Amod sanskut sampurn 9th

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gånyU©-g§ñH¥$V‘²

g§ñH¥ V Am‘moX B¶ËVm Zddr (g§nyU©)

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gpÝV & ‘hmamï´>amÁ¶nmR>çnwñVH${Z{‘©{V: VWm Aä¶mgH«$‘g§emoYZ‘ÊS>bñ¶ g#mmbH$ñ¶
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n§. Jwbm‘ XñVJra {~amgXma g§ñH¥$V^mfmä¶mgJUgXñ¶m:
(Aܶj:)

lr‘Vr Va{“Ur ImoV S>m°. ‘mYdr Omoer lr‘Vr A{XVr ‘mYdZ² lr‘Vr eodÝVr Xm“Q>
S>m°. àgmX {^S>o lr‘Vr {dkmnZm JmoH$U©H$a S>m°. ‘mYdr Zagmio
S>m°. ‘mYd Ho$iH$a S>m°. àgmX Hw$bH$Uu lr‘Vr F$Mm d¡Ú lr‘Vr ñdmVr OmYd
lr. OJXre BÝXbH$a lr‘Vr H$mÄMZ Omoer lr‘Vr AM©Zm Omoer
S>m°. ‘mYd ^wñHw$Q>o

S>m°. àkm XoenmÊS>o

lr‘Vr g{dVm dm¶i
(gXñ¶-g{Md)
àñVmdZm
g§¶ moOZ‘² … AmË‘r¶m: N>mÌm:,
lr‘Vr g{dVm A{Zb dm¶i
{deofm{YH$mar, ‘amR>r Aï>‘r-H$jm¶m§ g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: gwðw> n[aM¶: OmV: ñ¶mV² ¶wî‘mH$‘² & Ho$
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{MÌH$mam¡ … H$sÑer dm³¶aMZm M B{V {df¶o ñnï>Vm ñ¶mV² & EV¡: Ed ^mfmgmYZ¡: AYwZm
’$méI ZXm’$, ¶edÝV Xoe‘wI gm{h˶n[aM¶: A{n àmáì¶: & g§ñH¥$Vo Ho$ H$d¶:, H$m{Z ZmQ>H$m{Z, Ho$ à‘wIm:
J«ÝWm: M B{V {df¶o eZ¡: eZ¡: km¶Vo Apñ‘Z² df} &
‘wIn¥ð>‘² …
¶edÝV Xoe‘wI ^mfmgyÌofw ZyVZeãXmZm§, bH$mamUm§ {d{dYì¶mH$aU{~ÝXÿZm§ M kmnZ§
^d{V & Ahmo ! ì¶mH$aU{Z~ÕVm g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: B˶{n H$Xm{MV² CÛoJ:
Aja¶moOZ‘² … ^doV² & qH$ {dZm ì¶mH$aU§ ^mfmܶ¶Z§ Z e³¶Vo ? Am‘² e³¶Vo & Apñ‘Z²
^mfm{d^mJ: nwñVHo$ "aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘²' B{V {deofnmR>‘m{bH$mÛmam ^mfm¶m: à˶jà¶moJ:,
nmR>çnwñVH$‘ÊS>b‘², nwUo. "^mfmgyÌ'Ûmam ^mfm{gÕmÝV: M B˶Z¶mo: {‘lar{V: Añ‘m{^: Am{lVm &

{Z{‘©{V: … gd©Xm ñ‘aV-
g{ƒXmZÝX Am’$io, Aì¶mH$aU‘YrV§ {^ÞÐmoʶm Va{“UrVaU‘² &
‘w»¶{Z{‘©{V-A{YH$mar ^ofO‘n϶g{hV§ ̶{‘X‘H¥$V§ da§ Z H¥$V‘² &&
amOoÝÐ {MÝXaH$a, AdJ‘ZoZ {dZm n{R>V§ a{Q>V§ M {dñ‘¥V§ ^d{V, AdJ˶ Aä¶mgoZ
{Z{‘©{V-A{YH$mar à¶w³V§ gd©Xm Ed ñ‘aUo {Vð>{V &
eãXgånX: {dZm, ^mfm{Z¶‘mZm§ kmZoZ {dZm ZyVZ^mfmܶ¶Z‘² AnyU©‘² &
H$mJX‘² … ldU§-^mfU§-nR>Z§-boIZ‘² B{V ^mfmgmonmZm{Z H«$‘e: AmamohV &
AZoZ nwñVH$‘mܶ‘oZ doXm:, Cn{ZfX:, ‘hmH$mì¶m{Z, n#mVÝ̧,
70 GSM Creamwove gw^m{fVm{Z M B{V g§ñH¥$VJ«ÝWgånX² ¶wî‘mH§$ nwaV: CnñWm{nVm & Añ¶m§
{MaZyVZm¶m§ g§ñH¥$Vgm{h˶g¥îQ>çm‘² Am‘moXoZ a‘Üd‘² &
‘wÐUmXoe: …



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‘w»¶g‘Ýd¶H$:
lr‘Vr àmMr aqdÐ gmR>o

àH$meH$: nwUo (S>m°. gw{Zb ‘Ja)
{ddoH$ CÎm‘ Jmogmdr {XZmL²>H$$: - 28 E{àb, 2017, Ajæ¶V¥Vr¶m gÄMmbH$:
^maVr¶ gm¡a : 8 d¡emI 1939
{Z¶ÝÌH$: ‘hmamï´>amÁ¶nmR>çnwñVH${Z{‘©{V: VWm
nmR>çnwñVH${Z{‘©{V‘ÊS>b‘², Aä¶mgH«$‘g§emoYZ‘ÊS>b‘², nwUo.

à^mXodr, ‘wå~B© - 25.

^maVñ¶ g§{dYmZ‘²

àñVmdZm

d¶§, ^maVñ¶ OZm:, ^maV§ gånyU©à^wËdgånÞ§, g‘mOdm{XZ§,
gåàXm¶{Zanoj§, bmoH$VÝÌmË‘H§$ JUamÁ¶§ {dYmVw§, Vñ¶
g‘ñVmZ² ZmJ[aH$m§ü

gm‘m{OH$‘², Am{W©H§$, amOZr{VH§$ M ݶm¶§,
{dMmañ¶, A{^춺o$:, AmñWm¶m:, Y‘©ñ¶,
CnmgZm¶mü ñdVÝÌVm§,
à{Vð>m¶m:, Adgañ¶ M g‘Vm§ àmn{¶Vw§;
Vofw gd}fw M
ì¶{º$Jm¡adñ¶ amï´>ñ¶ EH$Vm¶m:,
AIÊS>Vm¶mü gw{Züm{¶H$m§ ~ÝYwVm§
dY©{¶Vw§;
H¥$VÑT>g‘ ënm: Añ¶m‘² Añ‘Xr¶m¶m§ g§{dYmZg^m¶m‘²
AÚ, p¼ñVr¶o 1949 V‘o df} Zdå~a‘mgñ¶ 26-V‘o {XZo
(2006-V‘o {dH«$‘g§dËgao ‘mJ©erf} ewŠbnjo gáå¶m§ {VWm¡)
EVoZ BX§ g§{dYmZ‘² A“rH¥$V‘², A{Y{Z¶{‘V‘², AmË‘m{n©V§ M
Hw$‘©ho &

amï´>JrV‘²

OZJU‘Z-A{YZm¶H$ O¶ ho
^maV-^m½¶{dYmVm &

n§Om~, {g§Yw, JwOamV, ‘amR>m,
Ðm{dS>, CËH$b, ~§J,

{d§Ü¶, {h‘mMb, ¶‘wZm, J§Jm,
CÀN>b Ob{YVa§J,

Vd ew^ Zm‘o OmJo, Vd ew^ Am{eg ‘mJo,
Jmho Vd O¶JmWm,

OZJU ‘§JbXm¶H$ O¶ ho,
^maV-^m½¶{dYmVm &

O¶ ho, O¶ ho, O¶ ho,
O¶ O¶ O¶ O¶ ho &&

à{Vkm

^maVmo ‘‘ Xoemo@¶§ ^maVr¶mü ~mÝYdm: &
namZwap³Vapñ‘Z² ‘o Xoeo@pñV ‘‘ gd©Xm &&1&&

g‘¥Õm {d{dYmümñ¶ ¶m Xoeñ¶ naånam: &
gpÝV Vm: à{V ‘o {Z˶‘{^‘mZmoÞV§ {ea: &&2&&

à¶{Vî¶o gXm Mmh‘mgmX{¶Vw‘h©Vm‘² &
¶oZ Vmgm§ ^{dî¶m{‘ lÕm¶w³V: nXmZwJ: &&3&&

g§‘mZ¶o¶§ {nVam¡ d¶moÁ¶oð>mZ² Jwê§$ñVWm &
gm¡OݶoZ¡d dV}¶ VWm gd£ah§ gXm &&4&&

ñdH$s¶oZ {h XoeoZ ñdXoer¶¡ü ~mÝYd¡: &
EH$mÝV{Zð>‘mMma§ à{VOmZo {h gd©Wm &&5&&

EVofm‘od H$ë¶mUo g‘wËH$f} VW¡d M &
ZyZ§ {d{Z{hV§ gdª gm¡»¶‘m˶pÝVH§$ ‘‘ &&6&&

g§ñH¥$V‘² &

Zd‘rH$jmÀN>mÌmUm§ g§ñH¥$V^mfm{df¶o AYmo{bpIVmZm§ j‘VmZm§ {dH$mg: ^doV² B{V Anojm dV©Vo &

joÌ‘² j‘Vm{dYmZm{Z
ldU‘²
1. AmH$medmʶm VWm Xÿa{MÌdmʶm àgm[aVñ¶ g§ñH¥$VdmVm©nÌñ¶ ldU‘² &
2. {ejHo$U g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ àXÎmmZm§ X¡ZpÝXZgyMZmZm§ ldU‘² AdJ‘Z§ M &
3. nmR>‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ ¶m: aMZmË‘H$H¥$Vr… {ejH$… g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ gyM¶{V, Vmgm§ ldU‘² AdJ‘Z§ M &
4. g§ñH¥$Vo nÚñ¶ N>ÝXmo~ÕVm, d¥Îmm{Z EVofm§ ldUoZ A{YH$… Aä¶mg… &

^mfU‘² 1. g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ CƒmaUd¡{eîQ>çmZm§ gå^mfU‘mܶ‘oZ A{YH$… Aä¶mg… &
2. {ejHo$U n¥ï>mZm§ àýmZm§ g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ g{dñVa§ à˶wÎmam{U &
3. {‘Ì¡… gh g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ g§dmX… &
4. dV©‘mZ{df¶ofw g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ {H${#mV² ‘VàXe©Z‘² &

nR>Z‘² 1. An{R>Vg§ñH¥$VnmR>çñ¶ AW©nyUª dmMZ‘² &
2. doX-‘hmH$mì¶-ZmQ>H$m{Xgm{h˶ofw {dÚ‘mZm: ¶m: gy³V¶… ì¶dhmao àM{bVm…, Vmgm§ nR>Z‘² &

3. g§ñH¥$VñVmoÌmUm§ ¶Wm¶mo½¶§ nR>Z‘²  &

boIZ‘² 1. Xmof{da{hV§ lwVboIZ‘² &
2. boIZ{Z¶‘mZ² AZwg¥Ë¶ n[aÀN>oXboIZ‘²  &
3. g§dmXny{V©… &
4. H¥$VrZm§ g§jonoU {ddoMZ‘² &

Aܶ¶Z‘² 1. g§ñH¥$VeãXH$mofñ¶ {Z¶Vmon¶moJ… eãXg‹L²>J«ho A{^d¥{Õ… M &
2. g‘ñ¶mny{V©-àho{bH$m-AmXrZm§ H$mì¶àH$mamUm§ agmñdmXZ‘² &
3. ^m{fH$H«$sS>mZm‘² AmZÝXmZw^y{V: &
4. JÚnÚmZwdmXñ¶ ñdmܶm¶… &
5. ñdmZw^yVàg“ñ¶ {MÌñ¶ dm g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ dU©Z‘² &
6. emóJ«ÝWmZm§ {df¶o {Okmgm¶m… d¥{Õ… &
7. A‘aH$mofñ¶ A{YH$‘² Aܶ¶Z‘² &

^mfmä¶mg: 1. g§ñH¥$VeãXOmbñ¶ ny{V©… &
2. ì¶dhmao g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ gabgå^mfU§ bH$mamUm‘² C{MV… à¶moJ… M & (AmkmW©: {dܶW©: M &)
3. A춶mZm§ dmŠ¶ofw C{MV… à¶moJ… &
4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ gpÝY§ M H¥$Ëdm nmR>çdmMZ‘² &
5. g‘mgmZm§ gÝX^©‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {dJ«h… &
6. EH$V: eVn¶©ÝV§ (1-100) gL²>»¶mZm§ kmZ‘² &

nmR>çnwñVH$ñ¶ Ano{jVn[aUm‘mWª gdm©gm§ j‘VmZm§ gw¶mo½¶{dH$mgmWª à{Vgámh§ fQ²> (6) Vm{gH$m: Ano{jVm: &

{H$‘² ApñV nwñVHo$ ?

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àmW©Zm & (Ho$db§ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

A^rpßgVmW©{gX²Ü¶Wª ny{OVmo ¶: gwamgwa¡: &
gd©{d¿ZhañVñ‘¡ JUm{YnV¶o Z‘: &&1&&

¶m Hw$ÝXoÝXþVwfmahmaYdbm ¶m ew^«dómd¥Vm
¶m drUmdaXÊS>‘pÊS>VH$am ¶m ídoVnÙmgZm &
¶m ~«÷mÀ¶wVeL²>H$aà^¥{V{^X}d¡: gXm dpÝXVm
gm ‘m§ nmVw gañdVr ^JdVr {Z:eofOmS>çmnhm &&2&&
AkmZ{V{‘amÝYñ¶ kmZmÄOZebmH$¶m &
MjwéÝ‘r{bV§ ¶oZ Vñ‘¡ lrJwado Z‘: &&3&&
H$mbo df©Vw nO©Ý¶: n¥{Wdr gñ¶em{bZr &
Xoemo@¶§ jmo^a{hV: g‚mZm: gÝVw [Z^©¶m: &&4&&
gd}@Ì gwpIZ: gÝVw gd} gÝVw {Zam‘¶m: &
gd} ^Ðm{U ní¶ÝVw ‘m H${üÔþ:I‘mßZw¶mV² &&5&&

{ejHo$U AdYmVì¶m: A§em: &
Aï>å¶m§ H$jm¶m§ ^mfm¶m: gwðw> n[aM¶: OmV: & AV: ¶mdÀN>³¶§ g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ¡d nmR>Z§ ^dVw &
H$jm¶m§ g§ñH¥$VdmVmdaU§ ^doV² & ZyVZeãXmZm§ n[aM¶mW©‘² AZwdmXñ¶ Anoj¶m dñVw/H¥$qV Xe©{¶Ëdm A{^Z¶Ûmam nmR>Z§
^doV² & "aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘²/gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘²' EV¶mo: ‘mܶ‘oZ {df¶àdoe: ^doV²& "^mfmgyÌñ¶' ‘mܶ‘oZ {Z¶‘kmZ§ ^doV² &
CnñWmnZ‘², Aä¶mg: à¶moJ: M B{V {ÌgyÌr AܶmnZo Aml¶Ur¶m & nmR>[^Þm: Z¡Ho$ nyaH$m: ‘ZmoaÄOH$m: A§em:
nwñVHo$ ¶mo{OVm:, ¶Wm- nR>V-~moYV, hgV-ZÝXV, JrVm{Z, agàíZm: B˶mX¶: & Vo ^mfm{dH$mgmW©‘² Amdí¶H$m: &
^mfmä¶mgo XÎmm: H¥$V¶: nmR>ñ¶ AmH$bZmW©‘² Amdí¶H$m: & narjm{Z{‘Îm§ àmê$nmZwgma‘² Ano{jVm: àíZm: {ejH¡$:
ñd¶§ aMZr¶m: &

gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & gL²>»¶m: &

1. EH$‘² 21. EH$qde{V: 41. EH$MËdm[a¨eV² 61. EH$f{ï>: 81. EH$mer{V:
82. Ûçer{V:
2. Ûo 22. Ûmqde{V: 42. {ÛMËdm[a¨eV² 62. {Ûf{ï>: 83. Ͷer{V:
84. MVwaer{V:
3. Ìr{U 23. ̶moqde{V: 43. {ÌMËdm[a¨eV² 63. {Ìf{ï>: 85. n#mmer{V:
86. fS>er{V:
4. MËdm[a 24. MVw{dªe{V: 44. MVwíMËdm[a¨eV² 64. MVw:f{ï>: 87. gámer{V:
88. Aï>mer{V:
5. n#m 25. n#mqde{V: 45. n#mMËdm[a¨eV² 65. n#mf{ï>: 89. Zdmer{V:
(EH$moZZd{V:)
6. fQ² 26. fS²{d§e{V: 46. fQ²MËdm[a¨eV² 66. fQ²f{ï>: 90. Zd{V:
91. EH$Zd{V:
7. gá 27. gáqde{V: 47. gáMËdm[a¨eV² 67. gáf{ï>: 92. {ÛZd{V:
93. {ÌZd{V:
8. Aï> 28. Aï>mqde{V: 48. Aï>MËdm[a¨eV² 68. Aï>f{ï>: 94. MVwZ©d{V:
9. Zd 29. Zdqde{V: 95. n#mZd{V:
10. Xe 49. ZdMËdm[a¨eV² 69. Zdf{ï>: 96. fÊUd{V:
11. EH$mXe (EH$moZqÌeV²) 97. gáZd{V:
12. ÛmXe 30. qÌeV² (EH$moZn#mmeV²) (EH$moZgá{V:) 98. Aï>Zd{V:
13. ̶moXe 31. EH$qÌeV² 99. ZdZd{V:
14. MVwX©e 32. ÛmqÌeV² 50. n#mmeV² 70. gá{V:
15. n#mXe 33. ̶qóeV² (EH$moZeV‘²)
16. fmoS>e 34. MVwqóeV² 51. EH$n#mmeV² 71. EH$gá{V: 100. eV‘²
35. n#mqÌeV²
36. fQ²{̧eV² 52. {Ûn#mmeV² 72. {Ûgá{V:

