike

4. Registering for classes 12. Using the underground

5. Going to English class 13. Visiting the zoo

6. Taking a flight 14. Going to a museum

7. Using a mobile phone 15. Eating in an expensive restaurant

8. Going to the theatre 16. Paying income tax

FORMAL STYLE

b. Exchange sentences with another pair of students and rewrite your classmates’ sentences in
FORMAL IMPERSONAL style.

 OBLIGATION. Informal You must be over 12 years. old.
Formal  Any person taking the lift is required to be over 12 years old.

 ADVICE. It is not a good idea to jump in the lift.
 PROHIBITION. It is forbidden to exceed the weight limit allowance.
 NO NECESSITY. It is not mandatory/compulsory to use the lift. The stairs can be used

instead./ Students don’t have to take the lift.
 POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES The lift may/might get stuck/stop working if too many

people try to use it at the same time.
or POSSIBLE ACTIONS It is possible for someone to ring the alarm if the lift gets stuck.

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3.3 Cultural Blunders and Faux Pas

Being aware of cultural “no-no’s” around the world can greatly contribute to the
success of a business trip.

1. Match the country with the cultural tip by writing the number after the country.

Germany____ 1. Everyone is subject to strict Islamic law; therefore, alcohol is
forbidden and it is not advisable to take photographs of people.
Saudi Arabia____ As in all Islamic countries, use the right hand in preference to the
Mexico____ left , which is considered unclean.
China____
India____ 2. There are many cultures and cultural taboos, so be alert to your
surroundings. Hindu tradition reveres cattle, so avoid wearing
Argentina____ leather.

3. Manners in this country are more British than Latin. Informality
and casualness can make a bad first impression.

4. You should always knock before opening an office door. Office
furniture may seem far apart, but moving your chair closer is
insulting to your northern European host.

5. The family is of vital importance. Nepotism is accepted and you
should not criticize it. Criticism of this practice is taken as an
insult and an offense to the family.

6. Business leaders are highly sensitive to sovereignty issues.
Things must be done their way or not at all. Internet is censored
to protect the government.

2. Complete these sentences with the country or nationality(……) and a verb or modal (______).

1. In ………………….. , you _________________drink alcohol or take photographs of people.

2. We suggest ________________________ing on a door and not_____________________ furniture
when you are visiting ………………….. .

3. One _____________________________use one’s right hand when eating with ………………….. .

4. In ………………….., _____________ing a leather jacket or leather shoes is ________________
___________________________.

5. You ____________________ bear in mind that ………………….. leaders are highly sensitive to
sovereignty issues.

6. If you want to make a good impression on your ………………….. counterparts in this Latin
American country, we recommend ______________________________________ the family.

For more exercises on Cultural Differences, see Worksheets 3.1b p158 & 3.1c p161

97

3.4 Comparing and contrasting

a. Fill in the missing logical connectors.

3.9 TOPIC SENTENCE Spain and Italy are countries that have a lot in common. Similarity
Multiple
Choice 1 Both Spaniards and Italians have a fertility rate of 1.3 children per woman. Similarity

2 Italy and Spain are a lso similar with respect to religion

as both countries are Roman Catholic. Similarity 3 In addition  also
 although
, Italy is comparable to Spain as far as the literacy rate is  both
 comparable
concerned, which is over 97% in both countries.  in addition
 on the other
CHANGE OF TOPIC SENTENCE On the other hand , although
hand
they are alike in many ways, there are also quite a few
 similarly

differences between Spaniards and Italians. Difference 1 For

example, each country is made up of very different ethnic groups. Difference 2 Similarly

, Italy differs from Spain in terms of migration rate.

b. Read the paragraph below comparing the US and Japan and select the best connector.

3.10 Despite being two of the world’s most industrialised countries, Japan and the
Multiple USA could not be more different. One obvious difference is the people. Japan is a
Choice
homogenous society with a very small number of minorities [for example / as / such as] the
Chinese and Koreans. [Moreover / Unlike / In contrast / Likewise ], [although / because /
due to / however ] the US is a country with European roots, its liberal immigration policies have
resulted in its becoming a multi-ethnic society. [Another / The / Other / One / A] difference
between Japan and the US is group interaction and sense of space. [However / When /
Whereas / In addition] Americans pride themselves on individualism and informality, the
Japanese are a group-oriented and formal culture. Americans admire people who are
successful; [similarly / in contrast / in addition / although ], a Japanese proverb says, “The
nail that sticks up gets hammered down.” [In addition / However / Although / And ], [like /
while / as / because / due to ] Americans’ sense of size developed from the vast size of the
North American continent, Japanese genius lies in the diminutive and miniature. [Likewise /
For example / In addition / However], Americans build jumbo jets [although / in addition
to / similarly / but] the Japanese produce tiny transistors.

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c. Use a variety of expressions for showing differences to complete these sentences explaining
differences between the Americans and Chinese. Do not use any expression more than once. Pay
particular attention to grammar and punctuation in choosing the best option.

3.11 CONJUNCTIONS ADVERBIALS PREPOSITIONS
Multiple VERBS
Choice Connect a sentence
logically to a previous Followed by a nominal structure or a gerund
Connect sentences sentence.
clauses Prepositions
sentence + sentence however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite
on the other hand, in unlike, in contrast to/with, compared to, in
Indicating but, although, even contrast, comparison to
contrast though, whereas, while, Verbs
yet be unlike/different from, differ from, contrast
with

1. ______________ most Americans do relatively little to learn foreign languages, the Chinese
make major efforts to learn English and Japanese.

2. _____________ Americans, who value individual achievements, focus on privacy,
independence, and individual rights, the Chinese value group honour and are group
centred. They work and function in groups.

3. Regarding verbal and non-verbal communication, Americans are communicative and
expressive in showing both positive and negative emotions. _______________________, the
Chinese guard expressions of feelings, and are more subtle and indirect in communications.
It is harder to "read" their positive or negative preferences.

4. _________________ their reputation for being liberal, most Americans are very conservative.

5. ___________________ Americans usually shake hands, occasionally they may hug each other.

6. Americans __________________the Chinese in regard to exchanging business cards. Americans
exchange them casually, ___________ the Chinese exchange business cards seriously, reading
them carefully.

7. Regarding attitudes to change, Americans like innovation, risk, and change
_________________the Chinese prefer stability, and slow change.

8. Business laws and regulation in the U.S. are relatively clear. _______________, in China there
are many laws, regulations, and policies which are unevenly enforced, and which change
quickly.

9. _____________________the Chinese, who emphasise relationships first and business second,
Americans are more impersonal and emphasise products, and achievements more than
relationships.

10. Americans _____________________the Chinese in that Americans admire youth and value
personal performance ______________________to the Chinese, who respect age and seniority.

11. This “A-Okay “sign means "all's well" in North America, ___________in France it signifies
"zero" or "nothing." In Denmark or Italy it can be taken as an insult __________________ in
Brazil, Guatemala and Paraguay, it is considered very obscene.

http://www.qontent.com/questware/segment.cfm?segment=1187

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NEGOTIATING STYLES

1. In much of Europe and North America, business is contractual in nature. Personal
relationships are seen as unhealthy as they can cloud objectivity and lead to complications.
_____________, in South America and much of Asia, business is personal and partnerships
will only be made with those they know, trust and feel comfortable with.

2. _______________western business culture places emphasis on clearly presented and rationally
argued business proposals using statistics and facts, South Americans may prefer oral and
visual information presented through speech or using maps, graphs and charts.

3. Americans approach topics sequentially, _________ in the Middle East, negotiators may
discuss issues simultaneously.

4. __________ South Americans, who can become quite vocal and animated, the Japanese will
negotiate in teams and decisions will be based upon consensual agreement.

5. __________________ to Germans, who take a long time to make a decision due to the need
to analyse information and statistics in great depth, the English use pressure tactics and
impose deadlines as ways of closing deals.

d. Use a variety of expressions for showing similarities to complete these sentences. Do not use any
expression more than once. Pay particular attention to grammar and punctuation.

