Gujarati Parisar Abhyas 2 5th

cpfs_y„ k„rh^p_

cpN 4 L$

_pNqfL$p¡_p d|mc|s L$s®ìep¡

A_yÃR>¡v$ 51 L$
d|mc|s L$s®ìe - cpfs_p âÐe¡L$ _pNqfL$_y„ A¡ L$s®ìe R>¡ L¡$ s¡Z¡ -
(L$) v$f¡L$ _pNqfL¡$ k„rh^p__y„ `pg_ L$fhy„. k„rh^p__p Apv$ip£, fpóV²$ÝhS> A_¡

fpóV²$Nus_p¡ Apv$f L$fhp¡.
(M) õhps„Ôe Qmhm_u â¡fZp Ap`_pfp Apv$ip£_y„ `pg_ L$fhy„.
(N) v¡$i_p kph®cp¥dÐh, A¡L$sp A_¡ AM„X$sp kyfrns fpMhp âeÐ_iug fl¡hy„.
(O) Ap`Zp v¡$i_y„ fnZ L$fhy„, v¡$i_u k¡hp L$fhu.
(P$) v$f¡L$ âL$pf_p c¡v$cph_¡ c|gu_¡ A¡L$sp A_¡ b„^yÐh_u cph_p rhL$kphhu.

÷uAp¡_p kÞdp__¡ W¡$k `lp¢QpX$_pfu â\pAp¡_p¡ ÐepN L$fhp¡.
(Q) Ap`Zu k„rdî k„õL©$rs_p hpfkp_y„ S>s_ L$fhy„.
(R>) _¥krN®L$ `ep®hfZ_y„ S>s_ L$fhy„. kÆh âpZuAp¡ âÐe¡ v$epcph fpMhp¡.
(S>) h¥opr_L$ ×[óV$, dp_hsphpv$ A_¡ rS>opkph©rÑ L¡$mhhu.
(T) kph®S>r_L$ dpgdÑp_y„ S>s_ L$fhy„. tlkp_p¡ ÐepN L$fhp¡.
(U) v¡$i_u DÑfp¡Ñf âNrs dpV¡$ ìe[¼sNs s¡dS> kpd|rlL$ L$pe®dp„ DÑdsp-

î¡óW$sp_y„ õsf Spmhu fpMhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡.
(V$) 6\u 14 he S|>\_p bpmL$p¡_¡ s¡d_p hpguA¡ rinZ_u sL$ `|fu `pX$hu.



rinZMpsp“p¡ d„S|>fu ¾$dp„L$$ : âprik„/2014-15/148/d„S|>fu/X$-505/341
spfuM$$ : 20.01.2015

Ap`Z¡ Apd OX$pep

(`qfkf Aæepk cpN - 2)
^p¡fZ `p„Qdy„

dlpfpô²$ fpS>e `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^_ d„X$m, `yZ¡ - 411 004.

â\dph©rÑ : 2015 © dlpfpô²$ fpÄe `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^_ d„X$m, `yZ¡-411 004.
‘y“dy®ÖZ : Sy>gpB® 2020
dlpfpô²$ fpÄe `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^_ d„X$m `pk¡ Ap `yõsL$_p b^p l½$
fl¡i¡. Ap `yõsL$_p¡ L$p¡B`Z cpN k„QpgL$, dlpfpô²$ fpÄe `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡ Aæepk¾$d
k„ip¡^_ d„X$m_u g¡rMs `fhp_Nu hNf D`ep¡N L$fu iL$pi¡ _rl.

Brslpk rhje krdrs k„ep¡S>L$ :
X$p¸. Ap.kpmy„M¡, AÝen îu. dp¡Ng Å^h
X$p¸. kv$p_„v$ dp¡f¡,kæe rhi¡jpr^L$pfu,
âp. lqf _fL¡$, kæe Brslpk A_¡ _pNqfL$ip÷
A¸X$. Np¡thv$ `p_kf¡, kæe îudsu hjp® L$p„bm¡
îu. Aåvy$g L$pqv$f dyL$pv$d, kæe rhje klpeL$, Brslpk A_¡ _pNqfL$ip÷
îu. k„cpÆ cNs, kæe `pW$é`yõsL$ d„X$m, `yZ¡.
îu. âip„s kê$X$L$f, kæe
îu. dp¡Ng Å^h, kæe krQh r_rd®rs :
îu. k[ÃQsp_„v$ Apam¡
Brslpk rhje L$pe®NV$ kæe : dy¿e r_rd®rs Ar^L$pfu
X$p¸. iycp„N_p AÓ¡ îu. âcpL$f `fb,
X$p¸. d„Sy>îu `hpf r_rd®rs Ar^L$pfu
X$p¸. S>eîu AÓ¡ îu. iip„L$ L$rZL$v$m¡,
âp. v$¡h¡ÞÖ HNm¡ r_rd®rs klpeL$
âp. ârsdp `fv$¡iu
âp. eih„s Np¡kphu Anfp„L$_ :
îu. k„S>e hTf¡L$f rhÛprhcpN, `pW$é`yõsL$ d„X$m, `yZ¡.
îu. fplºg âcy
îu. k„v$u` hpL$Qp¥f¡ L$pNm :
îu. dyfN¢Ö vy$NpZu 70 Æ. Ak¡ . Ad¡ . q¾$dhpì¡ l
îu. Aê$Z lmb¡
âp. dp¡lku_p dyL$pv$d
X$p¸. A¡k.Apf. hT¡

g¡rML$p : dyÖZpv$¡i :
X$p¸. iycp„N_p AÓ¡

dyM`©›$ A_¡ kÅhV$> : dyÖL$ :
âp. fplu L$v$d
âL$piL$ :
_L$ipL$pf : îu. rhh¡L$ DÐsd Np¡kphu, r_e„ÓL$
îu. frhqL$fZ Å^h `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs d„X$m,
âcpv$¡hu, dy„bB - 400025.
A_yhpv$L$ :
îu. L$ë`_p V$u. dl¡sp
A_yhpv$ k„ep¡S>L$ : L¡$sL$u r_s¡i Å_u
rhi¡jpr^L$pfu NyS>fpsu, `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs d„X$m, `yZ¡-4





âõsph_p

"fpóV²$ue Aæepk¾$d ê$‘f¡Mp - 2005' A_¡ "bpmL$p¡_p das A_¡ afrS>eps rinZ_p¡ Ar^L$pf
Ar^r_ed-2009' A_ykpf dlpfpóV²$ fpÄedp„ "âp\rdL$ rinZ Aæepk¾$d - 2012' s¥epf L$fhpdp„
Apìep¡. Ap ipk_dpÞe Aæepk¾$d_u L$pe®hplu 2013-2014_p ipg¡e hj®\u ¾$di: iê$ \B NB R>¡.
Aæepk¾$ddp„ ^p¡fZ ÓuÅ\u `p„Qdp ky^u kpdpÞe rhop_, _pNqfL$ipö A_¡ c|Np¡m rhje_p¡ A¡L$rÓs fus¡
`qfkf Aæepk cpN - 1dp„ kdph¡i \i¡. Brslpk_p¡ rhje `qfkf Aæepk cpN-2dp„ õhs„Ó fl¡i¡, A¡hy„
S>Zphhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.
AÝee_ AÝep`__u âq¾$ep bpgL¡$ÞÖu b_u fl¡, õhe„ AÝee_ D`f cpf d|L$hpdp„ Aph¡,
âp\rdL$ rinZ_p A„s¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡ "r_ròs L$f¡gu ndsp' âpàs L$f¡, AÝee_ A_¡ AÝep`_ âq¾$ep
Ap_„v$v$peu b_u fl¡, s¡hp ìep`L$ ÖróV$L$p¡Z_¡ _S>f kpd¡ fpMu Ap `yõsL$ s¥epf L$ey¯ R>¡. Brslpk A¡ A¡L$
ipö R>¡, s¡_u kdS> `l¡g¡\u S> bpmL$p¡_p d_dp„ ×Y$ \pe s¡hu `Ùrs\u Ap `yõsL$_u fQ_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu
R>¡. Apqv$dp_h\u Ap^yr_L$ dp_h_u âNrs_u Dо$p„rs kdS>su hMs¡, s¡dp„ Ly$v$fs A_¡ `qfkf S>¡hp
b¡ OV$L$p¡_y„ AÐe„s dlÒh R>¡. Brslpk kdS>hp¡ dyíL¡$g R>¡, dpV¡$ L$pm_u ipöue k„L$ë`_p kfm iåv$p¡dp„
kdÅhhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£ R>¡. dp_h¡ s¡_u S>ê$qfeps âdpZ¡ kp^_p¡_y„ r_dp®Z L$ey¯. lhpdp__p a¡fapf A_ykpf
s¡_u Apk`pk_y„ `qfkf bv$gpey„. s¡\u s¡_u S>ê$qfeps A_¡ s¡_¡ A_ykfu s¡_p L$pd_y„ õhê$` `Z bv$gpey„.
dpV¡$ s¡Z¡ b_ph¡gp„ kp^_p¡_y„ õhê$` bv$gpsy„ Ney„. "âNrsgnu byqÙipmu dpZk¡' kp^¡gp¡ _pNfu k„õL©$rs_p¡
sb½$p¡ âpN¥rslprkL$ L$pm_y„ khp£ÃQ tbvy$ NZpe. Al]\u A¥rslprkL$ L$pm_u iê$Aps \pe R>¡. Aphu fus¡
dp_hâNrs_u dprlsu `yõsL$dp„ Ap`¡gu R>¡. `pW$_p A„s¡ Qp¡L$W$pdp„ Ap`¡gu dprlsu rhÛp\}Ap¡_y„ AÝee_
h^pf¡ AkfL$pfL$ b_phi¡. s¡ dprlsu D`f âñp¡ `|R>hp A`¡rns _\u. rinL$ A_¡ hpgu dpV¡$ Sy>v$u k|Q_p
Ap`¡gu R>¡. õhpÝepe L„$V$pmpS>_L$ _ b_¡ s¡ dpV¡$ s¡dp„ rhrh^sp gphhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$ep£ R>¡. AÝep`_ h^pf¡dp„
h^pf¡ L©$rsâ^p_ b_¡, s¡ dpV¡$ L©$rs A_¡ D`¾$d Ap`hpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡.
`pW$é`yõsL$ h^pf¡dp„ h^pf¡ nrsfrls A_¡ NZy hÑpkcf b_¡, A¡ ×róV$A¡ `yfpsÒh X$p¸. A¡d.L¡$.
L$hmuL$f s¡dS> dlpfpóV²$_p v$f¡L$ cpN_p Q|„V¡$gp rinL$, s¡dS> L¡$V$gp„L$ rinZ sS>op¡ A_¡ rhje sS>op¡
`pk¡ Ap `yõsL$_y„ kdunZ L$fphhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. d„X$m_u Brslpk rhje krdrs, L$pe®NV$ kv$õe, g¡ML$,
cpjp„sfL$pf, NyS>fpsu cpjp„sf NyZhÑp `funL$ îu. Bg¡iLy$dpf Apf. Np„^u A_¡ rQÓL$pf¡ Arsie r_óW$p`|h®L$
Ap `yõsL$ s¥epf L$ey¯ R>¡. d„X$m Ap v$f¡L$_y„ d_:`|h®L$ Apcpfu R>¡.
rhÛp\}, rinL$ A_¡ hpguAp¡ Ap `yõsL$_y„ õhpNs L$fi¡ s¡hu Apip R>¡.

`yZ¡ (Q„.fp. bp¡fL$f)
spfuM : 27 _h¡çbf 2014 k„QpgL$
6 dpNif iL¡$ 1936
dlpfpóV²$ fpÄe `pW$é`yõsL$ r_rd®rs A_¡
Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^_ d„X$m, `yZ¡

- rinL$ A_¡ hpguAp¡ dpV¡$ -

"rinZ Üpfp Æh_ rhjeL$ kdS> Aphhu', A¡hy„ op_fQ_phpv$u rinZ `Ùrs_y„ k|Ó L$lu iL$pe. `pW$é`yõsL$
A_¡ rinL$ Üpfp rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ k„b„r^s rhje_u dprlsu dm¡ s¡V$gy„ S> Al] `ep®às _\u `f„sy s¡ dprlsu_p¡ k„b„^
rhÛp\}Ap¡_p A_ych rhð kp\¡ Å¡X$pe s¡ `Z AphíeL$ R>¡. s¡_¡ kpÝe b_phhp õhe„-AÝee_ AÐe„s dlÒh_y„
OV$L$ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ S> `pW$é`yõsL$_u dp„X$Zu (fS|>Aps) A_¡ iuMhp dpV¡$ hN®_y„ hpsphfZ õhe„ AÝee__¡ `p¡jL$ lp¡hp„
S>ê$fu R>¡. rhÛp\}Ap¡\u `qfrQs op_fQ_phpv$_u âq¾$ep kpdpÞe fus¡ Apd fS|> L$fu iL$pe.