53. {Ìn#mmeV² 73. {Ìgá{V:

54. MVwîn#mmeV² 74. MVwñgá{V:

55. n#mn#mmeV² 75. n#mgá{V:

17. gáXe 56. fQ²n#mmeV² 76. fQ²gá{V:

18. Aï>mXe 37. gáqÌeV² 57. gán#mmeV² 77. gágá{V:

19. ZdXe 38. Aï>mqÌeV² 58. Aï>n#mmeV² 78. Aï>gá{V:

39. ZdqÌeV² 59. Zdn#mmeV² 79. Zdgá{V:
(EH$moZqde{V:) (EH$moZMËdm[a¨eV²) (EH$moZf{ï>:) (EH$moZmer{V:)
20. qde{V:
40. MËdm[a¨eV² 60. f{ï>: 80. Aer{V:

1000 - ghò‘², 10,000 - A¶wV‘², 1, 00,000 - bj‘², 10,00,000 {Z¶wV‘², 1,00,00,000 - H$mo{Q>:

EH§$ Xe eV§ M¡d ghò‘¶wV§ VWm & bj§ M {Z¶wV§ M¡d H$mo{Q>a~w©X‘od M &&
d¥ÝX§ Idm} {ZId©íM eL²>I: nX²‘íM gmJa: & AÝ˶§ ‘ܶ§ namYª M Xed¥X²Ü¶m ¶WmH«$‘‘² &&

H«$sS>m - gL²>»¶mÝdofU‘² & 5 100 37 97 14 43 30 66 81 23
g‘rno {dÚ‘mZo MVwîH$moUo EH$V: eVn¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶m: 82 41 96 65 31 60 71 87 3 59
{b{IVm: gpÝV & EH$: JU: gL²>»¶m§ dX{V & 99 80 9 42 72 64 12 32 8 48
Ana: JU: MVwîH$moUo {dÚ‘mZm§ gL²>»¶m‘² ApÝdî¶{V & 38 74 16 35 51 15 98 36 63 58
¶Wm - EH$mXe 6 24 67 1 73 25 46 20 33 10
75 44 52 34 21 62 88 47 83 40
91 26 11 84 61 50 22 76 4 57
17 85 53 89 27 78 2 93 70 28
39 92 7 95 79 55 45 56 13 86
29 54 68 49 18 94 19 69 90 77

gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & {MÌnXH$mof: &

Ûma‘² a“d„r nmXH$Q>: àYmZH$j:

Od{ZH$m n¶©L²>H$: Vën: CnYmZ‘²

AmÀN>mXH$‘² g‘rH$a: jmbZ¶ÝÌ‘² nwînmYmZr

nmH$embm ^moOZnrR>‘² dm¶wMw{„: nmÌ‘²

Xdu {‘lH$: ñWm{bH$m H$Q>mh:

1

d¥Îm¶: &

XÝVd¡Ú: n[aMm[aH$m d¡‘m{ZH$: AÝVambdra:

d¡km{ZH$: AmajH$: VjH$: Hw$å^H$ma:

^madmh: Yrda: Amn{UH$: gm¡{MH$:

VÝVwdm¶: A{^¶ÝVm nÌdmhH$: ¶mZMm{bH$m

‘mbmH$ma: bonH$ma: {ejH$: nmMH$:

2

{H«$¶m: &

O¥å^Vo कासते जिघ्रति e¥Umo{V

H¥$f{V {ZîH$mg¶{V ‘W{V/‘ÏZm{V {^Z{Îm

àjmb¶{V {ZînrS>¶{V nwQ>rH$amo{V grì¶{V

A{^Z¶{V Am{bI{V Xe©¶{V IZ{V

Adgn©{V CËßbdVo b”Vo Q>L²>H$¶{V

3

nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² &

• n#mXe dm³¶m{Z &

bQ²> (dV©‘mZH$mb:) bL²> (^yVH$mb:)
nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘²
nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘²

}g: nwéf: JÀN>{V a‘Vo AJÀN>V² Aa‘V

gm H$ݶm
VX² An˶§
Vm¡ nwéfm¡
}àW‘:
nwéf: Vo H$ݶo JÀN>V: a‘oVo AJÀN>Vm‘² Aa‘oVm‘²

Vo An˶o

}Vo nwéfm: JÀN>pÝV a‘ÝVo AJÀN>Z² Aa‘ÝV

Vm: H$ݶm: AJÀN>: Aa‘Wm:
Vm{Z An˶m{Z AJÀN>V‘² Aa‘oWm‘²
AJÀN>V Aa‘Üd‘²
‘ܶ‘: Ëd§ JÀN>{g a‘go AJÀN>‘² Aa‘o
AJÀN>md Aa‘md{h
nwéf: ¶wdm§ JÀN>W: a‘oWo AJÀN>m‘ Aa‘m‘{h
¶y¶§ JÀN>W a‘Üdo

CÎm‘: Ah§ JÀN>m{‘ a‘o

nwéf: Amdm§ JÀN>md: a‘mdho
d¶§ JÀN>m‘: a‘m‘ho

• ñ‘aV H$maH$m{U &

H$maH$m{U {d^³V¶: CXmhaUm{Z

1. H$Vm© àW‘m AmewVmof: Jm¶{V & (~mb) {bI{V &
a{gH$m ImX{V & (ar‘m) dX{V &
2. H$‘© {ÛVr¶m ¶mZ§ Mb{V & (nU©) nV{V &
3. H$aU‘² V¥Vr¶m gwYm§ew: ‘oK§ ní¶{V & amOm
(godH$) Amˆ¶{V &
Ah§ ‘wIoZ dXm{‘ & ajH$:
(XÊS>) VmS>¶{V &

4. gåàXmZ‘² MVwWu ‘mVm nwÌm¶ ^moOZ§ n[adof¶{V &

Y{ZH$: (¶mMH$) YZ§ XXm{V &

5. AnmXmZ‘² n#m‘r ñ¶yVmV² dó§ nV{V & (d¥j) ’$b§ nV{V &

(AmH$me) Vmo¶§ nV{V &

6. A{YH$aU‘² gá‘r N>mÌm: dJ} Cn{depÝV & IJm: (d¥j) Hy$OpÝV &

‘Ëñ¶m: (ZXr) VapÝV &

* fð>r {d^p³V: Z {H«$¶mnXgå~pÝYZr & AV: gm Z H$maH${d^p³V: &

4

àW‘: nmR>: & gwðw> J¥hrV: Mm¡a: & àW‘: KQ>H$: &

XodXÎm: Zm‘ H$mo@{n Y{ZH$: AmgrV² & EH$Xm
Vñ¶ YZñ¶yV: bwá>: & Vñ¶ J¥ho fS>² ^¥Ë¶m: AmgZ² &
Vofw Ed EH$: Mm¡a: ñ¶mV², B{V Vñ¶ ‘V‘² & Mm¡a§
J«hrVw§ g: dra~b§ gmhm涑² A¶mMV & dra~b:
AdXV², ""{‘Ì! AÚ gm¶L²>H$mbo Vd gdm©Z² ^¥Ë¶mZ²
‘‘ J¥h§ àof¶'' B{V&

¶Wm{ZpíMV§ gd} godH$m: dra~bñ¶ J¥h‘²
AmJVm: & dra~boZ nyd©‘od gd}fm§ H¥$Vo
g‘mZmoÞV¶: ¶{ï>H$m: AmZrVm: & g: godH$mZ²
AdXV², ""^mo: ní¶ÝVw, EVm: ‘m¶m¶{ï>H$m: &
Vmgw EH$m§ ¶{ï>H$m§ ñdrH¥$˶ gd©¡: XodXÎmñ¶
J¥h§ JÝV춧, œ: à^mVo nwZamJÝV춑² & ¶oZ
Ho$Zm{n YZñ¶yV: Mmo[aV: ñ¶mV² Vñ¶ ¶{ï>H$m
A“x{b‘m̧ XrKm© ^{dî¶{V &''

amÌm¡ gd} ^¥Ë¶m: gwIoZ {ZÐm‘² AHw$d©Z²
F$Vo EH$ñ‘mV² & g: A{MÝV¶V², ""œ: àmV:
‘‘ Mm¡¶ª àH${Q>V§ ^doV² & AV: Ah‘² AYwZm
Ed ‘‘ ¶{ï>H$m‘² A“x{b‘m̧ H$V©¶m{‘ &''
B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm VWm H¥$Ëdm g: gwIoZ gwßV: &

AݶoÚw: bKw¶{ï>H$m§ ÑîQ‰>¡d dra~boZ Mm¡a:
gå¶H²$ kmV: J¥hrV: M & AnamYr ^¥Ë¶:
dra~bñ¶ nmX¶mo: n{VËdm ñdñ¶ AnamY‘²
A“rH¥$VdmZ²  YZñ¶yV§ M à˶{n©VdmZ² &

5

1. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV & ^mfmä¶mg:

1. H$ñ¶ YZñ¶yV: bwá: ?

(A) XodXÎmñ¶ (Am) dra~bñ¶ (B) ^¥Ë¶ñ¶ > (B©) Z¥nñ¶

2. J¥ho H${V ^¥Ë¶m: AmgZ² ?

(A) n#m (Am) gá (B) fS²> (B©) EH$:

3. dra~b: H$ñ¶ {‘Ì‘² ?

(A) ^¥Ë¶ñ¶ (Am) Y{ZH$ñ¶ (B) ¶{ï>H$m¶m:> (B©) Mm¡añ¶

4. "œ: ‘‘ Mm¡¶ª àH${Q>V§ ^doV² &' B{V {MÝVm H$ñ¶ {MÎmo Om¶Vo?

(A) Xmgñ¶ (Am) dra~bñ¶ (B) Y{ZH$ñ¶> (B©) Z¥nñ¶

2. H$: H§ dX{V ?
1. ""ní¶ÝVw EVm: ‘m¶m¶{ï>H$m: &''

2. ""{‘Ì, AÚ gm¶L²>H$mbo Vd gdm©Z² ^¥Ë¶mZ² ‘‘ J¥h§ àof¶ &''

3. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & dra~boZ Mm¡a: H$W§ J¥hrV: ?

4. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & {deo² 5. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZm§ ¶w½‘§ {MZwV {bIV M &
{deofU‘² YZñ¶yV: nyd©‘² JVm: XrKm© OmJ[aV:
g‘mZmoÞV¶:

gdm©Z² Mm¡a: ^¥Ë¶: õñdm gwá: ñdm‘r

bwá: ¶{ï>H$m:
J¥hrV: ^¥Ë¶mZ² Y{ZH$: níMmV² AmJVm: X[aÐ:

6. nmR>mV² g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§ {MËdm aoIm{M̧ nya¶V & 2) nmQ>ƒa:
1) YZmT>ç: ñVoZ:

YZdmZ² Bä¶: VñH$a: ‘mofH$:
YZgånÞ: 4) godH$:
Xmg: n[aMmaH$:
gw{á: ñdnm MoQ>H$: {H$L²>H$a:

e¶Z‘² ñdmn: Xmgo¶:
6

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & qH$ H¥$Ëdm ? nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V M &

~mbH$: nwñVH§$ nR>{V {dÚm{ZHo$VZ‘²

~mbH$: nwñVH§$ n{R>Ëdm nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V &

‘mVm nmH§$ H$amo{V ^moOZ§ n[adof¶{V M &

‘mVm nmH§$ H¥$Ëdm ^moOZ§ n[adof¶{V &

EVm¡ ņ {bIV: nÌno{Q>H$m¶m§ ņ {Z{jnV: M&

EVm¡ ņ {b{IËdm nÌno{Q>H$m¶m§ {Z{jnV: &

ZV©³¶: {e{jH$m‘² AZ‘Z² AZ¥Ë¶Z² M &

ZV©³¶: { e{jH$m§ ZËdm AZ¥Ë¶Z² &
n{R>Ëdm, H¥$Ëdm, {b{IËdm, ZËdm B˶oVm{Z nyd©H$mbdmMH$-ËdmÝV-A춶m{Z &

7

AÛ¡V: d¥j‘² Amamoh{V Cn{de{V M &

AÛ¡V: d ¥j‘² Améø Cn{de{V &

d¥Õm Xod§ àmW©¶Vo {ZÐm§ H$amo{V M &

d¥Õm Xod§ àm϶© {ZÐm§ H$amo{V &

nwéfm¡ hñVm¡ àjmb¶V: ^moOZ§ Hw$éV: M &

nwéfm¡ hñVm¡ àjmë¶ ^moOZ§ Hw$éV: &
Améø, àm϶©, àjmë¶ B˶oVm{Z nyd©H$mbdmMH$-ë¶~ÝV-A춶m{Z &

ew^Xm AmnU§ JÀN>{V YZ§ XXm{V nwñVH$‘² AmZ¶{V nR>{V M &

ew^Xm AmnU§ JËdm YZ§ XÎdm nwñVH$‘² AmZr¶ nR>{V &

dmŠ¶m{Z {Zarú¶ ^oX‘² AdJÀN>V -

1. gmYd: ’$bm{Z XÎdm {ZJ©ÀN>pÝV & 1. gmYd: ’$bm{Z àXm¶ {ZJ©ÀN>pÝV &

2. d¥Õm Xod§ ZËdm H$m¶©‘² Ama^Vo & 2. d¥Õm Xod§ àUå¶ H$m¶©‘² Ama^Vo &

3. AmajH$m: Mm¡a§ VmS>{¶Ëdm H$mamJ¥h§ Z¶pÝV & 3. AmajH$m: Mm¡a§ gÝVmS>ç H$mamJ¥h§ Z¶pÝV &

4. YZ§ öËdm Mm¡a: nbm{¶V: & 4. YZ‘² Anö˶ Mm¡a: nbm{¶V: &

8

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 2. JUÛ¶o {bIV &
ImX{V gpå‘ë¶ CŠËdm, nyO{¶Ëdm, gånmÚ, g§ö˶, Y¥Ëdm, Ym{dËdm,
{n~{V ñ‘¥Ëdm à{dí¶, ñZmËdm, CÈ>r¶, {Z‘Á¶, AdVr¶©, CËWm¶,
gpå‘b{V Im{XËdm Améø, CËn˶, {gŠËdm, pñWËdm, M{bËdm, {ZînrS>ç,
ñ‘a{V àm߶ CX²KmQ>ç, {ZîH$mñ¶
àmßZmo{V nrËdm

3. nyd©H$mbdmMH$¶mo: Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm XrKª dmŠ¶§ Hw$éV &

‘H©$Q>: d¥jmV² -----no{Q>H$m§-----Q>mo{nH$m§ ----- ‘ñVHo$ ------ d¥j‘² Amamoh{V &

4. {^Þ‘² A춶§ {MZwV &

1. a{jËdm, C{fËdm, Cn{Xí¶, CßËdm 2. {Z‘ÝͶ, dpÝXËdm, nam{O˶, gå^y¶

3. VrËdm©, AZwkm¶, gwßËdm, ‘Ëdm, 4. JU{¶Ëdm, à¶wܶ, àJm¶, A{^{fÀ¶

H«$sS>m - nyd©H$mbdmMH$¶mo: Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm A{VXrKª dmŠ¶§ dXV &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & qH$ H$Vw©‘² ?

¶wdH$: {MÌnQ>J¥h§ JÀN>{V {MÌnQ>§ ní¶{V M &
¶wdH$: {H$‘Wª {MÌnQ>J¥h§ JÀN>{V? ¶wdH$: {MÌnQ>§ Ðï§w> {MÌnQ>J¥h§ JÀN>{V &

9

~mbH$m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>Z² Ob§ M A{n~Z² &
~mbH$m: {H$‘Wª J¥h‘² AmJÀN>Z² ? ~mbH$m: Ob§ nmVw§ J¥h‘² AmJÀN>Z² &

• N>mÌm¡ nwñVH$mb¶‘² AJÀN>Vm‘² & {H$‘W©‘²? N>mÌm¡ n{R>Vw§ nwñVH$mb¶‘² AJÀN>Vm‘² &

• ‘oKm ’o$ZH§$ ñdrH$amo{V & {H$‘W©‘² ? ‘oKm dóm{U àjmb{¶Vw§ ’o$ZH§$ ñdrH$amo{V &

Ðïw>§, nmVw§, n{R>Vw§, àjmb{¶Vw‘² B˶oVm{Z hoËdW©H$-Vw‘ÝV-A춶m{Z &

nR>V AdJÀN>V M - 2. Ah§ d³Vw‘² EoÀN>‘² &
1. ewZH$m: Im{XVw‘² BÀN>pÝV & 4. Vm: Zm¶©: é{Ma§ n³Vw§$ e³ZwdpÝV &
3. ^madmhH$: ^ma§ dmoTw>§ e³Zmo{V &
5. OZm: ^moOZ§ H$Vw©‘² Ama^ÝV &

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

1. hoËdW©H§$ ¶moO{¶Ëdm g§dmX§ nya¶V &

qgh: - ao ‘yfH$, XÊS>¶m{‘ Ëdm‘² &

‘yfH$: - ^mo:, Ah§ (J‘²) BÀN>m{‘ & ‘w#mVw ‘m‘² &

qgh: - {H$‘Wª ‘w#mm{‘ ? Ah§ {ZÐm‘¾: Amg‘² & Ëd¶m ‘‘ {ZÐm^“: H¥$V: &

‘yfH$: - ‘hmamO, EH$dma§ ‘w#mVw & gL²>H$Q>H$mbo Ah‘{n Vd gmhm涧 (H¥$) AmJÀN>m{‘ &

naÝVw BXmZt ‘‘ ~mÝYdmZ² (Ñe²) JÀN>m{‘ & H¥$n¶m ‘w#mVw &

2. MVwWª nX§ {bIV & 2. {‘b² -‘o{bVw‘²  :: {bI² -
1. Ì¡-ÌmVw‘² :: J¡ - 4. hZ² - hÝVw‘² :: ‘Z² -
3. nyO² - nyO{¶Vw‘² :: H$W² - 6. ~wY² - ~moÕþ‘² :: ¶wY² -
5. b^²-bãYw‘² :: a^² -
8. Ñe²-Ðïw>‘² :: ñn¥e² -
7. ñ‘¥-ñ‘Vw©‘² :: H¥$ -