3.12 CONJUNCTIONS ADVERBIALS PREPOSITIONS
Multiple VERBS
Choice
Introduce a nominal structure or a
Indicating Connect a sentence logically to a gerund
similarity previous sentence.
likewise, similarly, in the same way, like, similar to, be like/similar
at the same time to/comparable to/resemble … in (that)

1. Spaniards are comfortable standing near each other while speaking; _________________,
Italians’ sense of space allows for close proximity.

2. The Japanese _______________________to the Chinese in that both cultures respect age,
authority and tradition.

3. Gifts indicating the number 4, or a gift of four of something are unlucky in Chinese;
______________________, one should not give gifts of 4 in South Korea or Japan

4. ___________________Americans, the English understand this gesture to mean victory.
However, it becomes an obscene gesture in the U.K. when reversed in this manner. English-
speaking Canadians may also recognise this meaning.

5. The Swiss do not like to use first names in business; ______________________, the Germans use
surnames when doing business.

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Contrast or Similarity?
e. Combine these sentences with one of the expressions showing similarity or difference. Be careful
with punctuation and capitalisation. Use the word/s in parentheses.
1. Americans are frank and direct. Germans can be blunt. (LIKE) (LIKE...IN THAT)

Like Americans, who are frank and direct, Germans can also be blunt.

Germans are like Americans in that they are both frank and direct. (a person who is blunt says
what he thinks even if it offends or upsets people, i.e. means the same as “frank and direct”).
2. Japanese managers concentrate on the group. Western managers tend to be strong,

individualistic and dominating.(WHEREAS)

3. Americans are used to job hopping (=changing jobs frequently). The Japanese tend to
spend their whole lives working for one company. (HOWEVER)

4. Germans like to do one task at a time and so do Americans. (SIMILAR TO)

5. Like Germans, Americans find interruptions irritating. (SIMILARLY)

6. Mexicans accept power as part of society and status is very important. Arabs also respect
authority and status. (ARE LIKE....IN THAT)

7. In Christian countries, the Sabbath is on Sunday. In Israel, the Sabbath is on Saturday. (IN
CONTRAST TO)

8. The British generally eat dinner early. Americans usually have dinner before 7.(LIKEWISE)

9. In many countries, employees like to be told they have done a good job. In Japan,
employees find compliments embarrassing. (ALTHOUGH)

10. Americans, Germans and the Dutch consider interrupting impolite, but Arab cultures do
not seem to mind interruptions. (UNLIKE)

Refer to GRAMMAR REFERENCE 3 – Linking words of comparison/ contrast

101

Online viewing

Video 3.2 - Italians vs. Europeans

Take notes on the differences in the following categories.
 Driving on highways (LIKE) ...............................................................................................................................
 Parking (UNLIKE) ..................................................................................................................................................
 Pedestrian Crossing (WHEREAS) .....................................................................................................................
 Road Signs (SIMILAR) .........................................................................................................................................
 Buses (DIFFER) .......................................................................................................................................................
 Party loyalty (IN CONTRAST) ...........................................................................................................................
 Politics (LIKEWISE)................................................................................................................................................
 Bureaucracy (HOWEVER)...................................................................................................................................
 Queues / Lines (IN CONTRAST TO) ...............................................................................................................
 Ordering coffee (ARE DIFFERENT) .................................................................................................................
 Airplane landings (ON THE OTHER HAND)................................................................................................
 Mobile phones (IN COMPARISON TO) ........................................................................................................
 Sports (WHILE) ......................................................................................................................................................
 Smoking (RESEMBLE)..........................................................................................................................................

Follow up activity
Write sentences comparing differences between Italians and Europeans or how Italians and
Spaniards are similar using the linking words provided in brackets above.
You can compare and contrast the following aspects of SPAIN or EUROPE with ITALY:

 Spain / Italy /Europe…
 In Spain / In Italy / In Europe…
 Spaniards / Italians / Europeans…
 Spanish / Italian / European + noun (e.g. drivers,

buses, politicians, bureaucracy, etc.)…

102

Outsourcing vs Offshoring

Online viewing (PDF worksheet available online)

Videos 3.3 a/b/c/d - Outsourcing vs Offshoring (pros and cons)
Watch the videos and complete the table below. Add any ideas you have that are not mentioned
in the videos.

Outsourcing involves employing a different company to do part of a company’s work.

EXAMPLES

BENEFITS

DRAWBACKS
AND RISKS

While outsourcing refers to work ...............................................................................................................
offshoring ...........................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
Offshoring simply means having the outsourced business functions done in another country.
More recently, offshoring has been associated primarily with the outsourcing of technical and
administrative services supporting domestic and global operations from outside the home
country and is sometimes called “offshore outsourcing.
Some examples of activities which have been moved offshore are: .............................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................

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Offshoring
EXAMPLES
For the company

For the target country

BENEFITS

The customers

For the company

DRAWBACKS
AND RISKS For the home country

The customers

Fill in the missing verbs in the text below. PREVENT REDUCE TAP
BE CLOSER ENTER OVERCOME

3.13 Frequently, work is offshored in order to redu ce labor expenses. Other times, the
Gap Fill

reasons for offshoring are strategic -- to en ter and be cl oser to new markets,

to ta p talent currently unavailable domestically or to overcome regulations that

pre vent specific activities from being carried out in the home country.

104

 Considerations when doing business abroad

a. Brainstorm different factors you would consider if you were going to invest or expand
overseas and why these factors would be important.

Major factors to consider when investing or taking a business abroad
1. Political & legal environment

2. Economic environment

3. Infrastructures

4. Labour environment

5. Cultural environment

6. Other factors

Sources of information:
http://www.ukti.gov.uk/es_es/export/countries.html (UK Trade & Investment-information for British companies wishing to expand
abroad); http://www.doingbusiness.org / (studies of the business climate in different countries published by The World Bank).

105

b. Place the following factors to consider under one of the categories above and discuss why
it would be an important consideration.

availability of raw type of government worker’s wages and protectionism
materials salaries

good roads taxes legal certainty regulations

population size GDP per capita security cost of living

literacy rate employment laws exchange rate inflation

stability of access to telephones import and export bureaucracy (“red
government tape”)
and Internet duties

government purchasing power government presence of
interference incentives for multinational
foreign investors financial institutions

language climate corruption transport available

c. Which factors would you need to take into account if you wanted to….?
 build a chain of hotels

 open a chain of fashion outlets

 set up a food processing plant

 open a chain of fast food hamburger restaurants

 cultivate bananas

106

U3 - The Language of Presentations

3.14-3.20
Lang of
Presentations

Useful language for presentations

1. Starting

My name is … and these are my colleagues, (name) and (name)…

We work for/at ….

This I am/we are going to. . . (talk about. . .)

morning

Today I'd like to... (describe...)

we'd like to …

The aim of my presentation this morning is to... (explain...)

We've divided our presentation (three parts)

into

My talk will consist of

Preliminary outline of talk

First, I'd like to... (give you an overview of...)
deal with...
Second, move on to...
focus on...
Then, I'll … describe…
tell you about...
After we'll …

that, Mr. Garcia will …

Finally,

2. Group presentations
 My name is Juan Garcia (the X at Y) and these are my colleagues, Ms. Gomez (who was in charge
of …) and Mr. Ruiz, (who is responsible for…).
 First, I will…Then, Mr. Ruiz will and finally Ms. Gomez will…
 Now I’d like to hand you / the presentation over / turn this presentation over… to Mr. Ruiz,
who will be talking about/explaining/etc.
 Thank you, Juan. Mr. Garcia has just told you about/explained … Now, I’m going to …

SIGNPOSTING

3. Introducing the subject/Introducing a new section

I'd like to start by... So, let's start with... (objectives...)

Let's begin by... Now let's/we’ll move on to... (the next part...)

First of all, I'll... Next let's look at/Let's turn our attention to... (the question of...) Let

Starting with... me now turn to...

I'll begin by... Next...

I'd now like to discuss/look at/describe...

This leads me to.. . (my third point...)

Finally... (let's consider...)