õaºqfs rhQpf

õhe„ AÝee_ Üpfp dprlsu dprlsu_p¡ D`ep¡N Æh_ rhjeL$ kdS>
`|hp®_ych Ap^pqfs sL®$ Üpfp ApL$g_
_hu kdS>_p¡ rhL$pk A_¡
S|>_u kdS>_u `y_f®Q_p

D`f_p v$f¡L$ OV$L$ _S>f kdn fpMu_¡ âõsys `yõsL$_u fS|>Aps L$f¡gu R>¡.

* bpmL$p¡ õhe„ AÝee_ dpV¡$ â¡qfs \pe, dpV¡$ A¡L$ dyØpdp„\u buÅ¡ dyØp¡ kplrS>L$ fus¡ DL¡$gpe A_¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_u
rS>opkp_¡ Qpg_p dm¡, s¡hu L$pmÆ fpMhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$f¡gp¡ R>¡.

* v$f¡L$ `pW$ ApNm_p `pW$ kp\¡ Å¡X$pC_¡, s¡dp„_u dprlsu Üpfp kp„õL©$rsL$ Brslpkhufp¡_u kdS>_u A¡L$ AM„X$
kp„L$mu bpmL$p¡_p d_dp„ N„|\pe, s¡_p¡ `Z rhQpf L$ep£ R>¡. s¡ L$fsu hMs¡ rhje_p¡ h¥opr_L$ `pep¡ S>mhpC fl¡,
s¡_u L$pmÆ gu^u R>¡.

* op_fQ_phpv$u rinZ`Ùrs_p¡ Adg L$fhpdp„ dv$v$ê$` \pe s¡hu dprlsu A_¡ rQÓp¡ Qp¡L$W$p„dp„ Ap`¡gp„ R>¡. bpmL$p¡
dpV¡$ h^pfp_u dprlsu sfuL¡$ s¡_p¡ D`ep¡N \i¡. s¡ dprlsu D`f âñp¡ `|R>hp A`¡rns _\u. rinL$ A_¡ hpgu s¡
dprlsu_p¡ k„v$c® dpV¡$ D`ep¡N L$fu iL$i¡.

* `yõsL$_u dy¿e dprlsu A_¡ Qp¡L$W$pdp„ Ap`¡gu h^pfp_u dprlsu_u fS|>Aps rhri›$ `Ùrs\u L$f¡gu R>¡. Ap
fS|>Aps L$fsu hMs¡ ×íe kp„õL©$rsL$ OV$_p dpV¡$ L$pfZc|s âq¾$ep_p¡ rhQpf L$f¡gp¡ R>¡. s¡dS> s¡_u `pR>m_p
sL®$k„Ns rhQpf_u kdS> L¡$mhpe s¡ c|rdL$p_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu g¡M_ L$f¡gy„ R>¡. s¡dp„ h^pf¡dp„ _hu_sp gphhp dpV¡$
rinL$ A_¡ hpgu_u L$ë`L$sp `Z D`ep¡Nu b_i¡. s¡_p Üpfp rinL$ A_¡ hpgu_u c|rdL$p a¼s k„¾$rds sfuL¡$ ÓuÆ
ìe[¼s sfuL¡$ S> _ fl¡sp, kp\¡ fl¡_pfp A_¡ kp\¡ klcpNu \_pfp dpN®v$i®L$_u fl¡i¡.

* op_fQ_phpv$u rinZ`Ùrsdp„ bpmL$p¡ A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ k„hpv$ L$f¡, bpmL$p¡_u Arcìe[¼s_¡ sL$ dm¡, S>¡hu
bpbsp¡_¡ AÐe„s dlÒh R>¡. `pW$_p OV$L$p¡ `f Ap^pqfs D`¾$dp¡ Üpfp A¡ i¼e b_i¡. âÐe¡L$ bpmL$dp„ õhs„Ó
byqÙ lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u s¡d_p _p_p S|>\ L$fu_¡, v$f¡L$ S|>\_¡ A¡L$ Sy>v$p¡ D`¾$d Ap`hp¡ A_¡ s¡ S|>\dp„ QQp® L$fphu_¡
bpmL$p¡ hÃQ¡ k„hpv$ kp^u iL$pi¡. s¡dS>, s¡d_u Arcìe[¼s_u ndsp_p¡ rhL$pk `Z \i¡. A¡V$gy„ S> _rl, `f„sy
L$p¡C `Z rhje_p A_¡L$ `p„kp„ lp¡e R>¡, s¡_u kdS> `Z rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ hNf âeÐ_¡ Aphi¡.

* `qfkf A_¡ k„õL©$rs_¡ `fõ`f k„b„^ lp¡e R>¡, s¡ bpmL$p¡_¡ `pW$p¡dp„\u kdÅi¡. D`¾$dp¡ Üpfp s¡ rhi¡_u dprlsu
h^pf¡ õ`óV$ \i¡.

* `pW$é`yõsL$_p v$f¡L$ `pW$_p A„s¡ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡gp âí_p¡ _d|_p ê$5 âñp¡ R>¡. d|ëedp`_ kpsÐe`|Z® A_¡ kh®L$j
\pe, dpV¡$ rinL¡$ Aphp âñp¡_¡ A_ykfu_¡ âñ`¡Y$u rhL$rks L$fhu.

`qfkf Aæepk cpN - 2 AÝee_ r_ó`rÑ ^p¡fZ - `p„Qdy„

AÝee_ dpV¡$ k|Qh¡gu i¥nrZL$ âq¾$ep AÝee_ r_ó`rÑ

v$f¡L$ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ (rcÞ_ ê$`\u knd bpmL$p¡ krls) rhÛp\} -

ìe[¼sNs, kpd|rlL$ fus¡ L$pe® L$fhp_p¡ Ahkf A_¡ 05.95B.01 `p¡sp_p fp¡tS>v$p Æh_dp„ s„Óop__p¡

âp¡Ðkpl_ dm¡ s¡ dpV¡$ - D`ep¡N A_¡ d|mc|s S>ê$qfeps_u `|rs®

yy rhrh^ õ\mp¡_u dygpL$ps gC k„L$rgs L$f¡g dprlsu dpV¡$ (`pZu, AÞ_, hN¡f¡) âq¾$ep õ`óV$

rhi¡ klpÝepeu, rinL$ A_¡ hX$ugp¡ kp\¡ QQp® L$f¡ R>¡ v¥$r_L$ Æh_dp„ rhrh^ k„õ\p_u

L$fhu A_¡ A_ychp¡ L$l¡hp. c|rdL$p A_¡ L$pep£ õ`óV$ L$f¡ R>¡. (b¸„L$,

yy `qfkf_p rhrh^ rhcpN/ k„õ\p v$p.s. b¸„L$, `„Qpes, klL$pfu k„õ\p, `p¡guk õV¡$i_

`pZu rhcpN, lp¸[õ`V$g, Ap`rÑ r_hpfZ L¡$ÞÖ_u hN¡f¡).

dygpL$ps gC k„b„r^s ìe[¼s kp\¡ k„hpv$ kp^hp¡

A_¡ k„b„r^s L$pNmp¡_y„ A\®OV$_ L$fhy„. 05.95B.02 c|sL$pm A_¡ hs®dp__p fusqfhpS>

yy rhrh^ âv¡$ip¡_p, Sy>v$p„ Sy>v$p„ L$pmM„X$_p AÞ_, s„Óp¡dp„_p a¡fapf rhi¡ rk½$p, rQÓp¡,

r_hpk, `pZu_u D`gå^sp, Dv$fr_hp®l_p õdpfL$p¡, hõsyk„N°lpge hN¡f¡ s¡d S>

kp^_p¡, fusqfhpÅ¡, `f„`fp S>¡hu kdpS>Æh__p hX$ugp¡ kp\¡ k„hpv$ kp^u_¡ dprlsu d¡mh¡

rhrh^ bpbsp¡_u dprlsu d¡mhhp dpV¡$ rQÓp¡, R>¡.

hõsyk„N°lpge_u dygpL$ps, hX$ugp¡ kp\¡ QQp® S>¡hp

dpNp£_y„ Ahg„b_ g¡hy„. 05.95B.03 r_funZ L$f¡g/A_ych¡g âñp¡ rhi¡ ds

yy fprÓrhîpd, R>phZudp„ fl¡sp gp¡L$p¡, h©Ý^pîd_u ìe¼s L$f¡ R>¡. fusqfhpS>/OV$_p_p¡

dygpL$ps g¡hu, h©Ý^/qv$ìep„N ìe[¼s kp\¡ k„hpv$ kdpS>_p dp¡V$p âñp¡ kp\¡ k„b„^ Å¡X¡$ R>¡

kp^hp¡ s¡dS> S>¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p Dv$fr_hp®l_p kp^_p¡ (v$p.s. k„kp^_p¡_p¡ D`ep¡N/ dprgL$udp„

bv$g¡ R>¡ s¡d_u kp\¡ k„hpv$ kp^u_¡ s¡ gp¡L$p¡_y„ c¡v$cph, õ\mp„sf, rhõ\p`_,

d|mõ\p_ L$ey„, Äep„ s¡d_p `|h®Å¡ hjp£\u fl¡sp brlóL©$rs, bpml½$).

lsp s¡ âv¡$i s¡dZ¡ ip\u R>p¡X$ép¡, gp¡L$p¡_y„ õ\mp„sf

A_¡ `qfkfdp„_p âñp¡ rhi¡ QQp® L$fhu. 05.95B.04 dp_h_u Dо$p„rs_p sb½$p L$l¡ R>¡.
yy Dо$p„rs_u k„L$ë`_p kdS>hu.

yy Apqv$dp_h\u Ap^yr_L$ dp_h ky^u_u âNrs rhi¡ Apqv$dp_h\u Ap^yr_L$ dp_h_p

05.95B.05
dprlsu d¡mh¡ R>¡.
rhL$pk_u OV$_p rhi¡ dprlsu d¡mh¡ R>¡.
yy b^p_p rls dpV¡$ r_:õhp\®`Z¡ L$pd L$f_pf

ìe[¼sAp¡_p A_ych A_¡ s¡d_u â¡fZp rhi¡

dprlsu d¡mh¡ R>¡.

A_y¾$drZL$p

`pW$_y„ _pd `©›$ ¾$dp„L$

1. Brslpk A¡V$g¡ iy„ ? 1
2. Brslpk A_¡ L$pmk„L$ë`_p 6
3. `©Õhu `f_p kÆh 12
4. Dо$p„rs 15
5. dp_h_u Dо$p„rs 19
6. `pjpZeyN : `Õ\f_p„ lr\epfp¡ 25
7. fl¡W$pZ\u Npd-hkpls 30
8. [õ\f Æh__u iê$Aps 34
9. [õ\f Æh_ A_¡ _pNfu k„õL©$rs 39
10. A¥rslprkL$ L$pm 45

S.O.I. Note : The following foot notes are applicable : (1) © Government of India, Copyright : 2014. (2) The responsibility for the
correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. (3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve
nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. (4) The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are
at Chandigarh. (5) The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted
from the “North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971,” but have yet to be verified. (6) The external boundaries and coastlines of
India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India. (7) The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar & Jharkhand and Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned. (8) The spellings of names
in this map, have been taken from various sources.

1. Brslpk A¡V$g¡ iy„ ?

1.1 Brslpk : c|sL$pm_u OV$_p_y„ op_ A\hp ApS>, NCL$pg, AphsuL$pg; A\hp Ap
L$fphsy„ ip÷ hj£ Aphsp hj£ hN¡f¡ iåv$âep¡N L$fsu hMs¡
Ap`Zu ÅZ blpf Ap`Z¡ d_dp„ _¡ d_dp„
1.2 Brslpk_u h¥opr_L$ `Ùrs kde_u NZsfu L$fuA¡ R>uA¡. Apdp„ "ldZp„',
"ApS>', "Ap hj£' hN¡f¡ iåv$ Üpfp kdÅsp¡
1.3 Brslpk A_¡ Ap`Z¡ kde A¡V$g¡ hs®dp_L$pm. "\p¡X$p hMs `l¡gp„',
"NCL$pg', "Nep hj®¡', hN¡f¡ iåv$ c|sL$pm v$ip®h¡
1.4 c|sL$pm A_¡ crhóeL$pm R>¡. "\p¡X$p hMs `R>u', "AphsuL$pg', "Aphsp
hj£', hN¡f¡ iåv$ Üpfp crhóeL$pm kdÅe R>¡.
1.1 Brslpk : c|sL$pm_u OV$_p_y„ op_ L$fphsy„ husu Ne¡gu nZ c|sL$pm R>¡. AÐepf_u Qpgy
ip÷. nZ hs®dp_L$pm R>¡. crhóeL$pm lÆ Aphhp_p¡
lp¡e R>¡.
Nep hj£ ^p¡fZ Qp¡\pdp„ Ap`Z¡ R>Ó`rs
rihpÆ dlpfpS>_y„ QqfÓ A_¡ s¡d_p õhfpÄe c|sL$pmdp„ A_¡L$ OV$_p OV$u Ne¡gu lp¡e
õ\p`_p_p„ L$pe®_p¡ Aæepk L$ep£. rihpÆ R>¡. Dv$plfZ sfuL¡$, ApS>¡ Ap`Zu Jdf v$k
dlpfpS>_p S>Þd `|h£_p¡ kde A¡V$g¡ ApS>\u hj® lp¡e, sp¡ Ap`Zp S>Þd_u OV$_p c|sL$pmdp„
gNcN Qpfkp¡ hj® `l¡gp„_p¡ kde. Ap_¡ S> v$k hj® `l¡gp„ b_u, A¡hp¡ s¡_p¡ A\® \i¡. s¡ S>
Ap`Z¡ Qpfkp¡ hj® "S|>_p¡' A\hp Qpfkp¡ hj® âdpZ¡ v$k hj£ A¡V$g¡ crhóeL$pmdp„ Ap`Zu
`l¡gp„ "\C Ne¡gp¡' L$pm `Z L$lu iL$uA¡. Jdf huk hj® li¡. Ap`Zp S>Þdqv$hk\u