3. $YmVmo: hoËdW©H$‘² A춶§ à¶wÁ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & 2. H$mH$: Ob§ (nm-{n~²) KQ>o Cn{de{V &
1. e¥Jmb: Ðmjm’$b‘² (ImX²) CËnV{V & 4. ^r‘§ (hZ²) Xþ¶m}YZ: H$nQ>‘² AH$amoV² &
3. e¥Jmb: ‘m§gIÊS>§ (b^²) H$mH$ñ¶ ñVwqV H$amo{V & 6. g: ņ ({bI²) boIZr§ ñdrH$amo{V &
5. eeH$: {ZÐm§ (H¥$) AJÀN>V² &

10

{ÛVr¶: nmR>: & A춶‘mbm & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

^mfmgw ‘w»¶m ‘Ywam {Xì¶m Jrdm©U^maVr &
Vñ¶m§ {h H$m춧 ‘Ywa§ Vñ‘mX{n gw^m{fV‘² &&
gw^m{fV§ Zm‘ emo^Z§ ^m{fV‘² & g§ñH¥$Vgm{h˶o {dnwbm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z gpÝV & AënmjaËd§ gw^m{fVmZm§
d¡{eï瑲 & ‘Ywam{U Jo¶m{Z AW©nyUm©{Z EVm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z & gw^m{fVmZm§ nR>ZoZ dmUr gwg§ñH¥$Vm {ZXm}fm M
^d{V & d³V¥ËdH$bm¶m§ {ZnwUVmgånmXZmW©‘² CËH¥$ï>-{Z~ÝYboIZmWª M Vm{Z AVrd Cn¶w³Vm{Z & AV: B¶§
gw^m{fVmZm§ ‘mbm N>mÌ¡: Adí¶§ H$ÊRo> YmaUr¶m &

lmoVw§ H$Um£, d³Vw‘mñ¶§ gwhmñ¶§
K«mVw§ K«mU§ nmX¶w½‘§ {dhVw©‘² &

Ðïw>§ ZoÌo hñV¶w½‘§ M XmVw§
ܶmVw§ {MÎm§ ¶oZ g¥ï>§ g nmVw &&1&&
[¶oZ lmoVw§ H$Um£, d³Vw§ gwhmñ¶‘² Amñ¶§, K«mVw§ K«mU§, {dhVwª nmX¶w½‘§, Ðïw>§ ZoÌo, XmVw§ hñV¶w½‘§ ܶmVw§ M {MÎm§ g¥ï>§

g: (B©œa:) nmVw &]

JwUm: Hw$d©pÝV XÿVËd§ Xÿao@{n dgVm§ gVm‘² &
Ho$VH$sJÝY‘mK«m¶ ñd¶‘m¶mpÝV fQ²nXm: &&2&&
[Xÿao dgVm‘² A{n gVm§, JwUm: XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV & (¶Wm) fQ²>nXm: Ho$VH$sJÝY‘² AmK«m¶ (‘YwnmZm¶) ñd¶‘² Am¶mpÝV &]

^wŠËdm V¥Um{Z ewîH$m{U nrËdm Vmo¶§ Obme¶mV² &
Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV bmoHo$ä¶mo YoZdmo bmoH$‘mVa: &&3&&
[YoZd: ewîH$m{U V¥Um{Z ^w³Ëdm Obme¶mV² Vmo¶§ nrËdm bmoHo$ä¶: Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV & (Vm:) bmoH$‘mVa: (Ibw) &]

AH¥$Ëdm nagÝVmn‘² AJËdm Ib‘pÝXa‘² &
AZwËg¥Á¶ gVm§ dË‘© ¶Ëñdën‘{n VX² ~hþ &&4&&
[nagÝVmn§ Z H¥$Ëdm, Ib‘pÝXa§ Z JËdm, gVm§ dË‘© Z CËg¥Á¶ ¶V² ñdën‘² A{n (bä¶Vo) VX² ~hþ (dV©Vo) &]

¶ñ¶ fð>r MVwWu M {dhñ¶ M {dhm¶ M &
Ah§ H$W§ {ÛVr¶m ñ¶mV², {ÛVr¶m ñ¶m‘h§ H$W‘² &&5&&
[¶ñ¶ (H¥$Vo) {dhñ¶ (B{V) fð>r, {dhm¶ (B{V) MVwWu, Ah§ H$W§ M (B{V) {ÛVr¶m ñ¶mV² (Vñ¶) Ah§ {ÛVr¶m

(nËZr) H$W§ ñ¶m‘² ?]

àmaä¶Vo Z Ibw {d¿Z^¶oZ ZrM¡:
àmaä¶ {d¿Z{dhVm {da‘pÝV ‘ܶm: &
{d¿Z¡: nwZ: nwZa{n à{Vhݶ‘mZm:
àmaãY‘wÎm‘OZm Z n[a˶OpÝV &&6&&
[{d¿Z^¶oZ Ibw ZrM¡: (H$m¶ª) Z àmaä¶Vo & (H$m¶ª) àmaä¶ {d¿Z{dhVm: (^yËdm) ‘ܶm: {da‘pÝV & {d¿Z¡: nwZ: nwZ:

à{Vhݶ‘mZm: A{n CÎm‘OZm: àmaãY§ (H$m¶ª) Z n[a˶OpÝV &]

11

ñWmZ^«ï>m Z emo^ÝVo XÝVm: Ho$em ZIm Zam: &
B{V {dkm¶ ‘{V‘mZ² ñdñWmZ§ Z n[a˶OoV² &&7&&
[ñWmZ^«ï>m: XÝVm:, Ho$em:, ZIm: Zam: M Z emo^ÝVo B{V {dkm¶ ‘{V‘mZ² (Za:) ñdñWmZ§ Z n[a˶OoV² &]

X¡d‘odo{V g{#mÝ˶ Z ñdmoÚmoJ§ Zañ˶OoV² &
AZwÚ‘oZ H$ñV¡b§ {Vboä¶: àmáw‘h©{V &&8&&
[X¡d‘² Ed B{V g{#mÝ˶ Za: ñdmoÚmoJ§ Z ˶OoV² & AZwÚ‘oZ {Vboä¶: V¡b§ H$: àmáw‘² Ah©{V ?]

AÝd¶aMZm - gm{h˶aMZm {ÛYm nÚm JÚm M& Jo¶m N>ÝXmod¥Îm~Õm nÚaMZm & AmXm¡ H$V¥©nX§ nümV² H$‘©nX§

AÝVo {H«$¶mnX‘² B{V gabm H«$‘~Õm JÚaMZm & A¶§ nXH«$‘: nÚo Z Ñí¶Vo & AV: H$Xm{MV² nÚ§ Xþ~mo©Y§

^d{V & nÚñ¶ nX{d^mJ§ H¥$Ëdm {dH$sUm©{Z nXm{Z g§¶moÁ¶ nwZ: gabH«$‘oU H¥$Vm aMZm Zm‘ AÝd¶: &

AW©~moYñ¶ gab§ gmYZ§ Zm‘ AÝd¶: & AZwdmXmW©‘{n bm^Xm¶H$: AÝd¶mä¶mg: & ¹${MV² nÚo ¶o eãXm:

Z dV©ÝVo VmZ² H$ën{¶Ëdm AW©nyUm© dmŠ¶aMZm ^d{V & nÚñW§ {H«$¶mnX‘² ApÝdî¶ H$: H$Vm©, qH$ H$‘© B{V

àíZmZ² H¥$Ëdm AÝd¶: H$aUr¶: & ¶Wm- AÌ {H$§ {H«$¶mnX‘² ? drjVo & H$: drjVo ? Za: & H$sÑe:

bmo^m{dï>mo Zamo {dÎm§ drjVo Z Vw gL²>H$Q>‘² & Za: ? bmo^m{dï>: & bmo^m{dï>: Za: {H$§ drjVo ? {dÎm‘² & {H$§
Xþ½Y§ ní¶{V ‘mOm©amo Z VWm bJwS>mh{V‘² && Z drjVo ? gL²>H$Q>‘² & ‘mOm©a: qH$ ní¶{V ? Xþ½Y‘² & qH$ Z

AÝd¶: - ní¶{V ? bJwS>mh{V‘² &

¶Wm bmo^m{dï>: Za: {dÎm§ drjVo, gL²>H$Q>§  Vw Z drjVo VWm ‘mOm©a: Xþ½Y§ ní¶{V, bJwS>mh{V§ Vw Z ní¶{V &

^mfmä¶mg:

ûcmoH$: 1- ûcmoH$: 2 -
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
A) B©œaoU lmoVw§ qH$ XÎm‘² ? A) Ho$ XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV ?
Am) Amñ¶§ H$sÑe‘² ? Am) Ho$ Ho$VH$s‘² Am{OK«pÝV ?
B ) B©œaoU {dhVwª qH$ XÎm‘² ?
2. g˶§ dm Ag˶§ {bIV &
2. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & A) g‚mZm: XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV &
Am) fQ²>nXm: ñd¶‘² Am¶mpÝV &
qH$ XÎm‘² qH$ H$Vw©‘²? {H$‘W©‘² ? B) g‚mZm: Ho$VH$sJÝY‘² Am{OK«pÝV &

H$Um©¡ XÎmm¡ lmoVw‘² ldUmW©‘²/ldUm¶ 3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV {bIV M &
g‚mZm:, ^«‘am:, AmJÀN>pÝV &
Amñ¶§ XÎm‘² d³Vw‘² dMZmW©‘²/dMZm¶
4. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
K«mU§ XÎm‘² K«mUmW©‘²/ JwUm:, Xÿao, Am¶mpÝV &

nmX¶w½‘§ XÎm‘² /{dhmam¶

ZoÌo XÎmo Ðïw>‘² /Xe©Zm¶

3. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
A H$U©: Amñ¶‘² K«mU‘² nmX: ZoÌ‘² hñV: nmVw
Am H$a: ajVw bmoMZ‘² lmoÌ‘² VwÊS>‘² Zm{gH$m MaU:

12

ûcmoH$: 3 - 2. ‘ÄOyfmV: C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm ñVå^nyaU§
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & Hw$éV &
ZrMm: ‘ܶ‘m: CÎm‘m:
A) YoZd: qH$ ^w³Ëdm Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV ? H$m¶©‘² H$m¶©‘²
Am) YoZd: Obme¶mV² qH$ {n~pÝV ?
B) bmoH$‘mVa: H$m: ?

2. ûcmoH$mV² ËdmÝV-A춶o {MËdm {bIV & (Z n[a˶Á¶pÝV, H$m¶m©V², Z àma^ÝVo, {da‘pÝV)

3. dm³¶V: H$Vm©, H$‘© {H«$¶mnX§ M ApÝdî¶V {bIV M & 3. ûcmoH$mV² àW‘m{d^³Vo: VWm V¥Vr¶m{d^³Vo:
Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV YoZd: & ê$nm{U {MZwV {bIV M &

4. EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V & 4. nXn[aM¶§ Hw$éV &

bmoH$‘mVa: YoZd: ewîH$m{U V¥Um{Z ImXpÝV & ‘ybYmVw: bH$ma: nwéf: dMZ‘²

ûcmoH$: 4 - ZÄm²ê$n‘² {da‘pÝV
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & n[a˶OpÝV

A) ‘ZwOoZ qH$ Z H$V©ì¶‘² ? 5.dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
Am) ‘ZwOoZ Hw$Ì Z JÝV춑² ? àmaä¶, {d¿Z¡: &
B) ‘ZwOoZ {H$‘² AZwgV©ì¶‘² ?
ûcmoH$: 7 -
2. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
YmVw: ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝVê$n‘²
A) ñWmZ^«ï>m: Ho$ Ho$ Z emo^ÝVo ?

H¥$ AH¥$Ëdm Am) {H$§ {dkm¶ ‘{V‘mZ² ñdñWmZ§ Z n[a˶OoV² ?

J‘²-JÀN²> JËdm 2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¡: dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
CV² + g¥O²
AZwËg¥Á¶ ñWmZ^«ï>m: XÝVm: Ho$em: ZIm: Zam: Z emo^ÝVo &

3. ûcmoH$mV² AYmoXÎmeãXmZm§ H¥$Vo g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ 3. ûcmoH$mV² àW‘m{d^³Vo: ê$nm{U {MËdm {bIV &
{MËdm {bIV &
J¥h‘², Xþï>:, ‘mJ©:, ñVmoH$‘², ^y[a & ûcmoH$: 8 -
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
ûcmoH$: 5 -
1. ûcmoH$mV² ë¶~ÝV-A춶m{Z {MZwV & A) Za:$qH$ Z ˶OoV² ?
2. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {MZwV & Am) AZwÚ‘oZ qH$ àmáw§ Z e³¶Vo ?

A) fð>r- {dhñ¶/Xodñ¶ & 2. g˶‘² Ag˶§ dm B{V {bIV &
Am) MVwWu- {dhm¶/Johm¶ & A) Za: X¡d§ g{#mÝV¶oV² &
B) àW‘m- Ah‘²/H$W‘² & Am) Za: CÚ‘§ g{#mÝV¶oV² &
B) {Vboä¶: V¡b§ àm߶Vo &
ûcmoH$: 6 -
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 3. A‘aH$mofnL²>p³V§ {bIV & X¡d‘², Za: &

A) Ho$ H$m¶ª Z àma^ÝVo ? 4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV {bIV M &
Am) Ho$ ‘ܶo {da‘pÝV ? bãYw‘², Ambñ¶‘² &
B) Ho$ àmaãY§ H$m¶ª Z n[a˶OpÝV ?
5.dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
g{#mÝ˶, {Vboä¶: &

13

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & dUm©Zm§ gmhM¶©‘²&

A B C F$ Añ‘mH$§ {^Þm{Z CƒmaUñWmZm{Z ¶y¶§
b¥ E Eo Amo Am¡ OmZrW & d¶§ gd} gh¡d {Vð>m‘…& Añ‘mH§$
nañnagmhM¶ª amoMH$‘² & ¶Xm Añ‘mgw Û¶mo…
AVrd g{ÞH$f©… ^d{V VXm ¶X² Üd{Zn[adV©Z§
^d{V g… Ed gpÝY…&

Amd¶mo… g§¶moJoZ AmH$ma… Amd¶mo: g{ÞH$f©… B©H$mao n[aU‘Vo &
^d{V& ¶Wm- ¶Wm- a{d + BÝÐ: = adrÝÐ: &
Z + ApñV = ZmpñV&

Amd¶mo… A{n D$H$ma… ^d{V & Amd¶mo… g§¶moJoZ G H$ma: ^d{V &
¶Wm-^mZw+CX¶: = ^mZyX¶: & ¶Wm- ‘mV¥+F$U‘² = ‘mV¦U‘² &

(A¶§ g‘mZmZm§ dUm©Zm§ XrK©ê$n… gpÝY… & AV… g… gdU©XrK©gpÝY… B{V CÀ¶Vo &)

¶{X Amd¶mo: A{Ve{¶V: g{Þ{Y: AC Amd¶mo: g{ÞH$f©ñ¶ n[aUm‘ê$noU
V{h© Amd¶mo: ñWmZo EH$ma: Û¶moa{n ñWmZo "AmoH$ma…' Am¶m{V &
Cn{Vð>{V & ¶Wm JU+B©e: ¶Wm-  bå~+CXa… B{V  bå~moXa…&
B˶ñ¶ CƒmaU§ JUoe: &

Amd¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Eo B{V Amd¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Am¡ B{V
gpÝYê$n: AmXoe: ^d{V & gpÝYê$n: AmXoe: ^d{V &
¶Wm- gXm + Ed B{V gX¡d & ¶Wm- J“m+AmoK: B{V J“m¡K: &

¶Xm ‘‘ g§¶moJ… ñdaoU ^d{V (B/B© ñdaoU gh (C/D$ dO©{¶Ëdm) g§¶moJoZ
dO©{¶Ëdm) VXm ‘‘ n[adV©Z§ "¶²' B{V ‘‘ ñWmZo "d²' B{V dU©: Am¶m{V &
dU} ^d{V & ¶Wm- Ibw + EVV² B{V IëdoVV² &
¶Wm- H$amo{‘ + Ah‘² B{V H$amoå¶h‘² &

Ed‘² Añ‘mH§$ {‘W: à^md: Ñí¶Vo & ¶Wm ñdagpÝY: VW¡d {dgJ©gpÝY: ì¶ÄOZgpÝY: M A{n ^dV: & gpÝYê$noU
¶X² Üd{Zn[adV©Z‘² Añ‘mgw ^d{V V{Ûf¶H$m: {Z¶‘m: dV©ÝVo & ¶{X VX² Üd{Zn[adV©Z§ gwðw> Z AdJV§, gpÝY{Z¶‘m: Z
n{R>Vm: V{h© AWm©d~moYZ§ Z ^d{V &

