Amod sanskut sampurn 9th

5. nmR>mV² YmVwgm{YV-A춶m{Z {MZwV n¥W³Hw$éV M &

6. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ nmR>mV² {bIV& A[a:, MaU:, dr¶©‘², g“a:, aUm“U‘², ajH$m:, npÊS>Vm, drú¶,
doXZm, AJ{UVm: &

7. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ nmR>mV² {bIV & {‘Ì‘², H$mVaVm, Ag‘Wm©, H$mVa:, namO¶: &

8. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘²
nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² ^rV: hVmoËgmhm amOm Zm{¶H$m
n{V: EH$mH$s g‘Wm©
aUHw$eb:
eyam

‘m¡{IH$H$m¶©‘²-AYmoXÎm§ H$m¶ª $Ho$Z H¥$V‘² B{V {bIV &

(A) goZm¶m: Zm¶H$Ëdñ¶ ñdrH$aU‘² & (Am) amÁ¶o AmH«$‘U‘² &

(B) IobamOñ¶ níMmV² aUa“§ àdoe: & (B©) O¶§ àmáw§ ¶wJnV² AmH«$‘U‘² &

(C) {ÛJw{UV-CËgmhoZ ¶wÕ‘² & (D$) EH$nmXH$V©Z‘² &

(E) {e{~a§ à˶mJ‘Z‘² & (Eo) {dínbm¶m: Xe©Z‘mÌoU Y¡¶©ZmeZ‘² &

(Amo) ghòm{YH$g¡{ZH$mZm‘² g§haU‘² & (Am¡) Am¶wYàhmaoU CËgmhZmeZ‘² &

Jm¶V ZÝXV ! IobV ZÝXV ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &
YrdaJmZ‘²
~w{ÕOmb§ nya¶V &
Zm¶H$: - Am¶m{h ao@@ ! Am¶m{h ao@@ ! Am¶m{h ao@@ ! 1. A + B =
{dhm¶{g gamJ-apí‘-MÝБm: 2. Am + A =
VZmo{V gmÝÐ-amo{M-‘ÄOw-MpÝÐH$m: 3. A + B© =
{gÝYwamdKmo{fVm: amoXgrH$ÝXam: 4. B + A =
¶mÝVw ¶mZnmÌMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Am¶m{h&& 5. B© + A =
6. A + D$ =
AZw¶m{¶Z: - ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m@@{h&& 7. A + A =
Zm¶H$: - MÝÐhmg‘{‚mVm Vm‘gr {à¶m 8. D$ + A =
9. A + Eo =
gd©-Xoh-H$mpÝV-nwÄO-‘ÄOw-dëJZm 10. A + C =
{Zübm {d^mgVo VmabmoMZm 11. A + F$ =
¶mÝVw ¶mZnmÌMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Am¶m{h&& 12. A + Am¡ =
13. C + A =
AZw¶m{¶Z: - ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m@@{h&& 14. A + Amo =
Zm¶H$: - gmJaoU Mwpå~Vm MpÝÐH$m ‘wXm 15. F$ + A =
16. A + E =
amOVo {dbmg-hmg-bmñ¶-{M{ÌVm
am{JUrd ^mgVo amJa{ÄOVm
¶mÝVw ¶mZnmÌMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Am¶m{h&&
AZw¶m{¶Z: - ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m@@{h&&

-lr. n[a{jV² e‘m©

42

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & CnnX{d^³V¶: (YmVd:)&

1. J‘² = ({Û Vr¶m ) nm ÊS>dm : hpñVZmnwa‘² AJÀN>Z² &
2. Hw$n² = (MVwWu) ‘mVm {eedo H$Xm{n Z Hw$߶oV² &
3. H«w$Y² = (MVwWu) ñdm{‘Zr ^¥Ë¶m¶ H«w$ܶ{V &
4. Xm-¶ÀN²> = (MVwWu) {eî¶m: Jwado X{jUm§ ¶ÀN>ÝVw &
5. H$W² = (MVwWu) Aßgagm¡ XodoÝÐm¶ d¥ÎmmÝV‘² AH$W¶Vm‘² &
6. aj² = (n#m‘r) H¥$îU: g‘Q>mV²/AmnX: JmonmbmZ² aj{V &
7. {d + a‘² = (n#m‘r) Ëd§ d¥WmH$bhmV² {da‘ &
8. pñZh² = (gá‘r) d¶§ ^«mV¥fw pñZøo‘ &
9. éM² = (MVwWu) ZaoÝÐm¶ ì¶m¶m‘: amoMVo &
10. ñn¥h² = (MVwWu) Jm¡ar Hw$ÊS>bm¶ ñn¥h¶{V &

JUoem¶ ‘moXH$m: amoMÝVo & {edm¶ {~ëdnÌm{U amoMÝVo & ‘hmbú嶡 H$‘b§ amoMVo &
JUoe: ‘moXHo$ä¶: ñn¥h¶{V &
{ed: {~ëdnÌoä¶: ñn¥h¶{V & ‘hmbú‘r: H$‘bm¶ ñn¥h¶{V &

Ef: {Z{Ib: & {Z{Ibm¶ qH$ qH$ amoMVo?

{dÚm{ZHo$VZ‘²

{Z{Ibm¶ bÈx>H$m: amoMÝVo & embm amoMVo & nwñVH$m{Z amoMÝVo & J{UVg§ñH¥$Vo amoMoVo &

Efm H$mí‘ram & H$mí‘ram H$ñ‘¡/H$ñ¶¡ ñn¥h¶{V ?

H$mí‘ram H$ÊR>hmam¶ ñn¥h¶{V & eeH$mä¶m§ ñn¥h¶{V & ObH«$sS>m¶¡ ñn¥h¶{V & doUdo ñn¥h¶{V &
43

gá‘: nmR>: & ¶moJ‘mbm &

¶moJmMaUoZ ‘mZdOrdZ§ {Zam‘¶§, gwÝXa§, XrKª ñdñW§ M ^d{V & emar[aH$-‘mZ{gH$- • ì¶m¶m‘oZ Ho$ bm^m:
^dpÝV?
AmpË‘H$-~bgånmXZmWª ¶moJ: AVrd bm^àX: Ed & "g§¶w³Vamï´>‘hmg^¶m'(UNO)
• ¶y¶§ H$m{Z ¶moJmgZm{Z
OyZ‘mgñ¶ EH$qde{V{XZmL²>H$: (21 OyZ) {dœ¶moJ{Xdg: Kmo{fV: & OmZrW ?

àñVwV: nÚm§e: "hR>¶moJàXr{nH$m'ZmåZ: J«ÝWmV² CÕ¥V: ApñV & n#mXeo eVHo$

ñdmË‘mam‘-¶moJr-‘hmoX¶oZ Ef: J«ÝW: a{MV: & J«ÝWñ¶ ^mfm AVrd gabm gw~moYm

M ApñV & g‘mYmZm¶ gm¡»¶m¶ ZramoJËdm¶ OrdZo &

¶moJ‘odmä¶goV² àmkmo ¶Wme{³V {ZaÝVa‘² && &&1&&

hR>ñ¶ àW‘m“ËdmX² AmgZ§ nyd©‘wÀ¶Vo &

Hw$¶m©ÎmXmgZ§ ñW¡¶©‘mamo½¶§ Mm“bmKd‘² &&1&&

[hR>ñ¶ àW‘-A“§ VmdV² AmgZ§ VV² àW‘‘² CÀ¶Vo & AmgZ§ ñW¡¶©‘² Amamo½¶‘² A“bmKd§ M Hw$¶m©V² &]

dm‘moê$n[a X{jU§ M MaU§ g§ñWm߶ dm‘§ VWm
Xjmoê$n[a n{ü‘oZ {d{YZm Y¥Ëdm H$amä¶m§ ÑT>‘²
A“xð>m¡ öX¶o {ZYm¶ [M~wH§$ ZmgmJ«‘mbmoH$¶oX²
EVX² ì¶m{Y{dZmeH$m[a ¶{‘Zm§ nÙmgZ§ àmoÀ¶Vo &&2&&

[dm‘-D$é-Cn[a X{jU§ MaU§ g§ñWm߶, Xj-D$é-Cn[a dm‘§ MaU§ g§ñWm߶ npíM‘oZ {d{YZm H$amä¶m§ ÑT>‘²

A“xð>m¡ Y¥Ëdm, öX¶o {M~wH§$ {ZYm¶, ZmgmJ«‘² AmbmoH$¶oV² & EVX² ¶{‘Zm§ ì¶m{Y{dZmeH$m[a nÙmgZ§ àmoÀ¶Vo]

nmXm“xð>m¡ Vw nm{Uä¶m§ J¥hrËdm ldUmd{Y &
YZwamH$f©U§ Hw$¶m©X² YZwamgZ‘wÀ¶Vo&&3&&

[nm{Uä¶m§ nmXm“wð>m¡ J¥hrËdm ldUmd{Y YZwamH$f©U§ Hw$¶m©V² (VV²) YZwamgZ‘² CÀ¶Vo &]

àgm¶© nmXm¡ ^w{d XÊS>ê$nm¡
Xmoä¶mª nXmJ«{ÛV¶§ J¥hrËdm &
OmZyn[aݶñVbbmQ>Xoemo
dgo{XX§ n{ü‘VmZ‘mhþ: &&4&&

[^w{d nmXm¡ XÊS>ê$nm¡ àgm¶©, Xmoä¶mª (hñVmä¶m§) nXmJ«{ÛV¶§ J¥hrËdm OmZyn[a ݶñVbbmQ>Xoe: dgoV² & BX§ n{ü‘VmZ‘²

Amhþ: &]

dm‘moé‘ybm{n©VXjnmX§
OmZmo~©{hd}{ï>Vdm‘nmX‘² &
àJ¥ø {Vð>oV² n[ad{V©Vm“:
lr‘Ëñ¶ZmWmo{XV‘mgZ§ ñ¶mV² &&5&&

[dm‘moé-‘ybm{n©V-XjnmX§, OmZmo: ~{h: do{ï>V-dm‘nmX§-àJ¥ø n[ad{V©Vm“: {Vð>oV² (VV²) lr‘Ëñ¶ZmWmo{XV‘mgZ§

ñ¶mV² &]

44

CÎmmZ§ eddX² ^y‘m¡ e¶Z§ VÀN>dmgZ‘² &
edmgZ§ l‘ha§ {MÎm{dlmpÝVH$maH$‘² &&6&&

[^y‘m¡ CÎmmZ§ eddV² e¶Z§ VV² edmgZ‘² & edmgZ§, l‘ha§, {MÎm{dlmpÝVH$maH$‘² (ApñV) &]

A˶mhma: à¶mgü àOënmo {Z¶‘mJ«h: &
OZg“ü bm¡ë¶§ M fS²>{^¶m}Jmo {dZí¶{V &&

[A˶mhma:, à¶mg:, àOën:, {Z¶‘mJ«h: OZg“: bm¡ë¶§ M fpS²>^: ¶moJ: {dZí¶{V &]

1. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & ^mfmä¶mg:
A) edmgZ§ H$W§ {hVH$a§ ^d{V ?
B) nÙmgZñ¶ dU©Z§ H$W§ H¥$V‘² ? Am) ‘Ëñ¶oÝÐmgZñ¶ H¥$qV dU©¶V &
B©) ¶moJmgZ¡: Ho$ bm^m: ^dpÝV ?
2. Omb{M̧ nya¶V &

A˶mhma:

AmgZàH$mam: YZwamgZ‘² ¶moJ-{dZme-
H$maUm{Z

3. {MÌm{U ÑîQ‰>m AmgZZm‘m{Z ApÝdî¶V {bIV M &

nR>V ~moYV !

¶moJoZ {MÎmñ¶ nXoZ dmMm§
‘b§ earañ¶ M d¡ÚHo$Z &
¶mo@nmH$amoV² V§ àda§ ‘wZrZm§
nVÄOqb àmÄO{bamZVmo@pñ‘ &&

nmXm¡ hñVm¡ OmZwZr Ûo CaümW bbmQ>H$‘² &
A ï >m“ oZ ñ n ¥eoX² ^yq‘ gmï>m“àU{Vü gm &&
Am{X˶ñ¶ Z‘ñH$mamZ² ¶o Hw$d©pÝV {XZo {XZo &
OÝ‘mÝVaghòofw Xm[aÐç§ ZmonOm¶Vo &&

45

Aï>‘: nmR>: & {nZ²H$moS²>-àdV©H$:, ‘hmZ² g§ñH¥$Vk: !

Jm¡ad: - Aao A‘o¶, Hw$Ì JÀN>{g ?
A‘o¶: - g‘rno Ed nÌno{Q>H$m dV©Vo & ‘mVwb§ à{V ņ àof{¶Vw§ VÌ JÀN>m{‘ &
Jm¡ad: - Xe©¶ nÌ‘² & A{n ~o“bwéZJao {Zdg{V Vd ‘mVwb: ? VV² Vw AVrd Xÿao {H$b ? H$Xm ņ

{dÝXoV² g: ?
A‘o¶: - gm‘mݶV: Ìr{U {XZm{Z Ano{jVm{Z VXW©‘² &
Jm¡ad: - Ìr{U {XZm{Z Ed ? EVmdV² erK«‘² ?
A‘o¶: - g˶‘² &
Jm¡ad: - {H$ÝVw gL²>Ho$V: Vw XodZmJar{b߶m {bpIV: & H$Um©Q>Ho$ Vw H$ÞS>{b{n: à¶wÁ¶Vo Zw ? V{h© H$W§

nÌdmhH$: VV² n{R>Vw§ eŠZw¶mV² ?
A‘o¶: - ní¶ EVV² & gL²>Ho$Vñ¶ AÝVo AmL²>½b^mf¶m H$üZ H«$‘mL²>H$: {bpIV: ApñV & OmZm{g Ibw

V{Ûf¶o ?
Jm¡ad: - Am‘², g: Vw {nZ²H$moS²>H«$‘mL²>H$: & Ah§ ņ Z {bIm{‘ {H$ÝVw gÚñH$-H«$¶Ug‘¶o (Online

Shopping) {nZ²H$moS>²H«$‘mL²>H$: A{Zdm¶©: Ed & BVmo@{n M Añ‘mH§$ {d^mJo ATM emIm:,
é½Umb¶m:, {d{eï>godm: dm Hw$Ì gpÝV B{V kmVw§ {nZ²H$moS>²H«$‘mL²>H$: Amdí¶H$: Ed &

A{¶ {‘Ìm{U, ^maVgÑeo {dembo Xoeo gwXÿaàmÝVoä¶: AݶàmÝV§ à{V ào{fVm{Z nÌm{U {dZm
{dbå~§ {dZm à‘mX§ H$W§ bä¶ÝVo? d¶‘² Añ‘mH§$ {Zdmg{d^mJo nÌno{Q>H$m¶m§ ņ {jnm‘: & VV: VV²
nÌmb¶§ à{V JÀN>{V & VV: M {Z{X©ï>§ ñWmZ§ à{V àmßZmo{V & H$W§ e³¶m ^d{V Efm {dVaUì¶dñWm?
"{nZ²H$moS²>àUm{b:' B˶od EVñ¶ àýñ¶ CÎma‘² & {nZ²H$moS²>H«$‘mL²>H$: Zm‘ nÌgL²>Ho$Vñ¶ AÝVo {b{IVm: fQ²>
gL²>»¶m: & {nZ²H$moS²> Zm‘ ñWmZgL²>Ho$VmL²>H$: & (PIN - Postal Index Number). Am°JñQ> 1972-V‘o
{¼ñVmãXo ñdmVÝͶ{XZg‘mamoho àYmZ‘pÝÌ-BpÝXam-JmÝYr-‘hmoX¶m¶¡ CnhmarH¥$Vm Efm ‘hÎdnyUm© àUm{b: &
Ho$Z Ibw àd{V©Vm B¶§ gL²>Ho$VmL²>H$ àUm{b: ? g: nÌmb¶-A{YH$mar AmgrV² g§ñH¥$VnpÊS>V: J{UVk:

lram‘-{^H$mOr-dobUH$a‘hmoX¶: &
g: H$mobH$VmZJao S>mH$Vma{d^mJñ¶ {ZX}eH$ê$noU

H$m¶©aV: AmgrV² & Vñ¶ H$m¶©H$mbo EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo
H$mo@{n Xþ:{IV: Ho$ab-àXoer¶: g¡{ZH$: ‘hmoX¶§ ‘o{bVw‘²
AmJV: & g: Vñ¶ {nÌmo: ñdmñ϶{df¶o {H${#mX{n
kmVw‘² Ag‘W©: & ¶V: VXm nÌñ¶ àdmgH$mb: Ho$abV:
AéUmMbàXoen¶©ÝV§ ¹${MV² ‘mgm{YH$mo@{n AmgrV² &
VoZ n§. dobUH$a‘hmoX¶ñ¶ {MÝVZ‘² AmaãY‘², "H$W§
nÌñ¶ àm{áH$mb§ ݶyZ§ H$Vwª e³Zmo{‘?' Xþ~m}Y§ hñVmja§,
{^Þm: àmÝVr¶m: ^mfm:, AnyU©: nÌgL²>Ho$V: B{V Z¡Ho$ à˶yhm: & AV: J{UVkoZ VoZ AL²>H$mZm‘² Cn¶moJ:
H¥$V: & VoZ Xoeñ¶ Aï> {d^mJm: H¥$Vm: & Vofm§ M Cn{d^mJ-OZnXmYmaoU H«$‘mL²>H$Z§ H¥$V‘² & VoZ AYwZm{n d¶§
{dZm¶mg§ erK«§ ņ b^m‘ho &
AZwemgZ{à¶ñ¶ dobUH$a‘hmoX¶ñ¶ g“rV‘{n {à¶: {df¶: & g: ìhm¶mo{bZdmXZo VWm V~bmdmXZo@{n

46

AVrd {ZnwU: & AV: Ed g: "JrVJrdm©U‘²' B{V g“rV{df¶H§$ emór¶J«ÝW§ g§ñH¥$VoZ a{MVdmZ² & H$Wm:,
JrVm{Z, ~mbJrVm{Z, Z¥Ë¶ZmQ>瑲 B{V ~hþ{dYm: aMZm: VoZ H¥$Vm: VWm{n Z>mQ>çboIZ§ Vñ¶ A{^‘V:
gm{h˶àH$ma: & boIZ§, {X½Xe©Z§, ZmQ>ç{Z{‘©{V:, ì¶dñWmnZ§, g“rVg§¶moOZ‘² B{V gd©‘od H$Vwª g: g‘W©:
AV: ""g~Hw$N> lr{^:'' B{V Vñ¶ ZmQ>H$mZm§ »¶m{V: AmgrV² &

Yݶ: g: {dÛÛaoʶ: ¶oZ d¶§ {nZ²H$moS>²àUmë¶m CnH¥$Vm: &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &

A) nÌdmhH$: qH$ n{R>Ëdm ņ {dVa{V ?

(1) XodZmJar{bnr‘² (2) H$ÞS>{bnr‘² (3) AmL²>½b^mfm‘² (4) g‘o VH«$‘m‘‘²

Am) {nZ²H$moS²>H«$‘m‘: AÌ Z Amdí¶H$: &

(1) é½Umb¶o (2) gÚñH$-H«$¶Uo (3) ATM emIm-AÝdofUo (4) nwñVH$nR>Zo

B) {nZ²H$moS²>-àUm{b: Ho$Z g‘maãYm ?

(1) BpÝXam‘hmoX¶¶m (2) JmÝYr‘hmoX¶oZ (3) àYmZ‘pÝÌUm (4) dobUH$a‘hmoX¶oZ

B©) {nZ²H$moS²>H«$‘m‘o$ H${V gL²>»¶m: ? (1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 2

2. dobUH$a‘hmoX¶ñ¶ H$m¶©d¡{eîQ>çm{Z ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &

3. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) dobUH$a‘hmoX¶ñ¶ H$: {à¶: {df¶: ? Am) dobUH$a‘hmoX¶: Ho  dmÚo dmX¶{V ñ‘ ?

B) dobUH$a‘hmoX¶oZ a{MV: g“rV{df¶H$: J«ÝW: H$: ?

B©) {nZ²H$moS²>àUm{b{Z{‘Îm§ dobUH$a‘hmoX¶oZ Xoeñ¶ H${V {d^mJm: H¥$Vm: ?

C) dobUH$a‘hmoX¶: H$ñ¶ {d^mJñ¶ {ZX}eH$: AmgrV² ?

D$) dobUH$a‘hmoX¶ñ¶ A{^‘V: gm{h˶àH$ma: H$: ?

5. {deofUm[Z ApÝdî¶ {bIV & g¡{ZH$: &
A) àUm{b: & Am)

B) ^mfm: & B©) hñVmja‘² & dobUH$a‘hmoX¶oZ {b{IVm{Z

E) {df¶: & Eo) aMZm: & ZmQ>H$m {Z &
g“rVgm¡^Б² &

H$m{bXmgM[aV‘² & OÝ‘ am‘m¶Uñ¶ &

VZ¶mo amOm ^d{V H$W§ ‘o ? amkr XþJm©dVr &

aUlra“‘² & (Ìr{U ZmQ>H$m{Z) H$m{bÝXr &

ñdmVÝͶbú‘r: (Z^moZmQ>瑲) &

ñdmVÝͶ{MÝVm‘{U: (Z^moZmQ>瑲) &

ApÝdî¶V {bIV M & 9 H$m¡{Q>br¶mW©ZmQ>瑲 (XÿaXe©Z‘m{bH$m) &
1. EVm: gL>²»¶m: qH$ {Z{X©epÝV & gñ§ H$¥ Vgm{h˶o dbo UH$a‘hmoX¶a{MVm: eVm{YH$m:
gñ§ H¥$VJÝ« Wm: & Vofw ZmQ>H$-H$mì¶-g“r{VH$m-
40007 Z¥Ë¶-ZmQ>ç-{dbmo‘H$mì¶m{Z B˶mX¶: {d{dYm:
gm{h˶àH$mam: à{gÕm: &
 ? ? ? ? ? ?
2. {d{dYXoeofw A{n nÌg‘oVm‘àUm{b: dV©Vo dm ?