ìehlpf_u kNhX$ Mpsf Ap`Z¡ L$pm_p
Sy>v$uSy>v$u `Ùrs\u cpN `pX$uA¡ R>uA¡.
ldZp„, \p¡X$p hMs `l¡gp„, \p¡X$p hMs `R>u;

c|sL$pm hs®dp_L$pm crhóeL$pm
S>Þdqv$hk Ad¡ v$k hj®_p R>uA¡. Ad¡ huk hj®_p \Ciy„.
v$k hj® `l¡gp„
ApS>. v$k hj£

(1)

ApS> ky^u_p¡ A¡L$ ìe[¼s_p Apeyóe_p¡ c|sL$pm ìe[¼s L$l¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡d_p L$l¡hpdp„ \p¡X$p¡OZp¡
lp¡e R>¡. afL$ lp¡C iL¡$. Aphp kde¡ Mf¡Mf kpQy„ iy„ R>¡
s¡hp¡ âñ Ap`Z_¡ \pe R>¡. Qp¡½$k kpQy„ iy„ R>¡
c|sL$pmdp„ OV¡$gu OV$_p kdS>hp_p s¡ _½$u L$fhp dpV¡$, L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡gu hpsp¡_u
rhop__¡ "Brslpk' L$l¡ R>¡. bpfuL$pC\u s`pk L$fhu `X¡$ R>¡.

1.2 Brslpk_u h¥opr_L$ (ip÷ue) `Ùrs c|sL$pm_u OV$_p afu\u S>¡d_u s¡d
OX$hp_p¡ âep¡N L$fhp¡ i¼e _\u. s¡\u Brslpk
^p¡fZ ÓuÅ A_¡ Qp¡\pdp„ `qfkf Aæepk_p fS|> L$fhp_u `Ùrs AÞe rhop_p¡ L$fsp„ Sy>v$u R>¡.
`pW$é`yõsL$dp„ Ap`Z_¡ Sy>v$pSy>v$p rhop__u s¡d R>sp„ s¡dp„_p `yfphp ip¡^hp dpV¡$, QL$pkhp
Ap¡mM \C NC R>¡. L$p¡C`Z `yfphp¡ âÐen dpV¡$ A_¡ `fõ`f Å¡X$hp dpV¡$ h¥opr_L$ `Ùrs_p¡
âep¡N_u L$kp¡V$u D`f afuafu_¡ QL$pku Å¡sp„ S> D`ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ S>ê$qfeps
AphX$hy„, A¡ Ap v$f¡L$ rhop__u rhriô$sp lp¡e âdpZ¡ AÞe rhop__u dv$v$ g¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
R>¡. âÐe¡L$ `yfphp¡ Sy>v$uSy>v$u L$kp¡V$u `f QL$pku s¡ Ap b^y„ Ýep_dp„ g¡sp„ Brslpk A¡L$ ipõÓ R>¡
rhðk_ue R>¡ L¡$ _rl s¡ _½$u L$fhp_u `Ùrs_¡ A¡d L$l¡hpe R>¡. Brslpk dpÓ L$ë`_p_p Ap^pf¡
h¥opr_L$ `Ùrs L$l¡hpe R>¡. gMpsp¡ _\u.

Ap`Zp S>Þd\u gC_¡ A_¡L$ bpbsp¡ âpQu_ hõsy, hpõsy, rië`p¡, hpkZp¡,
Ap`Z_¡ Mbf lp¡su _\u. s¡d R>sp„ v$pv$u, v$pv$p, rk½$p, L$p¡sf¡gp g¡M, spd°`Ó, N°„\, lõsrgrMsp¡,
dpsp, r`sp, hN¡f¡ gp¡L$p¡ Ap`Zp bpm`Z_u gp¡L$p¡_p õdfZdp„ fl¡gu L$\p-hpsp®, Nusp¡,
dS>¡v$pf hpsp¡ Ap`Z_¡ L$l¡sp„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ bpbs
s¡d_¡ epv$ lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ S> hps_u epv$ Sy>v$uSy>v$u

hpkZp¡ rk½$p
spd°`Ó

N°„\ A_¡ lõsrgrMsp¡

Brslpk_p„ kp^_p¡

(2)

hN¡f¡_¡ "Brslpk_p„ kp^_p¡' L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ap ep¡Áe iy„, Aep¡Áe iy„, A¡_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp¡
kp^_p¡_p cp¥rsL$, g¡rMs A_¡ dp¥rML$ A¡d i¼e b_¡ R>¡. hs®dp_L$pmdp„ L¡$hu fus¡ fl¡hp\u
ÓZ âL$pf lp¡e R>¡. c|sL$pmdp„ Mf¡Mf iy„ A_¡ Dˆ>hm crhóeL$pm r_dp®Z L$fu iL$pe, s¡ `Z
L¡$hu fus¡ bÞey„, s¡_¡ ip¡^hp Ap kp^_p¡dp„\u Brslpk_p Aæepk Üpfp kdÅe R>¡.
dmsu kprbsuAp¡_p kpQpMp¡V$p`Zp_u bfpbf
QL$pkZu L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$kp¡V$udp„ `pf c|sL$pmdp„ \C Ne¡gp dlp_ ìe[¼sAp¡_p„
Dsf¡gu kprbsu_¡ Ap^pf¡ c|sL$pm_u OV$_p QqfÓp¡dp„\u õaŸrs® A_¡ â¡fZp Ap`hp_y„ L$pe®
¾$rdL$ Å¡X$u_¡ Brslpk_u fS|>Aps L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ `Z Brslpk L$f¡ R>¡. Brslpk_¡ gu^¡ Ap`Zu
R>¡. Ap h¥opr_L$ `Ùrs R>¡. > A_¡ AÞe k„õL©$rs hÃQ¡ \e¡gy„ Apv$p_âv$p_
s\p dp_hk„õL©$rs_p S>X$ZOX$Z kdÅe R>¡.
1.3 Brslpk A_¡ Ap`Z¡ s¡hu S> fus¡ dpZkp¡_u Æh_`Ùrsdp„ L¡$hu fus¡
`qfhs®_ Aphsy„ Ney„, s¡ `Z kdÆ iL$pe R>¡.
rhop__p Aæepk_¡ gu^¡ Ap`Z_¡ A_¡L$
âñp¡_p DÑfp¡ dm¡ R>¡. Dv$p. `ep®hfZip÷. v$f¡L$ Npd_p¡, rS>‰p_p¡, fpÄe_p¡, v$¡i_p¡
S>¡ âdpZ¡ `ep®hfZip÷ `ep®hfZ_u lpr_, õhs„Ó Brslpk lp¡e R>¡. s¡hu S> fus¡ `©Õhu,
âv|$jZ S>¡hp âñ A_¡ s¡_p D`pep¡_p¡ Aæepk `©Õhu D`f_p Xy„$Nf, S>mpie, âpZuk©rô$,
L$f¡ R>¡, s¡ âdpZ¡ âÐe¡L$ rhop_ `p¡s`p¡sp_p dpZk Ap v$f¡L$_p¡ õhs„Ó Brslpk R>¡.
rhje_p¡ Aæepk L$f¡ R>¡.
âÐe¡L$ rhop_ (ip÷)_p¡ `Z `p¡sp_p¡
dpZkp¡_p ìe[¼sNs A\hp kpd|rlL$ Brslpk lp¡e R>¡. s¡_p Ap^pf¡ dp_hk„õL©$rsdp„
L$pe®_p `qfZpd Üpfp dp_hu kdpS>_u âNrs dlÒh_y„ `qfhs®_ gphsu A_¡L$ h¥opr_L$
dpV¡$ `p¡jL$ A\hp lpr_L$pfL$ hpsphfZ ip¡^p¡_u A_¡ s¡_p ip¡^L$ h¥opr_L$p¡_u dprlsu
r_dp®Z \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡_u Akf Ap`Zp v$¥r_L$ Ap`Z_¡ dm¡ R>¡.
(fp¡tS>v$p) Æh_ D`f `X$su lp¡e R>¡. Dv$p.,
L$p¡C A¡L$ Npd_p gp¡L$p¡ A¡L$ \C, A¡L$buÅ_u 1.4 c|sL$pm A_¡ crhóeL$pm
dv$v$\u Äepf¡ b^p„ L$pep£ `pf `pX¡$ R>¡, Ðepf¡
Npd_p¡ rhL$pk DÑd fus¡ \pe R>¡. `f„sy Npd_p c|sL$pm, hs®dp_L$pm A_¡ crhóeL$pm
gp¡L$p¡dp„ L$p¡C L$pfZkf A¡L$sp S>mhpe _rl, sp¡ rhrh^ OV$_pAp¡_u AM„X$ kp„L$mu\u Å¡X$pe¡gp
s¡ Npd_p rhL$pkdp„ Ahfp¡^ r_dp®Z \pe R>¡. lp¡e R>¡. Dv$p. õhps„Ôe d¡mhhp dpV¡$
cpfsuep¡A¡ A„N°¡S> kfL$pf rhfyÙ gX$pC L$fu, s¡
c|sL$pm_p dp_hkdpS>_p rhQpf, L$pep£ A¡L$ A¥rslprkL$ L$pe® R>¡. s¡_¡ gu^¡ 15 Ap¡NõV$
A_¡ L$pep£_p `qfZpd_p¡ Aæepk L$fu A_¡L$ 1947_p fp¡S> cpfs v$¡i õhs„Ó \ep¡. A¡_p¡
âñp¡_p DÑfp¡ Brslpk ip¡^¡ R>¡. Brslpk_p A\® L¡$ õhps„Ôeâprá_u OV$_p õhps„Ôe k„N°pd_y„
Aæepk_¡ gu^¡ dp_hkdpS>_u âNrs dpV¡$ `qfZpd R>¡ s¡d L$lu iL$pe.

(3)

Ap`Zu Apk`pk OV$su A_¡L$ OV$_p ApNm_u `¡Y$uA¡ Aphu bpbsp¡dp„ h^pfp¡
Aphu `Ùrs\u Ap`Z¡ ANpD L$f¡gp„ L$pep£ kp\¡ L$ep£. dp_hu_p ipfuqfL$ A_¡ bp¥qÙL$ rhL$pk_p
Å¡X$pe¡gu lp¡e R>¡. s¡_¡ gu^¡ Ap`Z_¡ A¡ `Z klep¡N\u S> s„Óop_ `Z rhL$rks \sy„ Ney„.
kdÅe R>¡ L¡$, ANpD L$f¡gp„ A¡V$g¡ c|sL$pm_p„ Ap âq¾$ep lÆ`Z Arhfs`Z¡ iê$ S> R>¡.
L$pep£ `f crhóeL$pm Ap^pqfs lp¡e R>¡. c|sL$pm_u ip¡^p¡_p Ap^pf¡ S> ApNm_u _hu
Brslpk_p Aæepk Üpfp Ap`Z¡ A¡ iuMuA¡ ip¡^p¡ L$fhu i¼e b_¡ R>¡.
R>uA¡. Dv$p. OZp kde `l¡gp„ dp_huA¡
Apk`pk_p `qfkfdp„\u D`gå^ kprlÐedp„\u >
lr\epfp¡ r_dp®Z L$fhp_u L$gp ApÐdkps L$fu
lsu. Ar‚_p¡ D`ep¡N L¡$hu fus¡ L$fhp¡, s¡ iuMu
gu^y„. s¡Z¡ ApNm S>sp„ `¥X$p„_u ip¡^ L$fu.

c|sL$pmdp„_u ip¡^ A_¡ s„Óop_ hs®dp_L$pmdp„_u ip¡^ A_¡ s„Óop_

õhpÝepe

1. Mpgu S>Áepdp„ ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡. `qfZpd R>¡?
(A) c|sL$pmdp„ OV$¡gu OV$_p kdS>hp_p (B) Brslpk_p Aæepk_¡ gu^¡ L$C bpbs
rhop__¡ -------- L$l¡ R>¡.
(Ap) Brslpk dpÓ -------- _p Ap^pf¡ i¼e b_¡ R>¡ ?
gMpsp¡ _\u.
3. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p V|„$L$dp„ DÑfp¡ gMp¡.
2. v$f¡L$_p A¡L$ hp¼edp„ DÑf gMp¡. (A) Brslpk A¡ ip÷ R>¡ A¡d ip dpV¡$ L$l¡hpe
(A) h¥opr_L$ `Ùrs A¡V$g¡ iy„ ? R>¡ ?
(Ap) õhps„Ôeâprá_u OV$_p ¼ep L$pe®_y„ (Ap) Npd_p rhL$pkdp„ Ahfp¡^ L¡$hu fus¡
r_dp®Z \pe R>¡ ?