4. Referring to visual information
This slide/diagram/graph/illustration shows...
If you look at this map you can see...
I'd like to draw your attention to... (this chart/table. . .)

107

5. Referring backwards and forwards Mr. Perez will explain this to you in more detail
I mentioned earlier... (the importance of...) …
As Mr. Garcia told you before, … We'll come back to this point later.

6. Giving examples To give you an example,...
For example,... To illustrate this point...
A good example of this is...

7. Referring to common/shared knowledge
As you know...
As I'm sure you're aware/most of you know ...
All of us are familiar with ….

8. Summarizing a section
So, to summarize. .. (There are five key points.. .)
That completes my... (description of.. ) …Now, Mr Garcia will …

ENDING 10. Ending
9. Summarising This brings me to the end of my
To sum up, we have talked about … presentation.
In conclusion,... I hope the information we have
I'd like now to recap... provided/the ideas we have presented
Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at... has/have been …
Thank you for your attention.

108

109

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

1. Nationality nouns and adjectives

1. In addition to the name of each country, there is also a name for the nationality, the language and
the people from that country.

EXAMPLES:

She is from Spain (country).
She is Spanish (adjective) and speaks Spanish (language). She is a Spaniard (singular noun).
The Spanish (adjective used as a collective noun; you must use THE) / Spaniards (plural noun) / (The)
Spanish people (adj. + people)are very hospitable. (if you include THE, you are saying that all Spaniards are
hospitable)

As you can see, the adjective form can be used as a collective noun BUT:

2. The adjective and the noun are the same in words ending in ‘an’.
You can say: an American, an Italian, a Venezuelan.
Plural form- +s: Americans, Italians, Venezuelans.

3. The adjective cannot be used as a personal singular noun when an adjective ends in the following
sounds: sh, ch. (Exception: the Czechs because the ch is pronounced like a /k/)

EXAMPLE:

an English √an Englishman
a French √a French student

4. In many of the above cases, the nationalities have a special noun to refer to the person and the

adjective and personal noun are different.

Ex. ADJECTIVE PERSON

PEOPLE

a Spanish worker a Spaniard Spaniards

a Scottish student a Scot Scots

a Polish person a Pole Poles

a British citizen a Briton* Britons*

(*used only in writing, not very common)

5. Adjectives ending in ‘ese’ ‘s’: The plural form is the same as the singular form. THE cannot be omitted

in the Plural form.

**NOTE: The singular noun form ending in ‘ese’ is not commonly used to refer to one person. For

example, people tend to say ‘a Portuguese man/woman’ rather than “a Portuguese”.

Ex. ADJECTIVE PERSON**

PEOPLE

Chinese a Chinese** the Chinese

Vietnamese a Vietnamese** the Vietnamese

Swiss a Swiss** the Swiss

6. Always use CAPITALS to write nationalities, the name of the language, the adjective and the
personal form.

110

2. COMPARATIVE STRUCTURES
1. Formation of Comparatives and Superlatives

1.1 Adverbial intensifiers / mitigators
You can intensify or mitigate the comparisons using words such as:

Qualifying word or Comparative
adjective / adverb
expression
harder to learn than
LARGE Some languages are a lot others.
DIFFERENCE
far easier to learn than
SMALL Chinese.
DIFFERENCE much more difficult to learn
than Spanish.
considerably

significantly

quite a bit

Japanese is somewhat

moderately

Some people believe slightly

that French is a little

Qualifying word or Comparative

expression +countable nouns

LARGE People in Europe a lot many more
DIFFERENCE
generally speak far languages than
SMALL
DIFFERENCE many (countable nouns only) Americans.

considerably

significantly

Comparative

+uncountable nouns

Some cultures need much (uncountable nouns or much more written

adjectives) information than

others.

It will be easier to a few (countable nouns only) a few more years.

adapt to culture a little (uncountable nouns only) a little more time.

differences after

2. Use of Comparatives and Superlatives

2.1. Comparing adjectives and adverbs
1.1 Comparative and superlative adjectival and adverbial forms.

Examples:

 Spaniards are more talkative than Finns.
 Spaniards are louder than the Japanese.
 Germans are perhaps the hardest-working people in Europe.

2.2 Comparing nouns
Use less/least before uncountable nouns and after verbs; use fewer/fewest before countable
nouns.

 There are fewer cars in Denmark than in Italy.
 There is less traffic in Denmark than in Italy.
 Alcohol costs less in southern European countries than in northern European countries.

2.3. Use of AS in comparative sentences
1. Use as + adjective/adverb + as when two things are identical.

 Spaniards are generally not as patriotic as Americans.
 Southern Europeans do not often work as quickly as northern Europeans..
 Southern Europeans do not speak English as well as northern Europeans.

111

2. Use not as + adjective/ adverb + as if two things are different and the sentence is in
negative form. Do not use a comparative form + THAN in negative sentences.

 Growth in the 1970s was not as high as in the 1960s. (not higher than is incorrect.)
 The English do not seem to speak as rapidly as Americans. (more rapidly than is incorrect .)
 A four-star hotel in Madrid does not cost as much as a similar hotel in Paris. (more is incorrect)

Growth in the 1970s was not as high as in the 1960s. (not higher than is incorrect.

LIKE/SUCH AS
Typical error
I dislike green vegetables as green beans, broccoli and spinach. such as

Use SUCH AS when you are introducing a list of examples. Use AND before the last example in the list (not etc. or …)
 We sell large electrical goods such as TVs, refrigerators and dishwashers.
 We sell large electrical goods such as TVs, refrigerators, dishwashers, etc.
 We sell large electrical goods such as TVs, refrigerators, dishwashers ….

LIKE can also be used to introduce examples, but it is less formal. It is used more often in speaking.

Things like glass, paper, and plastic can all be recycled.

3. Comparing nouns using AS…AS
as + adj/adv + as

 Madrid is not as expensive as Amsterdam.

as + many + plural countable nouns + as

 Amsterdam does not have as many cars as Madrid.

as + much + uncountable nouns + as

 Amsterdam does not have as much traffic as Madrid.

Note the use of twice as...(as)/three times as...(as), etc.:

 Prices rose twice as fast last year as in previous years. (You cannot say ‘twice more fast’ or ‘twice
faster than’)

 Inflation rose four times as much as in 1988.

 Only half as many students studied abroad 10 years ago as today.

 A four-star hotel in Paris costs twice as much as a similar hotel in Madrid.

As you know, we can also say:

A hotel in Oslo twice as much as a hotel in Chicago.
costs three /four times a hotel in Chicago.
more than the hotel in Chicago
A hotel in Oslo twice
is three /four times as expensive as
more expensive than
The hotel in Oslo as many as expensive as
has the same number of rooms as
as much (countable noun)
the same amount of
room (= space) as
(uncountable noun)

4. the same as/different from

 The unemployment figures for 2001 were the same as the figures for 2002.

This expression can be used as follows in the negative:

 The idea of a deadline in Italy is not the same as (=different from) the idea of a deadline in France.

112

5. as…as/the same … as

...is/isn’t/are/aren’t ...is/isn’t/are/aren’t

AS (adjective) AS… THE SAME (noun) AS

long (short) length
high (low)
3.21 tall ( short)
Gap fill wide (narrow)
old (young/new)
deep (shallow)
big (small)
expensive (cheap)
round (square/rectangular)
hot (cold, warm, cool)
fast(slow)
heavy (light)

2.4. AS vs. LIKE to talk about similarities

Both as and like can be used:

1. to indicate a resemblance.
Like is followed by a noun:

 Like the Bill of Lading, the Bill of Exchange is negotiable and can be transferred to a third party.
 The British, like the Americans, are attracted to consumer credit.

As is followed by a subject and a verb OR a prepositional phrase in correct written English.:

 When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
 Nobody knows her as I do. (‘like I do’ is said in US English, but is considered incorrect in written

form.)
 In 1989, as in 1988, inflation was relatively low.

2. to give examples.

LIKE or more formally, SUCH AS. When using it to list examples, AS must be preceded by

SUCH. We specialise in areas like raising capital and investing in money markets.
The restaurant accepts international credit cards such as Visa, Diner’s Club or American Express.