47

boIZH$m¡eb‘²-2

¶odbmXe©Z‘² & ‘hmoX¶ñ¶ BX§ OÝ‘ñWb‘² & g‘rndVu{Z ñWbm{Z -
Vm˶mQ>mono‘hm^mJñ¶ à{V‘m AÌ AZH$mB©XþJ©:- ¶odbmnÎmZñ¶
‘hmamï´>amÁ¶n¶©Q>Z‘hm‘ÊS>b‘² {dbg{V &
- ‘hmamï´>‘² B{V ໶mV§ amÁ¶§ CÎmañ¶m§ {X{e Zm{VXÿapñWV:
^maVXoeo & ^m¡Jmo{bH$-gm‘m{OH
-gm§ñH¥${VH$-Eo{Vhm{gH$- {VbH$‘¡XmZñWb‘² - AÌ Ed gw{d»¶mV: AZH$mB©XþJ©: &
Am{XÑï²>¶m gånÞ§ amÁ¶‘oVV² & AÌ
~hÿ{Z n¶©Q>ZñWbm{Z à{gÕm{Z bmoH$‘mݶ{VbH$‘hm^mJ: ^mfU‘² {eS>uVrW©joÌ‘²- X{jUñ¶m§ {X{e
gpÝV & Vofw "¶odbm' {df¶H§$ AH$amoV² &
{ddaU‘² AÌ H¥$V‘² ApñV & lrgmB©~m~mJwê$Um§ {eS>uZJa§
^m¡Jmo{bH$ñWmZ‘² - ‘hmamï´>o
Zm{eH$‘ÊS>bo ¶odbm B{V à{gÕ§ gw{d»¶mV‘² &
ZJa‘² ApñV &
àH$¥ {V: - àmH$¥ {VH$-gm¡ÝX¶oU© Ͷå~Ho$œajoÌ‘² - n{ü‘ñ¶m§
{dbg{V Efm ZJar & AÌ
{ZgJe© mo^m AdU©Zr¶m & {X{e lrjoÌͶå~Ho$ídaZJa§ dV©Vo &

໶mVm{Z ñWbm{Z - H$moQ>‘JmdVrW©joÌ‘²- nyd©{X{e
Vm˶mQ>monoOÝ‘ñWb‘²- dra-
ñdmVÝͶgoZmZr-Vm˶mQ>mono- H$moQ>‘JmdpñWV>-OJXå~m¶m:

‘pÝXa§ àmMrZV‘‘² &

H$W§ JÝV춑 ² ? - ~g‘mJU}
AWdm ñddmhZZo Þ Zm{eH$V:
n¡R>Ur-{Z{‘©{V-Ho$ÝБ² -
95 {H$‘r. Xÿao ¶do bmZJa‘² ApñV &

n¡R>Ur B{V ‘hmamï´>ñ¶ {d»¶mV: aob¶mZoZ Þ ‘ܶaob {d^mJñ¶
em{Q>H$màH$ma: & ¶odbm B{V ¶odbm à{gÕ§ aobñWmZH$‘² &

n¡R>Urem{Q>H$m¶m: {dœà{gÕ‘² {d‘mZ¶mZoZ Þ g‘rnñW§
CÚmoJHo$ÝБ² & n¡R>Urem{Q>H$m¶m: {d‘mZnÎmZ‘² Am¡a§Jm~mXZJa‘²

J«mhH$m: Xoe{dXoeoä¶: A{n (140 {H$‘r.Xÿao) ApñV &

¶odbmZJa‘² AmJÀN>pÝV & ¶odbmXe©ZmWª {Ì/n#m/gá

CËgdm:- ¶odbmnÎmZo a“moËgd:, {XZmZm§ gånw{Q>V-‘y붶w³Vm-

{dO¶mXe‘r, ‘H$agL²>H«$mpÝV: n¶©Q>Zì¶dñWm ApñV &

B˶mX¶: d¡{eîQ>çnyUm©: CËgdm: BVmo@{n A{YH§$ {ddaUmW©‘² AÌ
CËgmhoZ gånÚÝVo &
gånH©$: gmYZr¶: -

XÿadmUr 02559-654321

H¥${V: 1. "¶odbmXe©Z'ñWmZo ñdZJadU©Z§/{à¶ZJadU©Z§ {bIV &
48

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 2

(A) {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:& ({dܶW©:)

N>mÌm: nR>ÝVw & (Anojm¶m: ~moY:) N>mÌm: nR>o¶w: & (eŠ¶Vm¶m: ~moY:)

{dܶW©: ({d{Y + AW©:)

CnXoe:, Amerdm©X:, àmW©Zm, H$V©ì¶‘², e³¶Vm, ^{dî¶ËH$mb{ZXo©e: B˶mX¶: &

1. bmb¶oV² n#mdfm©{U Xedfm©{U VmS>¶oV² & (H$V©ì¶‘²) 2. OrdoV² eaX: eV‘² & (Amerdm©X:)

3. àmáo Vw fmoS>eo df} nwÌo {‘ÌdX² AmMaoV² && (H$V©ì¶‘²) 4. gd} gwpIZ: ^do¶w: & (Amerdm©X:)

5. b^oV {gH$Vmgw V¡b‘{n ¶ËZV: nrS>¶Z² & (eŠ¶Vm) 6. ‘{V‘mZ² ñdñWmZ§ Z n[a˶OoV² & (CnXoe:)

7. Ah‘² A{^ZoVm/A{^ZoÌr ^do¶‘² & (^{dî¶ËH$mb:) 8. N>mÌ: à˶yfo C{Îmð>oV² & (CnXoe:)
{d{Y {bL ²>à˶¶m: ({d ܶW ©:)
nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

BV² BVm‘² B¶w: àW‘: B©V B©¶mVm‘² B©aZ²

B: BV‘² BV ‘ܶ‘: B©Wm: B©¶mWm‘² B©Üd‘²

B¶‘² Bd B‘ CÎm‘: B©¶ B©d{h B©‘{h

nR² (1 n.n.) a‘² (1 Am.n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

nR>oV² nR>oVm‘² nR>o¶w: àW‘: a‘oV a‘o¶mVm‘² a‘oaZ²

nR>o: nR>oV‘² nR>oV ‘ܶ‘: a‘oWm: a‘o¶mWm‘² a‘oÜd‘²

nR>o¶‘² nR>od nR>o‘ CÎm‘: a‘o¶ a‘od{h a‘o‘{h

Z¥V² (4 n.n.) ‘Z² (4 Am.n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

Z¥Ë¶oV² Z¥Ë¶oVm‘² Z¥Ë¶o¶w: àW‘: ‘ݶoV ‘ݶo¶mVm‘² ‘ݶoaZ²

Z¥Ë¶o: Z¥Ë¶oV‘² Z¥Ë¶oV ‘ܶ‘: ‘ݶoWm: ‘ݶo¶mWm‘² ‘ݶoÜd‘²

Z¥Ë¶o¶‘² Z¥Ë¶od Z¥Ë¶o‘ CÎm‘: ‘ݶo¶ ‘ݶod{h ‘ݶo‘{h

{bI² (6 n.n.) {Xe² (6 Am.n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

{bIoV² {bIoVm‘² {bIo¶w: àW‘: {XeoV {Xeo¶mVm‘² {XeoaZ²

{bIo: {bIoV‘² {bIoV ‘ܶ‘: {XeoWm: {Xeo¶mWm‘² {XeoÜd‘²

{bIo¶‘² {bIod {bIo‘ CÎm‘: {Xeo¶ {Xeod{h {Xeo‘{h

nyO² (10 n.n.) ‘Ý̲ (10 Am.n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

nyO¶oV² nyO¶oVm‘² nyO¶o¶w: àW‘: ‘Ý̶oV ‘Ý̶o¶mVm‘² ‘Ý̶oaZ²

nyO¶o: nyO¶oV‘² nyO¶oV ‘ܶ‘: ‘Ý̶oWm: ‘Ý̶o¶mWm‘² ‘Ý̶oÜd‘²

nyO¶o¶‘² nyO¶od nyO¶o‘ CÎm‘: ‘Ý̶o¶ ‘Ý̶od{h ‘Ý̶o‘{h
49

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1) {d{Y{bL²>ê$nm{U {MZwV {bIV M &

1. ~mbm: gd©Xm Jwê$Um‘² Amkm§ nmb¶o¶w: & 2. Z H$ûMZ ‘mVa§ dm ‘mV¥Xoe§ dm {dñ‘aoV² &

3. H$Xm{MV² Ah‘{n d¡Úm ^do¶‘² & 4. Amamo½¶§ ^mñH$amV² BÀN>oV²&

5. ¶: JUn{VñVmo̧ OnoV² g: fpS²^: ‘mg¡: ’$b§ b^oV & 6. ܶm¶oV² AmOmZw~mhþ§ lram‘‘² &

2) ê$nmä¶mg§ $$Hw$éV &

1. ^do¶w: 2. à¶VoaZ² 3. {ejoV 4. aM¶o‘

5. g§ajo‘ 6. {dÝXo‘{h 7. a‘oWm: 8. nR>oV²

‘wå~B©ZJadU©Z‘² &

"‘wå~B©' B{V amOYmZr & ‘wå~B©ZJao ‘pÝXa§ dV©Vo &

{d{dYàmÝVoä¶: OZm: CnOr{dH$m§ ‘wå~B©ZJa‘² AmJÀN>pÝV & JoQ>do Am°’$ B§{S>¶m,

ZohéVmam“U§, ‘Ëñ¶mb¶: EVmÑem{Z {d{dYm{Z n¶©Q>ZñWbm{Z & OrdZ§

‘wå~B©ZJ¶m©: d¡{eîQ>瑲 & AhmoamÌ‘² AÌ OZm:  & Z¡H$mZ² CËgdmZ² gd©Y‘u¶m: gmoËgmh§ 

& aob¶mZàdmg: OrdZdm{hZr & (‘ÄOyfm-gmY{¶Vw‘², ‘hmamï´>amÁ¶ñ¶, aå¶m{U,

‘wå~B©OZmZm§, H$m¶©aVm:, J{Verb§, ‘wå~mXoì¶m:, gånmX¶pÝV)

Jm¶V ZÝXV ! agàíZm: &
H¥$Ëdm ZdÑT>gL²>H$ën‘² & • doXm: H${V ? Vo Ho$ ?

H¥$Ëdm ZdÑT>g‘ën‘² MËdma: doXm: - F$½doX:, ¶Owd}X:, gm‘doX:
{dVaÝVmo ZdgÝXoe‘² AWd©doX: M &
KQ>¶m‘mo Zdg”Q>Z‘² • gáf©¶: Ho$ ?
aM¶m‘mo Zd{‘{Vhmg‘² &&Y¥.&&
H$í¶n:, A{Ì:, ^aÛmO:, {dídm{‘Ì:, Jm¡V‘:,
Zd‘ÝdÝVa{epënZ: O‘X{¾: d{gð>: M &
amï´>g‘wÞ{VH$m{¬U: • nm{U{ZZm {da{MVñ¶ ì¶mH$aUJ«ÝWñ¶ Zm‘
˶mJYZm: H$m¶£H$aVm: {H$‘² ?
H¥${V{ZnwUm: d¶‘{dfÊUm: &&1&&
^oX^mdZm§ {Zamg¶ÝV: Aï>mܶm¶r &
XrZX[aÐmZ² g‘wÕaÝV: • Zd agm: Ho$?
Xþ:I{dVámZ² g‘mœgÝV:
H¥$Vg‘ënmZ² gXm ñ‘aÝV: &&2&& e¥“ma:, dra:, H$éU:, AØþV:, hmñ¶:, ^¶mZH$:,
àJ{VnWmÞ {h {dMbo‘ ~r^Ëg:, am¡Ð:, emÝV: M &
naånam§ g§ajo‘ • n#m ^yVm{Z H$m{Z ?
g‘moËgm{hZmo {ZéÛo{JZmo
{Z˶{ZaÝVaJ{Verbm: &&3&& n¥{Wdr, Amn:, VoO:, dm¶w:, AmH$me: M &
• n#m àmUm: Ho$ ?
-lr. OZmX©Z hoJS>o
àmU:, AnmZ:, ì¶mZ:, CXmZ: g‘mZ: M &
• ¶moJñ¶ Aï> A“m{Z H$m{Z ?
¶‘:, {Z¶‘:, AmgZ‘², àmUm¶m‘:, à˶mhma:,
ܶmZ‘², YmaUm g‘m{Y: M &

50

g§dmX‘² B‘§ nR>V & (Am) g_mgm: &

{ejH$: - Am{XË`, `y`§ gd} ø: Hw$Ì JVdÝV:?

Am{XË`:- d`§ gd} AaÊ`§ JVdÝV: &

{ejH$: - AaÊ`o qH$ {H$_² AmgrV² ?

Am{XË`:- dZo d¥jm: AmgZ² &

{ejH$: - AÝ`V² {H$_² AmgrV² ?

Am{XË`:- IJm: ned: M &

{ejH$: - AÝ`V² {H$_² ?

Am{XË`:- \$bm{Z, nwînm{U, nÌm{U M AmgZ² &

{ejH$: - AaÊ`o d¥jIJned: AmgZ² &

AaÊ`o \$bnwînnÌm{U AmgZ² &

1. d¥jm: M IJm: M ned: M- d¥jIJned: &

2. \$bm{Z M nwînm{U M nÌm{U M- \$bnwînnÌm{U &

EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z A{n ní`V &

1. gy`©ñ` àH$me:- gy`©àH$me: & 2. XeaWñ` nwÌ:- XeaWnwÌ: &

3. {à`: Xoe:- {à`Xoe: & 4. dmë_r{H$Zm a{MV_²- dmë_r{H$a{MV_² &

5. H$m`©o _¾:- H$m`©_¾: & 6. gwI§ M Xþ:I§ M- gwIXþ:Io &

7. am_: M bú_U: M- am_bú_Um¡ & 8. Zrb: H$ÊR>: `ñ` g:- ZrbH$ÊR>: &

9. EH$: XÝV: `ñ` g:- EH$XÝV: & 10. {XZo {XZo- à{V{XZ_² &

g§jon: Zm_ g_mg: &
eãXm: gå`H²$ Añ`ÝVo `Ì g: g_mg: & g_mg: ^mfm`m: _hÎdnyUª d¡{eîQ>ç_² &

g_mgm: AW©_² AZwgapÝV & gpÝYg_mg`mo: H¥$Vo nXÛ`_od Amdí`H§$ {H$ÝVw V`mo^}X: Ðï>ì¶: &

gpÝY: g_mg:
1. CƒmaU§ àYmZ_² & 1. AW©: àYmZ: &
2. {d^{³VàË``mZm§ bmon: Z ^d{V & 2. {d^{³VàË``mZm§ bmon: ^d{V&
3. gÝYm¡ g_mg: Z eŠ`: & 3. g_mgo gpÝY: eŠ`: &
4. gy`©ñ` + CX`: = gy`©ñ`moX`: & 4. gy¶©ñ¶ CX¶: = gy`© + CX`: = gy`m}X`: &

gm‘m{gH$eãXo nXÛ`_² 1) nyd©nX_² 2) CÎmanX_²

gm‘m{gH$nX‘² nyd©nX‘² CÎmanX‘²
gy`m}X`: gy`© CX`:
ZrbH$ÊR>: Zrb H$ÊR>:

51

nXñ` àYmZËd§ {H«$`mnXoZ {gÜ`{V & àYmZËdoZ g_mgmZm§ MËdma: àH$mam: & ¶Wm

nyd©nX_² CÎmanX_² AW©àYmZËd_² g_mgàH$ma: CXmhaU_²
1.   nyd©nXàYmZ: Aì``r^md: à{V{XZ_²
2.  CÎmanXàYmZ: XeaWnwÌ:
3.   C^`nXàYmZ: VËnwéf: am_bú_Um¡
4.  AÝ`nXàYmZ: ÛÝÛ: ZrbH$ÊR>:
 ~hþd«r{h:



C^¶nXmW©àYmZ: ÛÝÛ: g‘mg: &

1. BVaoVaÛÝÛ: g‘mg: &

{dÚm{ZHo$VZ‘²

MÝÐgy¶m£ ~mbH$~m{bH$m: d¥jbVm:
MÝÐ: M gy`©: M & ~mbH$m: M ~m{bH$m: M& d¥jm: M bVm: M &

BVa + BVa- {^ÞnXm{Z EH$Ì à`wÁ`ÝVo AÌ & 1. bKweãX: (ݶyZñda¶w³V: eãX:) àW‘: ^doV² &
2. g‘ñVnX§ {ZË`§ {ÛdMZo ~hþdMZo dm & 3. g‘ñVnXñ¶ {b“‘² CÎmanXmZwgma‘² &
4. {dJ«ho à{VnX§ àW_m {d^p³V: ¶moOZr¶m & 5. {dJ«ho, à{VnX§ "M' B{V A춶‘² Cn`mo³Vì`_² &
6. g‘ñVnX§ ~hþdMZo MoV² à{VnX‘² AWm©Zwgma‘² & 7. g‘ñVnX§ {ÛdMZo MoV² à{VnX‘² EH$dMZ‘² &

H¥${V: 1 - {M̧ ÑîQ‰>m g_ñVnXm{Z {bIV &

nÌnwînm{U &
H¥${V: 2 - {M̧ ÑîQ‰>m g_mg{dJ«h§ {bIV &

ñH$ÝX: M JUoe: M &

52

{M̧ Ñ îQ‰>m g‘ñ VnX§ g_ mg{dJ «h§ M {bIV & {OkmgmnÌ‘²

2. g_mhma: ÛÝÛ: &

_yfH$‘mOm©a_² & (OmVd¡aËd_²) hñVnmX_² & (earamd`dm:)
_yfH$: M _mOm©a: M EV`mo: g_mhma: & hñVm¡ M nmXm¡ M EVofm§ g_mhma: &

`yH$m{bj_² & (gyú_Ordm:) h[aÐmHw$L²>Hw$‘‘² & ({Z˶gmhM¶©‘²)
`yH$m: M {bjm: M EVmgm§ g_mhma: & h[aÐm M Hw$L²>Hw$‘§ M EV¶mo: g‘mhma: &

Xþ½YeH©$a‘² & (gmhM¶©‘²) {VbJwS>_² & ({Z˶gmhM¶©‘²)
Xþ½Y§ M eH©$am M EV¶mo: g‘mhma: & {Vbm: M JwS>: M EVofm§ g_mhma: &

53

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z - 1 & V¥Vr¶: KQ>H$: &

g§dmX‘² B‘§ nR>V &

[J«rî‘mdH$meo Xm¡{hÌm: Xm¡{hͶ:
M ‘mVm‘øm gh Ho$db§ g§ñH¥$VoZ
dmVm©bmn§ Hw$d©pÝV & ‘mVm‘hr
Voä¶: g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: {deofmZ²
H$W¶{V &]
‘mVm‘hr - Añ‘mH§$ ~më¶H$mbo
XÿaXe©Zo EH$mË‘Vm¶m: EH§$ JrV‘²
AmgrV² & VX² Jm¶m‘: -
EH$m MQ>H$m, AZoH$müQ>H$m: &
Ymݶ‘² AÎmw‘² Am¶mVmüQ>H$m: &&

gwYoÝXþ: - ‘mVm‘hr JVg‘¶o Ëd¶m MVwañ¶ H$mH$ñ¶ H$WmJrV§ lm{dV‘² &
EH$: H$mH$: V¥fmnr{S>V: &
Ob§ Z b^Vo Xÿao Xÿao &&

VÌ EH$: H$mH$: B{V C³V‘² & AYwZm AÌ EH$m MQ>H$m B{V dX{g &
n¥Wm - Am‘² & VWm M "EH§$ JrV‘²' B˶{n C³V‘² & V{h© {H$‘W©‘² AÌ EH$:, EH$‘²  B{V ^oX: ?
doUw: - ({MÝV{¶Ëdm) h§.. ‘¶m kmV‘² & ¶Wm EH$: ~mb:, EH$m ~mbm, EH$§ dZ‘² &
‘mVm‘hr - ~hþ gå¶H²$ doUmo &
gwYoÝXþ: - V{h© EH$: MfH$:, EH$m boIZr, EH§$ ’o$ZH$‘² & A{n ¶mo½¶‘oVV² ?
‘mVm‘hr - ~mT>‘² & gå¶H²$ AdJV§ Ëd¶m & BVmo@{n EH$‘² AmL²>½b-~mbJrV§ ¶y¶§ Jm¶W ñ‘ & A{n ñ‘aW? 

Ûm¡ bKy hñVm¡ Vm{bH$mdmXZm¶ & Ûm¡ bKy nmXm¡ J‘ZmJ‘Zm¶ &
Ûo bKy ZoÌo Z^moXe©Zm¶ &...

n¥Wm - ‘mVm‘{h, AdJV§ ‘¶m & VWm M Ûm¡-Ûo EV¶mo: ^oXmo@{n kmV: & ¶Wm Ûm¡ nwéfm¡, Ûm¡ Xrnm¡ &
doUw: - Ûo ’$bo, Ûo CÚmZo &
gwYoÝXþ: - ‘{hbmÛ¶§ dm ÐmoUrÛ¶‘² B{V H$W§ d³V춑² ?
‘mVm‘hr - Ûo ‘{hbo Ûo Ðmoʶm¡ dm & BXmZr‘h§ gL²>»¶me¥L²>Ibm§ dXm{‘ & H$W¶V {H$‘oVV² ?

̶: {Vò: Ìr{U & MËdma: MVò: MËdm[a &&
gwYoÝXþ: - (h{gËdm) ‘¶m AdJV‘² & ̶: d¥jm:, {Vò: ‘{jH$m:, Ìr{U ’$bm{Z &...
n¥Wm - {Vð> ao & AJ«o Ah§ dXm{‘ & MËdma: ‘wZ¶:, MVò: YoZd:, MËdm[a dmhZm{Z &
‘mVm‘hr - gwemo^Z‘² & MmUmjm: ¶y¶‘² &
doUw: - BV: na§ d¶§ EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U nR>m‘: &
‘mVm‘hr - gmYw & gmYw &

54

EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U

EH $({Z˶‘² EH$dMZ‘²) {Û ({Z˶§ {ÛdMZ‘²)

nw§. ór. Znw§. {d^p³V: nw§. ór. Znw§.

EH$: EH$m EH$‘² àW‘m Ûm¡ Ûo Ûo

EH$‘² EH$m‘² EH$‘² {ÛVr¶m Ûm¡ Ûo Ûo

EHo$Z EH$¶m EHo$Z V¥Vr¶m Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²

EH$ñ‘¡ EH$ñ¶¡ EH$ñ‘¡ MVwWu Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²

EH$ñ‘mV² EH$ñ¶m: EH$ñ‘mV² n#m‘r Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²

EH$ñ¶ EH$ñ¶m: EH$ñ¶ fð>r Û¶mo: Û¶mo: Û¶mo:

EH$pñ‘Z² EH$ñ¶m‘² EH$pñ‘Z² gá‘r Û¶mo: Û¶mo: Û¶mo:

{Ì ({Z˶§ ~hþdMZ‘²) MVwa² ({Z˶§ ~hþdMZ‘²)

nw§. ór. Znw§. {d^p³V: nw§. ór. Znw§.