(4)

4. k„L$ë`_prQÓ s¥epf L$fp¡. õs„c, QqfÓN„°\, Nyap, gp¡L$L$\p.
Npd_p¡
cp¥rsL$ g¡rMs dp¥rML$

Brslpk D`¾$d :
L$p¡_p¡ (A) sdpfp Npddp„_p/`qfkfdp„_p A¥rslprkL$
hpõsy_u s\p âpQu_ ^prd®L$ õ\mp¡_u
dpfp¡ dprlsu A_¡ rQÓp¡_y„ k„L$g_ L$fp¡.
ipmp_p¡ (Ap) sdpfu ipmp_p¡ Brslpk ÅZhp dpV¡$ sd¡
5. _uQ¡_p s¼spdp„ Brslpk_p„ kp^_p¡_y„ hN}L$fZ ¼ep„ ¼ep„ kp^_p¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fip¡, s¡_u
L$fp¡. epv$u s¥epf L$fp¡ A_¡ kp^_p¡ Üpfp sd_¡
Brslpk_p„ kp^_p¡ - rk½$p, `Óìehlpf, L$C dprlsu dmu iL$i¡ s¡ gMp¡.
qL$‰p, Års Ap^pqfs Nhpsp„ Nusp¡ (Ap¡huAp¡), S>¡d L¡$ - ipmp_u Dv¹OpV$_rigp ipmp_u
hpkZp¡, spd°`Ó, hpX$pAp¡, rigpg¡M, gp¡L$Nusp¡, õ\p`_p, Dv$OpV$L$ hN¡f¡.

Ap sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$ ?
`yfpsÒh

rhrh^ dp_h kdpS>¡ c|sL$pmdp„ r_dp®Z L$f¡gu A_¡L$ hõsy A_¡ hpõsy_p Ahi¡j W¡$L$W¡$L$pZ¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. s¡dp„_p b^p„
S> S>du_ D`f lp¡e R>¡ s¡hy„ _\u. hjp®_yhj£ `|f kp\¡ hlu Aph¡gp L$p„`_p A\hp `h_ kp\¡ M¢QpC Aph¡g dpV$u_p \f S>dp
\C s¡_u _uQ¡ L¡$V$gpL$ Ahi¡j v$V$pC Åe R>¡. dpZk¡ OX¡$gu hõsy A_¡ hpõsy_u S>¡d S> dp_h A_¡ âpZu_p lpX$t`S>f_p
Ahi¡j `Z Aphu S> `Ùrs\u v$V$pC Ne¡gp lp¡e R>¡. Aphp Ahi¡jp¡_¡ `yfphi¡j L$l¡hpe R>¡. "`yfp' A¡V$g¡ S|>_p.

c|sL$pmdp„_u hõsy A_¡ hpõsy_p s¡d S> s¡_p Ahi¡jp¡_p Ap^pf¡ OV$u Ne¡gu OV$_p_u fS|>Aps h¥opr_L$ `Ùrs\u
L$fhp_p rhop__¡ "`yfpsÒh ip÷' L$l¡hpe R>¡. `yfphi¡j ip¡^u L$pY$hp_p A_¡ s¡_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp_p L$pd `yfpsÒho L$f¡
R>¡. S>du__u _uQ¡ v$V$pC Ne¡gp `yfphi¡j âL$pidp„ gphhp dpV¡$ S>du__p¡ A¡L$A¡L$ \f AÐe„s iyÙ h¥opr_L$ fus¡ s`pku,
L$pmÆ`|h®L$ ep¡Áe fus¡ L$f¡gp Mp¡v$L$pd_¡ "`yfpsÒhue DÐM__' L$l¡hpe R>¡. `yfphi¡j Äep„ dmu iL¡$, s¡hp õ\mp¡_u ip¡^
`l¡gp L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡_u ìeh[õ\s _p¢^ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ðepf `R>u ¼ep õ\m¡ DÐM__ L$fhp_y„ s¡_y„ Apep¡S>_
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

DÐM__ (Mp¡v$L$pddp„\u) dm¡gp Ahi¡jp¡_p¡ Aæepk L$fsu hMs¡ `yfpsÒho A_¡L$ âñp¡_p DÑfp¡ ip¡^hp_p¡ âeÐ_
L$f¡ R>¡.

Dv$plfZp\£,
1. dm¡gp Ahi¡j ¼ep L$pm_p R>¡?
2. s¡ Ahi¡j L$C k„õL©$rs_p R>¡?
3. s¡ k„õL©$rs_p gp¡L$p¡_y„ v$¥r_L$ Æh_ L¡$hp âL$pf_y„ lsy„?
4. s¡ gp¡L$p¡_p AÞe k„õL©$rs_p gp¡L$p¡ kp\¡ L¡$hp âL$pf_p¡ k„b„^ lsp¡ ?
5. s¡ gp¡L$p¡ fp¡tS>v$p Æh__u S>ê$qfepsp¡ `|fu L$fhp dpV¡$ `p¡sp_u Apk`pk_p `qfkf_u Ly$v$fsu kp^_k„`rÑ_p¡ D`ep¡N

L¡$hu fus¡ L$fsp„ lsp„ ?



(5)

2. Brslpk A_¡ L$pm k„L$ë`_p

2.1 L$pm_y„ rhcpS>_ A_¡ L$pmf¡Mp 12 L$gpL$_p¡ qv$hk A_¡ 12 L$gpL$_u fprÓ A¡hp¡

2.2 L$pmNZ_p A_¡ L$pmNZ_p_u `Ùrs Ap kde lp¡e R>¡. Aphp S> A¡L$ qv$hk A_¡ A¡L$
fprÓ dmu_¡ \sp L$pm_¡ `Z Ap`Z¡ ìep`L$
2.3 Brslpk_p L$pm_y„ rhcpS>_ A\®dp„ A¡L$ "qv$hk' L$luA¡ R>uA¡. Aphp¡ A¡L$
qv$hk A¡V$g¡ A¡L$ hpf.
2.4 L$pmdp`__u h¥opr_L$ `Ùrs A_¡
L$pmr_ròrs kp¡dhpf\u frhhpf kps hpf_y„ A¡L$
AW$hpqX$ey„, b¡ AW$hpqX$ep„_y„ A¡L$ `MhpqX$ey„,
2.1 L$pm_y„ rhcpS>_ A_¡ L$pmf¡Mp

L$pm kdÅhhp_u Sy>v$uSy>v$u `Ùrs lp¡e R>¡. Qpf AW$hpqX$ep„_p¡ A¡V$g¡ S> b¡ `MhpqX$ep„_p¡
L$pm AM„X$ A_¡ r_f„sf lp¡e R>¡, `Z Ap`Zu A¡L$ drl_p¡ A_¡ bpf drl_p_y„ A¡L$ hj®, Aphu

kNhX$ dpV¡$ Ap`Z¡ s¡_y„ rhcpS>_ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡. `Ùrs\u Ap`Z¡ L$pm_y„ ¾$dhpf rhcpS>_ L$fuA¡

L$pm_y„ rhcpS>_ Ap`Z¡ ¼ep DØ¡íe\u A_¡ L$C R>uA¡. hjp£_p„ hjp£ `kpf \sp„ \sp„ kp¡ hj®_p¡

`Ùrs\u L$fuA¡ R>uA¡, s¡_p `f L$pm kdS>hp_u L$pm `|fp¡ \pe, L¡$ A¡L$ k¥L$p¡ (kv$u) `|Z® \pe

`Ùrs Ahg„rbs lp¡e R>¡. Dv$p., k|ep£v$e \ep¡, R>¡. Aphu v$k kv$u (isL$) A¡V$g¡ S> A¡L$ lÅf

L¡$ Ap`Z¡ L$luA¡ R>uA¡, "qv$hk EÁep¡, khpf hj® `|fp„ \ep„, L¡$ A¡L$ klöp[å^ `|Z® \pe R>¡.

\C!' k|ep®õs \pe, L¡$ Ap`Z¡ L$luA¡ R>uA¡, L¡$ L$pm_p Aphp rhcpS>__¡ A¡L$ f¡rML$ rhcpS>_

"qv$hk Ap\çep¡, k„Ýep \C !' qv$hk Ap\du_¡ L$l¡hpe R>¡.

k„Ýep \pe, L¡$ \p¡X$p S> kdedp„ A„^pfy„$ \C_¡ fprÓ Bkhu k__p¡ L$pm : A¡L$f¡rML$ rhcpS>_dp„
\pe R>¡. dpV¡$ Ap`Z¡ L$pm_y„ rhcpS>_ qv$hk A_¡ A¡L$_u `pR>m `pR>m Aphsp„ hjp£_u ¾$dhpf
fprÓ Ap b¡ OV$L$p¡dp„ L$ey¯, A¡hp¡ s¡_p¡ A\® \pe R>¡. dp„X$Zu L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Brslpk_p„ `yõsL$p¡dp„

Ap`Zu `©Õhu A¡L$ Qp¡½$k Nrs\u `p¡sp_u `Z A¡L$_u `pR>m `pR>m OV¡$gu OV$_pAp¡_u

^fu Apk`pk af¡ R>¡. s¡hu S> fus¡ s¡ k|e®_u kp„L$m Aphu S> A¡L$f¡rML$ `Ùrs\u ¾$di:

Apk`pk `Z af¡ R>¡. k|e® õhe„âL$pris R>¡. dp„X¡$gu lp¡e R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ kpdpÞe fus¡ Bkhu

k|e®qL$fZp¡dp„\u kss âL$pi dm¡ R>¡. s¡d R>sp„ k__p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

Ap`Z_¡ dpÓ qv$hk_p¡ âL$pi v$¡Mpe R>¡ A_¡ Ap`Z¡ hp`fuA¡ R>uA¡ s¡ qv$_v$ri®L$p
fpÓ¡ A„^pfy„ ! Aphy„ L¡$hu fus¡ b_¡ ?
Bkhu k_ `f Ap^pqfs lp¡e R>¡. Bky rÀõs_p
`©Õhu `p¡sp_u ^fu Apk`pk af¡ R>¡ s¡
hMs¡ s¡_p¡ S>¡ `©›$cpN k|e®_u kpd¡ Aphsp¡ fl¡, õdfZp\£ Bkhu k__u iê$Aps \C. "Bkhu'
Ðep„ AS>hpmy„ \sy„ Åe. S>¡ cpN k|e® kpd¡\u iåv$ "Bky'_p _pd kp\¡ k„b„r^s R>¡. S>¡ hj®\u
v|$f S>sp¡ fl¡, Ðep„ A„^pfy„ \sy„ Åe. `©Õhu_u Bkhu k__u iê$Aps \B, s¡ Bkhu k__y„ `l¡gy„

`p¡sp_u ^fu_u Apk`pk A¡L$ âv$rnZp `|Z® hj®. s¡ hj®_u iê$Aps "1' k„¿ep\u v$ip®hpe
\hp dpV¡$ 24 L$gpL$_p¡ kde gpN¡ R>¡. gNcN R>¡. `R>u\u Aphsp âÐe¡L$ hj®_u ¾$rdL$k„¿ep
(6)