3. As ≠ Like are different in meaning when describing function or role (AS) vs. describing

similarity (LIKE). Compare these two statements:

 As a Frenchman, he thinks he knows everything about wine. (He is a Frenchman.)
 You can use this table as a desk. (=in this function)
 Please don’t use that knife as a screwdriver. (function)
 Like a Frenchman, he thinks he knows everything about wine. (He isn't one, but is similar to a

Frenchman in this respect. =similar to)
 He looks like the Prime Minister. (=similar in appearance to)

4. Use AS with verbs of speaking and knowing.

As we thought…As was expected …, As I was saying earlier…; As you know….

Special expressions: as usual (not like always)

113

2.5. Comparative adverb + participle adjective combinations

When the adjective being used is the present or past participle of a verb (e.g. growing,
spoken, used), in many cases a comparative or superlative adverb must be used
before the participle adjective.

 Spain has one of the fastest-growing economies in Western Europe.
 She is one of our best-qualified representatives.
 Mandarin Chinese is the most widely-spoken language in the world.

2.6. Linking devices used in comparative texts

You can also use the following linking words and expressions to indicate the relationship
between the information you are presenting.
CONTRAST: whereas while in contrast although however on the other hand unlike
SIMILARITY: similarly likewise like both/and neither/nor

See next page for a complete table with examples.

114

3. Linking words to compare and contrast

Linking words 1. Contrast

Indicating CONJUNCTIONS ADVERBIALS PREPOSITIONS
contrast VERBS
Connect Connect a
(neutral) sentences sentence Followed by a nominal structure or a
(surprising, clauses logically to a gerund
unexpected) sentence + previous
sentence sentence. Prepositions
in spite of, despite
but, whereas, however, unlike, in contrast to/with, compared to, in
while, nevertheless*, on comparison to
the other hand, Verbs
in contrast, be unlike/different from, differ from,
contrast with
although, even even so, Prepositions
though, yet in spite of, despite

Look at how these expressions of contrast are used and how they differ in regard to grammar and
punctuation.

Estonia South Korea

45,099 sq. mi. 99,016 sq. mi.
1.5m inhabitants 48.8m inhabitants
29 inhabitants/km2 493 inhabitants/km2

3.1 Verbs - must be preceded and followed by an ‘in’+nominal structure or an ‘in
that’ structure

is unlike in that + sentence clause
A different from in
+ noun (No article.
differs from B This is usually a noun
that refers to a
A and B differ in that characteristic).

+ sentence clause

 South Korea is unlike / is different / differs from / contrasts with Estonia in …(=se diferencia de)

o size and population.
o that the former is much more densely- populated. For example, whereas.

3.2 Prepositions - followed by a nominal structure.

Unlike

Contrasts an aspect In contrast to/with (A) nominal B
Compared to structure,
+ verb
In comparison to + verb

Contrasts a surprising In spite of nominal structure, A

or unexpected fact Despite

 Unlike/In contrast to-with/In comparison to-with /Compared to Estonia, which only has about
1.5m inhabitants, South Korea has a population of over 45m. (=A diferencia de - neutral contrast)

 In spite of/Despite being only twice the size of Estonia, South Korea has a population which is thirty
times as large as that of Estonia. (=a pesar de ello, aun así - surprising or unexpected contrast
of two ideas )

115

1.3 Conjunctions showing contrast - connect two complete sentences

Show contrast Sentence but
+ sentence

yet

Show contrast where there Although /Even though+ sentence , sentence

is a surprising fact or These structures are usually used at

unexpected outcome the beginning of a sentence.

Used to balance 2 facts or Whereas/while+ sentence , sentence

ideas that contrast but do

not contradict each other. Sentence whereas while + sentence

 Estonia occupies 45,099 sq. mi. whereas/while South Korea is 99,016 sq. km. in size.
(=mientras que – used to contrast 2 contrasting facts about the same thing-NEUTRAL)

 Although/Even though South Korea is only twice as large as Estonia, South Korea’s
population is roughly thirty times as large as Estonia’s. (=aunque, si bien)

 Estonia is a small country but /yet it is not densely-populated. (=pero aun así -surprising or
unexpected contrast)

1.4 Adverbials showing contrast - connect a sentence to the previous sentence

Remember: An adverbial introduces a second sentence and relates it to the previous sentence.

Sentence. However, sentence.
Sentence; In contrast,
On the other hand,
Even so,

Pay special attention to your punctuation!!

 Estonia occupies 45,099 sq. mi. However / On the other hand, South Korea is 99,016 sq. km.
in size. (=no obstante, sin embargo)

 Estonia occupies 45,099 sq. mi. In contrast,South Korea is 99,016 sq. km. in size. (=en
comparación)

 Estonia is a small country. Even so, it is not densely-populated. (=a pesar de ello, aun así -
surprising or unexpected contrast with the previous sentence)

116

Linking words 2. Similarity

CONJUNCTIONS ADVERBIALS PREPOSITIONS
VERBS

Connect sentences Connect a sentence logically to Followed by a nominal structure
a previous sentence. or a gerund
clauses

sentence + sentence

Indicating likewise, similarly, in the same like
similarity way, at the same time be like/similar to/comparable
to/resemble … in (that)

Look at how these expressions of comparison are used and how they differ in grammar and

punctuation.

INHABITANTS/KM2

2.1 Verbs- must be preceded and followed by an ‘in’+nominal structure or an ‘in that’
structure

is/are like in that + sentence
similar to
A comparable to B + noun (No article. This is usually a noun
that refers to a characteristic).
resembles in

 Canada is similar to / like /resembles the U.S. in that English is spoken in both countries.

 Canada and the U. S. resemble each other culturally.

2.2 Prepositions - Remember that a preposition is followed by a nominal structure.

Compares an aspect A, B + verb
See difference between Like nominal structure,
AS and LIKE on p. 181.

 As in Canada, English is the official language in the United States. (=como)

 Like Canada, the United States is a parliamentary democracy. (=como)

2.3 Adverbials showing similarity - An adverbial introduces a second sentence and relates
it to the previous sentence.

The words below serve to transition the reader from the thought in one sentence to a similar

thought in the next.

Sentence. Likewise, sentence.
Sentence; Similarly,

English is spoken in the United States. Likewise / Similarly English is one of the two official languages in
Canada. (=igualmente, asimismo)

Smoking in bars is forbidden in Spain. Likewise / Similarly, you cannot smoke in Irish pubs.

2.4 Other words of similarity

 Both the US and Canada were founded by Europeans.
 English is spoken in both the U.S. and Canada.
 English is spoken in the U.S. as well as in Canada.
 Neither the U.S. nor Canada has* laws against dual citizenship.

*NOTE: In formal English , a singular verb is used with NEITHER…NOR. In spoken
English, people often use the plural form, i.e. HAVE instead of HAS.

117

Summary of expressions of comparison and contrast

DATA (2011) Spain Lithuania Morocco

Land area 505,000 sq. km 65,300 sq. km 446,550 sq. km
Population 47m 3.6m 32.3m
Population density
Average income per capita in 78 inhabitants/sq. km. 56.7 inhabitants/sq. km. 39 inhabitants/sq. km.

US$: US$31,650 US$18,700 US$5,100
Population growth rate:
Birth rate: 0.65% - 0.28% 1.05%
Life expectancy 10.4 births/1,000 9.3 births/1,000 19 births/1,000

81 years 75.5 years 76.1 years

Model sentences based on the table above.

Similarity between two things + NOUN
Spain is like Lithuania with respect/regard to birth rate.
Spain and Lithuania are similar as far as birth rate is concerned.
Spain is similar to Lithuania regarding birth rate.
Spain is the same as Lithuania in terms of birth rate.
Spain resembles Lithuania in the birth rate
+ SENTENCE
in that they both have low birth rates.

Both Moroccans and Lithuanians have a life expectancy of over 75 years.
Moroccans live nearly as long as/as many years as Lithuanians, on average.
Moroccans live nearly the same number of years as Lithuanians.
!!!!! (NOT Moroccans live the same as Lithuanians.)