̶: {Vò: Ìr{U àW‘m MËdma: MVò: MËdm[a

ÌrZ² {Vò: Ìr{U {ÛVr¶m MVwa: MVò: MËdm[a

{Ì{^: {Vg¥{^: {Ì{^: V¥Vr¶m MVw{^©: MVg¥{^: MVw{^©:

{Ìä¶: {Vg¥ä¶: {Ìä¶: MVwWu MVw䶩: MVg¥ä¶: MVw䶩:

{Ìä¶: {Vg¥ä¶: {Ìä¶: n#m‘r MVw䶩: MVg¥ä¶: MVw䶩:

̶mUm‘² {Vg¥Um‘² ̶mUm‘² fð>r MVwUm©‘² MVg¥Um‘² MVwUm©‘²

{Ìfw {Vg¥fw {Ìfw gá‘r MVwfw© MVg¥fw MVwfw©

gL²>»¶mê$nm{U {b{IËdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &
A) (4) ‘{hbmä¶: VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶ & Am) Vofw (3) Véfw IJm: ZrS>m{Z AaM¶Z² &

B) (1) H$no: Q>mo{nH$m n{VVm & B©) EVmgw (2) H¥$Vr {bIÝVw &

C) (3) ^wdZmZm§ g‘yh: Zm‘ {Ì^wdZ‘² & D$) (1) Xmgr gÝXoe§ H${WVdVr &

E) V¶mo: (2) nañna‘obZ§ Z AmgrV² & Eo) (1) ZJao g: dg{V ñ‘ &

Amo) (2) A{n H$dr H$m춑² AnR>Vm‘² & Am¡) H$Wm‘oVm‘² (4) N>mÌoä¶: H$W¶ &

A§) Ah§ (3) Mm¡amZ² Aní¶‘² & H$) d¶§ (4) JrVm{Z Jm¶m‘: &

I) g: (4) doXmZ² AYrVdmZ² & J) d¶§ (2) ZoÌmä¶m§ ní¶m‘: &

K) {ed: (3) ZoÌ¡: ní¶{V &

hgV ZÝXV !

1) ZrVm - AmMm¶} gm Jm¡ar {H$‘{n Z H$amo{V & Am{XZ§ Cn{dí¶ Ho$db§ ì¶Wª g‘¶¶mnZ§ H$amo{V &
{e{jH$m - AñVw & {H$ÝVw Ëd§ H$W‘² EVV² OmZm{g ?
ZrVm - Ah§ Vw gd©Xm, Vm‘od ní¶m{‘ Ibw !

2) {e{jH$m - N>mÌm:, ø: ^yVH$mb: nm{R>V: {H$b? AYwZm {‘{hH$o, ^yVH$mbñ¶ EH$‘² CXmhaU§ H$W¶ &
{‘{hH$m - AmMm¶}, Ah§ Vw ø: AZwnpñWVm Amg‘² &
{e{jH$m - CÎm‘§ {‘{hHo$ ! Ëd¶m gå¶H² ^yVH$mb: kmV: !

55

Zd‘: nmR>: & gyp³VgwYm & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

g§ñH¥$V^mfm gw^m{fV¡: g‘bL²>H¥$Vm Ibw & gw^m{fVoä¶: CÕ¥Vm: Z¡H${dYm: g§ñH¥$Vgy³V¶: Z Ho$db§ g§ñH¥$Vo, A{n Vw
Aݶ^mfmñd{n ‘m{‘©H$V¶m CËñ’y$V©V¶m M Cn¶wº$m: Ñí¶ÝVo & àm¶: OZm: gånyUª gw^m{fV§ Z ñ‘apÝV naÝVw gy³V¶: Vofm§
{OˆmJ«o {VðpÝV & ^mfmd¡^d§ dY©¶Ý˶: EVmÑí¶: gy³V¶: N>mÌ¡: gå¶H²$ n{R>Vì¶m: ñ‘V©ì¶m: M &

Z Mmoahm¶ª Z M amOhm¶ª Z ^«mV¥^mÁ¶§ Z M ^maH$m[a &
춶o H¥$Vo dY©V Ed {Z˶§ {dÚmYZ§ gd©YZàYmZ‘² &&1&&
[{dÚmYZ§ Mmoahm¶ª Z (ApñV), amOhm¶ª Z, ^«mV¥^mÁ¶§ Z, ^maH$m[a (A{n) Z (ApñV) & 춶o H¥$Vo A{n

(VV²) {Z˶§ dY©Vo Ed & (g˶‘od {dÚmYZ§) gd©YZàYmZ‘² (ApñV) & ]

A¶§ {ZO: namo do{V JUZm bKwMoVgm‘² &
CXmaM[aVmZm§ Vw dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² &&2&&
[bKwMVo gm§ (H¥$V)o A¶§ {ZO: na: dm B{V JUZm (ApñV) & CXmaM[aVmZm§ (H¥$Vo) Vw dgwYm Ed Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² (ApñV)&]

namonH$mam¶ ’$bpÝV d¥jm: namonH$mam¶ dhpÝV ZÚ: &
namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV Jmd: namonH$mamW©{‘X§ eara‘² &&3&&
[dj¥ m: namno H$mam¶ ’$bpÝV & ZÚ: namonH$mam¶ dhpÝV & Jmd: namno H$mam¶ XþhpÝV & BX§ eara§ namonH$mamW‘© ² (Ed ApñV) &]

OmS>ç§ {Y¶mo ha{V {g#m{V dm{M g˶§
‘mZmoÞqV {Xe{V nmn‘nmH$amo{V &
{MÎm§ àgmX¶{V {Xjw VZmo{V H$s{Vª

gËg“{V: H$W¶ qH$ Z H$amo{V nw§gm‘² &&4&&
[gËg“{V: {Y¶: OmS>ç§ ha{V, dm{M g˶§ {g#m{V, ‘mZmoÞqV {Xe{V, nmn‘² AnmH$amo{V, {MÎm§ àgmX¶{V,

{Xjw H$s{Vª VZmo{V & H$W¶ ! (gm gËg“{V:) nw§gm§ qH$ ({hV§) Z H$amo{V ?]

¶Ì Zm¶©ñVw nyÁ¶ÝVo a‘ÝVo VÌ XodVm: &
¶Ì¡VmñVw Z nyÁ¶ÝVo gdm©ñVÌm’$bm: {H«$¶m: &&5&&
[¶Ì Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo VÌ XodVm: a‘ÝVo & ¶Ì Vw EVm: Z nyÁ¶ÝVo VÌ gdm©: {H«$¶m: A’$bm: (^dpÝV) & ]

MmVH${óMVwamZ² n¶:H$UmZ² ¶mMVo ObYa§ {nnmg¶m &
gmo@{n nya¶{V {díd‘å^gm hÝV hÝV ‘hVm‘wXmaVm &&6&&
[(¶Xm) MmVH$: {nnmg¶m ObYa§ {ÌMVwamZ² n¶:H$UmZ² ¶mMVo (VXm) g: (‘oK:) A{n {díd‘² Aå^gm

nya¶{V & hÝV hÝV ({H$¶Vr Efm) ‘hVm‘² CXmaVm !]

Vo eV§ {h d¶§ n#m ñdH$s¶o {dJ«ho g{V &
na¡ñVw {dJ«ho àmáo d¶§ n#mm{YH§$ eV‘² &&7&&
[¶{w Y{ð>a: dX{V - ñdH$s¶o {dJ«ho g{V Vo eV§ d¶§ {h n#m (ñ‘:) & na¡: {dJ«ho àmáo Vw d¶§ n#mm{YH$§ eV§ (ñ‘:) &]

nR>H$: nmR>H$ü¡d ¶o Mmݶo emódmMH$m: &
gd} ì¶g{ZZmo ko¶m ¶: {H«$¶mdmÝg npÊS>V: &&8&&
[nR>H$: nmR>H$: (VWm) M ¶o Aݶo emódmMH$m: (gpÝV, Vo) gd} ì¶g{ZZ: ko¶m: & (¶V:) ¶: {H«$¶mdmZ² g:

(Ed) npÊS>V: (ApñV) &]

56

^mfmä¶mg:

ûcmoH$: 1 4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
d¥jm:, ZÚ:, eara‘² &
A) H¡$: YZ§$Z õr¶Vo ?
5. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & CnH$ma:, na: &
Am) Ho$fw YZ§ Z {d^Á¶Vo ?
ûcmoH$: 4
B) gd©YZàYmZ§ {H$‘² ?
1. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &
2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
{dÚmYZ§ 춶o H¥$Vo H$W§ dY©Vo ? A) gËg“{V: {Y¶: OmS>ç§  &

3. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & dY©V Ed & Am) gËg“{V: dm{M {g#m{V &
4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
B) gËg“{V: {Xe{V &
Mmoa:, ^ma:, {Z˶‘², {dÚm, YZ‘², àYmZ‘² &
B©) gËg“{V: nmn‘²  &
5. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
춶:, {Z˶‘², àYmZ‘² & C) gËg“{V: {MÎm§  &

ûcmoH$: 2 D$) gËg“{V: {Xjw VZmo{V &
1. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV &
2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
(A) na: + dm + B{V (Am) dgwYm + Ed
gËg“{V: OrdZo qH$ qH$ H$amo{V?
2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
A) "A¶§ {ZO:, A¶§ na:' B{V Ho$fm§ JUZm ? ûcmoH$: 5

Am) Ho$fm§ H¥$Vo dgwYm Ed Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² ^d{V? 1. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

3. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & Zm¶©ñVw, ¶Ì¡Vm:, EVmñVw, VÌm’$bm:, gdm©ñVÌ &
bKwMoVg: CXmaMoVg: OZm: H$W‘² A{^kmVì¶m: ?
2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
4. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV
A) XodVm: Hw$Ì a‘ÝVo ?
A ñdr¶‘² {MÝVZ‘² Aݶ: n¥{Wdr
Am) {H«$¶m: Hw$Ì A’$bm: ^dpÝV ?
Am JUZm dgwYm {ZO: na:
3. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
ûcmoH$: 3
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & "¶Ì Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo '& B{V gyp³V§ ûcmoH$ñ¶

A) namonH$mam¶ d¥jm: qH$ Hw$d©pÝV ? AmYmaoU ñnï>rHw$éV &

Am) namonH$mam¶ ZÚ: qH$ Hw$d©pÝV ? 4. EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &

B) H$m: namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV ? A) Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo & Am) XodVm: a‘ÝVo &

B©) eara§ {H$‘W©‘² ? B) EVm: Z nyÁ¶ÝVo & B©) gdm©: {H«$¶m: A’$bm: &

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & 5. "Zmar' B˶W©‘² A‘aH$mofnpL²>³V§ {bIV &
namonH$ma: Zm‘ {H$‘² ? Ho$ namonH$ma‘¾m: ?
ûcmoH$: 6
3. EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &
A) d¥jm: ’$bpÝV & Am) ZÚ: dhpÝV & 1. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

A) MmVH$: + = MmVH${óMVwamZ² &

Am) gmo@{n = + A{n &

B) {dœ‘² + Aå^gm =  &

B©) ‘hVm‘² + = ‘hVm‘wXmaVm &

57

2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 3. ûcmoH$mV² gL²>»¶mdmMH$m{Z {MZwV {bIV M &
A) MmVH$: n¶:H$UmZ² H§$ ¶mMVo ?
ûcmoH$: 8
Am) ObYa: Ho$db§ MmVH$ñ¶ V¥îUm§ emå¶{V CV
1. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
gånyU©{dœñ¶?
A) nmR>H$ü¡d = + M +  &
B) ‘hVm‘² CXmaVm H$ñ¶ Ñï>mÝVoZ km¶Vo ?
Am) Mmݶo = + Aݶo &
3. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
‘hVm‘² CXmaVm ûcmoHo$ H$W§ d{U©Vm ? B) ì¶g{ZZmo ko¶m: = + ko¶m: &

4. ê$nn[aM¶§ Hw$éV & B©) {H«$¶mdmÝg npÊS>V: = {H«$¶mdmZ² +
Aå^gm, ‘hVm‘², {nnmg¶m, n¶:
+ npÊS>V: &
5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
MmVH$: n¶g: H$UmZ² ObYa§ ¶mMVo & 2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

6. A‘aH$mofnpL²>³V§ {bIV & ObYa:, Aå^: A) Ho$ ì¶g{ZZ: C³Vm: ?
ûcmoH$: 7
1. $‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & Am) H$: npÊS>V: CÀ¶Vo ?

"d¶§ n#mm{YH§$ eV‘²' B{V gyp³V¨ ñnï>rHw$éV & 3. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &

2. ûcmoH$mV² gáå¶ÝVnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M & nmpÊS>˶§ H$pñ‘Z² dV©Vo ? ¶WmW©: npÊS>V: H$: ?

4. gw^m{fVmV² g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &

dmMH$:, AܶmnH$:, emó{dX:, H$m¶©H$Vm©,

{dÛmZ², ~moÕì¶m: &

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! {dgJ©gpÝY:

{díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ &

AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n:
(gmo@h‘²)

{dgJm}@h‘² A{dH$mar ( È H$, I È n, ’$)
Ç Ç
(H$: na:)

AmoH$maê$n: bmonr
(am‘mo JÀN>{V>) (gy¶© Bd)
a² ê$n:
g² ê$n: (V¡a{n)(Xod¡Z©)
(XodñVWm>)
f² ê$n: e² ê$n:
(~mbîfð:>) (h[aíeoVo)

58

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z - 2 &

g§dmX‘² B‘§ nR>V &

‘mVm‘hr - EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U AYrVm{Z Ibw ?
n#mV: Vw gL²>»¶mê$nofw Z {b“^oX: & Vm: ¶WmdV² à¶mo³Vì¶m: &

doUw: - kmV‘² & V{h© n#m AmgÝXm:, n#m A‘ݶ: n#m ^dZm{Z dm &
gwYoÝXþ: - VWm M gá ~Q>d:, gá a‚md:, gá¡d M {XZm{Z &
n¥Wm - BVmo@{n Aï> VmaH$m:, Aï> ‘wZ¶:, Aï> dgy{Z &
‘mVm‘hr - CÎm‘‘² & H$míMZ gL²>»¶m: à{gÕm: & ¶Wm Zd am̶: ...
doUw: M n¥Wm M - gá F$f¶:, Xe AmZZm{Z, Aï> búå¶:... Ìr{U ^wdZm{Z, Zd aËZm{Z dm &
‘mVm‘hr - n¶má© ‘ ² & Ah‘² AYZw m Hy$Q>àíZ§ dXm{‘ & {^: - ä¶: - ä¶: - AmZm‘² - g w & {H$‘² EVX ² ?
gwYoÝXþ:- (Cƒ¡: h{gËdm) Z Ef: Hy$Q>àíZ: & EVo Vw {d^p³Và˶¶m: & JVdf} Ah§ n{R>VdmZ² gå¶H²$

ñ‘am{‘ AYwZm A{n &
doUw: - Amohmo gwYoÝXmo ! g˶‘od VrúUm OmVm Vd ~w{Õ: & V{h© EVo gL²>»¶mà˶¶m: V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV‘² &
n¥Wm- ¶Wm  n#m, n#m, n#m{^:, n#mä¶:, n#mä¶:, n#mmZm‘², n#mgw & n#mV: ZdXen¶©ÝV§

ê$nm{U n#m gL²>»¶m Bd ^dpÝV & g˶§ Ibw ?
‘mVm‘hr - Am‘², AVrd ‘w{XVm@pñ‘ & ¶y¶§ gd} g§ñH¥$VnQ>d: & BV:na§ g§ñH¥$V^mf¶m Io{bVw§ g‘Wm©: &
gwYoÝXþ:- VÎmw Ëd¶m gh gå^mfUoZ {H${#mX² ì¶mH$aUmä¶mgoZ M &
doUw: - gL²>»¶mê$nm{U gå¶JYr˶ gå^mfUo gL²>»¶mZm‘² A{YH§$ à¶moJ§ Hw$‘©: &
n¥Wm - A{J«‘o AdH$meo AݶmZ² gL²>»¶m{deofmZ² kmVw‘² AmJÀN>m‘: &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

gL²>»¶mê$nm{U {b{IËdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V & gL²>»¶mê$nm{U

1. VÌ (5) ~mbHo$fw H$bh: CX²^yV: & ({Z˶§ ~hþdMZ‘²)

2. (6) {~S>mb¡: EH$: Ed ‘yfH$: Ñï>: & ff² Aï>Z² ZdZ² {d^p³V:
àW‘m
3. (7) XrnmZm‘² EH$m Amd{b: J¥ho Ñí¶Vo & fQ²>/fS²> Aï> / Aï>m¡ Zd {ÛVr¶m
fQ²>/fS²> Aï> / Aï>m¡ Zd V¥Vr¶m
4. (9) amÌrUm§ g‘yh: Zm‘ ZdamÌ‘² & fS²>{^:> Aï>{^:/ Zd{^:
MVwWu
5. A{n OmZm{g (7) F$frUm§ Zm‘m{Z ? fS²>ä¶: Aï>m{^: Zdä¶:
Aï>ä¶:/ n#m‘r
6. H$m{V©Ho$¶: (6) ‘wI¡: dX{V {H$‘² ? fS²>ä¶: Aï>mä¶: Zdä¶:
Aï>ä¶:/ fð>r
7. amdUñ¶ (10)‘ñVHo$ä¶: {H$arQ>m: n{VVm: & fÊUm‘² Aï>mä¶: ZdmZm‘² gá‘r
fQ²>gw/ Aï>mZm‘² Zdgw
8. (8) bú‘rfw H${V Zm‘m{Z OmZm{g ? fQ²>Ëgw Aï>gw/
Aï>mgw
9. amOm (9) F${fä¶: XmZ§ XÎmdmZ² &

10. (6) dñVwä¶: (3) dñVy{Z

Amdí¶H$m{Z &

11. Añ‘m{^: (8) ^ynVrZm§ M[aÌm{U

n{R>Vm{Z &

59

Xe‘>: nmR>: & {nV¥^³V: Z{MHo$Vm:&

doXm:, ~«m÷Um:, AmaʶH$m: Cn{ZfX: B{V doXdmL²>‘¶naånam dV©Vo & EVñ¶m§ • XmZ§ Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
naånam¶m§ à‘wIm: Xe Cn{ZfX: »¶mVm: & Cn{ZfËgw VÎdkmZMMm©-{Zê$nU§
dV©Vo & Cn{ZfËgw AݶV‘m "H$R>mon{ZfX²' & H$R>mon{ZfX: CÕ¥Vm ¶‘-Z{MHo$Vgmo:µ • {H$‘² Cn¶moJeyݶñ¶
H$Wm & dñVwZ: ˶mJ:"XmZ‘²'
B{V H$W{¶Vw§ e³¶Vo?

dmOldm: Zm‘ XmZna: ~«m÷U: AmgrV² & EH$Xm g: {díd{OV²-¶k‘² AH$amoV² & g‘máo ¶ko g:
~«m÷Uoä¶: X{jUm‘² A¶ÀN>V² & X{jUm¶m§ gd©Xm {ට dñVw ¶ÀN>oV² B{V {Z¶‘: & {H$ÝVw {nVm dmOldm: Vw
X{jUmê$noU Xþ½YXmZo Ag‘Wm©: Xþ~©bm: d¥Õm: M YoZy: A¶ÀN>V² & Vñ¶ nwÌ: Z{MHo$Vm: VX² Aní¶V² &
Ag‘rMrZXmZoZ {nVm ‘o ZaH§$ J{‘î¶{V B{V ^r˶m g: {nVa‘² An¥ÀNV², ""{nV:, qH$ Vd AVrd {එ² ?''
P{Q>{V {nVm AdXV², ""dËg, Ëd‘od ‘‘ {à¶V‘: &'' Z{MHo$Vm: nwZ: An¥ÀN>V², ""V{h© ‘m§ H$ñ‘¡ Xmñ¶{V
^dmZ²?'' dmOldgm {H$‘{n CÎma§ Z XÎm‘² & {Ûdma§ {Ìdma§$ Z{MHo$Vgm VXod n¥ï>‘² & VXm H«w$Õ: ^yËdm {nVm
Z{MHo$Vg‘² ""Ah§ Ëdm§ ‘¥Ë¶do XXm{‘'' B{V AdXV² &

{nVm H«$moYmdoeo Ed‘² C³VdmZ² B{V Z{MHo$Vm: AOmZmV² & VWm{n {nVw: AmXoenmbZmWª g: ¶‘nwa‘²
AJÀN>V² & ¶‘nwao ¶‘: AZwnpñWV: & ~mb: Z{MHo$Vm: VÌ¡d Ìr{U {XZm{Z ¶mdV², {H$‘{n A^w³Ëdm
AnrËdm ¶‘ñ¶ àVrjm‘² AH$amoV² &

MVwW} {Xdgo ¶‘: ¶‘nwa§ àmá: & jwYmVª {nnmgmVª ~mbm{VqW X¥îQ‰>m Vñ¶ öX¶§ H$éU¶m AÐdV² & ¶‘:
Z{MHo$Vg§ "ÌrZ² damZ² ¶mMñd' B{V AdXV² & VV: ~mbH$: àW‘§ da‘² A¶mMV, ""‘‘ OZH$ñ¶ dmOldg:
‘m§ à{V H«$moY: emÝV: ^dVw &'' ""ñdJ©gm{YH$m‘² A{¾{dÚm§ XÎdm ‘m‘² AZwJ¥†mVw'' B{V {ÛVr¶§ da§ g:

60

A¶mMV & ¶‘: AmZÝXoZ dam¡ àm¶ÀN>V² & VV: V¥Vr¶daê$noU Z{MHo$Vm: AmË‘kmZ‘² A¶mMV & Vñ¶ àmW©Zm§
lwËdm ¶‘: M{H$V: & Z H$mo@{n ‘˶©: AÚn¶©ÝV§ VX² kmVwH$m‘: & Aënd¶g: ~mbñ¶ H$W{‘d àJë^m
kmZV¥îUm ? ¶‘: {d{dYàbmo^Z¡: Z{MHo$Vg§ V¥Vr¶damV² {Zdma{¶Vw§ àm¶VV & {H$ÝVw {ZíMb: Z{MHo$Vg:
{ZU©¶: & AÝVo da§ XmVw§ dMZ~Õ: ¶‘: V§ km{ZZm‘{n Xþb©^‘² AmË‘kmZ‘² Cnm{XeV² &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) dmOldm: H$: ? Am) X{jUm¶m§ qH$ ¶ÀN>oV² B{V {Z¶‘: ?

B) dmOldg: nwÌ: H$: ? B©) V¥Vr¶daê$noU Z{MHo$Vm: {H$‘² A¶mMV ?

C) ~mb: Z{MHo$Vm: H${V {XZm{Z ¶mdV² ¶‘ñ¶ àVrjm‘² AH$amoV² ?

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &

A) Z{MHo$Vm: ¶‘nwa§ {H$‘W©‘² AJÀN>V² ? Am) Ho$ ̶: dam: Z{MHo$Vgm ¶m{MVm: ?