ApNm_u qv$ipdp„ QX$su Åe R>¡. "B.k.1- 2.2 L$pmNZ_p A_¡ L$pmNZ_p_u `Ùrs

100' â\d A¡d gMpe R>¡. Bkhu k__p L$pmNZ_p L$fhu A¡V$g¡ L$pm_u g„bpC
dp`hu. L$pm dp`hp_p Ap`Z¡ ÅZuA¡ R>uA¡
`l¡gp„ kl÷p[åv$_p¡ L$pm "B.k.1-1000' A¡d s¡ A¡L$dp¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡ : k¡L„$X$, rdr_V$,
L$gpL$, qv$hk, AW$hpqX$ey„, `MhpqX$ey„, drl_p¡,
gMpe R>¡. hj®, k¥L$p¡ A_¡ kl÷p[åv$. k¡L„$X$ Apdp„_p¡ kp¥\u
_p_p¡ A¡L$d R>¡. vy$r_epdp„ L$pmNZ_p_u A_¡L$
Bkhu k_ `l¡gp„_p¡ L$pm : Bkhu k__u `ÙrsAp¡ A[õsÐhdp„ R>¡. s¡dp„ "Bkhu k_'-
iê$Aps \ep `l¡gp„_p L$pm_¡ "Bkhu k_ `|h£_p¡ _u `Ùrs h^pf¡ âQrgs R>¡. kh®kpdpÞe fus¡
L$pm' L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ap kde_p„ hjp®¡ NZsu k„b„r^s drl_p_p s¡ s¡ qv$hk_p¡ ¾$dp„L$, Qpgy
hMs¡ âÐe¡L$ hj®_u ¾$rdL$k„¿ep_u Esfsp drl_p_y„ _pd A\hp ¾$dp„L$ A_¡ Qpgy hj®_p¡
¾$ddp„ dp„X$Zu \pe R>¡. Bkhu k_ `|h£_p `l¡gp ¾$dp„L$ Ap ¾$d\u Ap`Z¡ qv$_p„L$ gMuA¡ R>uA¡.
k¥L$p_u iê$Aps B.k. `|h£ 100 hj£ \C A_¡ s¡ spfuM `Z qv$_p„L$_p¡ kdp_p\} iåv$ sfuL¡$
B.k.`|. 1_p hj£ `|fu \C. s¡hu S> fus¡ Bkhu âQrgs R>¡.
k_ `|h£ `l¡gu kl÷p[åv$_u iê$Aps B.k.`|.
1000_p hj£ \C A_¡ s¡ B.k.`|. 1_p hj£ `|fu L$pmNZ_p_u AÞe `Ùrs `Z R>¡. Bkhu
\B. dpV¡$ Bkhu k_ `|h£_p `l¡gp kp¡ hjp£_p¡ k_u iê$Aps Bky rÀõs_p õdfZp\£ \C,
A¡V$g¡ `l¡gp„ k¥L$p_p¡ L$pm A¡V$g¡ "B.k.`|.100- s¡ Ap`Z¡ Å¡ey„ R>¡. A¡L$pv$ rhi¡j OV$_p_p
1' A_¡ Bkhu k_ `|h£_u `l¡gu kl÷p[åv$_p¡ õdfZp\£ _hu kdeNZ_p_u iê$Aps L$fhp_u
L$pm A¡V$g¡ "B.k.`|.1000-1'. â\p `l¡g¡\u S> A[õsÒhdp„ lsu. Dv$p., A¡L$pv$
`fp¾$du fpÅ_p fpÄeprcj¡L$_u OV$_p. R>Ó`rs
Bkhu k_ `|h£_p L$pgM„X$ gMhp_u `Ùrs rihpÆ dlpfpS>¡ `p¡sp_p fpÄeprcj¡L$_p r_rdÑ¡
Ap`Z¡ L¡$V$gp„L$ Dv$plfZp¡_u dv$v$\u kdÆ Bkhu k_ 1674 dp„ "fpÄeprcj¡L$ iL$' _pd_p
gCA¡. h^®dp_ dlphuf_p¡ Æh_L$pm B.k.`|h£ iL$_u iê$Aps L$fu lsu, s¡ Ap`Z_¡ Mbf R>¡.
599- B.k.`|. 527 Apd gMpe R>¡. Np¥sd
byÙ_p¡ Æh_L$pm B.k.`|. 563-B.k.`|. 483
Apd gMpe R>¡.

Bkhu k_ `|h® 2000
Bkhu k_ `|h® 1500
Bkhu k_ `|h® 1000
Bkhu k_ `|h® 500
Bkhu k_ `|h® 100
Bkhu k_ 100
Bkhu k_ 500
Bkhu k_ 1000
Bkhu k_ 1500
Bkhu k_ 2000

Bkhu k_ `|h® Bkhu k_

(7)

"iprghpl_ iL$' A_¡ "rh¾$d kh„ s'¹ cpfsdp„ _\u, s¡ kde_¡ âpN¥rslprkL$ L$pm

âQrgs L$pgNZ_p R>.¡ Bõgpd ^d_® p õ\p`L$ L$l¡hpe R>¡. "âpL¹$' A¡V$g¡ `l¡gp„_p¡.

dly çdv$ `N¥ b„ f¡ d½$p\u dqv$_p õ\mps„ f L$e.¯y Ap 2. A¥rslprkL$ L$pm : S>¡ kde_p¡ Brslpk
õ\mps„ f_p kde\u "rlS>fu' L$pgNZ_p_u iê$Aps gMhp dpV¡$ g¡rMs `yfphp âpàe R>¡, s¡

\C. cpfsdp_„ p `pfku kdpS>¡ D`epN¡ dp„ gu^u R>¡ L$pm_¡ A¥rslprkL$ L$pm L$l¡hpe R>¡.

s¡ L$pgNZ_p_u `Ùrs_¡ "il_¡ iplu' L$pgNZ_p

L$lh¡ pe R>.¡ .

S>Þd õhfpÄe_u ârsop ApN°p\u Ry>V$L$pfp¡ fpÄeprcj¡L$ d©Ðey
1630
1645 1666 1674 1680

R>Ó`rs rihpÆ dlpfpS>_p Æh__u dlÒh_u OV$_p (B.k. 1630\u 1680)

2.3 Brslpk_p L$pm_y„ rhcpS>_ 2.4 L$pmdp`__u h¥opr_L$ `Ùrs A_¡
L$pgr_ròrs
Brslpk c|sL$pm_u OV$_pAp¡_y„ op_
L$fph_pf rhop_ (ipö) R>¡, s¡ Ap`Z¡ `l¡gp ApS>¡ ¼ep¡ hpf R>¡ A\hp L$C rsr\ R>¡
`pW$dp„ Å¡ey„. s¡ D`f\u Ap`Zp Ýep_dp„ A¡ A\hp L$C spfuM R>¡, s¡ Ap`Z¡ L$luA¡
`Z Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$, \C Ne¡gp¡ b^p¡ L$pm c|sL$pm R>uA¡, Ðepf¡ Ap`Z¡ L$pgNZ_p L$fuA¡ R>uA¡.
lp¡e R>¡. c|sL$pm A¡ S> Brslpk_p¡ L$pm R>¡. L$pgNZ_p_u A_¡L$ `Ùrs lp¡e R>¡ s¡ Ap`Z¡
ìep`L$ ×rô$A¡ Å¡sp„, Brslpk_p¡ L$pm Ap`Zu Å¡ey„. Ap `Ùrsdp„ L$pm_u NZ_p ApNm_p
k|e®dpmp_u DÐ`rÑ_p kde ky^u `pR>m Åe A\hp `pR>m_p ¾$d\u L$fu iL$pe R>¡. Dv$p. Ap
R>¡, s¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMhy„ Å¡CA¡. gNcN kpX$p Qpf drl_p¡ S|>_ R>¡, A¡d L$luA¡ sp¡ `pR>m_p¡ drl_p¡
AbS> hjp£ `l¡gp„ Ap`Zu k|e®dpmp r_dp®Z d¡ lsp¡ A_¡ ApNm_p¡ drl_p¡ Sy>gpC li¡ s¡
\C. Ap`Zu `©Õhu s¡ k|e®dpmpdp„_p¡ A¡L$ N°l L$lu iL$pe. ApS>¡ 10 spfuM li¡ s¡ L$lu iL$pe.
R>¡. s¡_p¡ A\® `©Õhu_u DÐ`rÑ `Z gNcN A¡V$g¡ L$pgNZ_p_u `Ùrsdp„ Ap`Z¡ L$pm_u
kpX$p Qpf AS>b hjp£ `|h® \C. g„bpC dp`uA¡ R>uA¡.

`©Õhu_u DÐ`rÑ ky^u `pR>m S>sp¡ Bkhu k__p¡ âpf„c \sp„ `l¡gp„_p L$pmdp„
kpX$p Qpf AbS> hjp£_p¡ ApV$gp¡ dp¡V$p¡ kde OV$u Ne¡gu OV$_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fsu hMs¡ s¡_p
Npmp¡ sfs S> kdÅhp¡ kfm _\u. dpV¡$ s¡ L$pm_p¡ Dëg¡M Bkhu k_ `|h®¡ AdyL$ S>¡V$gp
sb½$phpf kdS>hp¡ S>ê$fu b_¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ hj® A¡d L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡dp„\u L¡$V$guL$
dy¿eÐh¡ b¡ sb½$p dp_hpdp„ Apìep R>¡ : OV$_p_u dprlsu Ap`Z_¡ S>du__u _uQ¡ v$V$pC
1. âpN¥rslprkL$ L$pm 2. A¥rslprkL$ L$pm Ne¡gp `yfphpAp¡_p Ap^pf¡ d¡mhhu `X¡$ R>¡. s¡
`yfphp dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ hõsy A_¡ hpõsy_p Ahi¡jp¡_p
1. âpN¥rslprkL$ L$pm : S>¡ L$pm_p¡ Brslpk
gMhp dpV¡$ g¡rMs `yfphp âpàe \sp

(8)

õhê$`¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ Ahi¡jp¡_p Ap^pf¡ lÅfp¡ hj® S>¡hu rhrh^ h¥opr_L$ `Ùrs_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhpdp„
`l¡gp_u OV$_p_u L$pg r_ròrs L$fhu h¥opr_L$ Aph¡ R>¡. L$pgdp`__p Ap^pf¡ Ahi¡j A_¡
`Ùrs_p Ap^pf¡ i¼e b_¡ R>¡. S>¡ \fdp„ s¡ dþep s¡ dpV$u_p \f L¡$V$gp hj®
`l¡gp_p„ R>¡ s¡ kdÅe, sp¡ s¡_p¡ kde A„v$pS>¡
S>du__u _uQ¡ dpV$u_p A¡L$_u D`f A¡L$ (õ\|msp\u) r_ròs L$fu iL$pe R>¡.
A¡hp A_¡L$ \f Åd¡gp lp¡e R>¡. dpV$u_p \f_p¡
A_¡ s¡ \fdp„\u dm¡gp Ahi¡jp¡_p¡ L$pgM„X$ Dv$p. A¡L$pv$ dpV$u_y„ hpkZ `p„Q lÅf hj®
AdyL$ spfuM\u AdyL$ spfuM ky^u A¡d r_ròs `l¡gp„_y„ R>¡ s¡hp¡ r_óL$j® L$pmdp`_ `Ùrs_p
õhê$`¡ L$lu iL$pe _rl. "ApS>\u AdyL$ S>¡V$gp„ Ap^pf¡ _uL$m¡, sp¡ A¡d L$lu iL$pe L¡$, s¡ hpkZ_p¡
hjp£ `|h£' Ap `Ùrs\u s¡ L$pm_u NZ_p L$fhu L$pm B.k.`|. gNcN ÓZ lÅf hj® S>¡V$gp¡ R>¡.
i¼e lp¡e R>¡. dpV¡$ Aphu `Ùrs_¡ "L$pmdp`__u s¡_p Ap^pf¡ S>¡ k„õL©$rs kp\¡ s¡ hpkZ k„b„r^s
`Ùrs' L$l¡hpe R>¡. Aphu fus¡ L$pmdp`_ L$fhp R>¡, s¡ k„õL©$rs_p¡ L$pm B.k.`|. gNcN ÓZ
dpV¡$ L$b® 14 rhïg¡jZ, L$póW$hge_p rhïg¡jZ lÅf hj® S>¡V$gp¡ R>¡, A¡d L$lu iL$pe.

õhpÝepe

1. Mpgu S>Áepdp„ ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡. 4. _uQ¡_p¡ s¼sp¡ `|Z® L$fp¡.
(A) Ap`Z¡ hp`fuA¡ R>uA¡ s¡ qv$_v$ri®L$p Brslpk_p L$pm_y„ rhcpS>_
----- `f Ap^pqfs lp¡e R>¡.
(Ap) Bkhu k__u iê$Aps \sp„ `l¡gp„_p Brslpk gMhp dpV¡$ Brslpk gMhp dpV¡$
L$pm_¡ -------- L$l¡hpe R>¡. g¡rMs `yfphp _\u. g¡rMs `yfphp R>¡.

2. v$f¡L$_p A¡L$ hp¼edp„ DÑf gMp¡.
(A) L$pgdp`_ L$fhp dpV¡$ L$C h¥opr_L$
`Ùrs_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ ?
(Ap) Bkhu k__p `l¡gp„ kp¡ hj®_p¡ L$pm L¡$hu
fus¡ gMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ ?

3. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p V|„$L$dp„ DÑf gMp¡.
(A) L$pm_u A¡L$f¡rML$ rhcpS>_ A¡V$g¡ iy„ ?
(Ap) L$pgNZ_p L$fhp_p A¡L$dp¡ ¼ep ?

(9)

D`¾$d : iy¾$hpf ir_hpf
Ap`¡gp dprkL$ Apep¡S>_ A_ykpf `p¡sp_y„ dprkL$ Apep¡S>_ s¥epf L$fp¡.

a¡b°yApfu

frhhpf kp¡dhpf d„Nmhpf by^hpf Nyfyhpf

1

2 34 5 q¾$L¡$V$_u 6 7 8 k„Nus
õ`^p® 13 14 hN®

9 rdÓ_p¡ 10 11 ap¡C 12 15
S>Þdqv$hk Aphi¡
NrZs_u
16 17 18 `funp 19 R>Ó`rs rihpÆ 20 v$pv$u_¡ 21 22 k„Nus
dlpfpS> S>e„rs dmhy„ hN®

23 24 Npddp„ 25 26 27 dfpW$u cpjp 28
cfpsp¡ d¡mp¡ Np¥fhqv$hk

Ap sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$ ?