14

V¥Vr¶: nmR>: & Yݶm¡ Vm¡ XmV¥¶mMH$m¡ &

• JwéX{jUm{df¶o ‘hmH${dH$m{bXmg{da{MV§ aKwd§e‘² B{V ‘hmH$m춧 à{gÕ‘od & VÌ
Ho$fm§ H$Wm: lwVm: ? n#m‘o gJ} ‘hmamOñ¶ aKmo: OrdZo K{Q>V§ àg“§ H${d: dU©¶{V & aKw: {díd{OV²-
¶k‘² AH$amoV² & Apñ‘Z² ¶ko g: gdª YZ§ XmZê$noU A¶ÀN>V² [a³VH$mof: M
• Ho$ XmZdram: ໶mVm: ? A^dV² & VXm Ed H$m¡Ëg: Zm‘ ¶wdm N>mÌ: VÌ Am¶mV: & Jwado X{jUm§ XmVw§

g: YZ‘² EoÀN>V² & g Ed àg“: AÌ d{U©V: &

H$pñ‘¨píMV² VnmodZo daVÝVw: Zm‘ F${f:
AmgrV² & g: AܶmnZo {ZnwU: àH¥$˶m X¶mbw: M
AmgrV² & Vñ¶ Aml‘o ~hd: ‘oYm{dZ: ~Q>d:
AmgZ² & Vofw H$píMV² H$m¡Ëg: Zm‘ ~Qw>: AmgrV² &
{dÚmܶ¶Z§ g‘m߶ JwéX{jUm§ XmVw‘wËgwH$: H$m¡Ëg:
Jw鑲 CnmJÀN>V² & g{dZ¶§ M ñdñ¶ BÀN>m§ Jwado
AH$W¶V² & Vñ¶ dM: lwËdm Jwé: C³VdmZ², ""dËg
H$m¡Ëg, Vd Aܶ¶ZoZ god¶m M ^¥e§ àrVmo@pñ‘ &
Aݶm§ H$m‘{n X{jUm§ ZoÀN>m{‘ & JÀN>, ñdpñV
Vw䶑² &'' JwéUm daVÝVwZm {Zdm[aV: A{n H$m¡Ëg:
dma§dma§ X{jUm§ XmVw‘² EoÀN>V² &
VXm V§ nar{jVw§ daVÝVw: AH$W¶V² - ""Ëd¶m ‘‘ gH$memV² MVwX©e{dÚm: AYrVm: & AV:
MVwX©eH$mo{Q>gwdU©‘wÐm: AmZ¶ &'' Jwamo: dMZ§ lwËdm H$m¡Ëg: {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: & "EVmdVr: gwdU©‘wÐm: Hw$V:
AmZ¶m{Z ? ‘hmamO§ aKw§ {dhm¶ Z H$mo@{n EVmdVr: ‘wÐm: XmVw§ g‘W©: & AV: "aKw§ à{V JÀN>m{‘' B{V
{dMm¶© H$m¡Ëg: aKmo: g‘rn‘² AJÀN>V² &
{Xp½dO¶mZÝVa§ aKw: "{díd{OV²'ZmpåZ ¶ko
Aeof§ YZ§ XmZê$noU A¶ÀN>V² & [a³VhñV§ aKw§
X¥îQ‰>m H$m¡Ëg: {Zd¥Îm: & aKw: V‘² Amhÿ¶ AmJ‘Zñ¶
à¶moOZ‘² An¥ÀN>V² & VXm H$m¡Ëg: AdXV² ""aKmo,
Ah§ JwéX{jUmWª MVwX©eH$mo{Q>gwdU©‘wÐm: Jwado
XmVw{‘ÀN>m{‘ & {H$ÝVw ^dmZ² nyd©‘od gd©ñdXmZ‘²
AH$amoV² & AV: Ah‘² AÝ¶Ì JÀN>m{‘ &'' aKw:
AdXV², ""ho H$m¡Ëg, {Vð> & ‘‘ ¶kembm¶m§ {dlm‘§
Hw$é & Ah§ {ZíM¶oZ Vd gmhm涧 H$amo{‘ &''
H$m¡Ëgñ¶ Jwé^³Ë¶m à^m{dV: aKw: Hw$~oa‘mH«$mÝVw§ g‘ën‘² AH$amoV² & Hw$~oa: aKmo: ^¶mV² AmH«$‘UmV²
nyd©‘od à^yVm§ gwdU©d¥{ï>‘H$amoV²& VV² X¥îQ‰>m gÝVwï>: aKw: H$m¡Ëg‘² Amhÿ¶ gdª gwdUª Vñ‘¡ XmVw‘¡ÀN>V² &
{H$ÝVw {Z:ñn¥h: H$m¡Ëg: AdXV² - ""^mo: amOZ², Ah§ Ho$db§ JwéX{jUmWª MVwX©eH$mo{Q>gwdU©‘wÐm: A{^bfm{‘ &
Z dmÄN>m{‘ A{YH$‘² &''
amOm gd©ñd§ XmVw‘² EoÀN>V² {H$ÝVw ¶mMH$: A{YH$‘mXmVw§ Z Aä¶bfV² & AZoZ àg“oZ XmZeya: aKw:
VWm {Z[aÀN>: H$m¡Ëg: M Ûmd{n gmHo$VOZmZm§ (A¶moܶmdm{gZm§) H¥$Vo nyOZr¶m¡ A^dVm‘² &

15

^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) daVÝVw: F${f: H$sÑe: AmgrV² ? Am) H$m¡ËgoZ H${V {dÚm: AYrVm: ?

B) H$m¡Ëg: H$ñ¶ {eî¶: AmgrV² ? B©) aKmo: ¶kñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ?

C) H$: ñdU©d¥{ï>‘² AH$amoV² ?

2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &

A) daVÝVw: AܶmnZo {ZnwU: & Am) aKw: H$m¡Ëgñ¶ ^³Ë¶m à^m{dV: &

3. A) g‘yhoVa§ nX§ {MZwV {bIV M & I) nO©Ý¶:, dfm©, Ñ{ï>:, d¥{ï>: &
$ H$) ¶k:, H«$Vw:, gáVÝVw: daVÝVw: & K) ú‘m^¥V², ¶mMH$:, dZr¶H$:, ‘mJ©U: &
J) {dk:, Ak:, A{^k:, nQw>: &
L>) Hw$~oa:, ¶mJ:, YZm{Yn:, YZX: &

Am) {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & $à^yV‘², g‘rn‘² &

4. dm³¶§ ewÕ§ Hw$éV & Am) daVÝVw: H$m¡Ëg‘² AH$W¶V² &
A) Ah§ ‘wÐm: Jwé§ XmVw§ EoÀN>‘² &

5. nmR>mV² CH$mamÝVZm‘m{Z {deofUm{Z M {MËdm {bIV &

6. ‘ÄOyfmV: C{MV¡: A춶¡: H$moï>H§$ nya¶V &

nyd©H$mbdmMH§$ ËdmÝV‘² nyd©H$mbdmMH§$ ë¶~ÝV‘² hoËdW©H§$ Vw‘ÝV‘²

(CnJå¶, lwËdm, ÑîQ‰>m, Amhÿ¶, XmVw‘², AmXmVw‘², nar{jVw‘², {dhm¶, g‘m߶)

‘m¡{IH$H$m¶©‘² - $¶WmH«$‘§ dXV &

A) H$m¡Ëgñ¶ aKw§ à{V J‘Z‘² & Am) Jwamo: MVwX©e‘wÐmUm§ ¶mMZm &

B) Hw$~oaoU H¥$Vm gwdU©d¥{ï>: & B©)  aKmo: Hw$~oa-AmH«$‘Uñ¶ g‘ën: &

C) H$m¡Ëgñ¶ Aܶ¶ZoZ Jwé: àrV: &

hg>V ZÝXV !

gpÝYa{n {dZmoXm¶...
nwam ‘hmamï´>ofw àOm{hVXj: H$mo@{n Z¥n: AmgrV² & Vñ¶ ‘{hfr g§ñH¥$V^mfmàdrUm {dXþfr M & EH$Xm Vm¡
Ob{dhmamWª {H${#mV² a嶧 Obme¶‘JÀN>Vm‘² & ObH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾: Z¥n{V: ‘{hî¶m§ Ob{~ÝXÿZ² joáw§ àma^V & amkt e¡Ë¶‘²
A~mYV & AV: gm b‚m¶m Z¥n§ g§ñH¥$V^mf¶¡dmdXV², ""‘moXH¡$ñVmS>¶ ‘m‘²&'' Vñ¶m: VX² dMZ§ lwËdm M{H$V: amOm
godH§$ gwdU©ñWmë¶m§ ‘moXH$mZmZoVw‘m{XeV² & ¶Xm g: V¡b©Kw‘YwaJmobH¡$: amkt VmS>{¶Vw‘¡ÀN>V² VXm gm pñ‘Vnyd©H$‘JXV²,
""^mo amOZ², e¡Ë¶§ ‘m§ ~mYoV B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm "‘m CXH¡$: VmS>¶ ‘m‘²', Ob{~ÝXþ{^: (CXH¡$:) ‘m Ìmg¶, B{V
d³VwH$m‘mg‘² &'' ^yn{Va{n Cƒ¡: h{gËdm A^UV², ""‘moXH$eãXldUoZ AݶWm J¥hrV§ ‘¶m & VoZ A¶§ n[ahmgàg“:
CØÿV: &''

16

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & qH$ H$adm{U?

gyMZm:

N>mÌm: - AmMm¶}, Z‘mo Z‘:&

{e{jH$m - Z‘mo Z‘: & gwà^mV‘² & Cn{deV &
gm¡a^: VZ¶: M - AmMm¶}, A{n ‘mO©¶md ’$bH$‘²?
{e{jH$m: - Adí¶‘² & ‘mO©¶V‘² & gwdMZ‘{n {bIV‘² & ZraOo, dmVm¶Z‘² CÓmQ>¶ & AVrd Cî‘m ~mYVo &

A{¶ ‘¥Xþbo, ì¶OZm{Z Mmb¶ &
YraO: - AmMm¶}, A{n à{dem{Z dJ©‘²?
{e{jH$m - Am‘² AmJÀN> & ñWmZo Cn{de & lmÝV: Ñí¶go & {H${#mV² Ob§ {n~ &

A{¶ N>mÌm:, AYwZm Ah§ àýmZ² n¥ÀN>m{‘  & gå¶H²$ {d{MÝ˶ CÎmaV ¶y¶‘² & H$mobmhb: ‘mñVw &
EH$: Ed CÎma§ dXVw &

• H¥${V:- 1. g§dmX§ n{R>Ëdm ñ’w$Q>eãXmZm‘² AW©‘² AdJÀN>V & V‘² AW©‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ n#mXe dmŠ¶m{Z nR>V &

n#mXe dmŠ¶m{Z & (nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX§ M)

1. g:/^dmZ² ImXVw/b^Vm‘² & 2. Vm¡/^dÝVm¡ ImXVm‘²/b^oVm‘²& 3. Vo/^dÝV: ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²&

1. gm/^dVr ImXVw/b^Vm‘²& 2. Vo/^d˶m¡ ImXVm‘²/b^oVm‘²& 3. Vm:/^d˶: ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²&

1. VV² ImXVw/b^Vm‘²& 2. Vo ImXVm‘²/b^oVm‘²& 3. Vm{Z ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²&

4. Ëd§ ImX/b^ñd & 5. ¶wdm§ ImXV‘²/b^oWm‘²& 6. ¶y¶§ ImXV/b^Üd‘²&

7. Ah§ ImXm{Z/b^¡ & 8. Amdm§ ImXmd/b^mdh¡ & 9. d¶§ ImXm‘/b^m‘h¡ &

EVofw dmŠ¶ofw {d{dY{H«$¶mnXmZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm nwZ: dXV ñ‘aV M &

• H¥${V:- 2. $H¥${Vn{ÌH$m¶m§ ¶m: {d{dYm: gyMZm: gpÝV, Vm: EH$Ì {bIV &
¶Wm- JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

3. J¥ho dm nmR>embm¶m§ dm gyMZm: bmoQ²bH$mao Xr¶ÝVo, Vmgm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &

¶Wm- Cn{deV, nR>V, {bIV B˶mX¶: &

17

 gå^mfmnÌ‘²

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V &

(dY©Vm‘², Jm¶m‘, ¶ÀN>, Amamohmd, nR>Vw, VaV, IZV‘², a‘ñd, b^oVm‘²)

1. Aå~, ^moOZ§  & 4. ¶y¶§ Obo & 7. ¶wî‘mH§$ gwI§ &
&
2. g: nmR>§ & 5. Amdm‘² Am‘«d¥j§ & 8. N>mÌm¡ ¶e:
9. Ëd§ ñdmܶm¶o &
3. d¶§ JrV§ & 6. ¶wdm§ ^yq‘ &

2. ^dmZ²/^dVr-ñWmZo Ëd§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV &

1. ^dmZ² AÌ Cn{deVw & 2. ^dVr ~ÝYZ§ ‘w#mVm‘² & 3. ^dVr àmW©¶Vm‘² &

4. ^dmZ² erK«§ n¥ÀN>Vw & 5. ^dÝV: ^Ðm{U ní¶ÝVw & 6. ^d˶: nmH§$ nMÝVw &

nR>V-~moYV VV² Ëd‘² A{g & Jm¶V-ZÝXV

CÔmbH$: ídoVHo$Vmo: {nVm & ídoVHo$Vw: CÔmbH$ñ¶ nwÌ: & {d‘mZ¶mZ§ aM¶m‘ &
amKd ! ‘mYd ! grVo ! b{bVo !
EH$Xm {nVm CÔmbH$: nw̧ ídoVHo$Vw‘² An¥ÀN>V²- ""gm¡å¶, A{n
{d‘mZ¶mZ§ aM¶m‘ &
VV² OmZm{g ¶ñ¶ kmZoZ gdª kmV§ ^d{V ?''

nwÌ: - Z OmZm{‘, {nV: & H¥$n¶m H$W¶Vw & Zrbo JJZo {dnwbo {d‘bo
{nVm - ObnyUª nm̧ ‘w{ï>{‘V§ bdU§ M AmZ¶ & (nwÌ: VWm dm¶w{dhma§ H$adm‘ &&1&&

H$amo{V &) CÞVd¥j§ Vw“§ ^dZ‘² &
{nVm - Ob§ bdU§ M {‘l¶ & H«$mÝËdmH$me§ Ibw ¶m‘ &
nwÌ: - {‘{lV§ {nV: & H¥$Ëdm {h‘dÝV§ gmonmZ§
{nVm - AYwZm ObmV² bdU§ n¥W³Hw$é & MpÝXabmoH§$ à{dem‘ &&2&&
nwÌ: - VV² H$Vwª Z eŠZmo{‘ {nV: &
{nVm - AñVw & Cn[a^mJñW§ Ob§ Z{bH$¶m AmñdmX¶ & VV² ewH«$íMÝÐ: gy¶m} Jwé[a{V
J«hmZ² {h gdm©Z² JU¶m‘ &
H$W‘² ApñV ? {d{dYm: gwÝXaVmampíMËdm
nwÌ: - bdU‘¶‘² ApñV, VmV & ‘m¡p³VH$hma§ aM¶m‘ &&3&&
{nVm - ‘ܶ^mJñW§ Ob§ Z{bH$¶m AmñdmX¶ & VV² H$W‘²
Aå~wX‘mbm‘² Aå~a^yfm‘²
ApñV ? AmXm¶¡d {h à{V¶m‘ &
nwÌ: - VX² A{n bdU‘² ApñV & Xþ:{IV-nr{S>V-H¥${fH$OZmZm§
{nVm - Ob§ ~{h: {jßËdm AmJÀN> & JUofw hfª OZ¶m‘ &&4&&
nwÌ: - {jnm{‘ VmV &(Ob§ {jßËdm AmJÀN>{V)
{nVm - Obo bdU§ gd©Ì ì¶m᧠Ibw ? -S>m°. {dídmg:, ~|Jbwê$ &
nwÌ: - Am‘², VmV &
{nVm - VW¡d ~«÷ OJV: H$maU‘² AV: gd©Ì ì¶mᑲ & ¶Wm Ëd§

Obo ì¶m᧠bdU§ Ðïw>§ Z eŠZmo{f VW¡d Ëd§ gd©Ì ì¶má§
~«÷ Ðïw>§ Z nma¶{g & {H$ÝVw VV² gd©Ì ApñV & VXod

kmV춑² &
H¥${V: - JÚm§eV: bmoQ²>ê$nm{U {MZwV &

(ídoVmídVa-Cn{ZfX: A¶§ g§dmX: &)

18

boIZH$m¡eb‘²-1

{Z~ÝY§ nya¶V &

1) H$m{bXmg: - "H$m{bXmg:' {eamo‘{U: Bd  & Vñ¶ gm{h˶o gáVmaH$m

Bd àH$meÝVo & VoZ Hw$‘magå^d‘², aKwd§e‘² B{V ‘hmH$mì¶o a{MVo & ‘mb{dH$m{¾{‘̧

{dH«$‘mod©er¶§ VWm A{^kmZemHw$ÝVb{‘{V ZmQ>H$m{Z {b{IVdmZ² & Vñ¶ ‘oKXÿV§ Zm‘ H$m춧

^mfmgw AZy{XV‘² & gh Vñ¶ Z¡H$m: à{gÕm: &

(‘ÄOyfm - g§ñH¥$VH${dfw, H$Wm:, g:, gáH¥$V¶:, {d{dYmgw, Ûo, amOVo, ^moOamOoZ)

2) JUoemoËgd: - ^mÐnX‘mgñ¶ MVwW} JUoemoËgd:

 & VXm Z¡Ho$fw J¥hofw ñWmnZm ^d{V &

Ef: CËgd: Hw$Ì{MV² gmY£H${XZmË‘H$:, Hw$Ì{MV² n#m dm

gá dm Xe {XZmË‘H$: & AZÝVa§ ‘yV}: {dgO©Z§

{H«$¶Vo & bmoH$‘mݶ-{VbH$-‘hmoX¶oZ gmd©O{ZH$-

JUoemoËgd: AmaãY: & ^³Vm: Xþdm©L²>Hw$a¡:, nwîn¡:, {‘ï>¡:

M JUoe§  &

(‘ÄOyfm - Obme¶o, {XZo, ‘moXH¡$:, Ama^Vo, JUoe‘yV}:,

nyO¶pÝV)

g§dmX§ nya¶V &

1) ‘mVm - A{¶ H¡$bmg, erK«‘²  &

H¡$bmg: - Aå~ ! AÚ {dam‘{XZ: Ibw ! {à¶{XZ: & Ëdam ‘mñVw &

‘mVm - gËda§ XÝVYmdZ§ ñZmZm{XH§$ g‘mn¶ & AÚ ~{hJ©ÝV춧 Ibw &

H¡$bmg: - , {H$‘Wª ~{h: ? ‘mñVw ^mo: &

‘mVm - H¡$bmg, A{n {dñ‘¥V‘² ? AÚ OÝ‘{XZ‘² & VÌ¡d JÝV춑² & AV: A{dbå~§

ñZmËdm, Zd¶wVH§$ Y¥Ëdm g‚m: ^d &

H¡$bmg: - ^mo: ! g˶‘od ! {dñ‘¥V§ ‘¶m & gËda§ H$amo{‘ & ‘mV:, Cnhmaê$noU qH$ ?