Listing features

In addition, they have a long life expectancy .

Spaniards have few children, with a low birth rate of Spaniards also have a long life expectancy.

0.1%. On the other hand, Spaniards have a long life

expectancy.

Contrast with respect to the average income per capita.
Spain differs from Morocco as far as the average income per capita is concerned.
Spain is unlike Morocco in terms of the average income per capita.
Spain and Morocco differ in the average income per capita.
Spain is different from Morocco
Spain contrasts with Morocco in that Spaniards earn much higher salaries than
Moroccans

The average Spaniard earns $31,650 whereas / while / the average Moroccan makes only $5,100.
The average Spaniard earns $31,650 but
The average Moroccan does not earn the average Moroccan, who only makes
in contrast to $5,100.

as much (money) the average Spaniard
as

Contrasting On the other hand, the population density of the two countries
In contrast, differs considerably.
Morocco is nearly the same However,
size as Spain..

Although Morocco is nearly the same size as Spain ,
Despite/In spite of Morocco’s similarity to Spain in terms Morocco’s population density is much lower.

of size,

118

U3 Progress Check

1. Linking words of contrast

Insert an appropriate linking expression from the box below into the sentences below the box..

3.22 although despite on the one hand whereas
Multiple however in spite of on the other hand while
choice
1. ___________________ it was a long time ago, I still remember that day.
2. ___________________ the time that has passed, I still remember that day.
3. I still remember that day. _______________, it was a long time ago.
4. I still remember that day _______________ I have forgotten others.
5. _____________________, I remember that day; ____________________, I have forgotten all the other

days in that period.

3.23 2. Although vs- in spite of / despite
Gap fill Look at the example and transform the underlined part of these sentences in the same way.
Example: Although we were nervous, we gave a presentation in English.

In spite of/Despite our nerves, …

1. Although it was a difficult task, the EU managed to come up with a joint EU statement
outlining their position on a common defence policy.

2. Although the international situation is critical, there is still hope for a peaceful settlement.

3. Although Spaniards oppose the law, the government refuses to change its position.

4. Although the opposition maintains an anti-war stance, the prime minister continues to
defend the government’s position.

5. Although evidence of nuclear activity was presented, it did not convince the members of
the UN Security Council.

6. Although EU countries are divided on the question, several Eastern European countries
such as Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic support the Spanish proposal.

7. Although the EU imposed a travel ban on Robert Mugabe, the French have invited him to
a summit of African countries in Paris.

8. Although smoking is prohibited in the underground, some people still smoke.

9. Some African-Americans fought for equality non-violently although they were attacked
physically.

Extra practice with linking words. (online only)

3.24
Multiple
choice

119

3. Modal expressions

a. Complete the sentences below using a modal verb or equivalent expression.

International use of ID cards

3.25 ID cards in use Functions Additional information
Multiple
choice Belgium Yes, and police can demand to Cards have been used since 1919, The card holder's blood group can be put
France
Germany see it they can be requested by on the card
Japan
Netherlands government officials
Portugal
USA Cards are used but are not Access to health, education, Police are able to request identification,

compulsory, although getting by voting, banks and the post office but not necessarily the ID card itself

without them can be difficult

ID cards are compulsory, they Police, local government and The German system does not allow

have a PIN number as well as customs government databases to share

traditional details information on the card

No N/A Japanese driving licences are default
In use, but not compulsory
ID cards are compulsory here photo-ID

Work, police, government and the Like Italy the ID card is used as a passport

post office within the EU

Police, private security guards, Both a photo and fingerprints are

health, education, bank and post included on the card

office

No N/A Driving licences are so widely used they
are almost an unofficial form of photo ID

Source: Liberty and Charter88

1. a. Belgians ______________________ to carry their ID cards at all times.
b. If a Belgian is stopped by the police, he ___________________ be asked to show his card.

2. In France, people __________________ have an ID card but it is ________________ to have one
because you need it to have access to different services.

3. In Portugal, you ______________ have an ID card.

4. In the US and Japan, you _____________ use your driver’s license as an unofficial photo ID.

5. Within the EU, a passport _______________________ if your country is an EU member; a
national ID card ______________ be used instead.

6. In Germany, you ________________ to have a card.

7. Government databases in Germany ________________ to divulge the information on a
person’s ID card.

8. In Belgium, cards __________________________ to include a person’s blood group on the card.

120

b. Put the following recommendations in the correct column.

ADVICE TO VISITORS TO THE USA

3.26 You must … A. have a valid passport
matching You have to … B. get a visa depending on your nationality

C. visit San Francisco

D. work unless you have a work permit

You mustn’t … E. pay by credit card
You cannot … F. stay longer than your visa allows
G. drive on the right

H. have enough money to cover your stay

I. have alcohol in your car

You don’t have to /needn’t … J. buy alcohol anywhere you go
/or/ You can … K. turn right at a red light in some states

L. own a gun

M. consume alcohol if you are under 21 in nearly every

state

3.27 c. Write the missing words. One word per gap.
Multiple
choice Before you travel to the US, you must find out what

documents you need. Spaniards do not
_________________ to get a visa, but they
_________________ to get authorisation to travel to the
USA by completing an online application (see the steps below). You _________________ use your
Spanish ID to get into the country; you _________________ take a passport. In New York, it is not
_________________ to rent a car because the traffic is very chaotic; you _________________ get
around much more easily and cheaply if you take the subway. Remember that smoking is
_________________ in public places except for a small number of smoker-friendly bars, where you
are _________________ to light up a cigarette. Most parts of New York are safe, but you really
_________________ walk along empty streets at night, and it is a good _________________ to get
around in a group.

121

3.28 4. Word building and particles (prepositions or adverbs)
Gap fill 1. Fill in the continuous lines_______ with the correct form of the words or

expressions given in brackets.

2. Fill in the dotted lines …… with the missing preposition or adverb.

A businessperson coming to Spain for the first time can _____________ (EASY) become frustrated
with the local _____________________ (BUREAUCRAT), especially if accustomed to the Anglo-
Saxon way ……….. doing things. Even the _____________ (FRANCE) and the _______________
(ITALY) , whose systems are similar …………… the Spanish system, will have to get used to the
many differences ………………….. their countries and Spain.

One difference is the system of government. There are three levels of government in Spain:
the _____________ (NATION) government, the autonomous regions and the local councils.
Several functions have been transferred …………………. the national to the autonomous levels
such ………….. traffic, local taxes and labour matters. Much time can be spent just identifying
who is __________________ (RESPONSIBILITY) …………. what. Some
autonomous regions require that documents, labels, etc. be printed
in __________________ (SPAIN) as well as in the __________________
(REGION) language (e.g., Catalan or Basque).

The legal framework also differs ………………… Anglo-Saxon
environments. Legal ____________________ (PROCEED) are often more
complicated than in Anglo-Saxon countries and as a result, the cost
of setting ………………. a new company can be high compared
…………….. that of other countries. …………….. example, notaries are ________________
(REQUIREMENT) to sign all bank loans, deeds, powers of attorney, etc.

5. Comparatives and superlatives

a. Use the information in the charts below to fill in the blanks with the appropriate

3.29 comparative structure.
Gap fill
Population (millions)

USA 270 France 58
Canada 30
Japan 125

Germany 82

Urban areas (millions)

Tokyo 27 Moscow 9
London 8
Mexico City 17

Paris 10

1) There are far more people in Germany _____ in France.
2) There are twice ____ _________ people in Mexico City ____ there are in London.
3) Paris is ____ _____________ city in Europe but Moscow is nearly _____ _________ size _____

Paris.
4) Far _________ people live in London _____ in Mexico City.
5) The population of the Tokyo area is _____ greater _______ the population of even Mexico

City.
6) The population of Japan is not ____ ___________ _____ that of the USA.

122

b. Use the information to complete the sentences with phrases containing the word(s)
provided in brackets.