‘m¡{IH$H$m¶©‘²
1) ¶WmH«$‘§ dXV &
A) MVwW} {Xdgo ¶‘ñ¶ ¶‘nwa‘²-AmJ‘Z‘² &
Am) ~mbZ{MHo$Vg: A^w³Ëdm AnrËdm ¶‘ñ¶ àVrjm &
B) jwYmV©ñ¶ ~mbm{VWo: Xe©Z‘² &
B©) Z{MHo$Vg: Ìr{U {XZm{Z ¶mdV² {VVrjm &
C) ¶‘oZ da̶§ XÎm‘² &

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! {díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ &

• Aå^mo{YO©b{Yn©¶mo{YéX{Ydm©am{Þ{Ydm©[a{Y: & • ‘m ‘Zmo ‘Ywnmo ‘oKmo ‘Únmo ‘H©$Q>mo ‘éV² &
‘{jH$m ‘ËHw$Umo ‘Ëñ¶mo ‘H$mam Xe M#mbm: &&
}Aå^mo{Y: + Ob{Y: a²ê$n: {dgJ©: ‘Z: + ‘Yþn: + ‘oK: + ‘Ún: + ‘H©$Q>: + ‘éV² &
‘ËHw$U: + ‘Ëñ¶: + ‘H$mam: & AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©:
+ n¶mo{Y: + CX{Y: ‘H$mam: + Xe & bmonr {dgJ©:
+ dmam{Þ{Y: + dm[a{Y: & • g {h ^d{V X[aÐmo ¶ñ¶ V¥îUm {dembm &
‘Z{g M n[aVwï>o H$mo@W©dmZ² H$mo X[aÐ: &&
namonH$ma: H$V©ì¶: àmU¡a{n YZ¡a{n &
}X[aÐ: + ¶ñ¶
}àmU¡a{n = àmU¡: + A{n & a²ê$n: {dgJ©:
H$: + X[aÐ: AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©:
YZ¡a{n = YZ¡: + A{n &
({dgJ©ñ¶ n[adV©Z§ {ZarjÜd‘² &)
• CÎm‘m ‘ܶ‘m ZrMmpñVòmo d¡ àm{UZm§ {dYm: &

namW©ñdmW©{dÜd§gm bjUm{Z ¶WmH«$‘‘² &&

}CÎm‘m: + ‘ܶ‘m: bmonr {dgJ©:

namW©ñdmW©{dÜd§gm: + bjUm{Z

61

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & {H«$¶mnX§ qH$ H$W¶{V? - 2

AÌ {^Þ§ JU¶{V gyM¶Vo H$W¶{V {H«$¶mnXm{Z dm³¶o ApÝdî¶V &
nX§ {H$‘² ? Yma¶{V nyÁ¶Vo VmS>¶Vo 1. gwdUª gd©loð>§ JʶVo & 2. gm¡Oݶ§
Kmof¶Vo Mmoa¶{V jmb¶{V loð>‘² CÀ¶Vo & 3. {MÌo ZXr Ñí¶Vo &
CÎma‘² - EVofm§ g‘mZVm H$m?

1. à˶¶: - 2. ‘ybYmVw: +

EVm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V & EVofw dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéf§ dMZ§ M AZwga{V & ¶{X H$‘©nX§
1. am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo & n[adV©Vo V{h© {H«$¶mnX‘² A{n n[adV©Vo AV: H$‘©àYmZm{Z dm³¶m{Z B‘m{Z &
2. am‘oU J«ÝWm¡ nR>çoVo &
3. am‘oU J«ÝWm: nR>çÝVo & H$Vm© H$‘©dmÀ¶: à¶moJ: & (H$‘©{U à¶moJ:)
4. am‘oU Ah§ Ñí¶o & V¥Vr¶m {d^{³V:
5. am‘oU Amdm§ Ñí¶mdho & H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²
6. am‘oU d¶§ Ñí¶m‘ho & àW‘m {d^{³V: H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²

1) ‘Ywa¶m gwYmIÊS>m: AmZr¶ÝVo & 2) Añ‘m{^: J«ÝW: nR>çVo &
H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘² H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²

V¥Vr¶m àW‘m V¥Vr¶m àW‘m

à.nw. à.nw. à.nw. à.nw.
~.d. ~.d. E. d. E.d.

{H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nX‘² AZwga{V & {H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nX‘² AZwga{V &
AV: H$‘©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² & AV: H$‘©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &

nR>V ~moYV !! ì¶mgJUoeH$Wm &

^JdVm ì¶mg‘w{ZZm ‘hm^maV§ Zm‘ ‘hmH$m춧 {daÀ¶Vo & EVñ‘mV² gÝVwï>: ~«÷Xod: Vñ¶ nwaV:
Am{d^©d{V & VXm ì¶mgoZ Z‘«oU àUå¶Vo & ~«÷XodoZ H$϶Vo, ""ho ‘wZo, Ëd¶m ¶V² H$m춧 {da{MV§ Vñ¶ boIZ§
H$V©ì¶‘²'' B{V & ì¶mg‘w{ZZm CÀ¶Vo, ""Xod, ‘‘ H$mì¶ñ¶ boIZmWª ZmpñV ¶mo½¶: boIH$: &'' ~«÷XodoZ
H$϶Vo, ""lrJUoe: Vd H$m춧 {bIoV² & Ëd¶m g: àmW©Zr¶: &'' VV: ~«÷XodoZ {ZJ©å¶Vo &

ì¶mg‘{w ZZm lrJUeo : Amhy¶V o & lrJUoeZo àUå¶ H$϶V,o ""‘{w Zda, ‘¶m qH$ H$aUr¶§ VV² Am{XeV w &''
ì¶mg‘{w ZZm H$϶Vo, ""JUeo , Ëd¶m ‘‘ H$m춧 b{o IV춑 ² &'' JUoeoZ CÀ¶V,o ""Adí¶§ {bIm{‘ & {H$ÝVw ^dVm
gd} íbmoH$m: A{daV§ H$W{¶Vì¶m: &'' ì¶mg‘w{ZZm CÀ¶V,o "VWmñV w & {H$ÝVw Ëd¶m A{n EH$ñ¶ A{n Ajañ¶
AW‘© ² AkmËdm Z bo{IV춑 ² &'' lrJUeo oZ H$϶V,o ""Am‘², VWm H$amo{‘'' B{V & VXZÝVa§ ì¶mg‘{w ZZm íbmHo $m:
H$϶ÝVo JUoeoZ Vo {b»¶ÝV o & ì¶mg‘w{ZZm H${R>Zm: íbmHo $m: H$϶ÝVo VXm JUeo oZ {MÝVZ§ {H$« ¶Vo AW©: km¶Vo
{b»¶Vo M &

62

EH$mXe>: nmR>: & ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm &

"í¶m‘Mr AmB©' B{V nmÊSw>a§J gXm{ed gmZo (gmZo JwéOr) ‘hmoX¶oZ • ñdÀN>Vm gd©Xm earañ¶ AWdm
‘amR>r^mf¶m {da{MV§ nwñVH$‘² & Apñ‘Z² nwñVHo$ Vñ¶ AmË‘H$WZnam: n[agañ¶ Ed ^d{V {H$‘² ?
H$Wm: gpÝV & EVm: ñ‘aUH$Wm: ~mbH$mZm§ H¥$Vo ~moYnam: g§ñH$maj‘m:
‘mV¥ñZohdY©H$m: M & í¶m‘: à{Vam̧ ñd{‘Ìoä¶: ñdOrdZmYm[aVm: ñ‘¥{VH$Wm: • A{n ‘Z: ñdÀN>§ ‘{bZ§ dm ^{dVw‘²
H$W¶{V & g§ñH¥$VmZwdmXÛmam Añ¶ AmXe©^yVñ¶ nwñVH$ñ¶ n[aM¶: H$m[aV: Ah©{V ?
S>m°. ‘ÄOyfm Hw$bH$Uu ‘hm^mJ¶m & Vñ‘mV² nwñVH$mV² A¶§ àg“: &
• ¶Xm ¶y¶§ hR>§ Hw$éV VXm ¶wî‘mH§$
""~më¶mXod {Ûdma§ ñZmZ§ H$amo{‘ ñ‘ Ah‘² &'' í¶m‘oZ H$Wm ‘mVm qH$ H$amo{V ? hR>§ nya¶{V
AmaãYm & ""{Ûdma§ ñZmZñ¶ Aä¶mg: CÎm‘: Ed & amÌm¡ {ZÐm¶m: nydª CV {ZamH$amo{V ? àg“§
dU©¶V &

ñZmZ§ Hw$‘©: MoV² eara§ ñdÀN>§, gVoO:, bKw^ma{‘d M ^mgVo & {ZÐm¶m: nydª d¶§ àmW©Zm§ Hw$‘©:, EVV² ^d{V
‘Zg: ñZmZ‘² & ¶{X eara§ ‘Z: M ñdÀN>o V{h© {ZÐm CÎm‘m ^d{V &

EH$Xm à{V{XZ{‘d Io{bËdm Ah§ J¥h‘²
AmJ˶ ñZmZmWª JVdmZ² & gm¶L²>H$mbñ¶
ñZmZmW©‘² A{YH$ñ¶ Obñ¶ Amdí¶H$Vm
Z ^d{V & ñZmZ§ g‘m߶ ‘¶m C³V‘²,
""Aå~, ewîH$¶ ‘o A“‘² & Ob§ g‘má§,
gËda§ ewîH$¶ ‘o A“‘²'' B{V Cƒ¡: AdX‘² 
Ah‘² & gm¶L²>H$mbo ‘o ‘mVm ñdem{Q>H$¶m
Ed ‘‘ eara§ ‘mO©¶{V ñ‘ &

‘mVm AmJVm, ‘‘ A“§ ‘m{O©VdVr
Amkm§ M XÎmdVr ""XodnyOmWª nwînm{U
AmZ¶, í¶m‘'' B{V & ""‘‘ nmXVbm¡ AmÐm£
ñV: & ‘¥{ÎmH$¶m ‘{bZm¡ ^{dî¶V: & AV: ‘‘ nmXVbm¡ A{n ñdÀN>rHw$é &'' B{V ""nmXVbm¡ AmÐm©¡ ñV: V{h©
{H$§ OmV§ ao í¶m‘ ? AYwZm Ho$Z dóoU ‘mO©¶m{‘ ?'' ""Aå~, Vd em{Q>H$m#mb§ nmfmUo {dñVma¶ &'' ""í¶m‘,
AVrd hR>ñd^md: A{g &'' B{V C³Ëdm ‘mÌm em{Q>H$m#mb§ {dñVm[aV‘² & Ah§ MaUm¡ VXþn[a> ñWmn{¶Ëdm ewîH$m¡
H$ma{¶Ëdm {ZJ©VdmZ² & ‘mVw: dó‘² AmЩ‘² A^dV² &
Vpñ‘Z² g‘¶o V¶m em{Q>H$mn[adV©Z§ H$Vwª Z eŠ¶Vo B˶{n ‘¶m Z {MpÝVV‘² & naÝVw nwÌMaUm¡ ‘{bZm¡ Z
^doVm‘², nwÌoÀN>m nyUm© ^doV² EVXWª V¶m ñdem{Q>H$m AmÐm© H¥$Vm & ‘mVm nwÌmWª qH$ qH$ Z H$amo{V, qH$ qH$ Z
ghVo, qH$ qH$ Z g‘n©¶{V? Ah§ J¥hñ¶ AÝV^m©J§ JVdmZ², nyOmWª nwînm{U ñWm{nVdmZ² & ‘mVm Xrn§ J¥hrËdm
AmJVdVr C³VdVr M, ""í¶m‘, MaUm¡ ‘{bZm¡ Z ^dV: AV: ¶Wm à¶Vgo VW¡d ‘Z: ‘{bZ§ Z ^dVw EVXW©‘²
A{n à¶Vñd & àmW©¶ Xod§ ewÕ~wX²Ü¶W©‘² &''
^mo {‘Ìm{U, {H$¶ÝV: ‘Ywam: eãXm:! nm{dͶmWª ñdÀN>Vm¶¡ d¶§ à{V{XZ§ à¶Vm‘ho & dóñdÀN>VmWª
jmbZMyU©‘² ApñV, earamWª MÝXZ’o$ZH$m{Z gpÝV & eara§ dóm{U M ‘{bZm{Z Z ^dÝVw AV: gd} à¶ËZ§
Hw$d©pÝV & A{n d¶§ ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm¶¡ à¶Vm‘ho ?''

63

^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &

1) {ZÐm H$Xm CÎm‘m ^d{V? 2) ñZmZoZ qH$ ^d{V? 3) H$Xm àmW©Zm§ dXm‘:?

4) ‘mVm í¶m‘ñ¶ MaUm¡ Ho$Z ‘mO©¶{V? 5) d¶§ à{V{XZ§ {H$‘Wª à¶Vm‘ho ?

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV& ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm{df¶o ‘mVm í¶m‘§ H$W§ ~mo{YVdVr?

3. A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV  & 1. bKw^ma{‘d 2. B˶{n 3. BVmo@{n 4. VW¡d 5. H$Xm{n

Am) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1. nmXVbm¡ 2. ñZmZñ¶

B) {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: & {deo² nmXVbm¡ Aä¶mg: ‘Z: eara‘²

{deofU‘² gVoO: ‘{bZ‘² AmÐm¡© CÎm‘:

4. gyMZmZwgma§ n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &
1. Ah§ {Ûdma§ ñZmZ§ H$amo{‘ ñ‘ & ("ñ‘' {ZîH$mg¶V)
2. d¶§ à{V{XZ§ à¶Vm‘ho & (EH$dMZ§ Hw$éV)

5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV & eara‘², ‘¥{ÎmH$m, MaUm¡, {‘Ì‘², ‘Z:, ‘¥X², gwöX², {MÎm‘², nmXm¡, Xoh:

6. {déÕmW©H§ eãX§ {bIV & n{dÌ‘², ewîH$‘², ZrM¡:, ñdÀN>‘², A{YH$‘², gËda‘² &

7. CnnX{d^p³V§ ¶moO¶V &
1. -------nydª d¶§ àmW©Zm§ dXm‘: & ({ZÐm¶m:/{ZÐm¶¡)
2. EH$Xm {Z˶{‘d Io{bËdm Ah§ ------ AmJV:& (J¥ho/J¥h‘²)

8. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
1. ‘mÌm ñdem{Q>H$m AmÐm© H¥$Vm ¶V: .....&
A) gm dfm©¶m§ p³bÞm &
Am) VoZ nwÌoÀN>m nyUm© ^doV² &

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! {díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ &

• h§gíídoV: ~H$íídoV: H$mo ^oXmo ~H$h§g¶mo: & • Ëd§ ~«÷m Ëd§ {dîUwñËd§ éÐñËd‘² BÝÐñËd‘² A{¾ñËd§
dm¶wñËd§ gy¶©ñËd§ MÝБmñËd§ ~«÷^y^w©dññdamo‘² &&
Zrajra{ddoHo$ Vw h§gmo h§gmo ~H$mo ~H$: &&
}{dîUw: {dîUwg²
}h§g: h§ge²
éÐ: éÐg²
~H$: ~H$e² e²ê$n: {dgJ©: A{¾: A{¾g²
dm¶w: dm¶wg² g²ê$n: {dgJ©:
}H$: H$mo AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©: gy¶©: gy¶©g²
MÝБm: MÝБmg²
^oX: ^oXmo
h§g: h§gmo
~H$: ~H$mo

64

ÛmXe>: nmR>: & A‘aH$mof: &

• eãXgL²>J«hñ¶ H¥$Vo g§ñH¥$V^mfm AVrd g‘¥Õm ^mfm & EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ ^dpÝV Z¡Ho$
{^Þ^mfmgw Ho$$ eãXm: g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: & ¹${MV² EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ {d{dYm: AWm©: A{n ^dpÝV &
à¶w³Vm: ? AܶoV¦Um§ gwI~moYm¶ g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ nÚ‘¶t aMZm§ H¥$Ëdm n{ÊS>V-
A‘aqghoZ A‘aH$mof: J«{WV: & A‘aH$mofnR>ZoZ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUoZ M
• ¶wî‘mH§$ J¥ho/{dÚmb¶o Ho$ eãXkmZ§ ^d{V & {d{dYeãXmZm§ dm³¶o à¶moJoU eãXà^wËd§ {gܶ{V &
eãXH$mofm: gpÝV ? ¶Woï>§ J¥†ÝVw eãXaËZm{Z Añ‘mV² eãXaËZmH$amV² & A‘aH$mofàe§gm -

• Ho$ eãXgL²>J«hm: ¶wî‘m{^: H$doa‘aqghñ¶ H¥${Vaofm gw{Z‘©bm &
n{R>Vm: ? AmMÝÐVmaH§$ ñWo¶mV² Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘² &&

(N>mÌm: J«ÝWmb¶o {d{dYm{Z nwñVH$m{Z ní¶pÝV
Aܶm{nH$m§ àíZmZ² M n¥ÀN>pÝV &)
Z¶Z: - AmMm¶}, H$m Efm {^Þm {dembm

H$nm{Q>H$m ? Ahmo ! {H$¶ÝV: {d{dYm:
H$mofm: EVñ¶m§ dV©ÝVo !
Aܶm{nH$m - Am‘², gd}fm§ emómUm‘² Aܶ¶ZmW©‘²
EVo H$mofm: Amdí¶H$m: &
gw‘oYm - H$mof: Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
Aܶm{nH$m - H$mof: Zm‘ gL²>J«h: & ¶Wm d¶§ {dÎmH$mofo YZñ¶ gL²>J«hU§ Hw$‘©: VW¡d ^mfmH$mofo eãXmZm§
gL²>J«h: ^d{V &
lo¶m - H$: Vñ¶ Cn¶moJ: ?
Aܶm{nH$m - gw¶mo½¶: àíZ: & gå^mfUo boIZo M ^mfmà^wËd-n«mß˶Wª VW¡d Z¡Ho$fm§ {df¶mUm§ kmZàmß˶Wª
eãXgånÎmo: gL²>J«hU‘² AVrd Amdí¶H$‘² & Añ‘mH§$ J«ÝWmb¶o g§ñH¥${VH$mofm:, M[aÌH$mofm:,
{dídH$mofm: gw^m{fVH$mofm: M B˶mX¶: ~hd: H$mofm: dV©ÝVo & Vofw "A‘aH$mof:' Zm‘ H$üZ
{deof: H$mof: &
ñdßZrb: - A‘aH$mof: ? "A‘aH$mof:' B{V Zm‘ {H$‘W©‘² ? qH$ {dÚVo Apñ‘Z² H$mofo ?
Aܶm{nH$m- Ef: g§ñH¥$VeãXmZm§ gL²>J«hJ«ÝW: & A‘aqgh: Zm‘ npÊS>V: EVñ¶ aM{¶Vm & AV: H$mofñ¶ Zm‘
"A‘aH$mof:' B{V & nwamVZH$mbo ¶Xm N>mÌm: Aܶ¶ZmWª JwéHw$b§ à{depÝV ñ‘ VXm Aܶ¶Zmaå^o
Vo A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$d©pÝV ñ‘ & AYwZm A{n VW¡d àdV©Vo &
Am¶m© - (gmü¶©‘²) qH$ H$mof: H$ÊR>ñWrH$Vwª e³¶: ? VoZ H$: bm^: ^d{V ?
Aܶm{nH$m - AW {H$‘² ! nÚ‘¶: Ef: J«ÝW: Jo¶: & AV: ûcmoH$mZm§, gw^m{fVmZm§ nR>Z‘² Bd Vñ¶
H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² AVrd gwb^‘² & VÌ EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H¥$Vo Z¡Ho$ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: dV©ÝVo & ¹${MV²
EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ Z¡Ho$ {^Þm: AWm©: A{n dV©ÝVo & AV: Vñ¶ nR>ZoZ Añ‘mH§$ eãXgån{Îm: d¥qÕ
JÀN>{V & Añ‘mH§$ ñ‘aUep³V: YmaUm>ep³V: M dY}Vo, CƒmaU‘{n ewÕ§ ^d{V &
Z¶Z: - d¶‘{n A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$¶m©‘ & Vpñ‘Z² H${V ûcmoH$m: gpÝV ?

65

Aܶm{nH$m - CngmY©ghò§ (1500) ûcmoH$m: gpÝV & VÌ Ìr{U H$mÊS>m{Z gpÝV & AV: "{ÌH$mÊS>H$mof:' B{V
EVñ¶ Ana§ Zm‘ & VWm "Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘²' B{V ZmåZm A{n {d»¶mV: Ef: H$mof: &

gw‘oYm - "Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘²' B{V eãXñ¶ H$: AW©: ?
Aܶm{nH$m- VX{n Añ¶ J«ÝWñ¶ Ana§ d¡{eîQ>瑲 & AÌ Z Ho$db§ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: A{n Vw Vofm§ {b“{ZX}e:

H¥$V: & VoZ ^mfm¶m: AmH$bZ§ à¶moJ: M gwH$a: ^d{V &
ñdßZrb: - AmMm¶}, VoZ d¶§ g§ñH¥$VH$mì¶m{Z ZmQ>H$m{Z M {dZm¶mg§ n{R>Vw§ e³Zw‘: Ibw &
Aܶm{nH$m - {Zü¶oZ ! V{h© BV:na§ gd£: A‘aH$mofñ¶ nR>Z‘² Adí¶§ H$V©ì¶‘od &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & Am) H$mof: Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
A) H$mofm: {H$‘W©‘² Amdí¶H$m: ? B©) A‘aH$mofñ¶ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU§ H$ñ‘mV² gwb^‘² ?
D$) A‘aH$mofñ¶ {H$‘² AݶV² Zm‘Û¶‘² ?
B) H$: A‘aH$mofñ¶ aM{¶Vm ?

C) A‘aH$mofo H${V ûcmoH$m: gpÝV ?

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV &
1. "A‘aH$mof'- H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUoZ Ho$ bm^m: ^dpÝV ?

3. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &
1. d¶§ {dÎmH$mofo YZñ¶ gL²>J«h§ Hw$‘©: & 2. A‘aH$mof: g§ñH¥$VeãXmZm§ gL²>J«hJ«ÝW: &

4. A) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (1) gL²>J«h‘² (2) à¶moJ: (3) dV©ÝVo (4) ¹${MV²

Am) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

{deo² {deofU‘²
1. H$nm{Q>H$m 1. gwb^‘²
2. H$mofJ«ÝW: 2. {dembm
3. H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² 3. {^Þm:
4. AWm©: 4. nÚ‘¶:

5. gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &
1. N>mÌm: A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$d©pÝV ñ‘ & ("ñ‘' {ZîH$mg¶V)

2. VoZ H$: bm^: ^d{V ? (~hþdMZo {bIV &)

3. d¶‘{n A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$¶m©‘ & (EH$dMZ§ Hw$éV &)

6. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & H$mof:, A‘aH$mof:, {d»¶mV:, gwb^‘² &

7. dm³¶§ ewÕ§ Hw$éV &
1. J«ÝWmb¶o H$mofm¶ H¥$Vo EH$m {dembm H$nm{Q>H$m {dÚVo &
2. N>mÌm: J«ÝWmb¶o {d{dY§ nwñVH$m{Z ní¶pÝV &

3. A‘aH$mofo {Vò: H$mÊS>m{Z gpÝV &

66

̶moXe>: nmR>: & ga‘m¶m: erb‘² &

doXdmL²>‘¶o AmJVm H$Wm Efm & nwam nU¶: Zm‘
Agwam: XodmZm§ gdm©: YoZy: ñdXoe‘nmhaZ² & YoZyZm‘²
AÝdofUmWª gwnU©: B{V XodmZm§ godH$: JéS>: nUrZm§ Xoe§
JV: & VÌ nUrZm‘² Cnhma¡: de: JéS>: YoZyZm§ {df¶o
Z {H$‘{n AH$W¶V² & VoZ ñdm{‘Ðmoh: H¥$V: & AV: Xod¡:
nwZ: ga‘m Zm‘ ewZr ào{fVm & {Z^©¶V¶m gwXÿa§ ‘mJ©‘²
A{VH«$å¶, agmZXr‘² CÎmr¶© gm nUrZm§ Xoe§ àmám & n{U{^:
H¥$V‘² Am{V϶§ V¶m Z ñdrH¥$V‘² & à{V{Zd¥Î¶ Xodoä¶:
gdª d¥ÎmmÝV‘² AH$W¶V² & Vñ¶m: ñdm{‘^³Ë¶m àgÞoZ
BÝÐoU, Vñ¶¡ da: àXÎm: JéS>m¶ M emn: & ñdm{‘^ºo$:
H$V©ì¶nmbZñ¶ Jm¡adH$Wm Zm‘ BX§ nmodmS>mJrV‘² &

nmodmS>m B{V à{gÕ: ‘hmamï´>r¶: bmoH$H$bmàH$ma: &
draagàYmZ‘² BX§ nmodmS>mJrV§ a{MV‘² ApñV
npÊS>V-à^mH$a-^mVIÊS>o B{V AmYw{ZH$-
g§ñH¥$VboIH$d¶}U &

• àm{UZm§ MmVw¶©H$Wm: H$m: ?
• H$pñ‘Z² {MÌnQ>o H$ñ¶m§ H$Wm¶m§ dm àm{UZm H¥$V§ gmhm涧

d{U©V‘² ApñV ?

em{ha: - g^m¶m§ XodamO BÝÐ:
{MÝV¶{V H$: ào{fVì¶: &
{H$L²>H$amo Z¡H$mo@{n Ñï>:
¶mo ^doV² gXm ñdm{‘{Zð>: &&

Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - VXm?
em{ha: - godm¶m§ VËnam, XodJU{à¶m,

{Z¶w³Vm JmoYZàmß˶W©‘² &
‘KdVm Amkám ga‘m,
àpñWVm XodewZr ga‘m ho Or Or Or Or  &&
Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - àpñWVm XodewZr ga‘m ho Or Or Or Or Or
em{ha: - VXm ‘mJ} Ñï>m, VQ>éhVê$Ënm{Q>Zr agm
Obm¡Kg‘¥X²Ü¶m n¥Wwba^gm ¶m{V gagm &&
agm§ ÑîQ‰>m ga‘¶m {MpÝVV‘² -
ga‘m - Adí¶§ JÀN>o¶§ ZXr ¶{X ^doV² AÚ gwghm &
AVñVm§ ¶mMo@h§ {dZ¶dMgm Z‘«{eagm &&
ag o, Hw$é H¥$nm‘² &
Ob§ VdoX‘² & ‘hmJ^ra‘² &
Hw$éîd JmY‘² & ¶oZ Vao¶‘² &

na§ M Vra‘² & Ah§ d«Oo¶‘² &

67

em{ha: - ñdm{‘Z: emo^ZH$m¶m©W©‘²,
Am¶©JU‘“bH$m¶m©W©‘² &

Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - Am¶©JU‘“bH$m¶m©W©‘² & ho Or Or Or Or &&
agm CdmM - Ah§ M loð>m, Ëd§ Vw jwÐm

Z {h ËdXWª, Obàdmh‘² &
H$amo{‘ Aën‘², Anga Anga &&
em{ha: - lwËdm VX² dmŠ¶§ ga‘¶m J{O©V‘² &
ga‘m - ní¶ ‘o gm‘϶ª, H$m¶©{Zð>mgm‘϶©‘²
em{ha: - B{V CŠËdm gm Obo AnVV² -
gm JVm na§ Vra‘² & agm gm AYmo‘wIr ^yVm & b‚m¶m
åbmZ‘wIr OmVm & jwжm H$W§ nam^yVm & ní¶{V jwÐewZt ga‘m‘² &
Jm¶H$d¥ÝX:- ní¶{V jwÐewZt ga‘m‘² & ho Or Or Or Or Or &&
em{ha: - Ed§ ga‘m naVra§ àmám &
BV: ní¶{V, VV: ní¶{V
db§ n¥ÀN>{V, nUrZ² n¥ÀN>{V &&
dZ§ JÀN>{V, Jwhm§ à{de{V &
Jwhm¶m§ n{U{^¶©X² éÕ§ à^mo: JmoYZgd©ñd‘² &
g‘má‘ÝdofUH$m¶ª, g‘má‘ÝdofUH$m¶©‘² &&
Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - à‘w{XVm BÝÐewZr ga‘m ho Or Or Or Or Or &&
em{ha: - ga‘¶m YoZd: ApÝdï>m: & EVm§ dmVm©‘² BÝЧ d³Vw§ àpñWVm gm & na§ db¡: gm Adamo{YVm &
dbm:- ho ga‘o, ho ga‘o, Xþ½Y§ {n~Vw, X{Y ImXVw &
K¥V§ {n~Vw, AÌ {Vð>Vw
JmoYZñ¶ ^mJ§ Vw䶧 XÙ: &&
ga‘m - go{dH$m Zmh§ bmo^ñ¶, go{dH$m Zmh§ ‘mohñ¶ &
go{dH$m ñdm{‘Z: BÝÐñ¶ &
Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - go{dH$m ñdm{‘Z: BÝÐñ¶ & ho Or Or Or Or Or &
em{ha: - AÝVo n{U{^: ga‘m {ZpÝXVm &
dbm: - Efm ga‘m Omé ImX{V &
Efm ga‘m Omé ImX{V &
em{ha: - ga‘¶m {H${#mV² VÞ lwV‘² & A{n{hV§ XrKª H$U©Û¶‘² & "d¥ÎmmÝV§ d³Vw§$ J‘Z‘ma^o &'
àpñWVm g˶{à¶m ga‘m &
Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - àpñWVm XodewZr ga‘m & ho Or Or Or Or Or &&

(eãXmWm©: - JmY‘² = AJ^ra‘², n¥Wwba^gm = AVrd doJoZ, db‘² = nUrZm‘² Ana§ Zm‘, Omé = jwÐmÞ‘², ‘KdmZ² = BÝÐ:)

^mfmä¶mg:

‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
(1) ga‘m¶m: H$V©ì¶nmbZo Ho$ {d¿Zm: A^dZ² ? (2) ga‘m H$V©ì¶nmbZo {d¿ZmZ² H$W§ Va{V ?
(3) nU¶: ga‘m¶m: {ZÝXm§ H$Xm AHw$d©Z² ? (4) nU¶: ga‘m§ {H$‘Wª {ZÝXpÝV ?

68

boIZH$m¡eb‘²-3

‘ÄOyfmV: eãXmZ² ¶moO{¶Ëdm g§dmX§ nya¶V &

g§dm{XZr - , A{n AÚ ½bmZ: A{g ?

VmbdmÚ‘² - A{¶, AÚ g§ñH¥$V{XZñ¶

H$m¶©H«$‘: A^dV² & VÌ

JrVJm¶Zg‘¶o ~hþ Vm{S>V: dm{XV: M

Apñ‘ &

g§dm{XZr - Am‘² & Ah‘{n VÌ  & ~mb¡: g§dm{XZr-VmbdmÚg§dmX: &

gh ñdaVmb¶w³Vm Ah‘{n AJm¶‘² &

VmbdmÚ‘² - naÝVw Ëd§ Z ½bmZm A{g & Vd dXZ‘² C„g{V &

g§dm{XZr - {‘Ì, Ëdm§ VmS>¶pÝV AV: Ëd§ ½bmZ: ^d{g ‘m§ Vw AVrd dmX¶pÝV AV: Ah§

‘Ywa§ Jm¶m{‘ & BX§ ‘‘ ahñ¶‘² &

‘ÄOyfm - (hmñ¶¶w³V§, hmñ¶ñ¶, gwöX², dmXH$m:, A^d‘² , H$mo‘bV¶m, ~mbmZm§, embm¶m§)

‘ÄOyfmV: eãXmZ² ¶moO{¶Ëdm {Z~ÝY§ nya¶V &

g“UH$: - BXmZtVZo H$mbo g“UH$: ^moOZ‘² Bd  & g“UH$ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ ~hÿ{Z

gwH$am{U OmVm{Z & JUZH$m¶ª ^dVw dm AÝdofU§, g: VyU©‘od H$m¶ª H$amo{V & AYwZm

Vñ¶ ^«‘U^mf:, Q>°~¶ÝÌ‘², A‘g“UH$: ê$nm{U àM{bVm{Z & ¶{X AmÝVOm©bgw{dYm

{dÚwXwnbpãY: dm Z ñV: V{h© H$m¶ª Z ^d{V & VXm Aghm¶: ^d{V &

Vñ¶ A˶{YH$mon¶moJoZ Amamo½¶{df¶H$m: àmXþ^©dpÝV & {H$ÝVw Vñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ

Añ‘mH§$ àJ{V: Ed & (AmÝVOm©bo, ‘Zwî¶:, Amdí¶H$:, H$m¶m©{U, EVm{Z, gw¶mo½¶oZ, g‘ñ¶m:,

g“UH$ñ¶ )

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! {díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ &

• {edmo@h§ {edmo@h§ {edñdê$nmo@h‘² & • EaÊS>mo@{n VéñVmdV² ‘eH$mo@{n {dh§J‘: &

H$mo@h§ H$mo@h§ H$mo@h§ gmo@h§ gmo@h§ gmo@h‘² & IÚmoVmo@{n {H$b Á¶mo{V: d¶§ Z H$d¶: H$W‘² &&

}{ed: Ah‘² AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n: }EaÊS>: A{n & AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n:
{dgJ©: {dgJ©: &
{edñdê$n: Ah‘² & ‘eH$: A{n &
H$: Ah‘² g: Ah‘² IÚmoV: A{n &

H$d¶: H$W‘² & } A{dH$mar {dgJ©:

Vé: + VmdV² & } g²ê$n: {dgJ©:

69

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 3

(A) ì¶ÄOZmÝVZm‘m{Z

Añ‘m{^: ñdamÝVZm‘m{Z n{R>Vm{Z & AYwZm ì¶ÄOZmÝVZm‘m{Z Ðï>ì¶m{Z & AÌ ApÝV‘§ ì¶ÄOZ§ {H$‘²?
1. g‘w Zg² - g ² 2. Aßgag² - g² 3. {dÛg² - g² 4. {Xe² - e² 5. àmdf¥ ² - f² 6. d{UO² - O²
7. dmM² - M² 8. ^y^¥V² - V² 9. amOZ² - Z² 10. {Ja² - a² 11. dréY² - Y² 12. gwöX² - X²

ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘² n§w. ór. Znw§. ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘² n§w. ór. Znw§.

VH$mamÝV‘² ‘éV² g[aV² OJV² gH$mamÝV‘² MÝБg² Aßgag² n¶g²

‘éV² "V'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & g[aV² "V'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

‘éV² ‘éVm¡ ‘éV: àW‘m g[aV² g[aVm¡ g[aV:

‘éV‘² ‘éVm¡ ‘éV: {ÛVr¶m g[aV‘² g[aVm¡ g[aV:

‘éVm ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘é{Ø: V¥Vr¶m g[aVm g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[a{Ø:

‘éVo ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘éX²ä¶: MVwWu g[aVo g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[aX²ä¶:

‘éV: ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘éX²ä¶: n#m‘r g[aV: g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[aX²ä¶:

‘éV: ‘éVmo: ‘éVm‘² fð>r g[aV: g[aVmo: g[aVm‘²

‘é{V ‘éVmo: ‘éËgw gá‘r g[a{V g[aVmo: g[aËgw

ho ‘éV²/X² ho ‘éVm¡ ho ‘éV: gå~moYZ‘² ho g[aV²-X² ho g[aVm¡ ho g[aV:

‘éV² Bd Aݶo eãXm: - ^y^¥V², ‘hr^¥V², g[aV² Bd Aݶo eãXm: - V{S>V², ¶mo{fV²,

ú‘m^¥V², {XZH¥$V², {díd{OV², BÝÐ{OV² B.& {dÚwV² B˶mX¶: &

gwöX² (nw§) gånX² (ór) dréY² (ór) B˶mXr{Z X/Y H$mamÝVeãXê$nm{U A{n ‘éV²/g[aV² Bd &

OJV² "V'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ & MÝБg² "g'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

OJV² OJVr OJpÝV àW‘m MÝБm: MÝБgm¡ MÝБg:

OJV² OJVr OJpÝV {ÛVr¶m MÝБg‘² MÝБgm¡ MÝБg:

OJVm OJX²ä¶m‘² OJ{Ø: V¥Vr¶m MÝБgm MÝБmoä¶m‘² MÝБmo{^:

OJVo OJX²ä¶m‘² OJX²ä¶: MVwWu MÝБgo MÝБmoä¶m‘² MÝБmoä¶:

OJV: OJX²ä¶m‘² OJX²ä¶: n#m‘r MÝБg: MÝБmoä¶m‘² MÝБmoä¶:

OJV: OJVmo: OJVm‘² fð>r MÝБg: MÝБgmo: MÝБgm‘²

OJ{V OJVmo: OJËgw gá‘r MÝБ{g MÝБgmo: MÝБ:gw,

MÝБñgw

ho OJV² ho OJVr ho OJpÝV gå~moYZ‘² ho MÝБ: ho MÝБgm¡ ho MÝБg:

OJV² Bd Aݶ: eãX: - {d¶V² MÝБg² Bd Aݶo eãXm: - Xwdm©gg², doYg²,
dZm¡H$g², {Xdm¡H$g², Z{MHo$Vg², dmOldg²
B˶mX¶: &

70

Aßgag² "g'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ & {d^{³V: n¶g² "g'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ &
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² àW‘m EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
Aßgam: Aßgagm¡ Aßgag: {ÛVr¶m
Aßgag‘² Aßgagm¡ Aßgag: V¥Vr¶m n¶: n¶gr n¶m§{g
Aßgagm Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamo{^: MVwWu n¶: n¶gr n¶m§{g
Aßgago Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamoä¶: n#m‘r n¶gm n¶moä¶m‘² n¶mo{^:
Aßgag: Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamoä¶: fð>r n¶go n¶moä¶m‘² n¶moä¶:
Aßgag: Aßgagmo: Aßgagm‘² gá‘r n¶g: n¶moä¶m‘² n¶moä¶:
Aßga{g Aßgagmo: Aßgañgw gå~moYZ‘² n¶g: n¶gmo: n¶gm‘²
ho Aßga: ho Aßgagm¡ ho Aßgag: n¶{g n¶gmo: n¶:gw,n¶ñgw
Aßgag² Bd Aݶ: eãX: - Cfg² & ho n¶: ho n¶gr ho n¶m§{g
n¶g² Bd Aݶo eãXm: - Vng², Aå^g²,
VoOg², AmoOg², Z^g², ¶eg², òmoVg², V‘g²,
‘Zg², d¶g², dmgg², gag², Z‘g², MoVg² &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. C{MV{b“mZwgma§ n¥W¸w$éV & 2. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

nw§. ór. Znw§. EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:

--- --- --- -- -- OJpÝV àW‘m

(¶mo{fV², ^y^¥V², {XZH¥$V², {dÚwV², {d¶V², ú‘m^¥V², V{S>V²) Aßgagm -- -- V¥Vr¶m

3. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV & -- -- ‘éËgw gá‘r

1. amOm Zm‘ ----- (ú‘m^¥V²) & -- ^y^¥Vmo: -- fð>r

2. ----- (g[aV²) Ob§ erVb‘² & g[aV: -- -- n#m‘r

3. Am¶wd}X: ----- (OJV²) {d»¶mV: & -- VoOgr -- {ÛVr¶m

4. dfm©H$mbo ------ ({d¶V²) V{S>V² àH$meVo & -- -- Cfñgw gá‘r

5.--- (‘éV²) gmhmæ¶oZ --- ({dÚwV²) {Z‘u¶Vo &

4. ‘hV² B{V VH$mamÝV§ {deofU§ n{R>Ëdm Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

‘hmZ² Z¥n: ‘hmÝVm¡ Z¥nm¡ ‘hmÝV: Z¥nm: ‘hmZ² Jwé: ‘hmÝVm¡ --- ‘hmÝV: ---

‘hmZ² H${d: ‘hmÝVm¡ H$dr ‘hmÝV: H$d¶: ‘hmZ² --- ‘hmÝVm¡ F$fr ‘hmÝV: ---

‘hVr {ebm ‘h˶m¡ {ebo ‘h˶: {ebm: ‘hVr --- ‘h˶m¡ --- ‘h˶: Zm¶©:

‘hVr ZXr ‘h˶m¡ ZÚm¡ ‘h˶: ZÚ: ‘hVr YoZw: ‘h˶m¡ --- ‘h˶: ---

‘hV² ZJa‘² ‘hVr ZJao ‘hmpÝV ZJam{U ‘hV² --- ‘hVr {dído ‘hmpÝV ---

‘hV² dñVw ‘hVr dñVwZr ‘hmpÝV dñVy{Z ‘hV² ga: ‘hVr --- ‘hmpÝV ---

71

5. C{MV{b“mZwgma§ n¥W¸w$éV & Znw§. Xþdm©gg², Cfg², Vng², Aå^g², VoOg²,
AmoOg², Z^g², ¶eg², òmoVg², doYg²,
nw§. ór. d¶g², dmgg², n¶g², MoVg², ‘Zg² &

6. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV &

F$frUm§ ----- (VoOg²) {X춑² & ----- (Vng²) Vo gm‘϶ª àmßZwdpÝV & ----- (Z^g²) Bd

A‘¶m©{XVm Vofm§ Ñ{ï>: & Ho$MZ F$f¶: ----- (d¶g²) d¥Õm:, A{n M Ho$MZ ----- (Vng²) d¥Õm: & Vofm§

----- (MoVg²) Hw$gw‘mV² A{n ‘¥Xÿ{Z & Vofm§ gm‘϶©ñ¶ ----- (òmoVg²) ApñV Vofm§ Vnü¶m© & Vo {d‘bm{Z

----- (dmgg²) n[aYma¶pÝV & ----- (à˶wfg²) gËda‘² CËWm¶ Vo ----- (Vng²) AmMapÝV &

YݶmñVo F$f¶: & (Am) gd©Zm‘m{Z &

"gd©' nw§{b“§ gd©Zm‘ & ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: "gd©' ór{b“§ gd©Zm‘ & ~hþdMZ‘²
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² gdo© àW‘m EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² gdm©:
gd©: gdm¡© gdm©Z² {ÛVr¶m gdm©:
gd©‘² gdm£ gd£: V¥Vr¶m gdm© gd} gdm©{^:
gd}U gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: MVwWu gdm©‘² gd} gdm©ä¶:
gd©ñ‘¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: n#m‘r gd©¶m gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©ä¶:
gd©ñ‘mV² gdm©ä¶m‘² fð>r gd©ñ¶¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©gm‘²
gd©ñ¶ gd©¶mo: gd}fm‘² gá‘r gd©ñ¶m: gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©gw
gd©pñ‘Z² gd©¶mo: gd}fw gå~moYZ‘² gd©ñ¶m: gd©¶mo: ho gdm©:
ho gd© ho gdm£ ho gd} gd©ñ¶m‘² gd©¶mo:
ho gd} ho gd}

"gd©' Znw§gH${b“§ gd©Zm‘ & ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: "AݶV²' "na' M B{V
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² gdm©{U àW‘m gd©Zm‘Û¶§ "gd©'eãX: Bd ^d{V &
gd©‘² gd} gdm©{U {ÛVr¶m "AݶV²' gd©Zm‘nXñ¶ Znw§gH${b“o
gd©‘² gd} gd£: V¥Vr¶m Vw àW‘m¶m§ {ÛVr¶m¶m§ gå~moYZo M
gd}U gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: MVwWu AݶV²/AݶX² Aݶo Aݶm{Z
gd©ñ‘¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: n#m‘r
gd©ñ‘mV² gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}fm‘² fð>r Ed§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &
gd©ñ¶ gd©¶mo: gd}fw gá‘r
gd©pñ‘Z² gd©¶mo: ho gdm©{U gå~moYZ‘²
ho gd© ho gd}

72

(B) YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶: g‘yh:  &

EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V &

~mbH$: g§ñH¥$V§ nR>{V / AYrVo & gm¡a^: Am‘«§ ImX{V / AíZm{V & gañdVr ‘m§ ajVw/nmVw &

‘mVm Ob§ ¶ÀN>{V / XXm{V & í¶m‘: d¶ñ¶§ dX{V / ~«yVo & d¥Õ: JrV‘² AmH$U©¶{V/e¥Umo{V &

AÌ dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnXÛ¶§ ní¶V & V¶mo: AW©: g‘mZ: {H$ÝVw JUm¡ {^Þm¡ & Vñ‘mV² {dH$aUo A{n {^Þo &
ImX{V = ImX² + A + {V (ImX² 1 n. n.)
AíZm{V = Ae² + Zm + {V (Ae² 9 n. n.)

nR>{V nR²> (1 n. n.) AYrVo A{Y + B (2 Am. n. )
ajVw aj² (1 n. n.) nmVw nm (2 n. n.)
¶ÀN>{V Xm-¶ÀN²> (1 n. n.) XXm{V Xm (3 C. n.)
dX{V dX² (1 n. n.) ~«yVo ~«y (2 C. n.)
AmH$U©¶{V Am + H$U©² (10 C. n.) e¥Umo{V lw-e¥ (5 n. n.)