‘mVm - AZÝVa§ {MÝV¶md: & Ëdañd BXmZr‘² &

(‘ÄOyfm  - Z¶md, ‘mV:, C{Îmð>, {nV¥ì¶ñ¶, H¥$Ëdm, ‘‘, {gÕVm§)

2) ew^‘² - Z‘ñVo lr‘Z² !> Ah§ ZmJnyaZJa§ JÝVw‘² BÀN>m{‘ & {M{Q>H$m§ Xo{h &

{M{Q>H$m{dH«o$Vm - Ho$Z JÝVw‘² BÀN>{g ?

ew^‘² - "nwUo-ZmJnya-Jar~aW' aob¶mZoZ BÀN>m{‘ &

{M{Q>H$m{dH«o$Vm - Efm  & qÌeV² Xo{h &

ew^‘² - J¥øVm‘² & lr‘Z², EVñ¶ aob¶mZñ¶ H$: ApñV ?

{M{Q>H$m{dH«o$Vm - EVV² aob¶mZ‘² fS²>dmXZo ZmJnyaZJa§  &

ew^‘² -  &

(‘ÄOyfm - nwUoZJamV², YݶdmX:, ê$߶H$m{U, g‘¶:, JÀN>{V, JÝVw‘², aob¶mZoZ, H¥$n¶m, {M{Q>H$m,
àmV:)

19

‘ÄOyfmV: ¶mo½¶eãXmZ² ¶moO{¶Ëdm {MÌdU©Z§ nya¶V &

1) ajm~ÝYZ‘²- {MÌ{‘X‘² & ^«mVm AmgZo

Cn{dï>: & Vñ¶ g‘rno dV©Vo & ^{JZr

ajmgy̧ hñVo J¥hrËdm {Vð>{V & gm VV² gÿ̧

hñVo {gÕm & ‘mVm ní¶{V  &

XrnñWm{bH$m ñWm{nVm & n¥ð>V:

{^{ÎmH$m{M̧ gwImgÝX‘² A{n Ñí¶oVo &

n[aV: Am{b{IVm ApñV &

(Cnhma:, ajm~ÝYZñ¶, ~Õw§, a“d„r, AmZÝXoZ,

AmgZ‘², ^«mVw:, nrR>o)

ZmJnya-~gñWmZH$‘² 2) ~gñWmZH$‘² - EVV² {MÌ‘² & ~gñWmZHo$

¶m{ÌH$m: ~g¶mZ§ àVrjÝVo & VÌ Ûo ‘{hbo, EH$m

~m{bH$m, EH$: nwéf: M  & {dH«o$Vm

{dH«$sUrVo & ~m{bH$m ní¶{V &

nmœ} gpÝV & ‘mJ} {ÌM{H«$H$m {ÛM{H«$H$m

M  & EH$ñ¶m: g‘rno EH$‘²

An˶§ {dÚVo & ‘mVm An˶m¶ {d‘mZ§  &

(d¥jm:, {Vð>pÝV, Xe©¶{V, {dH«o$Vma§, H$H©$Q>r:,

‘{hbm¶m:, YmdV:, ~gñWmZH$ñ¶ )

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

npL²>³VÛ¶§ nR>V &
1. ZmpñV {dÚmg‘mo ~ÝYw: & ZmpñV = Z + ApñV & (A + A = Am)
2. Zañ¶m^aU§ ê$n‘² & Zañ¶m^aU§ = Zañ¶ + Am^aU‘² (A + Am = Am)

1. gdU©XrK©gpÝY: & Am) B/B© + B/ B© = B©
1. nR>{V + B{V = nR>Vr{V &
A) A/Am + A/Am = Am 2. + Bd = ZXrd &
1. Zd + A{n = Zdm{n & 3. n[a + = narjm &
2. + AÌ = VWmÌ &
3. boIZñ¶ + = boIZñ¶me¶: & B©) F$/G + F$/G = G
1. ‘mV¥ +F$U‘² = ‘mV¦U‘² &
B) C/D$ + C/D$ = D$ 2. {nV¥ + = {nV¦V‘² &
1. Jwé + CnXoe: = Jwê$nXoe: & 3. ^«mV¥ + = ^«mV¦f^: &
2. + CËgmh: = dYyËgmh: &
3. + D$Om© = ^mZyOm© & 20

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 1
(A) Zm‘m{Z &

ñdamÝVeãXmZm§ ^oXm: - nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²
Xod - dZ
AH$mamÝV: - ‘mbm -
AmH$mamÝV: H${d ‘{V dm[a
BH$mamÝV: - ZXr -
B©H$mamÝV: ^mZw YoZw ‘Yw
CH$mamÝV: - dYy -
D$H$mamÝV: -
F$H$mamÝV: A) {nV¥ Am) H$V©¥ A) ‘mV¥ Am) ñdg¥

{MÌ‘²

AH$mamÝV: eãX: Xod: gy¶©: dmV: d¥j:
Vé:
g‘mZmW©H$: CH$mamÝV: eãX: à^w: ^mZw:, ghòm§ew: dm¶w:

{MÌ‘²

AH$mamÝV:/B©H$mamÝV: eãX: {ejH$: gÎd: MÝÐ: d§er
g‘mZmW©H$: CH$mamÝV: eãX: Jwé: new: BÝXþ:, {h‘m§ew: doUþ:

nR>V ^oX‘² AdJÀN>V M & 21 ^mZw: Zm‘ VoOmoJmob: & ^mZmo:
dU©Z§ F$½doXo dV©Vo & ^mZmo: gd}
gy¶©: Zm‘ VoOmoJmob: & gy¶©ñ¶ àH$me§ b^ÝVo & ^mZw§ n[aV: gd}
dU©Z§ F$½doXo dV©Vo & gy¶m©V² gd} J«hm: ^«‘pÝV & ^mZwZm J«h‘ÊS>b§
àH$me§ b^ÝVo & gy¶ª n[aV: gd} emo^Vo & ^mZm¡ AVrd D$Om© dV©Vo &
J«hm: ^«‘pÝV & gy¶}U J«h‘ÊS>b§ ^mZw: Añ‘mH§$ XodVm & ^mZdo Z‘:&
emo^Vo & gy¶} AVrd D$Om© dV©Vo & ho ^mZmo, aj ‘m‘² &
gy¶©: Añ‘mH§$ XodVm & gy¶m©¶ Z‘:&
ho gy¶©, aj ‘m‘² &

^mZw (gy¶©:)- "C'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ CH $ma mÝVZm‘m{Z & YoZw (Jm¡:) "C'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

^mZw: ^mZy ^mZd: àW‘m YoZw: YoZy YoZd:

^mZw‘² ^mZy ^mZyZ² {ÛVr¶m YoZw‘² YoZy YoZy:

^mZwZm ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZw{^: V¥Vr¶m YoÝdm YoZwä¶m‘² YoZw{^:

^mZdo ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZwä¶: MVwWu YoZdo/YoÝd¡ YoZwä¶m‘² YoZwä¶:

^mZmo: ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZwä¶: n#m‘r YoZmo:/YoÝdm: YoZwä¶m‘² YoZwä¶:

^mZmo: ^mÝdmo: ^mZyZm‘² fð>r YoZmo:/YoÝdm: YoÝdmo: YoZyZm‘²

^mZm¡ ^mÝdmo: ^mZwfw gá‘r YoZm¡/YoÝdm‘² YoÝdmo: YoZwfw

ho ^mZmo ho ^mZy ho ^mZd: gå~moYZ‘² ho YoZmo ho YoZy ho YoZd:

^mZwdV² Aݶo eãXm: - ‘Zw, AUw, {dîUw, YoZwdV² Aݶo eãXm: - VZw, M#mw, a‚mw, hZw
gmYw, BÝXþ, new, dmé, à^w, Jwé B˶mX¶: & B˶mX¶: &

‘Yw "C'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ BÀN>mW©H$-CH$mamÝV-{deofUm{Z &
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: ¶Wm-kmVw‘² BÀN>m {Okmgm &
‘Yw ‘YwZr ‘Yy{Z àW‘m {Okmgm ¶ñ¶ ApñV g: {Okmgw: &
‘Yw ‘YwZr ‘Yy{Z {ÛVr¶m Ed§ - nmVw‘² BÀN>m ({nnmgm) ¶ñ¶ ApñV
‘YwZm ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Yw{^: V¥Vr¶m
‘YwZo ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Yþä¶: MVwWu g:/gm {nnmgw:, ^mo³Vw‘² BÀN>m (~w^wjm)
‘YwZ: ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Ywä¶: n#m‘r ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm ~w^wjw:, {dOoVw‘²
‘YwZ: ‘YwZmo: ‘YyZm‘² fð>r BÀN>m ({d{OJrfm) ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm
‘Yw{Z ‘YwZmo: ‘Ywfw gá‘r
ho ‘Ymo, ‘Yw ho ‘YwZr ho ‘Yy{Z gå~moYZ‘² {d{OJrfw: & H$Vw©‘² BÀN>m ({MH$sfm©) ¶ñ¶
‘YwdV² Aݶo eãXm:- dñVw, Aå~w, OmZw, Xmé B˶mX¶: & ApñV g:/gm {MH$sfw©: &
CH$mamÝV-{deofUm{Z & X¶mbw, H¥$nmbw, ñZohmbw, ào‘mbw &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. ¶mo½¶ê$n§ ¶moO¶V & n{V: & (new) 2. ho , aj ‘m‘² & (à^w)
1. ‘hmXod:
3. gd} kmZ§ nyO¶pÝV & ({Okmgw) 4. Vñ‘¡ Z‘: & (Jwé)
5. ZmaX:
7. ‘¶yañ¶ eaU§ JÀN>{V & ({dîUw) 6. H¥$frdbñ¶ g‘rno n#m gpÝV & (YoZw)
8. {h‘mb¶ñ¶
XrKm© & (M#mw) 9. ag: ‘Ywa: & (Bjw)

{h‘mÀN>m{XVm{Z & (gmZw)10. nyU} ZoÌo & (Alw)

2. MVwWª nX§ {bIV &  & 2) YoZw - YoÝdm :: a‚mw -  &
1) eå^w - eå^wZm :: {eew -  & 4) hZw - hZy: :: VZw -   &

3) Aå~w - Aå~y{Z :: dñVw - 

22

3 Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & AÝV: {b“‘² {d^{³V: dMZ‘²
Zm‘ê$n‘² àm{Vn{XH$‘²

1. nídmo:
2. gmYm¡
3. {Okmgw{^:
4. Vê$Um‘²
5. Xmê${U

F$H$mamÝVZm‘m{Z &

A) gå~ÝYdmMH$m{Z Am) YmVwV: {Z{‘©Vm{Z

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² H$V¥© XmV¥
ZoV¥ d³V¥
{nV¥ (OZH$:) ‘mV¥ (OZZr) hV¥© {dYmV¥
^«mV¥ (ghmoXa:) Xþ{hV¥ (H$ݶm) lmoV¥ A{^ZoV¥
Xod¥ (n˶w: ^«mVm) ¶mV¥ (Xodw: nËZr) ¶moÕ¥ ~moÕ¥
Om‘mV¥ (H$ݶm¶m: n{V:) ZZmÝÑ (n˶w: ^{JZr)

• >Z¥ (‘Zwî¶:) • g{dV¥ (nw§)(gy¶©:), ñdg¥ (ór.)(^{JZr),
Zᥠ(nw§.) (nm¡Ì:/Xm¡{hÌ:)
"A' àH$ma: - {nV¥ "F$'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘
‘mV¥ "F$'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
{nVm {nVam¡ {nVa: àW‘m ‘mVm ‘mVam¡ ‘mVa:
{nVa‘² {nVam¡ {nV¦Z² {ÛVr¶m ‘mVa‘² ‘mVam¡ ‘mV¦:
{nÌm {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥{^: V¥Vr¶m ‘mÌm ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mV¥{^:
{nÌo {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥ä¶: MVwWu ‘mÌo ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mV¥ä¶:

{nVw: {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥ä¶: n#m‘r ‘mVw: ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mV¥ä¶:
{nVw: {nÌmo: {nV¦Um‘² fð>r ‘mVw: ‘mÌmo: ‘mV¦Um‘²

{nV[a {nÌmo: {nV¥fw gá‘r ‘mV[a ‘mÌmo: ‘mV¥fw
ho {nVa²,{nV: ho {nVam¡ ho {nVa: gå~moYZ‘² ho ‘mVa²,‘mV: ho ‘mVam¡ ho ‘mVa:

"Am' àH$ma: (YmVwV: {Z{‘©Vm{Z)

YmVw: Zm‘ AW©: nw§. àW‘m E. d. ór. àW‘m E. d.
¶: H$amo{V & H$Vm© H$Ìu
1. H¥$ H$V¥© ¶: ha{V & hVm© hÌu
¶: Z¶{V & ZoVm ZoÌr
2. ö hV¥© ¶: aj{V & a{jVm a{jÌr
¶: e¥Umo{V & lmoVm lmoÌr
3.Zr-Z¶² ZoV¥

4. aj² a{jV¥

5. lw lmoV¥

23

H$V¥© "F$'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:

H$Vm© H$Vm©am¡ H$Vm©a: àW‘m

H$Vm©a‘² H$Vm©am¡ H$V©¦Z² {ÛVr¶m

ho H$V©:, ho H$V©a² ho H$Vm©am¡ ho H$Vm©a: gå~moYZ‘²

V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV§ eãXê$nm{U {nV¥dV² ^dpÝV & Ed‘² Ed "Am'àH$maH$mUm§ eãXmZm§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &
"Am' àH$maH$mUm§ ór{b“eãXmZm§ ê$nm{U ZXrdV² ^dpÝV & ¶Wm -

H$Ìu "B©'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:

H$Ìu H$Ͷm£ H$Ͷ©: àW‘m

H$Ìu‘² H$Ͷm¡© H$Ìu: {ÛVr¶m

ho H${Ì© ho H$Ͷm£ ho H$Ͷ©: gå~moYZ‘²

1. {Z~ÝY§ nya¶V & - JUoeñ¶ Hw$Qw>å~‘² &
1) eL²>H$a: JUoeñ¶ ------& ({nV¥)
2) nmd©Vr JUoeñ¶ -------& (‘mV¥)
3) H$m{V©Ho$¶: JUoeñ¶ ------& (^«mV¥)
4) -----(‘mV¥) nmd©Ë¶m: AmXoe‘² EVm¡ -----nmb¶V: & (^«mV¥)
5) ‘mVm‘hñ¶ {h‘mb¶ñ¶ EVm¡ AmXem¡© ------ & (ZßV¥)

(Am) gd©Zm‘m{Z &

àW‘nwéfdmMH$m{Z VX², ¶X², EVX², BX‘², ^dV²

‘ܶ‘nwéfdmMH$‘² ¶wî‘X²

CÎm‘nwéfdmMH$‘² Añ‘X²

àýmW©H$‘² {H$‘²
"BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ nw§{b“‘² "BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ ór{b“‘²

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

A¶‘² B‘m¡ B‘o àW‘m B¶‘² B‘o B‘m:

B‘‘²/EZ‘² B‘m¡/EZm¡ B‘mZ²/EZmZ² {ÛVr¶m B‘m‘²/EZm‘² B‘o/EZo B‘m:/EZm:

AZoZ/EZoZ Amä¶m‘² E{^: V¥Vr¶m AZ¶m/EZ¶m Amä¶m‘² Am{^:

Añ‘¡ Amä¶m‘² Eä¶: MVwWu Añ¶¡ Amä¶m‘² Amä¶:

Añ‘mV² Amä¶m‘² Eä¶: n#m‘r Añ¶m: Amä¶m‘² Amä¶:

Añ¶ AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Efm‘² fð>r Añ¶m: AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Amgm‘²

Apñ‘Z² AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Efw gá‘r Añ¶m‘² AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Amgw

24

"BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ Znw§gH${b“‘² - {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:
EH$dMZ‘² B‘o B‘m{Z àW‘m
BX‘² {ÛVr¶m
BX‘²/EZV² B‘o/EZo B‘m{Z/EZm{Z

(V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝVm{Z ê$nm{U nw§{b“gÑem{Z & )

^dV² AmXamW©H§$ gd©Zm‘ &
^dV² - nw§{b“‘² ^dV² - ór{b“‘²(^dVr)

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

^dmZ² ^dÝVm¡ ^dÝV: àW‘m ^dVr ^d˶m¡ ^d˶:

^dÝV‘² ^dÝVm¡ ^dV: {ÛVr¶m ^dVr‘² ^d˶m¡ ^dVr:

^dVm ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^d{Ø: V¥Vr¶m ^d˶m ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dVr{^:

^dVo ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^dX²ä¶: MVwWu ^d˶¡ ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dVrä¶:

^dV: ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^dX²ä¶: n#m‘r ^d˶m: ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dVrä¶:

^dV: ^dVmo: ^dVm‘² fð>r ^d˶m: ^d˶mo: ^dVrZm‘²

^d{V ^dVmo: ^dËgw gá‘r ^d˶m‘² ^d˶mo: ^dVrfw

ho ^dZ² ho ^dÝVm¡ ho ^dÝV: gå~moYZ‘² ho ^d{V ho ^d˶m¡ ho ^d˶:

* Ho$db§ àW‘nwéfñ¶ {H«$¶mnXoZ gh Cn¶wÁ¶Vo {H$ÝVw ‘ܶ‘nwéfñ¶ Xe©H$‘² & ¶Wm -

H$V¥©nX‘² bQ²>bH$ma: bL²>bH$ma: bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:
^dmZ²/^dVr JÀN>{V AJÀN>V² JÀN>Vw JÀN>oV²
JÀN>{g AJÀN>: JÀN> JÀN>o:
Ëd‘²