AbS>: A¡L$ AbS> A¡V$g¡ L¡$V$gp„ hjp£ Mbf R>¡ ? A¡L$ D`f ÓZ i|Þe A¡V$g¡ 1000 A_¡ A¡L$ D`f Qpf i|Þe
A¡V$g¡ 10000 s¡ Ap`Z¡ ÅZuA¡ R>uA¡. s¡_y„ 100 X 10 = 1000 A_¡ 1000 X 10 = 10000_y„ NrZs `Z
Ap`Z_¡ kdÅC Ney„ R>¡. s¡ S> `Ùrs\u QX$su k„¿ep L¡$hu fus¡ s¥epf \pe R>¡, s¡ Å¡CA¡.

100 X 10 = 1000
(kp¡) X (v$k) = (A¡L$ lÅf)

1000 X 10 = 10000
(A¡L$ lÅf) X (v$k) = (v$k lÅf)

10000 X 10 = 100000
(v$k lÅf) X (v$k) = (A¡L$ gpM)

100000 X 10 = 1000000
(A¡L$ gpM) X (v$k) = (v$k gpM$)

1000000 X 10 = 10000000
(v$k gpM) X (v$k) = (A¡L$ L$fp¡X$)

10000000 X 10 = 100000000
(A¡L$ L$fp¡X$) X (v$k) = (v$k L$fp¡X$)

100000000 X 10 = 1000000000
(v$k L$fp¡X$) X (v$k) = (A¡L$ AbS>)

(10)

L$b® 14 `Ùrs\u 60000 hj® `|h£
ky^u_u âpQu_ hõsy_u he _½$u L$fhu

i¼e b_¡ R>¡.

Ap `Ùrs rhgpX®$ rgbu
_pd_p h¥opr_L¡$ ip¡^u.

rhgpX®$ rgbu
S>Þd - 1908 d©Ðey - 1980

L$pgr_ròrs_u `Ùrs : L$b® 14 OV$L$ v$f¡L$ kÆh_p ifufdp„ lp¡e R>¡. kÆh_p d©Ðey `R>u s¡d_p
Ahi¡jp¡dp„\u L$b® 14_y„ âdpZ OV$sy„ Åe R>¡. âpN¥rslprkL$ kde_p„ gpL$X$p„, L$p¡gkp„, lpX$L$p„, Æhp[íd
hN¡f¡ hõsydp„ s¡ OV$sp¡ OV$sp¡ AÐepf¡ L¡$V$gp âdpZdp„ rkgL$ R>¡, s¡ âep¡Nipmpdp„ d`pe R>¡. rkgL$
fl¡gp L$b® 14“p„ Ap^pf¡ s¡ hõsy_u Jdf ÅZhu i¼e b_¡ R>¡. L$p¡C A¡L$ hõsy_u Jdf _½$u L$fhp_u
Ap h¥opr_L$ `Ùrs_¡ "L$b® 14 `Ùrs' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$pgdp`__u AÞe A_¡L$ `ÙrsAp¡ R>¡. a¼s
"L$b® 14' `Ùrs h^pf¡ D`ep¡Ndp„ g¡hpsu `Ùrs R>¡. Ap A_¡ AÞe L$pgdp`_ `Ùrs_p Ap^pf¡ hõsy_p¡
kde _½$u \pe, L¡$ s¡ hõsy S>¡ k„õL©$rs_p gp¡L$p¡A¡ r_dp®Z L$fu lp¡e, s¡ k„õL©$rs_p¡ L$pm A¡L$f¡rML$ L$pgf¡Mp
D`f v$ip®hu iL$pe R>¡.

h©n_u h©qÙ \su lp¡e Ðepf¡ h©n_p \X$_y„ A¡L$-A¡L$ hge v$f hj£ h^sy„ Åe R>¡. s¡ hgep¡ NZsp
h©n_u Jdf ip¡^u iL$pe R>¡. gpL$X$p_u hõsy_u Jdf ip¡^hp dpV¡$ `Z s¡_u dv$v$ \pe R>¡. Ap `Ùrs_¡
"L$póW$hge L$pgdp`_ `Ùrs' L$l¡hpe R>¡.



(11)

3. `©Õhu `f_p kÆh

3.1 `©Õhu_u DÐ`rÑ eyf¡_k (8) _¡`Ãe|_.
3.2 `©Õhu `f_p kÆhp¡_u r_rd®rs
3.2 `©Õhu `f_p kÆhp¡_u r_rd®rs Ap v$f¡L$ N°lp¡dp„\u `©Õhu `f kÆh k©róV$
R>¡. `©Õhu_u DÐ`rÑ `R>u s¡_p¡ `©óW$cpN W„$X$p¡
3.3 `©Õhu `f_u âpZuk©róV$ \C s¡_p D`f S>gpiep¡_u r_rd®rs \sp„ gNcN
80 L$fp¡X$ hj® gpÁep„. A¡hy„ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, L¡$
3.1 `©Õhu_u DÐ`rÑ `pZudp„ `l¡gp„ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p A¡L$L$p¡jue kÆh
DÐ`Þ_ \ep. "Adubp'_p _pd\u Ap¡mMpsp
Ap`Z_¡ b^p_¡ S> L¡$V$gpL$ âï_p¡ Dv$chsp Ap A¡L$L$p¡jue kÆhdp„\u ^ud¡^ud¡ blºL$p¡jue
lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s., Ap`Z¡ b^p S>¡ `©Õhu `f fluA¡ kÆh DÐ`Þ_ \ep. Adubp AÐe„s k|ÿd lp¡e
R>uA¡, s¡ `©Õhu L¡$hu fus¡ b_u li¡, ¼epf¡ b_u R>¡. s¡ _fu Ap„M¡ v$¡Mpsp _\u. s¡_¡ Å¡hp dpV¡$
li¡? s¡ AÐepf¡ S>¡hu R>¡, s¡hu `l¡g¡\u S> lsu k|ÿdv$i®L$_u S>ê$f `X¡$ R>¡.
L¡$ bv$gpC NC R>¡ ? Å¡ s¡ bv$gpC lp¡e, sp¡
s¡_pdp„ Mf¡Mf ip¡ bv$gph Apìep¡ R>¡ ?

`©Õhu k|ÿdv$i®L$dp„\u Å¡e¡gp¡ Adubp
k|ÿdv$i®L$ e„Ó
h¥opr_L$ k„ip¡^__p Ap^pf¡ A¡hy„
dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, L¡$ gNcN kpX$p Qpf AbS>
hj® `|h£ AÐe„s sàs (Nfd) hpey A_¡ ^|m\u
b_¡gy„, A¡L$ âQ„X$ A_¡ AÐe„s Nrsiug hpv$m
AhL$pidp„ r_dp®Z \ey„. s¡_u AÐe„s h¡Nugu,
Q¾$pL$pf Nrs_p L$pfZ¡ s¡_y„ rhcpS>_ \C_¡ k|e®
A_¡ k|e®_u Apk`pk afsp N°l r_dp®Z \ep.
s¡d_p _pdp¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡ : (1) by^ (2) iy¾$
(3) `©Õhu (4) d„Nm (5) Nyfy (6) ir_ (7)

(12)

3.3 `©Õhu `f_u âpZuk©róV$ 2. âpZu AÞ_ d¡mhhp dpV¡$ A\hp AÞe
âpZuk©róV$_p¡ rhQpf Ap`Z¡ Al] L$fhp_p L$pfZp¡ dpV¡$ lg_Qg_ L$f¡ R>¡.
R>uA¡. `©Õhu `f_u kÆhk©róV$dp„ âpZu A_¡
3. L¡$V$gp„L$ âpZu ÅrsAp¡dp„_p„ âpZuAp¡ IX$p„
h_õ`rs lp¡e R>¡. âpZuAp¡_u L¡$V$guL$ rhrióV$sp d|L¡$ R>¡. s¡dp„\u bÃQp„ S>Þd¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gp„L$
âpZuÅrsAp¡dp„_p„ âpZuAp¡ A`Ðe_¡
Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡. S>Þd Ap`¡ R>¡.
1. âpZu ïhpkp¡ÃR>hpk L$f¡ R>¡.

âpZuk©róV$

(13)

õhpÝepe

1. v$f¡L$_p A¡L$ hp¼edp„ DÑf gMp¡. 4. _uQ¡_u OV$_p L$pmp_y¾$d âdpZ¡ gMp¡.
(A) Adubp Å¡hp dpV¡$ i¡_u S>ê$f `X$¡ R>¡? (A) `©Õhu `f S>mpiep¡_u DÐ`rÑ \C.
(Ap) A¡L$L$p¡jue kÆh L¡$hu fus¡ DÐ`Þ_ (Ap) k|e® A_¡ k|e®_u Apk`pk afsp N°lp¡
\ep? DÐ`Þ_ \ep.
(B) A_¡L$ âL$pf_p A¡L$L$p¡jue kÆh DÐ`Þ_
2. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p V|„$L$dp„ DÑfp¡ gMp¡. \ep.
(A) k|e® A_¡ k|e®_u Apk`pk afsp N°lp¡ (C) sàs hpey A_¡ ^|mdp„\u b_¡gy„$ A¡L$
L¡$hu fus¡ DÐ`Þ_ \ep ? âQ„X$ h¡Nugy„ hpv$m AhL$pidp„ r_dp®Z
(Ap) âpZuAp¡_u b¡ rhrióV$sp gMp¡. \ey„.

3. _uQ¡_p Qp¡¼W$pdp„ Ry>`pe¡gp `p„Q N°lp¡_p„ _pd L©$rs :
ip¡^u_¡ s¡_u afs¡ Np¡m L$fp¡. rhrh^ L$v$_p v$X$p_u dv$v$\u k|e®dpmp_u ârsL©$rs
s¥epf L$fp¡.
f hu m N d„
D`¾$d :
by _ V$p¡o ly fp _ÆL$_p âpZuk„N°lpge_u dygpL$ps gp¡ A\hp
sdpfp `qfkfdp„ Å¡hp dmsp„ âpZuAp¡_u epv$u
k| ^ Ãe| àg| Ö s¥epf L$fp¡ A_¡ s¡_u rhrióV$sp gMp¡.

iy ¾$ e® ` Q„

ey f¡ _ k _¡

Ap sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$ ?

`©Õhu D`fp„s "d„Nm' N°l D`f Æhk©róV$_y„ ArõsÒh lp¡hp_u i¼esp L¡$V$gp„L$ h¥opr_L$p¡_¡ gpNsu lp¡e
R>sp„, s¡ rhje_y„ Qp¡½$k sÕe lÆ ky^u Ål¡f \ey„ _\u. `©Õhu âdpZ¡ S> d„Nm_p `©›$cpN D`f ÄhpmpdyMu
`h®s, MuZ, fZ A_¡ bfa\u ApÃR>pqv$s ^°yhue âv$¡i R>¡. Ðep„_y„ L$pb®_ X$pep¡¼kpCX$ hpey_y„ âdpZ gNcN
95% R>¡. d„Nm D`f `pZu, Ars k|ÿd âdpZdp„ âpZhpey A_¡ AÞe L¡$V$gpL$ hpey_y„ A[õsÐh lp¡hp_u
Mpsfu \hp_¡ gu^¡ Ðep„ kÆhp¡_y„ A[õsÐh lp¡hp_u i¼esp S>ZpC. Ðep„_u dpV$udp„ h_õ`rs_u h©qÙ dpV¡$
AphíeL$ OV$L$p¡ lp¡hp_y„ `Z S>Zpey„ R>¡. Ap b^y„ Ýep_dp„ g¡sp„ d„Nm D`f_p kÆhp¡_p A[õsÐh bpbs
h¥opr_L$ k„ip¡^_ Qpgy R>¡. kÆhp¡_y„ A[õsÐh V$L$phu fpMhp âhpluê$` `pZu_u S>ê$f lp¡e R>¡. d„Nm_p¡ ^y°hue
âv$¡i bfa\u ApÃR>pqv$s lp¡hp R>sp„, Ðep„ âhpluê$` `pZu âpàe _\u.

kprlÐe A_¡ qaëd Üpfp "d„Nm `f_p dpZk'_u L$ë`_p M|b gp¡L$qâe \e¡gu R>¡, `f„sy AÐepf ky^u_p h¥opr_L$
k„ip¡^_dp„\u s¡ L$ë`_p_¡ kd\®_ dm¡gy„ _\u. 5 _h¡çbf 2013_p fp¡S> cpfs¡ AhL$pidp„ "d„Nmep_' dp¡L$ëey„
s¡ A¡L$ A¥rslprkL$ OV$_p R>¡.

5 _h¡çbf 2013 _p qv$hk¡ cpfs¡ AhL$pidp„ "d„Nmep_' dp¡L$ëey„ A_¡ Ap L$pe® 24 kàV¢$bf 2014_p
qv$hk¡ eiõhu bÞey„. Ap A¡L$ A¥rslprkL$ OV$_p R>¡.