Aï>‘rH$jm¶m‘² Añ‘m{^: 1, 4, 6, 10 B˶ofm§ JUmZm§ ê$nn[aM¶: Ñï>: & Vofm§ {dH$aUm{Z A, ¶, A,

A¶ B{V EVm{Z AH$mamÝVm{Z & YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶g‘yho 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 JUm: gpÝV & Vofw Ho$fm{#mV² {Z˶-

à¶w³VmZm§ YmVwê$nmUm‘² Aܶ¶Z‘² AÌ H$aUr¶‘² ApñV &

YmVyZm§ àW‘: g‘yh: YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶: g‘yh:

YmVw: JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘² YmVw: JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘²

nR²> 1 A nR>{V Ag² 2 - ApñV

Z¥V² 4 ¶ Z¥Ë¶{V Xm 3 {ÛËdê$n‘² XXm{V

{bI² 6 A {bI{V eH²$ 5 Zw e³Zmo{V

H$W² 10 A¶ H$W¶{V ^wO² 7 Z ^wZp³V

H¥$ 8 C H$amo{V

km 9 Zm OmZm{V

73

à˶¶m: AmË‘ZonX‘²
nañ‘¡nX‘² bQ²>b H$ma: E.d. {Ûd.
Vo AmVo
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: go AmWo ~.d.
E dho AVo
{V V: ApÝV àW‘: Üdo
AmË‘ZonX‘² ‘ho
{g W: W ‘ܶ‘: E.d. {Ûd.
V AmVm‘² ~.d.
{‘ d: ‘: CÎm‘: Wm: AmWm‘² AV
Üd‘²
nañ‘¡nX‘² bL²>b H$ma: B d{h ‘{h

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: ~.d.
AVm‘²
V² Vm‘² AZ² àW‘: Üd‘²
Am‘h¡
: V‘² V ‘ܶ‘:
~.d.
A‘² d ‘ CÎm‘: B©aZ²
B©Üd‘²
nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>b H$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² B©d{h

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd.

Vw Vm‘² AÝVw àW‘: Vm‘² AmVm‘²

{h V‘² V ‘ܶ‘: ñd AmWm‘²

Am{Z Amd Am‘ CÎm‘: Eo Amdh¡

nañ‘¡nX‘² {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd.

¶mV² ¶mVm‘² ¶w: àW‘: B©V B©¶mVm‘²

¶m: ¶mV‘² ¶mV ‘ܶ‘: B©Wm: B©¶mWm‘²

¶m‘² ¶md ¶m‘ CÎm‘: B©¶ B©d{h

bQ²>bH$ma: Ag² (2 n.n.) bL²>bH$ma: ~.d.
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. AmgZ²
AmñV
ApñV ñV: gpÝV àW‘: AmgrV² AmñVm‘² Amñ‘

A{g ñW: ñW ‘ܶ‘: Amgr: AmñV‘² ~.d.
ñ¶w:
Apñ‘ ñd: ñ‘: CÎm‘: Amg‘² Amñd ñ¶mV
ñ¶m‘
bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd.

AñVw ñVm‘² gÝVw àW‘: ñ¶mV² ñ¶mVm‘²

E{Y ñV‘² ñV ‘ܶ‘: ñ¶m: ñ¶mV‘²

Agm{Z Agmd Agm‘ CÎm‘: ñ¶m‘² ñ¶md

74

nañ‘¡nX‘² $H¥$ (8 C.n.) AmË‘ZonX‘²
E.d. {Ûd. bQ²>bH$ma: {Ûd. ~.d.
H$amo{V Hw$éV: ~.d. nwéf: E.d. $$Hw$dm©Vo $$Hw$d©Vo
H$amo{f Hw$éW: Hw$d©pÝV àW‘: Hw$éVo $$Hw$dm©Wo Hw$éÜdo
H$amo{‘ Hw$d©: Hw$éW ‘ܶ‘: Hw$éfo Hw$d©ho Hw$‘©ho
Hw$‘©: CÎm‘: Hw$d}

nañ‘¡nX‘² bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
E.d. {Ûd.
AH$amoV² AHw$éVm‘² ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
AH$amo: AHw$éV‘² AHw$d©V
AH$ad‘² AHw$d© AHw$d©Z² àW‘: AHw$éV AHw$dm©Vm‘² AHw$éÜd‘²
AHw$‘©{h
nañ‘¡nX‘² AHw$éV ‘ܶ‘: AHw$éWm: AHw$dm©Wm‘²
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
H$amoVw Hw$éVm‘² AHw$‘© CÎm‘: AHw${d© AHw$d©{h Hw$d©Vm‘²
Hw$éÜd‘²
Hw$é Hw$éV‘² bmoQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² H$adm‘h¡
~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd.
H$adm{U H$admd
Hw$d©ÝVw àW‘: Hw$éVm‘² Hw$dm©Vm‘²

Hw$éV ‘ܶ‘: Hw$éîd Hw$dm©Wm‘²

H$adm‘ CÎm‘: H$ad¡ H$admdh¡

E.d. nañ‘¡nX‘² {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² ~.d.
Hw$¶m©V² {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. Hw$duaZ²
Hw$¶m©: Hw$¶m©Vm‘² Hw$¶w©: àW‘: Hw$duV Hw$du¶mVm‘² Hw$duÜd‘²
Hw$¶m©‘² Hw$du‘{h
Hw$¶m©V‘² Hw$¶m©V ‘ܶ‘: Hw$duWm: Hw$du¶mWm‘²
E.d. ~.d.
e³Zmo{V Hw$¶m©d Hw$¶m©‘ CÎm‘: Hw$du¶ Hw$dud{h Ae³ZwdZ²
e³Zmo{f Ae³ZwV
e³Zmo{‘ bQ²>bH$ma: eH²$ (5 n.n.) bL²>bH$ma: Ae³Zw‘
{Ûd.
E.d. e³ZwV: ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
e³ZmoVw e³Zw¶w:
e³Zw{h e³ZwdpÝV àW‘: Ae³ZmoV² Ae³ZwVm‘² e³Zw¶mV
e³Zdm{Z e³Zw¶m‘
e³ZwW: e³ZwW ‘ܶ‘: Ae³Zmo: Ae³ZwV‘²
e³Zwd: e³Zw‘: CÎm‘: Ae³Zd‘² Ae³Zwd

bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:
{Ûd. ~.d.
nwéf: E.d. {Ûd.
e³ZwVm‘² e³ZwdÝVw
àW‘: e³Zw¶mV² e³Zw¶mVm‘²

e³ZwV‘² e³ZwV ‘ܶ‘: e³Zw¶m: e³Zw¶mV‘²

e³Zdmd e³Zdm‘ CÎm‘: e³Zw¶m‘² e³Zw¶md

75

bQ²>bH$ma: lw (e¥) (5 n.n.) bL²>bH$ma:
E.d.
e¥Umo{V {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
Ae¥ÊdZ²
e¥UwV: e¥ÊdpÝV àW‘: Ae¥UmoV² Ae¥UwVm‘²

e¥Umo{f e¥UwW: e¥UwW ‘ܶ‘: Ae¥Umo: Ae¥UwV‘² Ae¥UwV

e¥Umo{‘ e¥Uwd:/e¥Êd: e¥Uw‘:/e¥Ê‘: CÎm‘: Ae¥Ud‘² Ae¥Uwd/Ae¥Êd Ae¥Uw‘/Ae¥Ê‘

bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: ~.d.
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. e¥Uw¶w:
e¥UmoVw e¥UwVm‘² e¥UwdÝVw àW‘: e¥Uw¶mV² e¥Uw¶mVm‘²

e¥Uw e¥UwV‘² e¥UwV ‘ܶ‘: e¥Uw¶m: e¥Uw¶mV‘² e¥Uw¶mV

e¥Udm{Z e¥Udmd e¥Udm‘ CÎm‘: e¥Uw¶m‘² e¥Uw¶md e¥Uw¶m‘

¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {bIV & {OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. N>mÌm: ¶e:  & (àmßZmoVw, àmßZwdÝVw) 2. Ah§ ~mb:  & (Apñ‘, ñ‘:)

3. gm nmH§$  & (Hw$éVo, Hw$d©Vo) 4. g: JmVw§  & (e³Zmo{‘, e³Zmo{V)

5. AmMm¶©: nmR>embm‘²  &(A¶mV², A¶w:) 6. Ëd§ g§ñH¥$VoZ gå^mfU§  & (Hw$é, H$amoVw)

7. A{n Ah§ àdoe§  ? (H$admdh¡, H$ad¡) 8. ‘mbmH$ma: nwînm{U  & ({MZmo{V, {MÝdpÝV)

9. eya: namH«$‘oU {dO¶§ àmáw§  & (e³Zmo{V, e³ZwdpÝV)

$(B©) H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ H$‘©dmÀ¶§ M &

{H«$¶mnXÛ¶‘²

H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² (H$V©[a) H$‘©dmÀ¶‘² (H$‘©{U)

(H$Vm© àYmZ:) (H$‘© àYmZ‘²)
àYmZËdmV² H$V¥©nXñ¶ àW‘m àYmZËdmV² H$‘©nXñ¶ àW‘m
¶Wm - ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & ~mbHo$Z J«ÝW: nR>çVo &
H$: nR>{V ? ~mbH$: & H$: nR>çVo ? J«ÝW: &

à¶moJ: H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²

H$V¥©dmÀ¶: àW‘m {d^p³V: {ÛVr¶m {d^p³V: H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²

H$‘©dmÀ¶: V¥Vr¶m {d^{³V: àW‘m {d^{³V: H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²

H$‘©dmÀ¶m{Z {H«$¶mnXm{Z - 2) nm - nr¶Vo & (1 n.n.) Zr - Zr¶Vo & 5) H¥$ - {H«$¶Vo &
1) nm - nm¶Vo & (2 n.n.) ‘m - ‘r¶Vo & àr - àr¶Vo & ö - {õ¶Vo &
6) V¦ - Vr¶©Vo &
km - km¶Vo & Xm - Xr¶Vo & • J¡ - Jr¶Vo & ñ‘¥ - ñ‘¶©Vo &
7) Z‘² - Zå¶Vo &
• ܶ¡ - ܶm¶Vo & 3) {O - Or¶Vo & 4) lw - ly¶Vo &

• Ì¡ - Ìm¶Vo & {M - Mr¶Vo & ñVw - ñVy¶Vo &

76

¶‘² - ¶å¶Vo & 9) nyO² - nyÁ¶Vo & Y¥ - Ym¶©Vo & dh² - CøVo &

J‘² - Jå¶Vo & JU² - JʶVo & Kwf² - Kmoî¶Vo & dn² - C߶Vo &

8) {bI² - {b»¶Vo & H$W² - H$϶Vo & jmb² - jmë¶Vo & dM² - CÀ¶Vo &

Ñe² - Ñí¶Vo & aM² - aÀ¶Vo & ‘Ý̲ - ‘ÝͶVo & ˆo - hÿ¶Vo &

ImX² - ImÚVo & VS²> - VmS>çVo & 10) X§e² - Xí¶Vo & 12) àÀN>² - n¥ÀN>çVo &

nR²> - nR>çVo & Mwa² - Mmo¶©Vo & J«ÝW² - J«Ï¶Vo & J«h² - J¥øVo &

‘wM² - ‘wÀ¶Vo & d¥ - dm¶©Vo & 11) dX² - CÚVo & ~«y - CÀ¶Vo &

H$‘©dmÀ¶{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + ¶ + AmË‘ZonXr¶H$mbmW©à˶¶: &

Ñe² - ní¶² (1 n.n.) H$‘©dmÀ¶: bQ²>bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:)

E. d. {Ûd. ~. d nwéf: E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.

g:/gm/VX² Vm¡/Vo/Vo Vo/Vm:/Vm{Z àW‘: Ñí¶Vo Ñí¶oVo Ñí¶ÝVo
¶y¶‘² ‘ܶ‘: Ñí¶go Ñí¶oWo Ñí¶Üdo
Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² d¶‘² CÎm‘: Ñí¶o X¥í¶mdho Ñí¶m‘ho
Ah‘² Amdm‘²
n#mXe dm³¶m{Z & {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

EH$dMZ‘² 2. am‘oU Vm¡ Ñí¶oVo & 3. am‘oU Vo X¥í¶ÝVo &
1. am‘oU g: Ñí¶Vo & 5. am‘oU Vo X¥í¶oVo & 6. am‘oU Vm: X¥í¶ÝVo &
4. am‘oU gm X¥í¶Vo & 8. am‘oU Vo X¥í¶oVo & 9. am‘oU Vm{Z X¥í¶ÝVo &
7. am‘oU VV² X¥í¶Vo & 11. am‘oU ¶wdm§ Ñí¶oWo & 12. am‘oU ¶y¶§ Ñí¶Üdo &
10. am‘oU Ëd§ >Ñí¶go & 14. am‘oU Amdm§ Ñí¶mdho & 15. am‘oU d¶§ Ñí¶m‘ho &
13. am‘oU Ah§ Ñí¶o &

"g: Ñí¶Vo' B{V dm³¶ñ¶ AW©: "g: ní¶{V' B{V Z & A{n Vw Aݶ: H$mo@{n V§ ní¶{V & (am‘oU) g: Ñí¶Vo
B{V AW©: & AÌ g: B{V H$‘©nX§, Z Vw H$V©¥nX‘² &

H$‘©dmÀ¶-ê$nm{U AݶbH$maofw A{n ^dpÝV &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

[a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & à¶moJn[aM¶§ M {bIV & 6. dÝXo ‘mVa‘² & (Añ‘X²)
1. Z¥Ë¶§ {H«$¶Vo & (Aßgag²) 7. am{YH$¶m Ëd§  & (Amhÿ¶Vo/Amhÿ¶go)
2. gwdUm© JU¶{V & (nwîn) 8. am‘m¶U§ aÀ¶Vo & (dmë‘r{H$)
3. ^³Vm: B©ída§  & (nyO¶{V/nyO¶pÝV) 9. Ob§ {n~{g & (¶wî‘X²)
4. {MÌnQ>: Ñí¶Vo & (Añ‘X²) 10. {ejHo$U d¶‘²  & (Cn{Xí¶ÝVo/
5. ~mbH$m: ’$bm{Z  & (b^o/b^ÝVo) Cn{Xí¶m‘ho)

77

(C) VËnwéf:

1. {d^{³VVËnwéf: &

1) IJm: dZ§ JVm: &
2) V¥U¡: a{MVm{Z Vofm§ ZrS>m{Z &
3) d¥jofw IJmZm§ {Zdmgm¶ ZrS>m{Z gpÝV &
4) nO©Ý`mV² a{jVm: IJm: AmZÝXpÝV &
5) IJmZm§ OrdZ§ l_¡: n[anyU©_² &
6) ñdH$m`} {ZaVm: IJm: Ü`o`erbm: &

1. dZ§ JVm: = dZJVm: & ({ÛVr`m {d^{³V:) 2. V¥U¡: a{MVm{Z = V¥Ua{MVm{Z & (V¥Vr`m {d^{³V:)

3. {Zdmgm` ZrS>m{Z = {ZdmgZrS>m{Z & (MVwWu {d^{³V:) 4. nO©Ý`mV² a{jVm: = nO©Ý`a{jVm: & (n#m_r
{d^{³V:) 5. IJmZm§ OrdZ_² = IJOrdZ‘² & (fð>r {d^{³V:)6. ñdH$m`} {ZaVm: = ñdH$m`©{ZaVm: & (gá_r
{d^{³V:)

AÌ àW_nX§ {ÛVr`nXoZ H$`m{MV² {d^ŠË`m g§`wÁ`Vo & AV: Ef: g‘mg: "{d^p³VVËnwéf:' B{V CÀ`Vo &

g_mg- g‘ñVnX‘² CÎmanXmZm_² CXmhaUm{Z g‘mg{dJ«h:
àH$ma: d¥jm{lV: &
Amd{b: embm§ J‘Z‘², H«$‘§ àmá:,
{ÛVr`m ^wd§ JV:, ^yq‘ JV:,
VËnwéf: {lV, Am{lV, embmJ_Z‘², H«$_àmá:, H¥$îU‘² Am{lV:, JwUmZ²
AVrV:, gwI‘² AmnÞ: &
JV, AmnÞ, ^yJV:, ^y{_JV:,

AVrV, àmá H¥$îUm{lV:, JwUmVrV:,

gwImnÞ: &

dj¥ ‘² Am{lV: (‘H$© Q>:) &

V¥Vr`m Ho$e{dhrZ: gånÞ, a{hV, YZgånÞ:, ~w{ÕhrZ:, YZoZ gånÞ:, ~wX²Ü¶m
hrZ:, MaUoZ {dH$b:,
VËnwéf: hrZ, {dH$b, MaU{dH$b:, eH©$a¶m {‘{lV:, {MÝV¶m
g‘m, ~XaoU gÑe:, dU£:
d{O©V, `w³V, eH©$am{‘{lV:, {‘{lV:, YZoZ AmT>ç: &

gÑe, AmT>ç {MÝVmg_m, ~XagÑe:, Xoem¶ B{V, H$ݶm¶¡ B{V,
{dhmam¶ B{V, ajUm¶
Ho$e¡: {dhrZ:/a{hV: & dU©{_{lV:, YZmT>ç: & B{V, {eënoä¶: Amb¶:,
Vngo dZ‘², J«ÝWoä¶:
MVwWu XmZno{Q>H$m AW©_² XoemW©_², H$Ý`mW©_², Amb¶:, H$m¶m©¶ e{º$:,
VËnwéf: {dhmamW©_², ajUmW©_², Hw$ÊS>bmä¶m‘² {haʶ‘²,
{eënmb`:, VnmodZ_², KQ>m¶ ‘¥{ÎmH$m &
XmZm¶ no{Q>H$m & J«ÝWmb`:, H$m`©e{³V:
Hw$ÊS>b{haʶ‘²,
KQ>‘¥{ÎmH$m &

78

n#m_r hñVn{VV‘² & _w³V, ^rV, àXÿfU_w³V:, XmZdÌmV:, àXÿfUmV² ‘w³V:, XmZdmV²
VËnwéf: ÌmV, n{VV,
hñVmV² n{VV‘² & a{jV Agwa^rVm, d¥jn{VV_², ÌmV:, AgwamV² ^rVm,
fð>r (H$adó‘² )
VËnwéf: d¥jemIm & gn©a{jV: & d¥jmV² n{VV‘², gnm©V²

a{jV: &

{à`, H¥$Vo N>mÌ{à`: _ËH¥$Vo, N>mÌmUm§ {à¶:, ‘‘ H¥$Vo,
g_wÐe{³V:, am_m`U_², g‘wÐñ¶ ep³V:, am‘ñ¶
{dÚwËàdmh:, A¶Z‘², {dÚwV: àdmh:,
gy`m}X`:, XeaWnwÌ:, gy¶©ñ¶ CX¶:, XeaWñ¶
{nÌmkm & nwÌ:, {nVw: Amkm &

gá_r d¥jñ¶ emIm & Hw$eb, aV, H$bmHw$eb:, H«$sS>mnQw>:, H$bm¶m§ Hw$eb:, H«$sS>m¶m§
VËnwéf: Z¥Ë¶{ZnwUm &
àdrU, _¾, H$m¶©aV:, àOmdËgb:, nQw>:, H$m¶} aV:, àOmgw
Z¥Ë¶o {ZnwUm &
ì`J«, »`mV, J{UVVÁk:, dËgb:, J{UVo VÁk:,

{d{XV, em¡ÊS> ^wdZ{d{XV:, ^wdZo {d{XV:, OJ{V

OJËà{gÕ: & à{gÕ: &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. g‘ñVnX§ {bIV & 1. H$ënZm‘² AVrV: & 2. J«m‘§ JV: & 3. hñVoZ {b{IV‘²& 4. gå^mfUo MVwa: &
5. Obñ¶ {~ÝXw:& 6. kmZñ` bmbgm & 7. H$mH$m¶ ~{b: & 8. MmoamV² ^¶‘² & 9. ^mfm¶m: Aä¶mg: &

2. AYmoXÎmmZ² eãXmZ² nR>V & EVo eãXm: g‘mgo H$m§ {d^p³V_² AnojÝVo B{V {bIV &
1. AmT>ç, 2. JV, 3. ÌmV, 4. em¡ÊS>, 5. AW©_², 6. _w³V, 7. gÑe, 8. {dH$b, 9. {à`, 10. {d{XV

3. [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V & g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgàH$ma:
g‘ñVnX‘² ----- MVwWu VËnwéf:
VnmodZ‘² {MÝVm¶m: ‘w³V: n#m‘r VËnwéf:
----- ZoÌmä¶m§ hrZ:
ZoÌhrZ: Z¥nñ¶ H$ݶm -----
Z¥nH$ݶm -----

79

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & Ho$Z H¥$V‘² ? MVwW©: KQ>H$: &

‘mVm à^mVo H$m¶m©b¶§ JÀN>{V & J‘ZmV² nydª gm ‘ÝXmam¶ H$aUr¶m{Z H$m¶m©{U H$W¶{V & H$m¶m©Um‘² Amd{b:

Vw àXrKm© AmgrV² & AYwZm gm¶L²>H$mb g‘¶: & ‘mVw: à˶mJ‘Zg‘¶: & ‘ÝXma: {H$pÄMV² ^rV: ¶V: gdm©{U

H$m¶m©{U Z g‘mám{Z & (‘mVm à{de{V)

‘mVm - ""ao ‘ÝXma, H$m¶m©Um‘² Amdqb Xe©¶ gËda‘² &''

Amd{b: H¥$V‘²/Z H¥$V‘²

e¶ZJ¥hñ¶ ñdÀN>Vm P e¶ZJ¥h§ ñdÀN>rH¥$V‘²& EVV² gdª Ho$Z H¥$V‘² /Z H¥$V‘² ?
J¥ho ObnyaU‘² P Ob§ ny[aV‘²& ‘ÝXmaoU &

AdH$ajonU‘² P AdH$a: {já:& ‘ÝXmaoU H$m¶ª H¥$V‘² &
àmVame^jU‘² P àmVame: ^{jV:& ‘mÌm H$m¶ª XÎm‘² &
J¥h‘mO©Z‘² O J¥h§ Z ‘m{O©V‘²& ~mboZ Ob§ nrV‘² &
d¥jofw Ob{g#mZ‘² O d¥jofw Ob§ Z {g³V‘²& Añ‘m{^: nwñVH$m{Z n{R>Vm{Z&
Xþ½Ymb¶mV² Xþ½YH«$¶U‘² P Xþ½Ymb¶mV² Xþ½Y§ H«$sV‘²& ‘{hb¶m AdH$a: {já: &
dm¶wMw„o: ñdÀN>Vm O dm¶wMw{„: Z ñdÀN>rH¥$Vm & Vm{^: dóm{U àjm{bVm{Z &
{dÎmH$mofmV² YZ-AmhaU‘² O {dÎmH$mofmV² YZ§ Z AmöV‘²& N>mÌm{^: nwpñVH$m: {b{IVm: &
ñdmܶm¶: P ñdmܶm¶: H¥$V: &

[a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & gå^mfmnÌ‘²  & (J¥hrV‘²/J¥hrVm:)
1. ‘mYdoZ nÌ‘²  & (Ñï>:/Ñï>‘²)
3. d¥Õ¶m Xodm:  & (AmZrV:/AmZrV‘²) 2. ‘H©$Q>oZ Q>mo{nH$m:  & (^w³V‘²/^w³Vm{Z)
5. CÎm‘¡: H$m¶©‘²  & (àm{W©Vm:/àm{W©V:)    4. ¶wî‘m{^: ZmQ H§$
 & (AmaãYm/AmaãY‘²   6. YoZw{^: V¥Um{Z

7. JwéUm X{jUm  & (¶m{MVm¡/¶m{MVm)

nR>V ~moYV &
am{ÌJ©{‘î¶{V ^{dî¶{V gwà^mV‘²

^mñdmZwXoî¶{V h{gî¶{V nL²>H$Olr: &
BËW§ {d{MÝV¶{V H$mofJVo {Ûao’o$

hm hÝV hÝV Z{bZt JO C‚mhma &&

H$íMZ ^«‘a: ‘YwnmZo ‘¾: gm¶L²>H$mb§ ¶mdV² H$‘bH$mofo Ed {Vð>{V & ¶Xm am{Ì: OmVm VXm H$‘bXbm{Z

{Z‘r{bVm{Z & H$mof~ÕoZ ^«‘aoU {MpÝVV‘², am{Ì: Vw J{‘î¶{V & A{MamXod gwà^mV§ ^{dî¶{V & gy¶©Xod:
CXoî¶{V & nwZíM H$‘{bZr à’w${„Vm ^{dî¶{V & Ah§ M H$‘bH$mofmV² ‘w³V: ^{dî¶m{‘ & nwZ: ñdmVÝͶ§
bßñ¶o & {H$ÝVw hm hÝV ! H$mofJV: ^«‘a: ¶mdV² BËW§ {MÝV¶{V VmdXod H$íMZ JO¶yW: VÌ Am¶mV: & Vofw
EHo$Z JOoZ Z{bZr CËnm{Q>Vm & ^«‘a: Vw H$‘bH$mofo Ed {Z~Õ: &

Ahmo X¡dr {d{MÌm J{V: &

80

MVwX©e>: nmR>: & H$mì¶emó{dZmoX: & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ gw^m{fVmZm§ ‘hm^mÊS>ma§ {dÚVo & H$m{ZMZ gw^m{fVm{Z M‘ËH¥${VnyUm©{Z & • àho{bH$m Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
Vofm‘² AWm©d~moY: Z gab: & àho{bH$m:, Hy$Q>àíZm: g‘ñ¶mny{V©: M EVo àH$mam: Añ‘mH§$ • Aݶ^mfmgw H$m:

H¥$Vo ‘pñVîH$ImÚ‘² Ed & gw^m{fVmZm§ aMZm hmñ¶agnyUm© öÚm M & AV: Ed EVo àho{bH$m: ¶y¶§ OmZrW?