3.30 Area (millions km2)
Gap fill
Russia 17.0 Canada 10.0
USA 9.3
China 9.5 Spain 0.50
Germany 0.36
France 0.54

Japan 0.38

1) Canada, China and the USA are all about the same size as each other. (SIZE)
2) Russia is ____________________ any of the others - it’s _______________ country in the list.

(MUCH/THE)
3) Spain ________________________________ France. (NOT QUITE)
4) Germany _____________________________ Japan. (ROUGHLY)

6. Further practice with linking words of contrast (online only - MOODLE)

3.31
Multiple
choice

7. Nationality review.

1. FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES. Put these countries into the correct place in the chart according
the ending with which the nationality adjective is formed, writing it correctly.

3.32 Egypt The Netherlands Portugal Taiwan Iran
WIKIPEDIA Germany Iceland Saudi Arabia Thailand Peru
Indonesia Ireland Scotland Vietnam Paraguay
Iraq Kuwait Turkey Belgium Poland
Israel Norway Chile Czech Republic Puerto Rico

____________an/ian _______________ese ___________________ish
Egyptian

____________i Irregular endings

123



Revision Units 1-3

GRAMMAR (G)

Error Correction.

There are underlined errors in each of the following sentences. The errors may be grammatical or
lexical. Correct them.
1. Spaniards, as Latin Americans, prefer formal business suits to casual dress.
2. In 1998, like in 2000, tourism in Spain remained stable.
3. She works like a legal assistant.
4. Major credit cards as Visa, American Express and MasterCard can be used in most hotels.
5. The main city is Seoul, that is situated in the northwest of the country.
6. South Korea occupies one of the two halves into which it was divided the Korean

peninsula.
7. Another importants cities are Marseilles, Bordeaux and Lyon.
8. It is advised not to leave your valuables in the hotel room.
9. You require to carry your passport at all times.
10. It is recommended to get vaccinated.
11. It is required for Spaniards to apply for a visa.

4. Sentence Rewriting.
Rewrite the sentences using the words provided in brackets and making any necessary
grammatical changes. You must not change the form of the word(s) in brackets nor the
original meaning of the sentence.

1. The Production Department looks after manufacturing. (CHARGE)
______________________________________________________________________

2. Mr. Davis hires new employees. (RESPONSIBLE)
______________________________________________________________________

125

Rev .3 5. Defining relative clauses
Multiple
choice a. Complete the following text using the correct relative pronoun
(who, which, where or whose).

Sudoku is a game (1) _______________ increases your mental skill. It is recommended for
anyone (2) _______________ wants to increase their brain
power. The man (3) _______________ invented the modern
puzzle in 1979 was American, but Japan is the country (4)
_______________it is most popular. In 2004 a man called
Wayne Gould designed a computer program (5)
_______________ produced new puzzles quickly, and in 2005
Sudoku became internationally popular. Sudoku software is
now very popular; there is a video game (6) _______________
has sold five million copies around the world and a
championship (7) _______________ is held every year. Of all
the games invented in recent years, it is surely the game (8)
_______________ popularity has increased most.

b. Defining clauses are frequently used in definitions. Working with a partner, write
definitions for the following terms. You will need to use expressions like the ones given.

Examples:
 The company canteen is a place where employees can buy something to eat.
 The company secretary is the person who is in charge of the legal affairs of the company.
 Finance is the department which deals with invoices and financial reports.

1. The CEO .........................................................................................................................

2. A warehouse ...................................................................................................................

3. An invoice ......................................................................................................................

4. A subsidiary ....................................................................................................................

5. A blue-collar worker ......................................................................................................

6. R&D ..............................................................................................................................

7. A global company ..........................................................................................................

8. Turnover ..........................................................................................................................

126

6. Modal Structures
Write ten recommendations for a foreigner who is coming to live in
Spain for the next two years. Use MODALS and EQUIVALENTS to express
the following functions by rewriting the sentences give. Do not use any
structure more than once.

Necessity /Obligation
Tact, diplomacy, and cordiality are basic elements of social and business interactions in Spain
You ............................................................................................................................................................................
Personal contacts and relationships are needed to succeed in business in Spain.
It ...............................................................................................................................................................................

Advice
Dressing and behaving in a professional manner are very important.
You ............................................................................................................................................................................
Those who show sensitivity and sincere personal warmth (this is called being simpatico) have
a big advantage in Spain.
It is...........................................................................................................................................................................

Permission
Spaniards often drink wine or beer with their meals, so you can, too.
You ............................................................................................................................................................................
You are .....................................................................................................................................................................

Advice not to do something
Many people take a siesta after lunch on the weekends, so don’t call people between 3 and 5
o’clock.
You ............................................................................................................................................................................
You are .....................................................................................................................................................................

No necessity/obligation
Tipping in bars for breakfast, coffee, cañas, or cocktails is not expected.
You ............................................................................................................................................................................
Spaniards will offer a kiss on each cheek upon being introduced (except between men), but
handshakes are used for business settings.
You are .....................................................................................................................................................................

Possibility
You can travel from Madrid to Seville by high-speed train, bus or plane.
It ...............................................................................................................................................................................
Credit cards are accepted in most Spanish stores and restaurants.
Payment....................................................................................................................................................................

127

7. Compare & Contrast

a. Rewrite the sentences using the words provided. Use correct punctuation.
1. A 100-year old house or church is considered new by Europeans, and old by Americans. (YET)

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

2. Things are reversed when it comes to distances. Europeans tend to think that driving 100 km
is quite a long way. Americans consider 100 km rather near. (UNLIKE)
...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Almost all Europeans have cars with manual gears. Almost all Americans prefer automatic
ones. (IN CONTRAST)
...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

4. In contrast with European washing machines, most of which have only a cold water inlet and
are loaded from the front, American washing machines have hot and cold water inlets and
are loaded from the top. (NEVERTHELESS)
...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

5. All Europeans use the metric system (e.g. metres, grams, litres, Celsius, etc.). Americans
measure things using the old English Imperial system (e.g. yards, miles, pounds, Fahrenheit,
etc.). (DIFFERENT FROM ………….IN THAT )
...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

6. Europeans write the date in the format "Day / Month /Year". Americans use "Month / Day
/Year". (WHEREAS /or/ WHILE)
...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

7. Labour Day (1st May) is a national holiday in most European countries. In the US Labour Day
is celebrated at the beginning of September. (HOWEVER)
...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

8. Universities are free in most European countries. American families have to save for years for

their children to attend one because they can cost up to $50,000/yr. (DIFFER /IN THAT)

......................................................................................................................................................................................

9. American calendars begin with Sunday. European calendars start on Monday. (CONTRAST)
...................................................................................................................................................................................

128

8. Combining Ideas
Often sentences sound choppy (entrecortadas) if you only place one piece of
information in each one. Complex nominal clauses help you write more complex
sentences in which you can include more information and exclude repetitive
information.

Examples:

CHOPPY SENTENCE.

Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard founded HP. They founded the company in 1939. They
went to Stanford University. They were classmates. Stanford University is in California.
HP specialises in computing and digital imaging hardware. It is based in Palo Alto.

POSSIBLE NEW SENTENCES AS A RESULT OF COMBINING THE INFORMATION.
Information in the box indicate the CORE OR MAIN SENTENCE

 Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, Stanford University classmates (apposition), founded HP
in 1939 in California (prepositional phrase), a company specialised in producing
computing and digital imaging hardware (reduced relative clause) with headquarters in
Palo Alto (prepositional phrase) .

 Based in Palo Alto, HP, a company which specialises in producing computing and
digital imaging hardware, was founded in 1939 (prepositional phrase) by Bill Hewlett
and Dave Packard (prepositional phrase), who were classmates at Stanford University
(relative clause) in California (prepositional phrase).

 in 1939 (prepositional phrase) , while they were classmates at Stanford University
(relative clause) , Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard founded HP, a leading computing and
digital imaging hardware producer (apposition/complex nominal structure) , which
today is based in in Palo Alto, California (relative clause) .

129

Practice. Combining choppy sentences
Try to combine the choppy sentences below into single sentences using: apposition, relative
clauses, reduced relative clauses, prepositional clauses, clauses of purpose with TO.