(14)

4. Dо$p„rs

4.1 Dо$p„rs_u k„L$ë`_p A¡L$ _hu âÅrs Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. Ap _hu âÅrs d|m
âpZuÅrs L$fsp„ h^pf¡ âNrsiug lp¡e R>¡. Ap
4.2 âpZuAp¡_u Dо$p„rs_p sb½$p âq¾$epdp„ A_¡L$hpf d|m âpZuÅrs _pi `pd¡ R>¡.
A_¡L$hpf d|m âpZuÅrsdp„\u A¡L$ L$fsp„ A_¡L$
4.3 dp_hk×i hp_f âNrsiug (Dо$p„rs `pdu_¡) âÅrs Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡.
Dо$p„rs_u Ap k„L$ë`_p kyõ`óV$ õhê$`¡ `l¡gu
4.1 Dо$p„rs_u k„L$ë`_p hMs fS|> L$fu, s¡ Qpëk® X$prh®_ _pd_p h¥opr_L¡$.

"Dо$p„rs' iåv$_p¡ kh®kp^pfZ A\® "kss S>¡ âÅrs bv$gpsp `ep®hfZ kp\¡
A_¡ d„v$ Nrs\u \sy„ `qfhs®_.' kÆhp¡_p A_yL|$msp kp^hpdp„ knd lp¡e R>¡, s¡
Æh__u Dо$p„rs_u k„L$ë`_p_y„ õ`óV$uL$fZ V$L$u fl¡ R>¡. S>¡ âÅrs s¡d L$fu iLsu
Ap âdpZ¡ Ap`u iL$pe : `ep®hfZdp„ Aph¡gp _\u, s¡ Dо$p„rs_u âq¾$epdp„ _pi `pd¡
`qfhs®_ kp\¡ A_yL|$g_ kp^_pfp A_¡ `p¡sp_p R>¡. ANpD `©Õhu D`f X$pe_p¡kpµf hN®_p„
A[õsÐh_¡ V$L$phu fpMhp_p âeÐ_dp„, L$p¡C âpZuAp¡_u A_¡L$ dlpL$pe âÅrs lsu. Ap
rhrióV$ âpZuÅrs_p„ âpZuAp¡_u ifuffQ_pdp„ âÅrs AQp_L$ _pi `pdu, A¡hp¡ Dëg¡M
L¡$V$gpL$ Ap„sqfL$ a¡fapf \pe R>¡. L$pmp„sf¡ s¡ S> L$fhpdp„Aph¡R>¡.AQp_L$Aph¡guL$p¡CLy$v$fsuApas
a¡fapf s¡ âpZuÅrs_u ApNm_u `¡Y$uAp¡dp„
Ap_yhp„riL$sp_y„ ê$` ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡. Aphu fus¡ d|m
âpZuÅrs L$fsp„ L„$CL$ Sy>v$u rhrióV$sp ^fphsu

X$pe_p¡kp¸f_u rhrh^ âÅrs

(15)

A\hp `ep®hfZdp„ Aph¡gp ApL$[õdL$ a¡fapf, 1. A`©óW$h„iue kÆh : A¡V$g¡ `pR>m L$fp¡X$
X$pe_p¡kp¸f S>¡hu dlpL$pe âÅrs _pi `pdhp_y„ hNf_p kÆh
L$pfZ lp¡hy„ Å¡CA¡, A¡d dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ Dv$p., Np¡L$mNpe
R>¡. `p„Mhpmp X$pe_p¡kp¸f_p A[íd-
c|s Ahi¡jp¡ dm¡gp R>¡. b¡ `N¡ Qpgsp„ 2.`©›$h„iue kÆh : A¡V$g¡ `pR>m L$fp¡X$hpmp
`p„Mhpmp X$pe_p¡kp¸f_u L¡$V$guL$ âÅrs âpZu.
âNrsiug b_u_¡ s¡dp„\u L¡$V$gp„L$ `nu r_dp®Z - S>gQf : Dv$p., dpR>gu.
\ep„, A¡d dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

X$pe_p¡kp¸f_y„ lpX$t`S>f

- EceQf (qÜQf) : `pZu A_¡ S>du_ b„_¡
õ\m¡ afsp„ - Dv$p., v$¡X$L$p¡$

`p„Mhpmp„ X$pe_p¡kp¸f_y„ L$pë`r_L$ rQÓ

4.2 âpZuAp¡_u Dо$p„rs_p sb½$p

kÆh k©róV$_u DÐ`rÑ_u iê$Aps A¡L$L$p¡jue

âpZu Adubpdp„\u \C, s¡ Ap`Z¡ Nep `pW$dp„ - MNhN® (`nu)
Å¡ey„. Adubpdp„\u blºL$p¡jue kÆh Dv¹$cìep.

blºL$p¡jue kÆh ^ud¡^ud¡ âNrs `pdsp Nep.

Ap âq¾$epdp„\u rhrh^ hN®_u h_õ`rs_u A_¡

âpZuAp¡_u DÐ`rÑ \C.

âpZuAp¡_u Dо$p„rs_p sb½$p Ap âdpZ¡

R>¡.

(16)

- kfL$sp„ âpZu : Dv$p., kp` kõs_ âpZu A_¡ L$uX$uMpD (A¸„V$BV$f)
âpZuAp¡_u L¡$V$guL$ âÅrs_p¡ A`hpv$ R>¡. Ap
âpZuAp¡ kõs_ lp¡hp R>sp„ IX$p„ d|L¡$ R>¡.

- kõs_ âpZu : Dv$p., Npe

L$uX$uMpD

kõs_ âpZu : `©›$h„iue âpZuAp¡_p hN®_y„ 4.3 dp_hk×i hp_f
kp¥\u h^pf¡ âNrs_p¡ sb½$p¡ A¡V$g¡ kõs_ dp_hk×i hp_f A¡V$g¡ dp_h kp\¡ kpçesp
âpZu. `¡V$dp„ bÃQp„_u `|Z® h©qÙ \ep `R>u dpsp ^fphsp¡ hp_f. Ap_¡ S> "A¡` hp_f' L$l¡hpe
s¡ bÃQp_¡ S>Þd Ap`¡ A_¡ S>Þd `R>u L¡$V$gp¡L$ R>¡. dp_hk×i hp_fp¡_u âÅrsAp¡_p¡ Dv¹$ch
kde s¡_p ifuf_p v|$^ D`f s¡_y„ `p¡jZ \pe. dy¿eÐh¡ TpX$ D`f \pe R>¡. S>¡ âÅrsAp¡_p¡
s¡ dp¡V$p cpN_p kõs_ âpZuAp¡_u dlÒh_u Dv¹$ch TpX$ D`f S> \sp¡ füp¡ s¡d_y„ d|m
rhrióV$sp R>¡. hp_fõhê$` L$ped füy„. a¼s s¡d_u L¡$V$guL$
âÅrsAp¡_¡ Opkhpmp âv$¡idp„ TpX$_¡ bv$g¡
s¡dp„ bsL$Qp„rQep¡ (àg¸qV$`k) _pd_y„ S>du_ `f Dv¹$chhp_u afS> `X$u. s¡ âÅrs_u
âNrs \su NC. s¡dp„\u ¾$d\u âNrs (Dо$p„rs)
\sp„ \sp„ dp_h_u âÅrs A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu.
Ap â\d ApqäL$p M„X$dp„ bÞey„. s¡ dp_h_¡ S>
Ap`Z¡ "Apqv$dp_h' L$luA¡ R>uA¡. "Apqv$'
A¡V$g¡ iê$Aps_p¡ (âpf„c_p¡). ApNm_p `pW$dp„
Ap`Z¡ dp_h Dо$p„rs_u epÓp Å¡hp_p R>uA¡.

bsL$Q„prQep¡

(17)

õhpÝepe

1. Mpgu S>Áepdp„ L$p¦kdp\u ep¡Áe `ep®e gMp¡. (Ap) Apqv$dp_h_u âÅrs â\d ¼ep„
(A) Dо$p„rs_u k„L$ë`_p `l¡gu hMs---- A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu ?
---- _pd_p h¥opr_L¡$ fS|> L$fu.
(Qpëk® X$prh®_, rhgpX®$ rbbu, gyC rgL$u) 3. _uQ¡_p„ rh^p_p¡_p„ L$pfZp¡ gMp¡.
(Ap) `©›$h„iue âpZuAp¡_p hN®_p¡ kp¥\u h^pf¡ (A) X$pe_p¡kp¸f_u dlpL$pe âÅrs _pi `pdu.
âNrsiug sb½$p¡ A¡V$g¡ -------- (Ap) d|m âÅrs L$fsp„ L¡$V$guL$ Sy>v$u
âpZu. rhriô$sphpmu A¡L$ _hu âÅrs
(S>mQf, EceQf, kõs_) A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu.

2. v$f¡L$_p A¡L$ hpL$edp„ DÑf gMp¡. 4. Ap`¡gp k„L$ë`_p rQÓdp„_u Mpgu S>Áep `|fp¡.
(A) `pZu A_¡ S>du_ b„_¡ S>ÁepA¡ afsp„
âpZu_¡ iy„ L$l¡ R>¡ ?

âpZuAp¡_u Dо$p„rs
kÆh

`pR>m L$fp¡X$ hNf_p kÆh `©›$h„iue

L©$rd dÃR>f S>gQf kfL$sp„

L©$rs : X$pe_p¡kp¸f_u ârsL$©rs s¥epf L$fp¡.

D`¾$d : A`›© $hi„ ue kÆh A_¡ `›© $hi„ ue kÆh_p„ rQÓp¡ cN¡ p„ L$fp¡ A_¡ s¡ _pV¡ $bLy $dp„ QpV¢ $pX$u âpZuAp_¡ u rhriô$sp

gMp.¡
Ap sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$ ?

Qpëk® X$prh®_ C.k. 1859dp„ Qpëk® X$prh®_ _pd_p h¥opr_L¡$ s¡d_p "Ap¸_ v$ Ap¡qfrS>_ Ap¸a [õ`riS>
S>Þd - 1809, d©Ðey -1882 (âpZuAp¡_u âÅrs_p Dv¹$ch rhi¡)' N°„\dp„ Dо$p„rs_u k„L$ë`_p fS|> L$fu R>¡. X$prh®__u
`l¡gp„ L$pg® rg_k _pd_p h¥opr_L¡$ âpZuÅrsAp¡_u h¥opr_L$ hN}L$fZ L$fhp_u `Ùrs iê$
L$fu lsu. ifuf fQ_p_p¡ rhQpf L$fsp„ hp_fp¡_u L¡$V$guL$ âÅrs_p¡ A_¡ dp_h_p¡ L$p¡C k„b„^
lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡, s¡hp¡ ds s¡dZ¡ ìe¼s L$ep£ lsp¡. X$prh®_¡ s¡_p `l¡gp N°„\dp„ Dо$p„rs_u âq¾$epdp„
hp_f A_¡ dp_h hÃQ¡ Qp¡½$k ip¡ k„b„^ lp¡C iL¡$, s¡ rhi¡ L$p¡C Qp¡½$k ds ìe¼s L$ep£ _
lp¡sp¡. B.k. 1871 dp„ s¡Z¡ s¡_p¡ buÅ¡ N°„\ âL$pris L$ep£. s¡_y„ _pd lsy„. "v$ qX$k¡ÞV$ Ap¸a
d¸_ (dp_h_y„ AhsfZ)' Ap N°„\dp„ s¡Z¡ dpZk_¡ `|„R>X$u _ lp¡hp R>sp„, s¡_u `pR>m_u
L$fp¡X$_y„ R>¡ëgy„ lpX$Ly„$ `|„R>X$u_p¡ ArhcpÄe cpN R>¡, s¡ bpbs sfa b^p_y„ Ýep_ v$p¡ey¯. dpZk_p
ifuf_u X$lp`Z_u v$pY$ S>¡hu AÞe L¡$V$guL$ A_phíeL$ bpbs Dо$p„rs_p Ûp¡sL$ lp¡hp_y„ s¡Z¡
_p¢Ýey„ R>¡. s¡_p Ap^pf¡ ApqäL$p_p S>„Ng_p Np¡qfgp, tQ`p„Tu S>¡hp `|„R>X$u hNf_p hp_fp¡\u
dp_h_u Dо$p„rs \C lp¡hu Å¡BA¡, Ap A_ydp__¡ s¡Z¡ dpÞesp Ap`u. s¡_p Ap A_ydp__¡
kd\®_ Ap`sp `yfphp lÆ ky^u dþep _lp¡sp. s¡ `yfphp dmhp_u iê$Aps hukdp„ k¥L$pdp„
\C.