CnnX{d^³V¶: (A춶m{Z) &

H$m{ZMZ A춶m{Z {d{eï>-{d^p³Vê$n‘² AnojÝVo & Vm{Z AY: {Z{X©ï>m{Z &

1. A{^V: = ({ÛVr¶m) ^mZw‘² A{^V: J«hm: ^«‘pÝV &
2. n[aV: = ({ÛVr¶m) ‘mVa§ n[aV: JUoe: àX{jUm§ H$amo{V &
3. C^¶V: = ({ÛVr¶m) ZXr‘² C^¶V: joÌm{U {dÚÝVo &
4. à{V = ({ÛVr¶m) gm¶L²>H$mbo dËg: YoZw§ à{V doJoZ JÀN>{V &
5. {dZm = ({ÛVr¶m/V¥Vr¶m/n#m‘r) MÝБg‘²/MÝБgm/MÝX‘g: {dZm {Zem Z emo^Vo &
6. gh = (V¥Vr¶m) {nÌm gh A{ZHo$V: AmnU§ JÀN>{V &
7. Ab‘² = (V¥Vr¶m) Ab§ {Zжm & Ab§ ^r˶m & Ab§ dmVm©bmnoZ &
8. Z‘: = (MVwWu) JUnV¶o Z‘: & Jwado Z‘: & ‘éVo Z‘:& ‘hmbú嶡 Z‘: &
9. ~{h: = (n#m‘r) J¥hmV² ~{h: ‘mVm AmJVm &
10. H¥$Vo = (fð>r) ñdgw: H¥$Vo ~ÝYw: Cnhma‘² AmZ¶{V &
11. g‘rno = (fð>r) ZJañ¶ g‘rno CÚmZ§ dV©Vo&

25

(B) YmVwgm{YVm{Z A춶m{Z &

YmVwgm{YVm: Zm‘ YmVw‘ybH$m: eãXm: &

{H«$¶mnX‘² Zm‘ {deofU‘² A춶‘²

nR² - nR>{V nR>Z‘², nmR>: n{R>V n{R>Ëdm

nyO² - nyO¶{V nyOZ‘², nyOm ny{OV gånyÁ¶

a‘² - a‘Vo a‘m , a‘U‘² aV aËdm

d¥V² - dV©Vo dV©Z‘², d¥{Îm: d¥Îm d{V©Vw‘²

A춶‘² &

춶: Zm‘ n[adV©Z‘² & ¶pñ‘Z² eãXo n[adV©Z§ Z ^d{V, Zm‘ ¶: eãX: {Ìfw {b“ofw, {Ìfw dMZofw A{n M

gdm©gw {d^{³Vfw g‘mZ: Ed ^d{V, g: eãX: "A춶‘²' B{V CÀ¶Vo & ¶Wm-

1. ~m{bH$m Xod§ ZËdm nR>{V & 2. JUoe§ ZËdm Ëd§ JÀN>{g & 3. AmMm¶ª ZËdm N>mÌm: dJª à{depÝV &

AÌ H$V¥©nXmZwgma§ {H«$¶mnX§ n[adV©Vo & na§ "ZËdm' B˶pñ‘Z² ê$no n[adV©Z§ Z ^d{V & AV: VX² A춶‘² &

YmVwgm{YVm{Z A춶m{Z

nyd©H$mbdmMH$Û¶‘² hoËdW©H$‘²

ËdmÝV‘² ë¶~ÝV‘² Vw‘ÝV‘²
( Ëdm + AÝV‘² ) ( ë¶n² + AÝV‘² ) ( Vw‘²+AÝV‘² )

‘ybYmVw: + ³Ëdm (Ëdm) CngJ©: + ‘ybYmVw: + ë¶n² (¶) ‘ybYmVw: + Vw‘wZ² (Vw‘²)

nyd©H$mbdmMH$-A춶-Û¶‘² &
• ËdmÝVaMZm -
1) am‘: embm§ JÀN>{V & am‘: dJª à{de{V &

AÌ EH$: Ed H$Vm© & (am‘:), {H«$¶mÛ¶‘² (J‘Z{H«$¶m, àdoe{H«$¶m)

nydª H¥$Vm {H«$¶m J‘Zñ¶ & AV: JÀN>{V B{V {H«$¶mnX§ nyd©H$mbdmMH$‘² ApñV & J‘² YmVmo: AJ«o

Ëdm-à˶¶‘² Cn¶wÁ¶ A춶ê$n§ ^d{V - JËdm &
am‘: embm§ JËdm dJª à{de{V &

2) ‘¡{Wbr nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V & VËnümV² àý§ n¥ÀN>{V &

‘¡{Wbr nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bpIËdm àý§ n¥ÀN>{V & AdYo¶‘² -

• ë¶~ÝVaMZm - ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝVaMZmg‘¶o "A{n' "VXZÝVa§',

1) ZraO: dJª à{de{V & VXZÝVa‘² AmgZo Cn{de{V & "VV:', "M', "AW', "AZÝVa§', "VËnümV²'

ZraO: dJª à{dí¶ AmgZo Cn{de{V & B˶mX¶: eãXm: {ZîH$mg{¶Vì¶m: &

2) ^maVr AmgZo Cn{de{V nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V M & {ÛVr¶dm³¶ñW§ H$V©¥nX§ (Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ dm) A{n

^maVr AmgZo Cn{dí¶ nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V & {ZîH$mg{¶V춑² &

26

hoËdW©H$‘² A춶‘² &

hoVw + AW©H$‘² = hoËdW©H$‘² & hoVw: Zm‘ C{Ôï>‘² & hoËdW©H$‘² A춶§ {H«$¶m¶m: C{Ôï>§ H$W¶{V &

1) am‘: n{R>Vw§ embm§ JÀN>{V & am‘: {H$‘Wª embm§ JÀN>{V? n{R>Vw‘² &
2) Xod§ nyO{¶Vw§ ‘mVm Xodmb¶§ JÀN>{V & ‘mVm {H$‘Wª Xodmb¶§ JÀN>{V ? Xod§ nyO{¶Vw‘² &
3) N>mÌm: Io{bVw§ H«$sS>m“U§ JÀN>pÝV & N>mÌm: {H$‘Wª H«$sS>m“U§ JÀNpÝV ? Io{bVw‘² &

nR>V ñ‘aV &

YmVd: ³Ëdm ë¶n² Vw‘wZ² YmVd: ³Ëdm ë¶n² Vw‘wZ²
Xm XÎdm àXm¶ XmVw‘² dh² D$T²>dm {Zdø dmoTw>‘²

nm nrËdm {Znr¶ nmVw‘² dg² C{fËdm {Zdñ¶ d{gVw‘²

ñWm pñWËdm CËWm¶ ñWmVw‘² dX² C{XËdm àmoÚ/AZyÚ d{XVw‘²

km kmËdm {dkm¶ kmVw‘² H$W² H$W{¶Ëdm [dH$϶ H$W{¶Vw‘²

J¡ JrËdm àJm¶ JmVw‘² Mwa² Mmoa{¶Ëdm A{^Mmo¶© Mmoa{¶Vw‘²

ܶ¡ ܶmËdm AZwܶm¶ ܶmVw‘² jb² jmb{¶Ëdm àjmë¶ jmb{¶Vw‘²

{O {OËdm {d{O˶ OoVw‘² aM² aM{¶Ëdm {daMæ¶ aM{¶Vw‘²

Zr ZrËdm AmZr¶ ZoVw‘² JU² JU{¶Ëdm {dJUæ¶ JU{¶Vw‘²

lw lwËdm Cnlw˶ lmoVw‘² nyO² nyO{¶Ëdm gånyÁ¶ nyO{¶Vw‘²

^y ^yËdm AZw^y¶ ^{dVw‘² Kwf² Kmof{¶Ëdm g”moî¶ Kmof{¶V‘²

H¥$ H¥$Ëdm CnH¥$˶ H$Vw©‘² Z¥V² Z{V©Ëdm A{^Z¥Ë¶ Z{V©Vw‘²

ñ‘¥ ñ‘¥Ëdm {dñ‘¥Ë¶ ñ‘Vw©‘² H«$ÝX² H«$pÝXËdm AmH«$ÝÚ H«$pÝXVw‘²

g¥ g¥Ëdm AZwg¥Ë¶ gVw©‘² nR²> n{R>Ëdm AZwnR>ç n{R>Vw‘²

{Xe² {XîQ²dm Am{Xí¶ Xoïw>‘² {bI² {b{IËdm {dbo»¶ {b{IVw‘²

Ñe² ÑîQ‰>m gÝÑí¶ Ðïw>‘² hg² h{gËdm {dhñ¶ h{gVw‘²

àÀN>² n¥îQ‰>m Amn¥ÀNç àïw>‘² dÝX² dpÝXËdm AZwdÝX¶ dpÝXVw‘²

ñn¥e² ñn¥îQ‰>m g§ñn¥í¶ ñàïw>‘² J«h² J¥hrËdm gL²>J¥ø J«hrVw‘²

{gM² {g³Ëdm A{^{fÀ¶ go³Vw‘² J‘² JËdm AmJå¶ JÝVw‘²

‘wM² ‘w³Ëdm {d‘wÀ¶ ‘mo³Vw‘² Z‘² ZËdm àUå¶ ZÝVw‘²

dM² C³Ëdm àdmÀ¶ d³Vw‘² a‘² aËdm Ama˶ aÝVw‘²

np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

1. ‘mVod aj{V {nVod {hVo {Z¶wL²>³Vo$& ‘mVod = ‘mVm + Bd & {nVod = {nVm + Bd &

2. {H«$¶m{g{Õ: gÎdo dg{V ‘hVm§ ZmonH$aUo & ZmonH$aUo = Z + CnH$aUo &
2. JwUgpÝY: &
A) A/Am + B/B© = E Am) A/Am + C/D$ = Amo B) A/Am + F$/G = Aa²

1. Xod + BÝÐ: = XodoÝÐ: & 1. JUoe + CËgd: = JUoemoËgd: & 1. Xod + F${f: = Xod{f©: &

2. + Bd = MpÝÐHo$d & 2. d¥jñ¶ + = d¥jñ¶moÜd©‘² & 2. ‘hm +  = ‘h{f©: &

27

• EVX{n ñ‘aUr¶‘² - ËdmÝV§/ë¶~ÝV‘² A춶§ {ZîH$mg¶V &
1. B©emZ: embm§ JËdm nR>{V & 2. ‘hoÝÐ: Io{bËdm J¥h‘² AmJÀN>V² &

J‘² (1n.n.)+ bQ²>bH$ma: Iob²(1n.n.)+ bL>²bH$ma:
³Ëdm à.nw.E.d. ³Ëdm à.nw.E.d.

B©emZ: embm§ JÀN>{V nR>{V M & ‘hoÝÐ: AIobV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>V² M &

bQ²>bH$ma: bQ²>bH$ma: bL>²bH$ma: bL>²bH$ma:
à.nw.E.d. à.nw.E.d. à.nw.E.d. à.nw.E.d.

3. Améf: J¥h‘² AmJå¶ ^moOZ§ H$amo{V& 4. Ah§ Xod§ àUå¶ Z¥Ë¶m{‘&

Am+J‘² (1n.n.) bQ²>bH$ma: Iob²(1n.n.)+ bQ²>bH$ma:
+ë¶n² à.nw.E.d. ³Ëdm C.nw.E.d.

Améf: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V ^moOZ§ H$amo{V M & Ah§ Xod§ àU‘m{‘ Z¥Ë¶m{‘ M &

bQ²>bH$ma: bQ²>bH$ma: bQ²>bH$ma: bQ²>bH$ma:
à.nw.E.d. à.nw.E.d. C.nw.E.d. C.nw.E.d.

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. nyd©H$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-A춶m{Z Cn¶wÁ¶ dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV &

1. g: JÀN>{V & (ImX²)

2. Am{X˶: Jw鑲 (AZw + g¥) XoemÝVa‘² Ad«OV² &

3. ~«÷Xod: dmë‘r{H$‘² (Cn + {Xe²) AdXV² &

4. ^³V: {dîUw§ (ñ‘¥) VnûMaU§ H$amo{V &

5. ~mbH$: B©ûda§ (ܶ¡) Aä¶mg§ àma^Vo &

6. qgh§ (Ñe²) ‘wHw$b: ^rV: &

7. Zm¡H$m‘² (Am + Zr) AO¶: àdmg‘² Ama^V &

2. hoËdW©H$-A춶m{Z à¶wÁ¶ dmŠ¶§ nwZ{b©IV &

1. ^mJ©d: (ñZm) J“mZXt JÀN>{V &

2. JX©^: (J¡) Ama^V amÌm¡ &

3. YZ§ (b^²) gmo‘XÎm: ‘hmZJa‘² AgaV² &

4. àý§ (àÀN²) g: Y¡¶}U AJ«o AmJÀN>V² &

3. ËdmÝV§/ë¶~ÝV‘² A춶§ {ZîH$mg¶V &

1. Xrnoe: JrV§ ñ‘¥Ëdm Jm¶{V &

2. gwdUm© àmV: CËWm¶ J«m‘‘² AJÀN>V² &

3. N>mÌm: CÎma§ {b{IËdm ñ‘apÝV &

4. amYm Xþ½Y§ nrËdm ’$b§ ImXVw &

5. H${d: H$m춧 {daMæ¶ Jm¶oV² &

28

(B©) bmoQ²>bH$ma: &

1) am‘: nmR>§ nR>{V & (bQ²bH$ma:) (dV©‘mZH$mb:) 2) am‘: nmR>‘² AnR>V² & (bL²>bH$ma:) (àW‘^yVH$mb:)

dmŠ¶Û¶o H$mbñ¶ ~moY: ^d{V & AYwZm EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V &

1. àVrH$, Ëd‘² C{Îmð> & (AmXoe:) 2. H$mbo df©Vw nO©Ý¶: & (Anojm) 3. gd} gwpIZ: ^dÝVw & (ew^me§gm)

4. A{n Ah§ dJª à{dem{Z ? (AZw‘{V:)

EVm{Z gdm©{U dmŠ¶m{Z H$mb§ Z ~moY¶pÝV & na‘² AmXoe:, BÀN>m, ew^me§gZ‘², AZw‘{V: B˶mXrZ²

^mdmZ² H$W¶pÝV & AV: Vm{Z "AW©' B{V àH$maofw JʶÝVo & AW©Û¶‘² - AmkmW©: (bmoQ²bH$ma:), {dܶW©:

({bL²>bH$ma:) &

nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>à˶¶m: & (AmkmW©à˶¶m:) AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

Vw Vm‘² AÝVw àW‘: Vm‘² BVm‘² AÝVm‘²

- V‘² V ‘ܶ‘: ñd BWm‘² Üd>‘²

Am{Z Amd Am‘ CÎm‘: Eo Amdh¡ Am‘h¡

‘ܶ‘nwéf-EH$dMZñ¶ à˶¶: "{h' ApñV & {H$ÝVw JUmZm§ àW‘{d^mJo (1, 4, 6, 10) Vñ¶ bmon: ^d{V &

nR²> (1 n. n.) a‘² (1 Am. n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

nR>Vw nR>Vm‘² nR>ÝVw àW‘: a‘Vm‘² a‘oVm‘² a‘ÝVm‘²

nR> nR>V‘² nR>V ‘ܶ‘: a‘ñd a‘oWm‘² a‘Üd‘²

nR>m{Z nR>md nR>m‘ CÎm‘: a‘¡ a‘mdh¡ a‘m‘h¡

Z¥V² (4 n. n.) ‘Z² (4 Am. n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

Z¥Ë¶Vw Z¥Ë¶Vm‘² Z¥Ë¶ÝVw àW‘: ‘ݶVm‘² ‘ݶoVm‘² ‘ݶÝVm‘²

Z¥Ë¶ Z¥Ë¶V‘² Z¥Ë¶V ‘ܶ‘: ‘ݶñd ‘ݶoWm‘² ‘ݶÜd‘²

Z¥Ë¶m{Z Z¥Ë¶md Z¥Ë¶m‘ CÎm‘: ‘ݶ¡ ‘ݶmdh¡ ‘ݶm‘h¡

{bI² (6 n. n.) {Xe² (6 Am. n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

{bIVw {bIVm‘² {bIÝVw àW‘: {XeVm‘² {XeoVm‘² {XeÝVm‘²

{bI {bIV‘² {bIV ‘ܶ‘: {Xeñd {XeoWm‘² {XeÜd‘²

{bIm{Z {bImd {bIm‘ CÎm‘: {Xe¡ {Xemdh¡ {Xem‘h¡

nyO² (10 n.n.) ‘Ý̲ (10 Am. n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

nyO¶Vw nyO¶Vm‘² nyO¶ÝVw àW‘: ‘Ý̶Vm‘² ‘Ý̶oVm‘² ‘Ý̶ÝVm‘²

nyO¶ nyO¶V‘² nyO¶V ‘ܶ‘: ‘Ý̶ñd ‘Ý̶oWm‘² ‘Ý̶Üd‘²

nyO¶m{Z nyO¶md nyO¶m‘ CÎm‘: ‘Ý̶¡ ‘Ý̶mdh¡ ‘Ý̶m‘h¡

29

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
{H«$¶mnX‘² ‘ybYmVw: JU:, nX‘² bH$ma: nwéf: dMZ‘²

1. j‘ñd -- -- bmoQ²> -- --
-- -- --
2. b^Vm‘² -- 1 Am.n. -- -- ~hþdMZ‘²
-- -- --
3. Z¥Ë¶ÝVw -- -- -- -- --
-- -- --
4. aM¶ aM² -- bmoQ²> -- --
-- àW‘nwéf: --
5. CÎmaV CV² + V¦-Va² --
2) Aå~, A{n AmnUmV² emH$m{Z AmZ¶m{Z ?
6. {bIV -- 6 n.n. 4) ¶y¶§ amï´>ÜdO§ gd©Xm dÝXÜd‘² &

7. Jm¶m‘ -- --

8. ^dÝVw -- --

2. AmkmW©-ê$nm{U {MZwV {bIV M &

1) ho am{YHo$, ’$bm{Z JU¶ &

3) AmMm¶}, A{n d¶§ H«$sS>m“Uo H«$sS>m‘ ?