1. HP's first product was an audio oscillator. It was an electronic test instrument. It was used by sound
engineers. It was built in a Palo Alto garage.

2. One of HP's first customers was Walt Disney Studios. It purchased eight oscillators. The oscillators
were used to develop and test a sound system. The sound system was innovative. It was for the
movie Fantasia.

3. HP is a leading company. It develops IT. It distributes IT. It is present worldwide. Principally it aims
to improve customers’ lives. It has annual revenues of $3.5 bn. It produces an average of 11 patents
a day.

4. Campbell Soup Company makes soup. It markets soup. It is the world’s leader. It sells its products
in 120 countries. The company reported $120 bn in sales last year.

5. McDonald's is a leading company. It is a global company. It is foodservice retailer. It has more than
30,000 local restaurants. The restaurants serve nearly 50 million people each day. These people
are from more than 119 countries .

6. Ray Krok set up McDonald’s. He built a strong foundation. The strong foundation continues today.
The strong foundation drives McDonald’s executives. Their aim is to improve the company’s
services.

7. 3M is a corporation. It is based in America. It has a worldwide presence. It was formerly called
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company until 2002. It produces over 55,000 products.
These products include adhesives, abrasives, displays and pharmaceuticals.

8. Adidas manufactures sports apparel. It is German. It forms part of the Adidas-Salomon corporation.
It was named after its founder. Its founder’s name was Adolf (Adi) Dassler. He started producing
shoes in the 1920s. He started in a small German town. The small town was near Nuremberg.

9. Sfera is a clothing chain. It specialises in clothing for young people. It is owned by the Corte Ingles.
The Corte Inglés is the leading chain of department stores and hypermarkets in Spain.

10. El Corte Inglés is Spain's biggest chain of department stores. It was founded in 1940. Ramón Areces
founded it. Ramon Areces had a small tailor shop on Madrid's Calle Preciados.

11. Ortega was born in León. He was born in March, 1936. He is a self-made-man. He started working
at age 14. He worked as a gofer (mensajero). He worked in a shirt store in La Coruña, Galicia.

12. Ortega founded Inditex. His wealth is estimated at over $6.6bn. He is a majority shareholder of
Inditex. Inditex is a textile manufacturer. It has over 14,000 employees worldwide.

13. Balay / former Spanish company / manufactures white goods / now owned by the Bosch-Siemens
Group /headquarters: Zaragoza + plants in Zaragoza, Pamplona, Santander.

130

VOCABULARY (V)

1. Word building.

Complete with the correct form of one of the words in the box. Use each word only once.

Rev. 4 compare develop polite Sweden
Gap fill compete forbid profit Switzerland
consume loss speak wide
decide Netherlands succeed

Example: By offering a customer a high-quality product, you are assuring his brand

loyalty (LOYAL)

1. The campaign launch was a ___________________; sales rose higher than ever.

2. The ____________________ in the soft drink sector is fierce.

3. Beef __________________ dropped dramatically as a result of the public alarm caused by the

mad cow disease.

4. I think we should gradually eliminate our less _________________ lines which are losing

money and replace them with a more attractive range of products.

5. The economic crisis has caused automotive companies to ______________ millions of dollars.

6. It is considered _________________ to show the sole (=planta) of your foot in Arab countries.

7. The Randstad refers to the area which includes the ____________ cities of Amsterdam, The

Hague, Rotterdam and Utrecht.

8. __________________________ banks are known for their policy of secrecy. Consequently,

banking is one of the country’s most important economic activities.

9. In __________________ with other countries, Spain has one of the lowest birth rates in the

world.

10. It is ________________ to copy during an exam.

11. He might come or he might not. He is very __________________________

12. ________________________ countries need economic help from the richer Western nations.

13. Stockholm is the __________________ capital.

Rev. 5 2. Gap fill.
Gap fill Complete with an appropriate word. The first letter is given.

A: Which market segment are you targeting in this campaign?
B: Pensioners who don't know how to invest their savings.
1. Last year d_____________ for our products decreased slightly.
2. We need an effective strategy to p_____________ our high-definition television.
3. In order to increase brand awareness, Vodafone s_______________ the English cricket team

and the Derby Classic horse race.
4. Before producing a product like this, a company has to r____________ the market to see if

there really is a demand for it.
5. The new display units will be placed in our smaller retail o_____________.
6. We have signed an agreement which will allows us to distribute through a n_____________

of supermarkets in Europe.

131

3. Odd Man Out.

a. Circle the word that does not belong in each horizontal group and justify your choice.

1. business company society subsidiary

Rev. 6a 2. worker shareholder staff member employee
Choice

3. finance product research human resources

4. advertising selling assembling promoting

5. components raw materials parts warehouse

6. company car wages lunch vouchers pension plan

7. end user distributor consumer customer

b. Match each of the words that you circled with the following

1................................................. a weekly payment in exchange for hours worked

Rev. 6.b 2................................................. an article manufactured or sold by a company
matching
3................................................. a place where goods are stored
Rev. 6.c
matching 4................................................. a non-profit-making organisation

5................................................. the act of putting parts together

6. ...............................................a retailer who has an agreement with a supplier to sell a product or

range of products

7 ................................................a person who has invested money in a company, and consequently

owns a portion of it

c. Which of the groups of three words that you identified above refer to the following
definitions?

 people who purchase goods or services ............................................

 types of commercial organisations ............................................

 departments in a company ............................................

 general term for people who work for someone else ............................................

 activities that involve selling the product ............................................

 products that can be bought or sold ............................................

 fringe benefits or job perks ............................................

Rev. 7 4. Synonym. Provide a specific term (word or expression) which means the same as the
Gap fill term provided. In some case the first letter has been provided.

1. An extensive (marketing) survey (market study) was ______________ ______
(conducted-2 words) in the north of England.

2. The company's _____________ (earnings) went up by 15% in 2000.
3. A new microchip has been ______________ (conceived, designed and created) by our

laboratories with 1000MHz of processing power.
4. The company continued its ________________ (growth) to become one of the global market

leaders in the cosmetics sector.

132

Rev. 8 5. COMPANY PROFILES
choice
Gap fill 1. a. Complete the following company profile with the correct verb tense or form
(gerund/infinitive, active/passive) you think should go in the gap. You should pay particular attention
to irregular verbs.

The Procter & Gamble Company is one of the world's leading marketing
companies for consumer goods. It 1_________________ in 1837 when
candle maker William Procter and soap maker James Gamble 2_____________ partners and decided
3______________ up a soap business. Since its foundation, the company 4____________________
many changes until 5_____________________ the common household name it is today. Ivory Soap,
one of its first brands, 6_____________ onto the market in 1879. In 1946, the company
7________________ one of its best-selling brands, Tide Laundry Detergent and began
8___________________ a strategy of growth and expansion to new markets. However, the product that
perhaps 9___________________ the greatest impact is Pampers, the disposable baby nappy or diaper
(10____________ as Dodotis in Spain).
In the last decade, the company 11__________________ in nearly quadrupling sales of $10 B in
1980; in 1998, sales 12_____________________ to $37.2 B.

Procter & Gamble is a company which defined many marketing strategies we now take for
granted. It was the first company 13______________________ its products nationally directly to
consumers (in 1880) and it literally 14_________________________ the concept of "soap
opera"(=culebron) by 15_______________________________ radio and television dramas
16_______________________ mainly at women. Today P & G continues 17____________________ a
substantial amount on advertising. In 1999, media expenditures 18____________________ to $4.7bn, of
which around $3bn was outside the US, 19_________________ it the world's #2 advertiser. Laundry and
cleaning products 20_______________________for 30% of fiscal 1999 revenues; paper, 30%; beauty

care, 19%; food & beverages, 11%; health care, 7% and other, 3%.

P&G is a major force for economic growth and well-being around the world by
21____________________ more than 110,000 people world-wide. Like William Procter and James
Gamble more than a century ago, Procter & Gamble 22______________ its eyes on the future -- to
continue 23____________________ products of superior quality and value to the world's consumers.