H$mì¶àH$mam: dmMH$mZm§ ‘Z: {dZmoX¶pÝV &

gmjam {dnarVmüoX² amjgm Ed Ho$db‘² &
gagmo {dnarVmo@{n gagËd§ Z ‘w#m{V &&1&&

d¥jmJ«dmgr Z M n{jamO:
{ÌZoÌYmar Z M eybnm{U: &
Ëd½dóYmar Z M {gÕ¶moJr
Ob§ M {~^«Þ KQ>mo Z ‘oK: &&2&&

VmVoZ H${WV§ nwÌ ņ {bI ‘‘mk¶m &
Z VoZ {bpIV§ ņ {nVwamkm Z b{”Vm &&3&&

Z Vñ¶m{XZ© Vñ¶mÝV: ¶mo ‘ܶo Vñ¶ {Vð>{V &
Vdm߶pñV ‘‘m߶pñV ¶mo OmZm{V g npÊS>V: &&4&&

‘¥J‘rZg‚mZmZm§ V¥UObgÝVmof{d{hVd¥ÎmrZm‘² &
bwãYH$Yrda{newZm {ZîH$maUd¡[aUmo OJ{V &&5&&

J“m¶mü#mbVao dm[a{U à{V{~på~V‘² &
emo^Vo VmaH$m¶w³V§$ eVMÝЧ Z^ñVb‘² &&6&&

¶X²d³Ì§ ‘whþarjgo Z Y{ZZm§ ~«yfo Z MmQy>Z² ‘¥fm
Z¡fm§ Jd©dM: e¥Umo{f Z M VmZ² à˶me¶m Ymd{g &

H$mbo ~mbV¥Um{Z ImX{g na§ {ZÐm{g {ZÐmJ‘o
VÝ‘o ~«y{h Hw$a“ Hw$Ì ^dVm qH$ Zm‘ V᧠Vn: &&7&&

ñnï>rH$aU‘²

ûcmoH$: 1 - gmjam: B{V nX§ {dnarVH«$‘oU n{R>V§ MoV² "amjgm:' B{V ^d{V & na§ "gag:' B{V nX‘² ¶WmZwH«$‘§ dm
{dnarVH«$‘oU n{R>V§ MoV² "gag:' B˶od ^d{V & AÌ H${dH$ënZm Ed§ H${dH$m¡eb§ {d^m{V &

ûcmoH$: 2 - g: d¥jñ¶ AJ«o dg{V {H$ÝVw n{jamO: JéS>: Z & Vñ¶ Ìr{U ZoÌm{U gpÝV {H$ÝVw g: eybnm{U: eL²>H$a: Z&
g: dëH$bgÑe§ dó§ Yma¶{V {H$ÝVw g: {gÕ¶moJr Z& g: Ob§ Yma¶{V {H$ÝVw g: Z KQ>: Z M ‘oK: & Añ¶ CÎma§ dV©Vo
Zm[aHo$b’$b‘² &

ûcmoH$: 3 - VmVoZ H${WV‘², ""ho nwÌ, ‘‘ Amk¶m ņ {bI&'' VoZ nwÌoU ņ Z {b{IV‘² & VWm{n {nVw: Amkm Z b{”Vm&
AW©g“{V: Z Ñí¶Vo& ¶{X "Z VoZ'B{V EH$nX§ {H«$¶Vo MoV² " ZVoZ' B{V nXoZ AW©~moY: ^d{V & ZVoZ Zm‘ Z‘«ñd^mdoZ nwÌoU
ņ {b{IV‘² & A{n M {nVw: Amkm Z b{”Vm&

81

ûcmoH$: 4 - Hy$Q>àíZ: A¶‘² & Añ¶ CÎma‘² - Vñ¶ Am{X: Z, Vñ¶ AÝV: Z, Vñ¶ ‘ܶo ¶: {Vð>{V ( VV² ) Vd A{n
ApñV, ‘‘ A{n ApñV&

ûcmoH$: 5 - ‘¥Jm: V¥Um{Z ImXpÝV & ‘Ëñ¶m: Obo {dhapÝV & gmYd: gÝVmof§ ¶ÀN>pÝV & na‘² Apñ‘Z² OJ{V bwãYH$m:
‘¥JmZ², Yrdam: ‘Ëñ¶mZ² VWm Xþï>m: gmYyZ² {ZîH$maU‘od nrS>¶pÝV & AÌ ¶WmgL²>»¶-AbL²>H$ma: {dÚVo &

ûcmoH$: 6 - eVMÝЧ Z^ñVb‘² & B{V H$mMZ g‘ñ¶m dV©Vo & AmH$meo MÝÐmUm§ eV§ H$W§ e³¶Vo? B˶ofm g‘ñ¶m &
g‘ñ¶mny{V©: - J“mZÚm: Ob§ H$„mob¶wº§$ {dÚVo & ¶Xm JJZo VmaH$m: MÝБm: M {dbgpÝV VXm MÝБg: eV§ à{V{~å~m{Z
J“mZÚm: Obo Ñí¶ÝVo & VXm H${d: H$ënZm§ H$amo{V, "Z^: eVMÝБ²' Bd Ñí¶Vo &

ûcmoH$: 7 - ho Hw$a“, ¶V² Ëd§ Y{ZH$mZm§ d³Ì§ ‘whþ: Z B©jgo, ‘¥fm MmQy>Z² Z ~«yfo, Efm§ Jd©dM: Z e¥Umo{f, à˶me¶m
M VmZ² à{V Z Ymd{g & H$mbo ~mbV¥Um{Z ImX{g na§ {ZÐmJ‘o {ZÐm{g & VV² ‘o ~«y{h, ^dVm qH$ Zm‘ Vn: VßV‘² ? Efm
Hw$a“mݶmop³V: dV©Vo & g‚mZmZ² C{Ôí¶ Efm Aݶmop³V:&

ûcmoH$: 1 ^mfmä¶mg:
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
3. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV -
A) {dn¶©¶: H$pñ‘Z² eãXo X¥í¶Vo ? A) n{jamO: d¥jmJ«o (dg{V/Z dg{V) &
Am) {dn¶©¶: H$pñ‘Z² eãXo Z X¥í¶Vo ? Am) KQ>: Ìr{U ZoÌm{U (Yma¶{V/Z Yma¶{V) &
B) ‘mZdm: H$sÑem: ^do¶w: ? B) eybnm{U: Ob§ ({~^{V© / Z {~^{V©) &

B©) ‘mZdm: H$sÑem: Z ^do¶w:? B©) Zm[aHo$b§ Ëd½dó§ (Yma¶{V/Z Yma¶{V) &

2. H$moï>H§$ nya¶V & 4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV {bIV M &
n{jamO:, eybnm{U:, Ob‘², ‘oK:, eL²>H$a:, d¥j:,
gmja: ‘ZwO: $gag: ‘ZwO: {gÕ¶moJr, JéS>:, Vé:, Vmo¶‘², ObX:, Vnñdr &

--- --- ûcmoH$: 3.
1. H$: H§$ dX{V? "ņ {bI &'
(gagËd‘², amjgËd‘², {dnarVËd‘²) 2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
A) Ho$Z Amkm XÎmm? Am) Ho$Z Amkm Z b{”Vm &
3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & amjg:, gag: B) ņ Ho$Z {b{IV‘² ?
4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
A) {dnarVmo@{n = Am) {dnarVmüoV² =

ûcmoH$: 2. 3. {deofU-{deoî¶-ApÝdqV nya¶V &

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & {deofU‘² {deo²
A) d¥jmJ«dmgr H$: ? Am) H$: n{jamO: ? {b{IV‘² nwÌ:
B) H$: {ÌZoÌYmar ? B©) H$: eybnm{U: ?

C) H$: Ob§ {~^{V© ? D$) H$: Ëd½dó§ Yma¶{V ?

2. eãXg‘yhñ¶ H¥$Vo EH§$ g§joneãX§ {bIV & 4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & ‘‘mk¶m, {nVwamkm
5. ûcmoH$mV² "³V' à˶¶mÝVê$nm{U (H$.^y.Ym.{d.)
A) ¶: d¥jñ¶ AJ«^mJo {Zdg{V -
Am) n{jUm§ amOm - {MZwV {bIV M &

B) ¶ñ¶ Ìr{U ZoÌm{U - ûcmoH$: 4.

B©) eyb§ nmUm¡ ¶ñ¶ g: - 1. H«$‘mZwgma§ aM¶V &

C) ¶: Ëd½dó§ Yma¶{V - A) {Ì-Aja¶w³Vo eãXo "¶' ‘ܶo {Vð>{V &

82

Am) eãXñ¶ Amaå^o "Z' {dÚVo & 2. {deofU¡: OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V &
B) eãXñ¶ AÝVo A{n "Z' {dÚVo & Z^ñVb‘²

2. àmᑲ CÎma‘² -

3. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV & 3. {deofU§ {bIV &
A) Vñ¶ + Am{X: (A + Am) 1) dm[a{U &
Am) Vñ¶ + AÝV: (A + A) 2) Z^ñVb‘² &
B) Vd + A{n (A + A)
B©) A{n + ApñV (B + A) 4. JL²>Jm B{V eãXñ¶ A‘anL²>p³V§ {bIV &

4. ûcmoH$mV² fîR>çÝVnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M &

ûcmoH$: 5.

1. Vm{bH$mny{Vª Hw$éV &

V¥Ud¥Îmo: d¡ar ^d{V ûcmoH$: 7.

Obd¥Îmo: d¡ar ^d{V 1. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &

gÝVmofd¥Îmo: d¡ar ^d{V A) Ëd§ Y{ZZm§ ‘whþ: Z B©jgo &

‘ÄOyfm-(g‚mZñ¶,Yrda:,bwãYH$:,‘¥Jñ¶,‘rZñ¶, Am) Ëd§ ‘¥fm MmQy>Z² Z  &

{newZ:) B) Ëd§ Efm§ Z e¥Umo{f &

2. AYmoXÎmdm³¶m{Z ûcmoH$ñW-g‘mZmW©H$-eãX¡: B©) Ëd§ VmZ² à{V Z Ymd{g &
nwZ: {bIV &
C) Ëd§ H$mbo ~mbV¥Um{Z  &
A) h[aU: eînm{U ^j¶{V VWm{n ì¶mY: Vñ¶ eÌw:
^d{V& D$) Ëd§ {ZÐm{g &

Am) ‘Ëñ¶: Ob§ {n~{V VWm{n Yrda: Vñ¶ [anw: F$) ho Hw$a“, VX² ~«y{h &
^d{V &
G ) ^dVm qH$ Zm‘ Vn:  &
B) gËnwéf: {Z:ñn¥h: dV©Vo VWm{n XþO©Z: Vñ¶ A[a:
^d{V & 2. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &
A) Ëd§ Y{ZZm§ d³Ì§ ‘whþ: Z B©jgo&
ûcmoH$: 6.
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & Am) Ëd§ {ZÐmJ‘o {ZÐm{g &
A) H$ñ¶m: ZÚm: dU©Z§ gw^m{fVo dV©Vo?
3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV {bIV M &
Am) eVMÝЧ Z^ñVb§ Hw$Ì emo^Vo ? dXZ‘², Ag˶‘², eîn‘², ñdmn:, ‘¥J:, ní¶{g

4. ûcmoH$mV² fîR>çÝVnXo {MZwV {bIV M &

¶{X -- V{h© H«$sS>m - (JUH$m¶ª H$aUr¶‘² & )
EHo$Z JUoZ "¶{X' Cn¶wÁ¶  EH¡$H§$ dm³¶§ boIZr¶‘² & AݶoZ JUoZ "V{h©' B{V nX§

¶moO{¶Ëdm EH¡$H§$ dm³¶§ boIZr¶‘² & "¶{X' {M{Q>H$m: n¥WH²$ ñWmn{¶Vì¶m: & "V{h©' {M{Q>H$m:

n¥WH²$ ñWmn{¶Vì¶m: & {ejHo$U H$m@{n EH$m "¶{X' {M{Q>H$m n{R>Vì¶m & AZÝVa§ "V{h©' {M{Q>H$m

n{R>Vì¶m & ¶X² dm³¶§ Vñ‘mV² àm߶Vo VX² AW©nyUª ^doV² dm Z B{V Z ÐîQ>춧 Ho$db§ h{gV춑² &

¶Wm - ¶{X Ah§ {^f½dam ^{dî¶m{‘ V{h© ned: Z{V©î¶pÝV & J J J

83

n#mXe>: nmR>: & ‘ZmoamÁ¶ñ¶ ’$b‘² &

nwam A‘ae{³V: Zm‘ amOm AmgrV² & Vñ¶ nwÌm: {ddoH$a{hVm: emó{d‘wImü & • {XdmñdßZ: Zm‘ {H$‘²?
‘ZmoaÄOH$-H$Wm‘mܶ‘oZ {dîUwe‘m© Zm‘ npÊS>V: VmZ² Zr{Vemónma“VmZ² AH$amoV² & VXWª • "¶Wm {MpÝVV§ VW¡d
a{MVmZm§ H$WmZm§ gL²>J«h: Ed "n#mVÝÌ‘²' B{V ZmåZm {d»¶mV: & (1) {‘Ì^oX:
(2) {‘Ìgåàm{á: (3) H$mH$mobyH$s¶‘² (4) bãYàUme: (5) Anar{jVH$maH$‘² B{V A^dV²' B{V H$Xm{MV²
Vm{Z n#m VÝÌm{U & Anar{jVH$maH$mV² ñdrH¥$Vm àñVwVH$Wm & AZw^yV§ dm ?

AYrVo ¶ BX§ {Z˶§ Zr{Vemó§ e¥Umo{V M &
Z nam^d‘mßZmo{V eH«$mX{n H$XmMZ &&

H$pñ‘§{üV² ZJao H${üV²
ñd^mdH¥$nUmo Zm‘ H$mo@{n {^jwH$:
à{Vdg{V ñ‘ & VoZ {^j¶m àmáoZ
g³Vw{nï>oZ H$be: gåny[aV: & V§
M KQ>§ ZmJXÝVo a‚dm ~X²Üdm
Vñ¶mYñVmV² H$Q>§ àgm¶© gVV§
V{Ûf¶o {MÝV¶Z² g: gwá: & g:
A{MÝV¶V² - ""¶Ën[anyUm}@¶§
KQ>ñVmdV² g³Vw{nï>oZ dV©Vo & ¶{X
Xþ{^©j§ ^d{V V{h© Añ¶ {dH«$¶UoZ
ê$߶H$mUm§ eV§ àmßñ¶m{‘ &
VVñVoZ Ah‘² AOmÛ¶§ H«o$î¶m{‘ &
VV: fmÊ‘m{gH$-àgddemV² Vmä¶m§ ¶yW: ^{dî¶{V & VVmo@Om{^: à^yVm: YoZy: J«hrî¶m{‘, YoZw{^:
‘{hfr:, ‘{hfr{^: dS>dm:, dS>dmàgdV: à^yVm: Aûdm: ^{dî¶pÝV & Vofm§ {dH«$¶UmËà^yV§
gwdUª àmßñ¶m{‘ & gwdU}Z MVw:emb§ J¥h§ gånËñ¶Vo & VV: H${üV² Y{ZH$: àmád¶ñH$m§
ê$nmT>çm§ H$ݶm§ ‘ø§ Xmñ¶{V & Amd¶mo: nwÌ: ^{dî¶{V & Vñ¶mh§ gmo‘e‘}{V Zm‘ H$[aî¶m{‘ &
VV: g: OmZwMbZ¶mo½¶: ^{dî¶{V & EH$Xm gmo‘e‘m© ‘m§ Ñï>‰m ‘Ëg‘rn‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V &
VVmo@h§ H$monm{dï>: A{^Ymñ¶m{‘ ^m¶m©‘², ""J¥hmU ~mbH$‘²'' B{V & gm@{n ‘‘ dMZ§ Z lmoî¶{V &
VmdËH$mbo H$üZ Hw$¸w$a: VÌ AmJ{‘î¶{V & gmo‘e‘m© Vñ‘mV² ^rV: ^{dî¶{V & VVmo@h§ g‘wËWm¶ bJwS>oZ
V§ Hw$¸w$a§ VmS>{¶î¶m{‘ &'' Ed§ ñdßZ‘¾: ܶmZpñWV: g: VW¡d bJwS>àhma‘² AH$amoV² & VoZ bJwS>àhmaoU
g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: g: KQ>: ^¾: A^dV² & ñd^mdH¥$nU: g: nmÊSw>aVm‘² AJÀN>V² & AV: ~«dr{‘ -

AZmJVdVt {MÝVm‘gå^mì¶m§ H$amo{V ¶: &

g Ed nmÊSw>a: eoVo gmo‘e‘©{nVm ¶Wm &&

^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & 2. ñd^mdH¥$nUoZ KQ>: Hw$Ì ~Õ:?
1. {^jwH$ñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ? 4. g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: KQ>: H$ñ‘mV² H$maUmV² ^¾: ?
3. gmo‘e‘m© H$ñ‘mV² ^rV: ^{dî¶{V? 6. ñd^mdH¥$nUoZ H$Q>: Hw$Ì àgm[aV: ?
5. gmo‘e‘©{nVw: Zm‘ {H$‘²?
84

2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
1. ñd^mdH¥$nU: {H$‘Wª nmÊSw>aVm‘² AJÀN>V²?