5) N>mÌm¡ àmW©Zm§ ñ‘aVm‘² &

np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V & nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

1. godm Z {H${#mXñVr{V {^jm Z¡d M Z¡d M & Z¡d = Z + Ed

2. aWñ¶¡H§$ MH«§$ ^wOJ¶{‘Vm: gá VwaJm: & aWñ¶¡H$‘² - aWñ¶ + EH$‘² &

3) d¥{ÕgpÝY: &

A) A/Am + E/Eo = Eo Am) A/Am + Amo/Am¡ = Am¡

1. Z + EVX² = Z¡VX² & 1. ‘‘ + AmoO: = ‘‘m¡O: &

2. ‘‘ + = ‘‘¡íd¶©‘² & 2. Vd + = Vdm¡Xm¶©‘² &

np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V &

1. ¶moJjo‘§ dhmå¶h‘² & dhmå¶h‘² = dhm{‘ + Ah‘² &

2. Añ˶wÎmañ¶m§ {X{e XodVmË‘m {h‘mb¶mo Zm‘ ZJm{YamO: & Añ˶wÎmañ¶m§ = ApñV + CÎmañ¶m‘² &

4. ¶U²gpÝY: &

A) B/B© + {dOmVr¶: ñda: = ¶² & Am) C/D$ + {dOmVr¶: ñda: = d² &

1. B{V + A{n = B˶{n & 1. Ibw + EVV² = IëdoVV² &

2. H$amo{‘ + = H$amoå¶h‘² & 2. ‘Zw + = ‘ÝdÝVa‘² &

B) F$/G + {dOmVr¶: ñda: = a² &

1. {nV¥ + Amkm = {nÌmkm &

2. ‘mV¥ + = ‘m{ÌÀN>m &

30

gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & g‘¶:& {ÛVr¶: KQ>H$: &

n#mmoZ-{ÛdmXZ‘² XemoZ-{ÌdmXZ‘² nÄMm{YH$-nÄMdmXZ‘² Xem{YH$-fS²>dmXZ‘²

qde{V-A{YH$- n#mq de{V-A{YH$- n#m{̧eV²-A{YH$- MËdm[a¨eV²-A{YH$-
Aï>dmXZ‘² ZddmXZ‘² XedmXZ‘² EH$mXedmXZ‘²

CXmhaUmZwgma§ K{Q>H$m¶ÝÌo g‘¶{ZX}eZ§ Hw$éV & 2) N>mÌ: XemoZXedmXZo nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V &
1) N>mÌ: àmV:H$mbo n#mm{YH$fS²>dmXZo C{Îmð>{V & 4) XemoZgádmXZo N>mÌ: gm¶§àmW©Zm§ H$amo{V &

3) qde˶{YH$-n#mdmXZo N>mÌ: H«$sS>m“Uo Iob{V &

g‘¶‘² Aja¡: {bIV nR>V M &

1) AM©H$: Xodmb¶§ (4.50) dmXZo JÀN>{V & 2) AܶmnH$: H$jm§ (11.05) dmXZo à{de{V &

3) gm¶L²>H$mbo (6.20) dmXZo gy¶m©ñV: ^d{V& 4) d¶§ gd} amÌm¡ (8.40) dmXZo ^moOZ§ Hw$‘©:&

5) XÿaXe©Zo e{Zdmgao gm¶L²>H$mbo (7.00) dmXZo g§ñH¥$VdmVm©dbr-H$m¶©H«$‘ñ¶ àgmaU§ ^d{V &

6) d¶‘² AmH$medmʶm§ à{V{XZ§ àmV: (6.55) dmXZo g§ñH¥$VdmVm©: lmoV§w e³Zw‘: &

&&lr:&&
Añ‘mH§$ {dÚmb¶ñ¶ dm{f©H$moËgdñ¶ H$m¶©H«$‘n{ÌH$m &

7.30 - N>mÌmUm‘² AmJ‘Z‘² & 8.45 - gm§ñH¥${VH$H$m¶©H«$‘m: &
7.45 - g^mJ¥ho ‘obZ‘² & 9.45 - A{VWrZm§ ^mfU‘² &
8.10 - A{VWrZm‘² AmJ‘Z‘² & 10.10 -àYmZmMm¶©ñ¶ CnXoe: &
8.15  -  XrnàÁdmbZ§ emaXmnyOZ§ M & 10.30 - nm[aVmo{fH${dVaU‘² &
8.30 - A{VWrZm§ ñdmJV‘² & 12.05 - H$m¶©H«$‘g‘m{á: &

31

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & qH$ Hw$¶m©V²? qH$ ^doV²?

OZm… AmЪ ewîH§$ M Ëd§ ^«‘UÜd{ZZm AÚ Amaä¶ d¶‘²
AdH$a§ n¥WH²$ {jno¶w…& A{YH$g‘¶§ Z H«$sS>o…& Am{XZ§ nR>o‘ &

ûd… Ah§ nwñVH$‘² AmZ¶o¶‘² & EV§ Vmb§ ¶wdm§ nwZ…nwZ… dmX¶oV‘² & Amdm§ ’$bHo$ gw^m{fV§ {bIod &

n#mXedm³¶m{Z nR>V & 2. Vm¡/^dÝVm¡ nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘² & 3. Vo/^dÝV: nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² &
1. g:/^dmZ² nR>oV²/a‘oV & 5. Vo/^d˶m¡ nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘²& 6. Vm:/^d˶: nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² &
4. gm/^dVr nR>oV²/a‘oV & 8. Vo nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘²& 9. Vm{Z nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² &
7. VV² nR>oV²/a‘oV & 11. ¶wdm§ nR>oV‘²/a‘o¶mWm‘² & 12. ¶y¶§ nR>oV/a‘oÜd‘² &
10. Ëd§ nR>o…/a‘oWm… & 14. Amdm§ nR>od/a‘od{h & 15. d¶§ nR>o‘/a‘o‘{h &
13. Ah§ nR>o¶‘²/a‘o¶ &

np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V & nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

1. Ûm{d‘m¡ nwéfm¡ bmoHo$ jaümja Ed M & Ûm{d‘m¡ = Ûm¡ + B‘m¡ &

2. ‘mVm{nVam{dh ‘‘ Z ñV:, EH$mH$s Ibw {IÞmo@h‘² & ‘mVm{nVam{dh - ‘mVm{nVam¡ + Bh &

5. A¶m{XgpÝY: &

A) E/Eo + H$mo@{n ñda: = A¶²/Am¶² Am) Amo/Am¡ + H$mo@{n ñda: = Ad²/Amd²

1. g‘rno + Ed = g‘rn¶od / g‘rn Ed & 1. Ûm¡ + Ed = Ûmdod &

2. H¥$Vo + = H¥$V¶m¶m{h / H¥$V Am¶m{h & 2. Vm¡ + = Vmd{n &

3. + A{n = ‘˶m¶{n / ‘˶m A{n & 3. + A{n = C^md{n &

4. Vñ‘¡ + = Vñ‘m¶{n / Vñ‘m A{n & 4. + AmñVm‘² = gwöXmdmñVm‘² &

32

M VwW©: n m R>:& {dܶW©‘mbm & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

gw^m{fVm{Z g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: d¡{eîQ>çnyUm©{Z nÚaËZm{Z & gw^m{fVm{Z Añ‘mH§$ ‘Z: aÄO¶pÝV, Añ‘mH§$ kmZ§ dY©¶pÝV,
H$W§ ì¶dhma: H$aUr¶:, qH$ H$V©ì¶§, qH$ M Z H$aUr¶‘² B{V gå¶H²$ ~moY¶pÝV &

gwImWu MoV² ˶Oo{ÛÚm§ {dÚmWu MoV² ˶OoËgwI‘² &
gwIm{W©Z: Hw$Vmo {dÚm Hw$Vmo {dÚm{W©Z: gwI‘² &&1&&

[ gwImWu MoV² {dÚm§ ˶OoV² & {dÚmWu MoV² gwI§ ˶OoV² & gwIm{W©Z: {dÚm Hw$V: ? {dÚm{W©Z: gwI§ Hw$V: ?]

Ñ{ï>nyV§ ݶgoV² nmX§ dónyV§ {n~oV² Ob‘² &
g˶nyVm§ dXoV² dmUt ‘Z:nyV§ g‘mMaoV² &&2&&

[ Ñ{ï>nyV§ nmX§ ݶgoV² & dónyV§ Ob§ {n~oV² & g˶nyVm§ dmUt dXoV² & ‘Z:nyV§ g‘mMaoV² &]

YZ‘bãY§ H$m¬oV, bãY§ ajoV² à¶ËZV: &
a{jV§ dY©¶oV² gå¶H²$, d¥Õ§ VrW}fw {Z{jnoV² &&3&&

[AbãY§ YZ§ H$mL²>joV & bãY§ (YZ§) à¶ËZV: ajoV² & a{jV§ (YZ§) gå¶H²$ dY©¶oV²& d¥Õ§ (YZ§) VrW}fw {Z{jnoV² &]

AH«$moYoZ O¶oV² H«$moY‘² AgmYw§ gmYwZm O¶oV² &

O¶oV² H$X¶ª XmZoZ O¶oV² g˶oZ MmZ¥V‘² &&4&&
[AH«$moYoZ H«$moY§ O¶oV² & gmYwZm AgmYw§ O¶oV²  & XmZoZ H$X¶ª O¶oV² & g˶oZ M AZ¥V§ O¶oV²  &]

Xþ:Io Xþ:Im{YH$mZ² ní¶oV² gwIo ní¶oV² gwIm{YH$mZ² &
AmË‘mZ§ emoH$hfm©ä¶m§ eÌwä¶m{‘d Zmn©¶oV² &&5&&

[Xþ:Io Xþ:Im{YH$mZ² ní¶oV² & gwIo gwIm{YH$mZ² ní¶oV² & (‘mZd:) eÌwä¶m‘² Bd emoH$hfm©ä¶m‘² AmË‘mZ§ ZAn©¶oV²&]

à˶h§ à˶dojoV Zaü[aV‘mË‘Z: &
{H$Þw ‘o new{^ñVw붧 {H$Þw gËnwéf¡[a{V &&6&&

[Za: AmË‘Z: M[aV§ à˶h§ à˶dojoV qH$ Zw ‘o (M[aV§) new{^: Vw붑²? qH$ Zw (‘o M[aV§) gËnwéf¡: (Vw붑²) B{V &]

~H$d{ƒÝV¶oXWm©Z² qghdƒ namH«$‘oV² &
d¥H$dƒmdbwånoV eedƒ {d{ZînVoV² && 7&&

[(Z¥n:) ~H$dV² AWm©Z² {MÝV¶oV² qghdV² M namH«$‘oV² & d¥H$dV² AdbwånoV eedV² M {d{ZînVoV² &]

ûcmoH$: 1- ^mfmä¶mg:

1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & 3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
(A) {dÚmWu qH$ ˶OoV² ? 1) {dÚm 2) {dÚmWu
(Am) gwImWu qH$ ˶OoV²?
4. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &
2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (A) gwImWu {dÚm§ Z b^Vo &
1) ˶Oo{ÛÚm‘² 2) ˶OoËgwI‘² (Am) {dÚmWu gwI§ Z b^Vo &
3) Hw$Vmo {dÚm 4) Hw$Vmo {dÚ{W©Z:

33

ûcmoH$: 2. ûcmoH$: 5 -
1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & 1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &

(A) H$sÑe§ Ob§ {n~oV² ? A) Xþ:Io H$mZ² ní¶oV²?
Am) gwIm{YH$mZ² H$Xm ní¶oV² ?
(Am) H$sÑet dmUr§ dXoV² ? 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
eÌwä¶m{‘d, Zmn©¶oV² &
2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MËdm {bIV &
dmH²$, n{dÌ‘², F$V‘², CXH$‘² & 3 {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
gwI‘², A{YH$‘², emoH$:, eÌw: &
3. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & {deo²
4) OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &
{deofU‘² dmUr
Ñ{ï>nyV: AmMaU‘² {d{Y{bL²>-
dónyV‘² nmX: {H«$¶mnXm{Z
‘Z:nyV‘² Ob‘²
g˶nyVm ûcmoH$: 6 -
1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &
ûcmoH$: 3-
1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & A) à˶h§ qH$ à˶dojoV ?
Am) M[aV§ Ho$Z Vw붧 ‘m@ñVw ?
(A) ‘ZwO: H$sÑe§ YZ§ H$m¬oV ? B) M[aV§ Ho$Z Vw붑² AñVw ?
2. gpÝY§ Hw$éV &
(Am) d¥Õ§ YZ§ Hw$Ì {Z{jnoV²? A) new{^: + Vw붑² Am) {H$‘² + Zw
B) gËnwéf¡: + B{V B©) Za: + M[aV‘²
2. H«$‘mZwgma§ aM¶V & (2) VrW}fw XmZ‘² &
1) YZñ¶ ajU‘² & (4) YZñ¶ dY©Z‘² & 3 g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ ¶w½‘§ {MZwV &
A à˶h‘² , Za:, M[aV‘², new:, Vwë¶:, gËnwéfm:
(3) YZñ¶ BÀN>m &
Am dV©Z‘², ‘¥J:, à{V{XZ‘², ‘ZwO:, g‚mZm:, g‘:
3. nXn[aM¶§ {bIV &
‘ybYmVw: bH$ma: nwéf: dMZ‘² ûcmoH$: 7 -
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
H$mL²>joV
ajoV² A) Z¥n: AWm©Z² H$W§ {MÝV¶oV² ?
{Z{jnoV² Am) Z¥n: H$W§ namH«$‘oV² ?
B) Z¥n: H$W‘² AdbwånoV ?
ûcmoH$: 4 - B©) Z¥n: H$W§ {d{ZînVoV² ?
1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & 2. {bL²>bH$mañ¶ {H«$¶mnXm{Z {MZwV &
3. ûcmoH$mV² newÛ¶§ {MZwV {bIV M &
A) H«$moY§ Ho$Z O¶oV²? 4. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV &
A) eedV² + M Am) M + AdbwånoV
Am) XmZoZ qH$ O¶oV²? B) {MÝV¶oV² + AWm©Z² &

B) g˶oZ qH$ O¶oV²?

2. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
H«$moY:, AgmYw:, g˶‘², XmZ‘² &

3. ûcmoH$mV² V¥Vr¶mÝVnXm{Z {MËdm {bIV &

4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & MmZ¥V‘² &

34

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & {H«$¶mnX§ q"H$ H$W¶{V?-1

"{H«$¶mnX‘²' B{V dm³¶ñ¶ ‘hÎdnyU©‘² A“‘² & AYwZm EVm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V &
~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & B{V dm³¶o "nR>{V' B{V {H«$¶mnX‘² & (1) ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V &
VoZ H$ñ¶ ~moY: ^d{V ? (2) ~mbH$m¡ J«ÝW§ nR>V: &
(3) ~mbH$m: J«ÝW§ nR>pÝV &
(1) nR>Zñ¶ {H«$¶m P (4) Ah§ J«ÝW§ nR>m{‘ &
(5) Ëd§ J«ÝW§ nR>{g &
(2) nañ‘¡nX‘² P
(3) àW‘: nwéf: P EVofw dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéf§
dMZ§ M AZwga{V & ¶{X H$V¥©nX§ n[adV©Vo
(4) EH$dMZ‘² P V{h© {H«$¶mnX‘² A{n n[adV©Vo AV:
(5) bQ²>bH$ma: P H$V¥©àYmZm{Z dm³¶m{Z B‘m{Z &

(6) YmVmo: JU{dH$aU‘² P

(7) H$Vw©: nwéf: dMZ§ M ?

"nR>{V' B{V {H«$¶mnXñ¶ ldUoZ¡d H$Vm© àW‘nwéfñ¶ EH$dMZo B{V km¶Vo & VW¡d "nR>m{‘' B{V nXoZ H$Vm©
CÎm‘nwéfñ¶ EH$dMZo B{V ñnï>§ ^d{V & Ed§ {H«$¶mnXoZ H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéfñ¶ dMZñ¶ A{n ~moY: ^d{V &

H$V¥©dmÀ¶: à¶moJ: & (H$V©[a à¶moJ:)

H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²

àW‘m {d^p³V: {ÛVr¶m {d^p³V: H$V©¥nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²

(1) ‘Yþam gwYmIÊS>mZ² AmZ¶{V & 2) d¶§ J«ÝW§ nR>m‘: & nR>m‘: &
‘Ywam gwYmIÊS>mZ² AmZ¶{V & d¶§ J«ÝW§ {H«$¶mnX‘²
H$Vm© H$‘©
H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²
àW‘m {ÛVr¶m
àW‘m {ÛVr¶m

à.nw. à.nw. C.nw. C.nw.
E.d. E.d. ~.d. ~.d.

{H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX‘² AZwga{V & {H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX‘² AZwga{V &
AV: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² & AV: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &

35

n#m‘: nmR>: & qH$ {‘϶m? qH$ dmñVd‘²?

AmYw{ZH§$ VÝÌkmZ§ ‘mZdñ¶ H¥$Vo ^m¡{VH${dH$mgñ¶ {dñVrUª joÌ‘² CX²KmQ>¶{V B{V Vw • Mb^mf: {d¿Z:
g˶‘od & VWm{n VÝÌkmZgmYZmZm‘² A˶{YH$mo@n¶moJ: ZyVZmZ² àíZmZ², {d¿ZmZ² gm‘m{OH$g‘ñ¶m: CV daXmZ‘² ?
M {Z‘m©{V & {‘϶m VWm M dmñVd‘² EV¶mo: ‘ܶo ^oX: kmVì¶: Añ‘m{^:& AmYw{ZH$H$mbñ¶
B¶‘odmdí¶H$Vm & - bo{IH$m - lr‘Vr ‘w½Ym [ag~yS> & • ¶{X Mb^mf: Z
^doV²?