Gap fill 2 b. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in the box.

base begin employ found not own
operate
be buy expand grow sell

Rev. 9 become carry fly not have
choice

EasyJet Airline Company, the leading low-cost airline in the UK, (1)
_______________ by Stelios Haji-Ioannou in 1995. Stelios
(2)____________________with a very small operation. He
(3)________________________ the first two aircraft he operated and he (4)_________________ any
company employees. However, 1995 (5)_______________ the beginning of a revolution in air travel.
Just three years later, the company (6) ____________________ its first on-line air ticket, it
(7)__________________ its services to countries outside the UK and it (8) ____________________ its
own fleet of planes.
Since then, the airline (9) ____________________ significantly. In 2002, when it merged with
another low-cost airline, Go, it (10) ____________________ Europe’s largest low-cost airline. Today
EasyJet Airline Company, which (11)____________________ in London, (12)
____________________ 4,859 people both on the ground and in the air. In addition to (13)
___________________ 387 routes between 104 European and North African airports, it (14)
___________________ the most passengers of any UK airline. In 2008, 44.5 million
passengers(15)___________________ with EasyJet.

133

c. Based on your knowledge of H & M, the Swedish clothing retailer, write
logical questions about H&M, which could correspond to the answers
given.

Rev. 10

Sentence 1. When______________________________________________________________ ?
completion

In 1947.

2. Where _________________________________________________________ today?

In Stockholm

3. How ________________________________________________________________?

It employs 73,000 people

4. What __________________________________________________________ at first?

It only sold women’s clothes

5. Where ___________________________________________________ in the 1990’s?

It opened stores in Portugal, Switzerland, Denmark and Norway

6. How much _____________________________________________________ in 2008?

SEK 15,294 million, after taxes

Rev. 11 6. Describing job functions
choice
Complete the sentences with an appropriate word.
The Sales Manager reports (1)_____ the Marketing Manager. He is responsible (2)_____
running the Sales section and implementing the company's sales strategy. There is a
team of eight sales representatives (3)_____ him. These sales representatives are (4)_____
charge (5)_____ prospecting for new customers and identifying their requirements. They
also have to deal (6)_____ customers' complaints. Sales forms part (7)_____ the Marketing
Department, which consists (8)_____ four sections: Sales, Market Research, Advertising
and Public Relations. The success of the launch of a new product often depends (9)_____
how well the sales staff do their work.

134

8. Modal Verbs and Equivalent expressions

a. Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the words provided. Do not use the same
expression more than once.

Guidelines for
Visitors to Japan

1. Visas are not necessary for EU passport holders.
EU passport holders do ..........................................................................................................

2. For stays of over 90 days, filling in an Alien Registration Card is mandatory.
For stays of over 90 days, you are.....................................................................................

3. Foreigners have the obligation of carrying their passports at all times.
Foreigners ....................................................................................................................................

4. There are no restrictions on currency import or export.
Visitors ..........................................................................................................................................

5. It is against the law for stores and restaurants to accept foreign currencies.
Stores and restaurants ..........................................................................................................

6. Hotels should be booked well in advance.
It is a good idea ..........................................................................................................................

7. Credit cards such as Visa or Master Card are widely accepted in major hotels.
You .................................................................................................................................................

8. Personal effects are duty-free.
You don´t .....................................................................................................................................

9. Having a professional interpreter in business meetings is highly recommended.
It is .................................................................................................................................................

10. The effective use of an interpreter requires careful preparation before the meeting.
You …………………………….…. ......................................................................... carefully if you
......................................................................................................................................................

135



APPENDIX 1

GRAMMAR & LANGUAGE

1. Linking words and expressions ...................................................................................................................138
2. Spelling rules ......................................................................................................................................................139
3. Spelling- British and American spelling differences ...........................................................................143
4. Word order in adjectives ...............................................................................................................................144

APPENDIX 1 GRAMMAR & LANGUAGE USE

1. Linking words and expressions

The main function of these is to indicate a connection between two propositions (e.g., ideas, facts or

events). They help organise information and clarify it for the reader / listener by connecting
subsequent information with earlier information. We use connectors and sequence markers to signal

different types of relationships between ideas. The main relationships are: TIME, LOGIC and
TEXT (e.g. addition, contrast, summary, paraphrase, example and highlight).

Conjunctions, adverbials and prepositions are grammatical terms that describe how these devices are

used grammatically. Look at the examples below:

CONJUNCTION The population grew although the birth rate continued to fall.

ADVERBIAL The birth rate fell. However, the population grew.

PREPOSITION The population grew despite the continuous fall in birth rate.

CONJUNCTIONS ADVERBIALS PREPOSITIONS

Temporal Connect sentences clauses Connect a sentence logically to a Introduce a nominal structure
connectors sentence + sentence previous sentence. or a gerund
Sequence before, after, while, when, afterwards, then, later, before before, after, during, for,
since, as soon as, until that, meanwhile, in the meantime since, until, till, from...to
before, after, once first (of all), firstly, secondly, before, after
next, then, after that, later,
Introducing a because, since, as, given that subsequently, finally, in the end, as a result of, because of, due
reason, cause lastly to, owing to, thanks to, on
this is because account of, in view of, given
Introducing a with the result that, so VERBS: result from, arise
consequence or as a result, consequently, from, be attributed to, be the
result therefore, this is why, hence*, result of
thus*, to this end*, because of VERBS: lead to, result in,
Indicating but, although, even though, this, accordingly give rise to, cause
contrast yet, whereas, while however, nevertheless*, on the
Condition if, unless, whether, as long other hand, in contrast, even so, in spite of, despite
as, provided that, in the then, in that case, in such an
Purpose event that event*, otherwise in the event of, subject to
...so that
to this end, with this end in view for, to, in order (not) to, so as
Addition and, Not only...but (also)/(as to + VERB
well) also, too, furthermore, in in addition to, as well as,
addition, moreover apart from, along/together
Rephrasing/ with
Equivalence basically, in other words, that is
Conclusion/ to say, in short, in brief, i.e.** like, similar to
Summary overall, in conclusion, to sum up, such as
Similarity to conclude, in a nutshell, in brief
likewise, similarly, in the same
Example way, at the same time
for example, for instance, say, as
Highlighting follows /e.g.(in writing only)**
in particular, especially, notably,
Generalisa- chiefly, mainly, particularly,
tion specifically
usually, normally, as a rule, in
Stating the general, for the most part, in most
obvious cases, on the whole
Interpolation or obviously, naturally, of course,
expressing clearly, it is quite clear that
personal personally/in my opinion, I think,
opinions we feel that, as you know, I am
* formal expressions used mostly in written English sure, fortunately, unfortunately,
Latin for 'for example'
* *i.e.- id est, Latin for 'that is', e.g. - exempli gratia,

138

APPENDIX 1 GRAMMAR & LANGUAGE USE

3. Spelling rules

3.1 Plurals/Third person singular of the Simple Present tense

PRESENT SIMPLE (3rd person singular) PRESENT PARTICIPLE/ GERUND
or PLURAL NOUN FORMS FORMATION

1. Add ES to words finishing in: 1. Omit SILENT “E”:
S/SS  passes
X  boxes come  coming
SH  washes make  making
CH  watches
O  goes, dominoes 2. Change IE Y and add ING .

2. Change Y and add ES with verbs die  dying
finishing in consonant+Y. tie  tying
try  tries lie  lying
worry  worries
study  studies 3. NEVER change a final Y.
try  trying
BUT, only add S if the verb ends in worry  worrying
vowel + Y. study  studying
buy  buys buy  buying
play  plays play  playing
boy  boys
4. Double the final consonant after a
3. In all other cases, add S.
single stressed vowel.

stop  stopping

run  running

swim  swimming

begin  beginning

4. Double the final L in British English.

travel  travelling
control  controlling

Practice

1. Add S, ES or IES to the following words.

box enjoy miss sell
stay
catch fly pay study
write
Appx 1.2.1 do hurry relax
choice
dress listen rise

2. Add ING making the necessary changes

come get prefer start
talk
die live rain travel
write
Appx 1.2.2 dry pay reveal
choice
earn plan run

139