2. "A{n {XdmñdßZXe©Z§ ¶mo½¶‘² ?' B{V H$Wm¶m: AmYmaoU {bIV &

3. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &
1. ñd^mdH¥$nU: AOmÛ¶§ H«o$î¶{V & 2. A¶§ KQ>: g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: &

4. (A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1) Vñ¶mYñVmV² (2) gmo‘e‘}{V (3) VVmo@h‘² &

(Am) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (1) Xþ{^©j‘² (2) ê$nmT>çm‘² (3) ܶmZpñWV: (4) ñd^mdH¥$nU:

(B$) gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &
1. H${üV² Y{ZH$: ñdH$ݶm§ ‘ø§ Xmñ¶{V & (bQ²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
2. ~mbH$ñ¶ gmo‘e‘m© B{V Zm‘ H$[aî¶m{‘ & (H$V¥©nXñWmZo "g:' ¶moO¶V &)
3. gmo‘e‘m© ‘‘ g‘rn‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V & ("‘‘' ñWmZo "{nV¥'eãXñ¶ ¶mo½¶ ê$n§ {bIV &)
4. EH$: ‘Zwî¶: à{Vdg{V ñ‘ & (ñ‘ {ZîH$mg¶V)
5. Ah§ bJwS>oZ Hw$¸w$a§ VmS>{¶î¶m{‘ & (b¥Q²>ñWmZo {bL²>à¶moJ§ Hw$éV)

5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & H¥$nU:, Xþ{^©j‘², Aœ:, YoZw:, gwdU©‘², Hw$¸w$a: &

6. g‘ñVnX§ Hw$éV & ñd^mdoZ H¥$nU:, H$monoZ Am{dï>:, bJwS>ñ¶ àhma: &

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ì¶ÄOZmZm§ {dñVma: &

1) ^¶mV² + ‘w³V: - ^¶mÝ‘w³V: & 4) Vpñ‘Z² + Ed = Vpñ‘Þod &
‘¥V² + ‘¶ya: - ‘¥Ý‘¶ya: &
BZ² + AÝV = BÞÝV &

dJr©¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + AZwZm{gH$‘² = dJu¶-AZwZm{gH$‘² õñd: ñda:  Z² H$mo@{n ñda: = Þ

fQ²> + ‘mg: = fÊ‘mg: & (nyd©‘²) (níMmV²)
dmH²$ + ‘¶‘² - dmL²>‘¶‘² &
Vpñ‘Z² + CËgdo = Vpñ‘ÞwËgdo &
2) Vñ‘mV² + M = Vñ‘mƒ &
{dÛV² + OZ: ={dÛ‚mZ: & Hw$d©Z² + AmgrV² = Hw$d©ÞmgrV² &
5) gV² + AmMma: = gXmMma: &

Vw + Mw = Mw eamV² + A{n = eamX{n &

(Mw = M dJ©:) (Vw = V dJ©:) dJu¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + ñda:/‘¥Xþì¶ÄOZ‘²=V¥Vr¶ì¶ÄOZ‘²
AdH$mamV² + M = AdH$amƒ &
EVV² + O¶: = EV‚m¶: & fQ²> + {dH$mam: = fS²>{dH$mam: &

3) ‘V² + ea: = ‘ÀN>a: & Vñ‘mV² + Ed = Vñ‘mXod &

lr‘V² + e‘a: = lr‘ÀN>‘a: & 6) VX² + H¥$Vo = VËH¥$Vo & jwY² + nrS>m = jwËnrS>m

V² + e² = dJu¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + H$R>moaì¶ÄOZ‘² = àW‘ì¶ÄOZ‘²

M² N²> fS²> + H$ma: = fQ²>H$ma: &
VV² + lmoVw‘² = VÀN´>moVw‘² & ‘¥X² + gm{YV‘² = ‘¥Ëgm{YV‘² &
JÀN>oV² + {ed: = JÀN>opÀN>d: &

85

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & {deofU-{dñVma: &

Ydb: MÝÐ: AmH$meo dV©Vo & Ah§ à{V{XZ§ Ydb§ MÝЧ ní¶m{‘, Vwî¶m{‘ M & YdboZ MÝÐoU Z^:
{d^m{V & MH$moam: Ydbm¶ MÝÐm¶ ñn¥h¶pÝV & YdbmV² MÝÐmV² {H$aUm: òdpÝV & ny{U©‘m¶m§ Ydbñ¶
MÝÐñ¶ gm¡ÝX¶©‘² Anydª Ibw & ho Ydb MÝÐ, erVbVm§ à¶ÀN> gd}ä¶: &

¶{„“§ ¶X²dMZ§ ¶m M {d^p³V{d©eoî¶ñ¶ &
V{„“§ VX²dMZ§ g¡d {d^p³V{d©eofUñ¶m{n &&
g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ ¶Wm {deoî¶ñ¶ {b“§, dMZ§ {d^³V¶: M n[adV©ÝVo VW¡d {deofUo A{n n[adV©Z§ ^d{V &

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² {d^p³V:
àW‘m
{ZnwU: ~mbH$: {ZnwUm ~m{bH$m {Z{~S>‘² Aaʶ‘² {ÛVr¶m
V¥Vr¶m
{ZnwU§ ~mbH$‘² {ZnwUm§ ~m{bH$m‘² {Z{~S>‘² Aaʶ‘² MVwWu
n#m‘r
{ZnwUoZ ~mbHo$Z {ZnwU¶m ~m{bH$¶m {Z{~S>oZ AaʶoZ fð>r
gá‘r
{ZnwUm¶ ~mbH$m¶ {ZnwUm¶¡ ~m{bH$m¶¡ {Z{~S>m¶ Aaʶm¶ gå~moYZ‘²

{ZnwUmV² ~mbH$mV² {ZnwUm¶m: ~m{bH$m¶m: {Z{~S>mV² AaʶmV² {d^p³V:
àW‘m
{ZnwUñ¶ ~mbH$ñ¶ {ZnwUm¶m: ~m{bH$m¶m: {Z{~S>ñ¶ Aaʶñ¶ {ÛVr¶m
V¥Vr¶m
{ZnwUo ~mbHo$ {ZnwUm¶m§ ~m{bH$m¶m‘² {Z{~S>o Aaʶo MVwWu
n#m‘r
ho {ZnwU ~mbH$ ho {ZnwUo ~m{bHo$ ho {Z{~S> Aaʶ fð>r
gá‘r
Ed‘od {ÛdMZñ¶ VWm ~hþdMZñ¶ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV & gå~moYZ‘²

Hw$eb: d¡‘m{ZH$: &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
Hw$eb: d¡‘m{ZH$:
Hw$ebm¡ d¡‘m{ZH$m:
d¡‘m{ZH$‘²
Hw$eboZ d¡‘m{ZH$m¡ Hw$ebmZ²

d¡‘m{ZH$m¶ Hw$ebmä¶m§ d¡‘m{ZH¡$:
Hw$ebmV²
d¡‘m{ZH$mä¶m§ Hw$eboä¶:
d¡‘m{ZH$ñ¶
Hw$ebo Hw$ebmä¶m§ d¡‘m{ZHo$ä¶:
Hw$eb
d¡‘m{ZH$¶mo: Hw$ebmZm§

d¡‘m{ZH$¶mo: d¡‘m{ZHo$fw

d¡‘m{ZH$m¡ Hw$ebm:

Ed‘od "MVwa: ~mbH$:', "CÎm‘: H${d:', "{Z{~S>§ dZ‘²', "XrKm© ZXr', "‘oYm{dZr ~m{bH$m', "nwamVZr
H$Wm', "{à¶: gwöX²', "ñZohmbw: {nVm', "aå¶m Cfm:' B˶ofm§ {deofU-{deoî¶-¶w½‘mZm§ ê$nm{U dXÝVw &

86

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

{deofU-{deomo: ¶w½‘§ nya¶V &

nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² {d^p³V:

n{dÌ: Obme¶: (n{dÌ) ZXr (n{dÌ) J“mOb‘² àW‘m

(ZyVZ) ‘ÊS>n‘² ZyVZm§ ^mfm‘² (ZyVZ) ‘pÝXa‘² {ÛVr¶m

g‘¥ÕoZ (H$mof) (g‘¥Õ) naåna¶m g‘¥ÕoZ (ZJa) V¥Vr¶m

(H$mo‘b) ñd^mdm¶ H$mo‘bm¶¡ (bVm) (H$mo‘b) nwînm¶ MVwWu

namYrZmV² (Cnm¶) (namYrZm) ~wX²Ü¶m: (namYrZ) OrdZmV² n#m‘r

(CÎm‘) nwéfñ¶ CÎm‘m¶m: (n{ÌH$m) CÎm‘ñ¶ (d¥ÎmnÌ) fð>r

(ñWyb>) nwÌo ñWybm¶m‘² (H$ݶm) (ñWyb>) nmÌo gá‘r

ho (loð>) F$fo ho loðo> (VnpñdZr) ho (loð>) Am¡fY‘² gå~moYZ‘²

dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &

1. ({demb) d¥jñ¶ AY: n¹$m{Z (’$b‘²) AnVZ²& 2. (d¥Õ) {nVm‘ø¡ (gagm) H$Wm: amoMÝVo &

3. {ZnwU¶m (Jm{¶H$m) gh Ah§ (ldUr¶) JrV§ Jm¶m{‘ & 4. ‘¥Ê‘¶o (nmÌ‘²) (erVb) Ob§ {dÚVo &

• [MV², MZ ¶wVm{Z {deofUm{Z = nR>V ~moYV &

[MV², MZ EVX² à˶¶Û¶‘² A{Z{üVVm§ Xe©¶{V & "{H$‘²' B˶ZoZ gh V¶mo: Cn¶moJ: ^d{V &

(H$: + {MV²) H${üV² Z¥n:, ({H$‘² + MZ) {H$#mZ ZJa‘² &

(Ho$Z + {MV²) Ho$Z{MV² ‘w{ZZm & (H$ñ¶ + {MV²) H$ñ¶{MV² ‘ZwOñ¶ &

ApñV H${üV² Z¥n: & g: H$pñ‘¨{üV² ZJao AQ>{V ñ‘ & Ho$Z{MV² ‘w{ZZm g: AmhÿV: & ‘w{Z: An¥ÀN>V²,
""{H$‘² ApÝdî¶{g ‘hmamO?'' Z¥n: H${#mV² H$mb§ {d{MÝ˶ AdXV², ""Z {H$‘{n& ‘‘ H$‘ U§ hñVmV²
n[a^«ï>‘²& VX² Ed ApÝdî¶m{‘ &'' F${f: C³VdmZ², ""ho amOZ², ^dmZ² Vw Z¥n: & AݶV² {H$‘{n H$‘U§ Yma{¶Vw§

e³Zmo{f & VWm{n H$‘U{df¶o {H$‘W©‘² EVmdV² {MÝVZ‘² ? à˶wV ^dV: amÁ¶o {H$¶ÝV: OZm: ~w^w{jVm:,

Ho$MZ X[aÐm: Ho${MV² amoJnr{S>Vm: M & H$müZ ‘{hbm: CÚmoJoZ {dZm {ZamYmam: & H¡${üX² ~mbH¡$: {ejU§
˶³V‘² & Ho$fm#mZ {eeyZm‘² AÞm{X{df¶o ‘hVr XþadñWm & Ho$fwMZ {d^mJofw Obì¶dñWm Z g‘rMrZm &
EVofm§ H¥$Vo {H$‘{n Hw$é & H$‘U{df¶o {MÝVm§ ‘m Hw$é & amÁ¶ñ¶ ì¶dñWm Z¥nñ¶ na§ H$V©ì¶‘² &''

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ì¶ÄOZmZm§ {dñVma: &

7) {ZgJm©V² + bä¶Vo = {ZgJm©„ä¶Vo & 8) Apñ‘Z² + bmoHo$ = Apñ‘>±„moHo$ &
EVX² + bdU‘² = EV„dU‘² & J«ÝWmZ² + {bI{V = J«ÝWm±{„I{V &

V²/X² + b² b² Z² + b² ± b²

CV² + bg{V = C„g{V & VmZ² + bmoH$mZ² = Vm±„moH$mZ² &
H$Xm{MV² + bãY‘² = H$Xm{M„ãY‘² & XodmZ² + bg{V = Xodm±„g{V &

87

fmoS>e>: nmR>: & ñdmJV§ VnmoYZm¶m: &

amÁ¶m{^foH$mXZÝVa§ lram‘MÝÐM[aV§ ¶pñ‘Z² ZZmmQQ>>HHo$$ñ¶dVa©VMo {V¶XV²m&ZmAQ>çñ‘¶² • Ho$ Aܶ¶Zà˶yhm…?
CÎmaam‘M[aV‘² & ^d^y{V… Zm‘ ‘hmH${d… Añ¶ • ¶wî‘mH$‘² Aܶ¶Zo ¶{X {d¿Zm…

ZmQ>H$ñ¶ {ÛVr¶o AL²>Ho$ dV©Vo A¶§ dZXodVm-AmÌo¶r-g§dmX…& AmnVpÝV V{h© ¶y¶§ H$W§ VmZ²
{ZamHw$éW?


(Zon϶o) ñdmJV§ VnmoYZm¶m…&
(VV… à{de{V AÜdJdofm Vmngr)
dZXodVm - Am¶}, H$m nwZ: AÌ^dVr? qH$ à¶moOZ§ XÊS>H$maʶàdoeñ¶?
AmÌo¶r - Apñ‘Z² àXoeo ~hd… AJñ˶mX¶… ‘wZ¶… {ZdgpÝV& Vo䶅 doXmÝV{dÚm‘² A{YJÝVw‘² AÌ

AmJVm & dmë‘r{H$‘hfo}… Aml‘mV² Bh AmJVmpñ‘ &
dZXodVm - Ahmo Amü¶©‘² ! Aݶo ‘wZ¶… doXmÝVkmZmWª dmë‘r{H$‘² F${f‘² CnJÀN>pÝV& H$W‘² AÌ^dVr

Vñ¶ Aml‘mV² AÌ AQ>{V?
AmÌo¶r - VÌ ‘hmZ² Aܶ¶Zà˶yh… CËnÞ…& Vñ¶ ^JdV Ho$Zm{n XodVm{deofoU XmaH$Û¶‘wnZrV‘² &

Hw$ebdm¡ B{V V¶mo… Zm‘Zr& EH$mXedfm©{U ¶mdV² ^JdVm dmë‘r{H$Zm YmÌr Bd nmo{fVm¡ a{jVm¡
M& CnZ¶Z§ H¥$Ëdm ̶r{dÚm‘{n Aܶm{nVm¡& A{VàXráàkm‘oYo V¶mo…& Z Añ‘mÑem… gm‘mݶm…
N>mÌm… Vmä¶m§ gh AܶoVw§ eŠZwdpÝV& ¶V…,

88

{dVa{V Jwé… àmko {dÚm§ ¶W¡d VWm OS>o
Z Ibw V¶mokm©Zo eq³V H$amo˶nhpÝV dm&
^d{V {h nwZ^©y¶mZ² ^oX… ’$b§ à{V VÚWm
à^d{V ew{M{~©å~J«mho ‘{UZ© ‘¥Xm§ M¶… &&
dZXodVm - A¶‘ܶ¶Zà˶yh…?
AmÌo¶r- Aݶü&
dZXodVm- AW Ana: H$…?
AmÌo¶r- AW¡H$Xm g… ‘h{f©… ‘mܶpÝXZgdZm¶ V‘gmZXrVra‘² AJÀN>V² & VÌ d¥jo EH§$ H«$m¡#m¶w½‘‘²
AmgrV² & ghgm ì¶mYoZ V¶mo… EH$… ~mUoZ {dÕ…& ^y‘m¡ n{VV§ {Züoï>§ ghMa§ ÑîQ‰>m H«$m¡#mr ì¶bnV²&
Vñ¶m: H$éU§ {dbmn§ lwËdm AH$ñ‘mV² ‘hf}: ‘wImV² AZwïw>n²N>ÝXgm AlwVnydm© X¡dr dmUr ñ’w$[aVm
"‘m {ZfmX, à{Vð>m§ Ëd‘J‘… emœVr… g‘m…......'
dZXodVm - {MÌ‘²& AmåZm¶mV² AZÝVa‘² ZyVZ… N>ÝXgm‘² AdVma…&
AmÌo¶r- VoZ {h nwZ… g‘¶oZ ^JdmZ² ~«÷Xod: VÌ Am{d^y©V: "‘hf}, à~wÕ… A{g& aM¶ am‘M[aV‘²'&
B{V AmXoe~Õ… g: dmë‘r{H$: am‘m¶UaMZm¶m§ ‘¾: ApñV & Vñ‘mV² ~«dr{‘, BXmZt VÌ
Aܶ¶Z‘gå^d‘²&
dZXodVm - ¶wÁ¶Vo &
AmÌo¶r - {dlmÝVmpñ‘ ^Ðo& gåà{V AJñ˶ml‘ñ¶ ‘mJª H$W¶ &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & (3) Aݶo ‘wZ¶: doXmÝVkmZmWª dmë‘r{H$G {f‘²
(1) AmÌo¶r dmë‘r{H$‘hf}: Aml‘mV² XÊS>H$maʶ§ CnJÀN>pÝV &
{H$‘W©‘² AmJVm?
(2) XmaH$Û¶ñ¶ Zm‘Zr Ho$ ? 4. A) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
(3) dmë‘r{H$: ‘mܶpÝXZgdZm¶ Hw$Ì AJÀN>V² ? (1) AJñ˶: (2) dmë‘r{H$:
(4) H«$m¡#¶m: {dbmn§ lwËd>m ‘hf}: ‘wImV² H$sÑer (3) AZwïw^² (4) doXmÝV‘²
dmUr àg¥Vm ? Am) H$mbdMZn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &
(5) ~«÷Xod: dmë‘r{H$§ {H$‘² Am{XeV²  ? (1) ‘wZ¶: dZàXoeo {ZdgpÝV & (EH$dMZo
n[adV©¶V &)
2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m {bIV & (2) aM¶ am‘M[aV‘² & ({bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
(1) AmÌoæ¶m: àW‘: Aܶ¶Zà˶yh: H$: ? B) {deofU-{deoî¶-‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
(2) ~«÷XodoZ ""aM¶ am‘M[aV‘²'' B{V
dmë‘r{H$:$ {H$‘W©‘² Am{Xï>: ? {deo² {deofU‘²

3. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & 1) ghMa: 1) nmo{fVm¡
(1)AmÌo¶r dmë‘r{H$‘hf}: Aml‘mV² XÊS>H$maʶ‘² 2) {dbmn: 2) AlwVnydm©
AmJVm& 3) Hw$ebdm¡ 3) H$éU:
(2) ì¶mYoZ H«$m¡#m: ~mUoZ {dÕ: & 4) dmUr$ 4) {ZíMoï>:

89

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 4

(A) b¥Q²>bH$ma:  ({ÛVr¶: ^{dî¶ËH$mb:) &

ø: -^yVH$mb: AÚ - dV©‘mZH$mb: œ: - ^{dî¶ËH$mb:

Ah‘² AnR>‘² & Ah§ nR>m{‘ & Ah§ n{R>î¶m{‘ &
~mbH$m: AIobZ² & ~mbH$m: IobpÝV & ~mbH$m: Io{bî¶pÝV &
‘mVm A¶ÀN>V² & ‘mVm ¶ÀN>{V & ‘mVm Xmñ¶{V &
Ëd‘² AZ‘: & Ëd§ Z‘{g & Ëd§ Z§ñ¶{g &
am‘: A‘w#mV² & am‘: ‘w#m{V & am‘: ‘moú¶{V &

‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

ê$nm{U n{R>î¶m{‘ Io{bî¶pÝV Xmñ¶{V Z§ñ¶{V ‘moú¶{V J{‘î¶{V dú¶{V àú¶m{‘ àmßñ¶{V

YmVd: à+Amn² ‘wM² J‘²> dM² Xm àÀN>² Z‘² Iob² nR²>

b¥Q²>à˶¶m: & (^{dî¶ËH$mbà˶¶m:)

nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

ñ¶{V ñ¶V: ñ¶pÝV àW‘: ñ¶Vo ñ¶oVo ñ¶ÝVo

ñ¶{g ñ¶W: ñ¶W ‘ܶ‘: ñ¶go ñ¶oWo ñ¶Üdo

ñ¶m{‘ ñ¶md: ñ¶m‘: CÎm‘: ñ¶o ñ¶mdho ñ¶m‘ho

J‘² (1 n.n.) b^² (1 Am.n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

J{‘î¶{V J{‘î¶V: J{‘î¶pÝV àW‘: bßñ¶Vo bßñ¶oVo bßñ¶ÝVo

J{‘î¶{g J{‘î¶W: J{‘î¶W ‘ܶ‘: bßñ¶go bßñ¶Wo bßñ¶Üdo

J{‘î¶m{‘ J{‘î¶md: J{‘î¶m‘: CÎm‘: bßñ¶o bßñ¶mdho bßñ¶m‘ho

Z¥V² (4 n. n.) ‘Z² (4 Am. n.)
{Ûd. ~.d.
E.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
Z{V©î¶{V Z{V©î¶V: Z{V©î¶pÝV àW‘:
Z{V©î¶{g ‘ܶ‘: ‘§ñ¶Vo ‘§ñ¶oVo ‘§ñ¶ÝVo
Z{V©î¶m{‘ Z{V©î¶W: Z{V©î¶W CÎm‘:
Z{V©î¶md: Z{V©î¶m‘: ‘§ñ¶go ‘§ñ¶oWo ‘§ñ¶Üdo
E.d. àÀN>² (6 n. n.) nwéf:
àú¶{V àW‘: ‘§ñ¶o ‘§ñ¶mdho ‘§ñ¶m‘ho
àú¶{g {Ûd. ~.d. ‘ܶ‘:
àú¶m{‘ àú¶V: àú¶pÝV CÎm‘: ‘wM² (6 Am. n.)
90 E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
àú¶W: àú¶W
àú¶md: àú¶m‘: ‘moú¶Vo ‘moú¶oVo ‘moú¶ÝVo

‘moú¶go ‘moú¶oWo ‘moú¶Üdo

‘moú¶o ‘moú¶mdho ‘moú¶m‘ho

{MÝV² (10 n. n.) JU² (10 Am. n.)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

{MÝV{¶î¶{V {MÝV{¶î¶V: {MÝV{¶î¶pÝV àW‘: JU{¶î¶{V JU{¶î¶V: JU{¶î¶pÝV

{MÝV{¶î¶{g {MÝV{¶î¶W: {MÝV{¶î¶W ‘ܶ‘: JU{¶î¶{g JU{¶î¶W: JU{¶î¶W

{MÝV{¶î¶m{‘ {MÝV{¶î¶md: {MÝV{¶î¶m‘: CÎm‘: JU{¶î¶m{‘ JU{¶î¶md: JU{¶î¶m‘:

dm³¶m{Z nR>V & 7. ànaœ: ‘mVwb: {ÛM{H«$H$m§ àXmñ¶{V &
1. d¶§ gm¶§H$mbo CÚmZ§ J{‘î¶m‘: & 8. AmJm{‘{Z df} Añ‘mH§$ embm¶m§ gwdU©‘hmoËgd:
2. ‘‘ nwñVH§$ ‘ø§ H$Xm Xmñ¶{g ?
3. ~mbH$m: Á¶oð>mZ² Z§ñ¶pÝV & gånËñ¶Vo &
4. N>mÌm: CÎm‘mZ² AL²>H$mZ² àmßñ¶pÝV & 9. A{J«‘o ‘mgo narjm ^{dî¶{V &
5. "qgh, O¥å^ñd ! XÝVmZ² Vo JU{¶î¶m{‘ & 10. AmJm{‘{Z df} Ah§ MÝжmZo Cndoú¶m{‘ &
6. naœ: ‘‘ ‘mVm‘hr ‘‘ J¥h‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V & 11. A{J«‘§ ¶wJ§ VÝÌkmZoZ Ed nyUª ^{dî¶{V &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

• Añ‘mH§$ {‘Ì‘² A{J«‘o ‘mgo H$ݶmHw$‘mat J{‘î¶{V & g: VÌ qH$ qH$ H$[aî¶{V B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &

1. AÛ¡V: A{J«‘o e{Zdmgao ¶mÌmaå^§  & (H¥$)

2. {d‘mZ¶mZoZ g VÌ AݶoÚw:  & (à + Amn²)

3. àW‘§ H$ݶmHw$‘marpñWV§ Xodmb¶§ g:  & (Ñe²-ní¶²)

4. Vñ‘mV² g‘wÐVra§  & (¶m)

5. VÌñW§ gy¶m©ñV‘²  & (Ad + bmoH²$)

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ì¶ÄOZmZm§ {dñVma: &

9) VmZ² + MmoamZ² = Vm§ümoamZ² & 10) n[a + N>oX: - n[aÀN>oX: &
{d¿ZmZ² + M = {d¿Zm§ü & Vé + N>m¶m = VéÀN>m¶m &
õñd: ñda: + N> = ÀN>
Z²+ M²/N²>/Q²>/R²>/V²/W² • (AZwñdma:), : ({dgJ©:)
‘mV¥ + N>m¶m = ‘mV¥ÀN>m¶m &
~hÿZ² + VñH$amZ² = ~hÿ§ñVñH$amZ² & {d + N>oX: = {dÀN>oX: &
EVmZ² + N>mÌmZ² = EVm§ûN>mÌmZ² &

91