(̶moXedfu¶m VZ¶m gwImgÝXo Cn{dí¶ EHo$Z hñVoZ Hw$Hw©$[aH$m§ ImX{V & AnaoU hñVoZ
Mb^mf§ Mmb¶{V & VXmZt ÛmaKpÊQ>H$m‘² AmH$ʶ© ‘mVm Ûma‘² CÓmQ>¶{V & VZ¶m¶m:
g»¶m¡ Ûmao Ed pñWËdm Vm‘² Amˆ¶V: &)
lw{V: - VZ¶o, gËda§ H«$sS>Zm¶ AmJÀN>, ~{h:

Iobm‘: &
VZ¶m - Ah§ J¥ho Ed Iobm{‘ &
amOgr - qH$ Iob{g ?
VZ¶m - (Mb^mf§ Xe©{¶Ëdm) EVpñ‘Z² Mb^mfo

¶{ï>H$ÝXþH$H«$sS>m, nmXH$ÝXþH$H«$sS>m,
dmhZH«$sS>m, nÌH«$sS>m, MVwa“H«$sS>m,
B˶mX¶: gdm©: H«$sS>m: gpÝV & $$H«$sS>m“U§
JËdm IobZñ¶ Amdí¶H$Vm Ed ZmpñV &
Ah§ Z AmJÀN>m{‘ & (g»¶m¡ H«$sS>mWª
{ZJ©ÀN>V: & ‘mVm nmH$J¥h§ JÀN>{V & VZ¶m
Mb^mfo ¶wÕH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾m &)
VZ¶m - (ñdJV‘²) EVñ¶m§ H«$sS>m¶m‘² Ef: g¡{ZH$: ‘¥V: Ana: M ‘maUr¶: & ..... gd} g¡{ZH$m: ‘¥Vm: & ho@@
.....{OV§ ‘¶m & Iob: g‘má: & (VZ¶m nmH$J¥h§ JÀN>{V &) Aå~, ~w^w{jVm Apñ‘ &
‘mVm - VZ¶o, ‘‘ Mb^mfo EVm{Z N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶ & (VZ¶m ImÚnXmWm©Zm§ N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶{V &)
VZ¶m - ‘mV:, {nÂPm, nmd^mOr, {gObg© B˶mXr{Z ImÚm{Z ÑîQ‰>m bmbm{¶V§ ‘o ‘wI‘²& H¥$n¶m {H$‘{n
¶ÀN>Vw &
‘mVm - Mb^mfo Ñï>dVr Ibw ? AYwZm ImÚnXmWm©Zm‘² Amdí¶H$Vm Ed ZmpñV & Ah§ Z ¶ÀN>m{‘ &
VZ¶m - Mb^mfo ^moOZ§ ÑîQ‰>m ~w^wjm emÝVm H$W§ ^doV² ?
‘mVm - ¶{X EVV² g˶§, V{h© H$W§ Z OmZm{g ¶V² Mb^mfoU H«$s{S>Ëdm ì¶m¶m‘: Z ^d{V? ñdmñ϶ajU§ Z
^d{V ?
VZ¶m - na§ ‘mV:, ‘ø§ amoMVo VV² Mb^mfoU H«$sS>Z‘² &
‘mVm - VZ¶o, ¶X² ¶X² amoMVo VV² VV² gdª ñdmñ϶H$a§, {hVH$a‘², Amamo½¶nyUª Z ^d{V & gå¶H²$ H«$sS>m,
nm¡{ï>H$‘² AÞ§, amÌm¡ {ZÐm Amamo½¶m¶ ^d{V & Mb^mfo Am^mgmË‘H§$ {dœ§ Z dmñVd‘² &
VZ¶m - V{h© qH$ Mb^mfñ¶ Cn¶moJ: Ed Z H$aUr¶: &
‘mVm - VWm Z & Amdí¶H$VmZwgma§ ¶mo½¶: Cn¶moJ: H$aUr¶: Ed & {H$ÝVw A{V gd©Ì dO©¶oV² &
VZ¶m - Am‘² ‘mV:& BV: na§ Mb^mfñ¶ ¶mo½¶‘² Cn¶moJ§ H$amo{‘ &

36

^mfmä¶mg: Am. Mb^mfo H$sÑe§ {dœ‘² ?
B©. ñdmñ϶ajUm¶ qH$ {H$‘² Amdí¶H$‘² ?
1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &
A. Mb^mfo H$m: H«$sS>m: gpÝV ?
B. qH$ qH$ ÑîQ‰>m VZ¶m¶m: ‘wI§ bmbm{¶V‘² ?

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & A) ‘mVm VZ¶m¶m: {dMman[adV©Z§ H$W§ H$amo{V ?
Am) qH$ {‘϶m ? qH$ dmñVd‘² ? B{V nmR>ñ¶ VmËn¶ª {bIV &

3. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & H$) Ah§ J¥ho Ed Iobm{‘ & I) ì¶m¶m‘§ H¥$Ëdm Amamo½¶§ dY©Vo &

4. A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & $H$) VXod = + Ed & I) ZmpñV = Z +  &
Am) H$mbdMZn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &
1) Ah§ Z AmJÀN>m{‘ & (bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
2) ~w^w{jVm Apñ‘ & (~hþdMZo n[adV©¶V &)
3) g»¶m¡ H«$sS>mWª à{VJÀN>V: & (EH$dMZo {bIV &)
4) EVm{Z N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶ & (CÎm‘nwéfo n[adV©¶V &)
B) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1) Ûma‘² 2) ñdmñ϶‘² 3) ~w^wjm 4) nm¡{ï>H$‘²
B©) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

{deo² {deofU‘²

1. ~w^wjm 1. nm¡{ï>H$‘²
2. g¡{ZH$m: 2. emÝVm
3. Iob: 3. Am^mgmË‘H$‘²
4. AÞ‘² 4. g‘má:
5. {dœ‘² 5. ‘¥Vm:
C) nmR>mV² ËdmÝV-ë¶~ÝV-A춶m{Z {MZwV {bIV M &

5. ËdmÝVnX§ /ë¶~ÝVnX§ {ZîH$mñ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) amÌm¡ erK«§ {ZÐm§ H¥$Ëdm àmV:H$mbo erK«‘² C{Îmð>m{‘ &
Am) ÛmaKpÊQ>H$m‘² AmH$ʶ© ‘mVm Ûma‘² CÓmQ>¶{V &

6. A) g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV & ^Q>:, H«$sS>m, OZZr, jwYm, ñdmn: &
Am) {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & g‘má:, ñdmñ϶‘², Am^mgmË‘H$‘², ‘¥V: &

7. Mb^mfÛmam Û¶mo: {‘̶mo: g§dmX§ {bIV &

37

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & H$: H¥$VdmZ² ? H$m H¥$VdVr?

~mb: Ob§ {n~{V & ~mb: Ob§ nrVdmZ² & AZre: JÀN>{V & AZre: JVdmZ² &

N>mÌm: IobpÝV & N>mÌm: Io{bVdÝV: & d¶§ nR>m‘: & d¶§ n{R>VdÝV: &

‘{hbm {jn{V & ‘{hbm {jádVr & Xrnm Z¥Ë¶{V & Xrnm Z{V©VdVr &

Vm: àjmb¶pÝV & Vm: àjm{bVd˶: & N>mÌm: {bIpÝV & N>mÌm: {b{IVd˶: &
nrVdmZ², JVdmZ², Io{bVdÝV:, n{R>VdÝV: B˶mXr{Z ^yVH$mbdmMH$m{Z ³VdVw-à˶¶mÝV-{deofUm{Z &

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & gwádVr & 2. ewÕ§ dm AewÕ‘²?
1. {ejH$m: à{dï>dÝV: & 1. qgh: V§ hVdmZ² &
2. ~m{bH$m: ny{OVd˶: & 2. Vo ~mbH$m: AÞ§ Z ˶³VdÝV: &
3. ajH$: Vm{S>VdmZ² & 3. Amn{UH$: Xod§ ZVdVr &
4. {~S>mbr 4. EVm: AÚ H«$s{S>VdÝV: &
5. Ah§ emH$m{Z H${V©VdmZ² &

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3. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & g: Vo gm Vm:
Im{XVdmZ² Im{XVdÝV: Im{XVdVr Im{XVd˶:
ImX{V H¥$VdmZ² H¥$VdÝV: H¥$VdVr H¥$Vd˶:
H$amo{V C{XVdVr
dX{V {‘{bVdmZ² Ñï>dÝV: JrVd˶:
ní¶{V ñ‘¥VdVr
Jm¶{V ZrVdmZ² Cn{dï>dÝV: CpËWVd˶:
{‘b{V ñZmVdVr
Cn{de{V àmádmZ² ny{OVdÝV: XÎmd˶:
C{Îmð>{V
ñ‘a{V bãYd˶:
Z¶{V
¶ÀN>{V
nyO¶{V
ñZm{V
àmßZmo{V
b^Vo

4. n [aÀN>oXo ³VdVw-ê$nm{U AYmoaopIVm{Z Hw$éV &
Xrnmd{b-CËgdg‘¶: AmgrV² & OZm: J¥hm{U ñdÀN>rH¥$VdÝV: & ‘mVm {‘ï>mÞm{Z H¥$VdVr & OZH$:

ZyVZdóm{U H«$sVdmZ² {H$ÝVw ñ’$moQ>H$m{Z Z AmZrVdmZ² & ^{JZr gwÝXat a“d„r‘² Am{bpIVdVr & ‘{hbm:
‘¥ÔrnmZ² à‚dmë¶ ñWm{nVd˶: & Ah§ {‘Ì¡: gh ^«‘UmWª ~{h: JVdmZ² & gd©Ì hf©: àH$me: M &

5. b L²>bH$mañ¶ ñWmZo ³VdVw-ê$nm{U ¶moO{¶Ëdm n[aÀN>oX§ {bIV &
JVo a{ddmgao d¶§ gd} ^«‘UmW©‘² AJÀN>m‘ & ‘mVwb: {d{dY’$bm{Z AmZ¶V² & ^«mVa: H«$sS>mgm{h˶§

g‘{MÝdZ²& {nV¥ì¶m Hy$߶: Anya¶V & Aݶo ¶mZoZ AJÀN>Z² & Ah§ ‘‘ {nÌm gh {ÛM{H«$H$¶m AJÀN>‘² &
VÌ d¶§ {d{dYm: H«$sS>m: AH«$sS>m‘ & ‘mVwbmZr ‘Ywa§ JrV‘² AJm¶V² & ^{Jݶ: A{n ~hÿ{Z JrVm{Z AJm¶Z² &
‘ܶm•o ‘mVm H$Q>‘² AñWmn¶V² ^moOZgm{h˶§ M AaM¶V &

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

gpÝY{dJ«h§ H¥$Ëdm n[aÀN>oX§ {bIV &

Ah§ H¥$fH$: & ZmpñV Añ‘mH§$ OrdZo pñWaVm & VWm{n Am{XZ§ d¶§ joÌo lmå¶m‘: & AYwZm Vw

{d{dYm{Z ¶ÝÌmʶ{n ghm¶H$m{Z ^dpÝV & VÁkmZm§ H¥${f{df¶H§$ ‘mJ©Xe©Z‘² A߶wn¶w³V‘² & AmH$medmʶ¡d

d¶§ H¥${f{df¶H$mZ² H$m¶©H«$‘mZ² AmH$U©¶m‘: & EVoZ¡d d¶§ {dH${gVm: ^dm‘: & BV: A߶{YH§$ gmhm涑²

Amdí¶H$‘² Ed & VÝÌkmZoZmh§ n[anyU©: & Ah‘{n Xoeñ¶ {dH$mgm¶¡d lmå¶m{‘ & ¶V: H¥${f{dH$mgoZ¡d amï´>§

d¡^d§ {dÝXVr{V {Z{üV‘² &

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fð>: nmR>: & drad{ZVm {dínbm&

F$½doXmV² CX²Y¥Vm AVrd AØþVm amo‘m#mH$m[aUr M Efm H$Wm órUm§ • H$m Aݶm ¶wÕ{ZnwUm amkr à{gÕm?
• H$: ¶wÕàg“: ¶wî‘m{^: g{dñVa§
gm‘϶ª Xe©¶{V (F$.1.116.15)& eó{H«$¶m{demaXm¡ A{œZrHw$‘mam¡
àJVd¡ÚH$VÝÌkmZñ¶ ‘ybmYmam¡ ñV: & {dínbm¶m: M[a̧ àoaUmXm¶H§$ lwV: dm n{R>V: ?
Ibw gd}fm§ H¥$Vo & - gå^mfUgÝXoe-‘m{gH$mV² & • A{n lwVm: Am¶wd}Xñ¶

‘mhmËå¶{df¶H$m: H$Wm:?
• Ho$ à{gÕm: Am¶wd}XmMm¶m©: ?

IobamO: Zm‘ H$píMV² Z¥n: & {dínbm
Vñ¶ nËZr & gm ¶Wm ‘hm{dXþfr AmgrV²,
VW¡d aUHw$ebm A{n AmgrV² & IobamO:
A{n eya: namH«$‘r M AmgrV² & g: {dínb¶m
gh gwIoZ Ord{V ñ‘ &

AW H$Xm{MV² eÌd: IobamOñ¶
amÁ¶o AmH«$‘U§ H¥$VdÝV: & ‘hV² ¶wÕ‘²
AmaãY‘² & goZm¶m: Zm¶H$: IobamO: aUa“§
à{dï>dmZ² & {dínbm A{n aUa“§ à{dï>dVr & ^wd‘² AdVrUm© Mm‘wÊS>oœar Bd gm eÌyUm§ g§hma§ H¥$VdVr &
Vñ¶m: em¡¶ª namH«$‘§ M ÑîQ‰>m eÌd: A{n M{H$Vm: A^dZ² &

"Efm aUa“mV² ¶mdV² Z {Zdm¶©Vo VmdV² O¶: gd©Wm Z àm߶Vo' B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm eÌwg¡{ZH$m: ¶wJnV² AmH«$å¶
Vm‘² AdéÕdÝV: & eÌwg¡{ZH$m: Vo AgL²>»çm:
AmgZ², {dínbm Vw EH$m{H$Zr ! VWm{n Vñ¶m:
‘Z{g Z ^r{Vboe: A{n AmgrV² & à˶wV {ÛJw{UVoZ
CËgmhoZ ¶wÕ§ H¥$VdVr & ¶wÕg‘¶o eÌwg¡{ZH$m:
Vñ¶m: EH§$ nmX§ H${V©VdÝV: & AZÝVa‘² "BV:
na‘² EVñ¶m: H$maUmV² nrS>m Z ^{dî¶{V' B{V
{ZU©¶§ H¥$Ëdm Vo {e{~a§ à{VJVdÝV: &

¶Ú{n {dínbm¶m: nmX: ^¾: VWm{n gm
hVmoËgmhm Z OmVm & M¡Vݶ‘y{V©: gm dram“Zm Ed
AmgrV² & "œ: ‘¶m ¶wÕ§ H$aUr¶‘² Ed' B{V {Z{ü˶
gm nmX§ nwZ: àmáw‘² EoÀN>V² & AV: gm {ZübV¶m
Cn{dí¶ A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo: ܶmZ§ H¥$VdVr & Vñ¶m:

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^³Vo$: H$maUmV² A{œZrHw$‘mam¡ bmoh¶w³V§ nmX§
¶moO{¶Ëdm Vm§ ¶Wmnydª H¥$VdÝVm¡ & EVñ‘mV²
{dínbm ¶Wmnydª M{bVw§ ¶wÕ§ H$Vwª M g‘Wm©
OmVm &

AZÝVa{XZo àmV: gm ‘hVm CËgmhoZ
aUa“‘² AmJVdVr & aUa“o Vm§ ÑîQ‰>m Ed
eÌwg¡{ZH$m: M{H$Vm: ^rVm: M & Vñ¶m:
Xe©Z‘mÌoU Ed Vofm§ Y¡¶ª Zï>§ OmV‘² & gm
¶Xm Am¶wYàhma‘² AmaãYdVr VXm Vo
gd©Wm hVmoËgmhm: OmVm: & {dínbm eÌyZ²
H$Xbrd¥jmZ² Bd brb¶m H${V©VdVr &
ghóm{YH$m: g¡{ZH$m: V¶m g§öVm: &

Ed§ {dínbm¶m: em¡¶©ñ¶ H$maUV: Vpñ‘Z² ¶wÕo IobamOñ¶ Ed O¶: A^dV² &

drad{ZVm {dínbm ^Ìm© gh aUa“§ à{dí¶ em¡¶}U ¶wÕ§ H¥$VdVr & nmXH$V©ZmZÝVa‘{n A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo:
AZwJ«hoU nmX§ nwZ: àmßVdVr eÌyZ² g§öVdVr M & EVoZ gmhgoZ gm doXdmL²>‘¶o ~hþYm àe§{gVm &

{dínbm¶m em¡¶ª VWm M ApídZrHw$‘ma¶mo: eë¶{H«$¶mH$m¡eb§ ñ‘aÝVw B{V Añ‘mZ² Cn{Xe{V B{Vhmg: &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &

A) eÌd:  & (H¥$VdmZ²/H¥$VdÝV:) Am) IobamO:  & (à{dï>dÝV:/à{dï>dmZ²)

B) {dínbm  & (à{dï>dmZ²/à{dï>dVr) B©) gm ¶wÕ§  & (H¥$VdmZ²/H¥$VdVr)

C) eÌwg¡{ZH$m:  & (AdéÕdÝVm¡/AdéÕdÝV:) D$) g¡{ZH$m: {e{~a§  & (JVdÝV:/JVdÝVm¡)

E) eÌwg¡{ZH$m: nmX§  & (H${V©VdÝV:/H${V©VdÝVm¡) Eo) gm aUm“U‘²  & (AmJVd˶m¡/AmJVdVr)

Amo) {dínbm ܶmZ‘²  & (AmaãYdmZ²/AmaãYdVr)

Am¡) A{œZrHw$‘mam¡ Vm§ ¶Wmnydª  & (H¥$VdÝVm¡/H¥$Vd˶m¡)

2. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

A 1. bmoh¶w³V‘² 2. dram“Zm 3. ^rVm: 4. ‘hV² 5. eya:
Am 1. ¶wÕ‘² 2. eÌwg¡{ZH$m: 3. IobamO: 4. nmX‘² 5. {dínbm

3. AYmoXÎmofw {deofUofw ¶m{Z {deofUm{Z {dínbm§ Z dU©¶pÝV Vm{Z n¥WwH²$ Hw$éV &
M{H$Vm:, àe§{gVm, ^rVm, g‘Wm©, {Zübm, EH$m{H$Zr, M¡Vݶ‘y{V©:, AdéÕm, Mm‘wÊS>oœar, ‘hm{dXþfr,

aUHw$ebm, eya:, Zm{¶H$m, Xþ:{IVm &

4. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & 1. {dínbm¶m: em¡¶©ñ¶ dU©Z§ Hw$éV &
2. {dínbm A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo: ܶmZ§ {H$‘Wª H¥$VdVr ?

41