(18)

5. dp_h_u Dо$p„rs

5.1 Ly$im dp_h\u Ap^yr_L$ dp_h flu_¡ Qpgu iL$sp¡ lsp¡. `Z, s¡_u `pR>m_u
5.2 âNrsiug byqÙ_p¡ dpZk A_¡ k„õL©$rs L$fp¡X$ `|Z® fus¡ ku^u _lp¡su. s¡dp„ \p¡Xy„$
ApNm_p `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ Å¡ey„, L¡$ A¡` h¾$`Ï„ lsy„. Ap dp_h_y„ dNS> A¡` hp_f
hp_fdp„\u Dо$p„rs \C_¡ Apqv$dp_h Dv¹$cìep¡. L$fsp„ dp¡Vy„$ lsy„. s¡_p Ql¡fp_u A_¡ lp\`N_u
s¡_u ApNm_p¡ sb½$p¡ A¡V$g¡ Apqv$dp_h¡ lp\_p¡ rhriô$sp L¡$V$gpL$ A„i¡ s¡_p S>¡hu S> lsu.
D`ep¡N L$fu lr\epfp¡ b_phhp_u iê$Aps L$fu.
Ly$im dp_h¡ b_ph¡gp„ lr\epfp¡ dp¡V$p„
5.1 Ly$im dp_h\u Ap^yr_L$ dp_h âpZuAp¡_p¡ riL$pf L$fhp dpV¡$ D`ep¡Nu _lp¡sp„.
"lp\_p¡ Ly$imsp`|h®L$ D`ep¡N L$fsp¡ dp_h' dp„k Mp¡sfhp, lpX$L$p„dp„_y„ dNS> d¡mhhp dpV¡$
A¡V$g¡ "Ly$im dp_h'. Ap dp_h_p A[õsÐh_p¡ lpX$L$p„ sp¡X$hp hN¡f¡ L$pep£ `|fsp¡ S> s¡_p¡ D`ep¡N
`yfphp¡ kp¥ â\d ApqäL$p M„X$_p V$p„Tpr_ep, \C iL$sp¡ lsp¡. s¡_¡ gu^¡ A¡hy„ A_ydp_ L$fu
L¡$r_ep Ap b¡ v$¡ip¡_p `qfkfdp„\u dþep¡. s¡_u iL$pe L¡$ s¡ AÞe âpZuAp¡A¡ L$f¡gp riL$pfdp„\u
ip¡^ L$f_pf gyC rgL$u _pd_p h¥opr_L¡$ s¡_¡ hÝey„OV$éy„ dp„k Mpsp¡ lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡. _p_p„
lp¡dp¡ l¸rbrgk _pd Apàey„. L$pfZ s¡_p Ahi¡j âpZuAp¡_p¡ riL$pf L$fsp¡ lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡. s¡hu S>

fus¡, Mphp dpV¡$ `nuAp¡_p„ IX$p„, amp¡, L„$v$d|mp¡

`Z c¡Np„ L$fsp¡ lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡.

ku^u L$fp¡X$hpmp¡ dp_h : "ku^u L$fp¡X$hpmp¡
dp_h' A¡ dp_h Dо$p„rs_p¡ A¡L$ AÐe„s

dlÒh_p¡ sb½$p¡. Bf¡¼V$k¹ A¡V$g¡ ku^p¡ Ecp¡

fl¡sp¡. A¡V$g¡ s¡_¡ lp¡dp¡ Bf¡L$V$k¹ _pd Ap`hpdp„

Apìey„. Ly$im dp_h_u syg_pdp„ s¡_y„ dNS>

h^pf¡ rhL$rks lsy„. s¡ kd|ldp„ fl¡sp¡ lsp¡.

S>„Ngdp„ gpNsp¡ v$php_m Å¡C_¡ dp_h_¡

Ar‚_p¡ `qfQe \e¡gp¡ lsp¡. h©np¡_u kmNsu

Ly$im dp_h_y„ L$pë`r_L$ rQÓ Ly$im dp_h¡ b_ph¡gp„ X$pmuAp¡ gphu_¡ ArÁ__p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp_y„ s„Ó
`Õ\f_p„ lr\epfp¡ ku^u L$fp¡X$hpmp dp_h_¡ kdÅey„ lp¡hy„ Å¡CA¡.

kp\¡ s¡Z¡ b_ph¡gp„ L¡$V$gp„L$ lr\epfp¡ dþep„. s¡_p kdedp„ `©Õhu D`f_p¡ OZp¡ dp¡V$p¡ âv$¡i
g¡qV$_ cpjpdp„ lp¡dp¡ iåv$_p¡ A\® "dp_h' rldde lsp¡. s¡_¡ gu^¡ lhpdp_ Arsie W„$Xy„$
\pe R>¡. l¸rbrgk_p¡ A\® "lp\_p¡ Ly$imsp`|h®L$ lsy„. dlÑd W„$X$p hpsphfZdp„ V$L$u fl¡hy„ s¡_¡
D`ep¡N L$fsp¡.' Ly$im dp_h b¡ `N¡ Ecp¡ dpV¡$ i¼e bÞey„, s¡ Ar‚_p D`ep¡N_p gu^¡.

(19)

`f„sy ArÁ_ DÐ`ß L$fhp_y„ s„Ó s¡_¡ kpÝe _
lsy„.

s¡_p„ lr\epfp¡ `Z `l¡gp„_p„ lr\epfp¡_u
syg_pdp„ rhL$rks A_¡ âdpZbÙ lsp„. s¡
lp\Ly$lpX$u S>¡hp„ lr\epfp¡ b_phsp¡. ApqäL$p,
A¡riep A_¡ eyfp¡` M„X$dp„ ku^u L$fp¡X$hpmp
dp_h_p Ahi¡j A_¡ s¡_u kp\¡ s¡Z¡ b_ph¡gp„
lr\epfp¡ dmu Apìep„ R>¡.

i[¼sipmu dp_h : dp_h Dо$p„rsdp„_p¡
rhL$pk_p¡ lSy> A¡L$ sb½$p¡ A¡V$g¡ "i[¼sipmu
dp_h'. s¡_y„ ifuf L$v$phf lsy„. s¡_p Ahi¡j
kp¥ â\d S>d®_u_p t_X$f\pg _pd_p õ\m¡\u

ku^u L$fp¡X$hpmp¡ dp_h lp\Ly$lpX$u i[¼sipmu dp_h

ku^u L$fp¡X$hpmp S>¡hp„ `Õ\f_p„ lr\epfp¡ b_phu_¡ lpX$L$p„_p„ A\hp gpL$X$p_p„ v$p„X$p D`f b¡kpX$u_¡
cpgp, Ly$lpX$u hN¡f¡ i÷p¡ s¥epf L$fsp¡. s¡ dp¡V$p„
dp_h_y„ L$pë`r_L$ rQÓ hp`fsp¡. âpZuAp¡_p¡ riL$pf L$fsp¡. QpdX$u D`f_p dp„k_¡
Ds¡X$hp dpV¡$ `Õ\f_u L$`Qudp„\u L$f¡gu Qu`-
dmu Apìep, dpV¡$ s¡_¡ t_X$f\pg dp_h L$l¡hpe _p¡ D`ep¡N L$fsp¡. QpdX$p_p„ L$`X$p„ `l¡fsp¡ lsp¡.
R>¡. s¡_y„ dNS> ku^u L$fp¡X$_p dp_h L$fsp„ h^pf¡ s¡ dy¿eÐh¡ dp„kplpfu lsp¡. s¡ Ar‚dp„ AÞ_
rhL$rks lsy„. i¡L$u_¡ Mpsp¡. L$W$Z gpL$X$p_p L$V$L$p_p Oj®Z
Üpfp A\hp QL$dL$_p `Õ\f A¡L$buÅ_u D`f
i[¼sipmu dp_h dy¿eÐh¡ Nyapdp„ hkhpV$ Aapmu_¡ sZMp `pX$u_¡ Ar‚ DÐ`ß L$fhp_u
L$fsp¡ lsp¡. s¡ `Õ\f_p Np¡V$p A_¡ R>p¡X$p„ b„_¡dp„\u L$gp s¡Z¡ lõsNs L$fu lsu.
Sy>v$p„ Sy>v$p ApL$pf_p lr\epfp¡ b_phsp¡. s¡ gp„bp
s¡Z¡ L¡$V$gp„L$ L$gpÐdL$ L$p¥iëep¡ `Z ApÐdkps
L$ep® lp¡hp_u i¼esp R>¡. L¡$V$gp„L$ h¥opr_L$p¡_p
ds¡, s¡ L$p¡C Qp¡½$k âL$pf_p¡ AhpS> L$pY$u_¡
k„hpv$ `Z kp^sp¡ lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡. s¡d R>sp„,
d_dp„ fl¡gu cph_p iåv$p¡ Üpfp ìe¼s L$fhp_u
rhL$rks cpjp `Ùrs i[¼sipmu dp_h `pk¡

(20)

lsu L¡$ _rl, s¡ Qp¡½$k`Z¡ L$lu iL$pe _rl. byqÙipmu dp_h : ANpD_p L$p¡B `Z
dp_h L$fsp„ rhQpf L$fhp_u h^pf¡ ndsp
kd|ldp„\u A¡L$pv$ kæe d©Ðey `pd¡ sp¡ s¡_p ^fphsp dp_h_¡ "byqÙipmu dp_h' L$l¡hpdp„
v$a_ hMs¡ i[¼sipmu dp_h d©s ìe[¼s kp\¡ Apìep. s¡_¡ S> A„N°¡Ædp„ "lp¡dp¡ k¡r`e_' L$l¡hpe
lr\epfp¡, âpZuAp¡_p„ tiNX$p„ S>¡hu hõsyAp¡ R>¡. k¡r`e_ A¡V$g¡ byqÙipmu. s¡_¡ eyfp¡`dp„
d|L$sp„ lsp„. s¡d S> d©s ìe[¼s_p ifuf D`f "L$p¡d¸_p¸_'_p _pd\u Ap¡mMhpdp„ Apìep¡.
gpg dpV$u Qp¡msp lsp. s¡_p D`f\u i[¼sipmu byqÙipmu dp_h_p Ahi¡j ApqäL$p, A¡riep
dp_h_p L$pmdp„ d©s ìe[¼s_u v$a_q¾$ep k„b„^u A_¡ eyfp¡` M„X$dp„\u dmu Apìep R>¡. s¡ L$pd_u
L¡$V$guL$ rhr^ âõ\pr`s \C lsu, s¡hy„ S>Zpe S>ê$qfeps âdpZ¡ rhrh^ âL$pf_p„ lr\epfp¡ A_¡
R>¡. Ap¡Åfp¡ b_phsp¡. s¡ dpV¡$ s¡ `Õ\f_u _p_u
Qu` apQf L$pY$u_¡ s¡_¡ lpX$L$p„_p A\hp gpL$X$p_p
L$pm_p âhpldp„ i[¼sipmu dp_h_p Mp„Qpdp„ b¡kpX$sp¡.
L¡$V$gpL$ kd|lp¡A¡ ApqäL$pdp„\u _uL$mu eyfp¡`
A_¡ A¡riep M„X$ ky^u õ\mp„sf L$ey¯. kplrS>L$ Dо$p„rs_u âq¾$epdp„ byqÙipmu dp_h_y„
fus¡ S> s¡d_¡ Sy>v$p hpsphfZ_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ õhfe„Ó `|Z®`Z¡ rhL$rks \ey„ lsy„. s¡ Ýhr__u
`X$ép¡. Æhhp_u A_¡ Mp¡fpL$ d¡mhhp_u _hu k|ÿdspkrls rhrh^ DÃQpf L$fsp„ AphX¡$ s¡
`Ùrs s¡d_¡ ApÐdkps L$fhu `X$u. s¡_¡ gu^¡ dpV¡$ D`ep¡Nu \ey„ lsy„. s¡_p S>X$bp_u A_¡
s¡d_p L$pmdp„ Æhhp dpV¡$ S>ê$fu lr\epfp¡_u
`ÙrsAp¡dp„ ky^pfZp \C. `f„sy s¡ \hp dpV¡$
lÅfp¡ hjp£_p¡ kde _uL$mu Nep¡.

i[¼sipmu dp_h L$fsp„ h^pf¡ âNrsiug
dp_h_¡ "byqÙipmu dp_h'_p _pd¡ Ap¡mMhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡. s¡_p¡ `qfQe Ap`Z¡ ApNm L$fhp_p
R>uA¡. i[¼sipmu dp_h A_¡ byqÙipmu dp_h
L¡$V$gp¡L$ L$pm eyfp¡`dp„ kp\¡kp\¡ cp¡Nhsp lsp„.
byqÙipmu dp_h_p kd|lp¡ kp\¡_p¡ k„Oj®,
`ep®hfZdp„ \e¡gp a¡fapf kp\¡ A_yL|$msp kp^u
iL$hp Akd\®, S>¡hp„ L¡$V$gp„L$ L$pfZp¡_¡ gu^¡
i[¼sipmu dp_h_y„ A[õsÐh gp¡` \ey„ lp¡hy„
Å¡CA¡ A¡hy„ dp_hpdp Aph¡ R>¡. gNcN 30000
hjp£ `l¡gp„ i[¼sipmu dp_h _pi `pçep¡, A¡hy„
L$b® 14 (ku-14) `Ùrs_p Ap^pf¡ L$l¡hpe R>¡.

byqÙipmu dp_h

(21)

dp¡Y$p_u A„v$f_p AÞe õ_peyAp¡_u fQ_p `Z "rhL$rks byqÙ_p¡ dp_h' A¡V$g¡ S>
rhL$rks \C lsu. s¡d S> s¡_¡ ghrQL$ Æc Ap^yr_L$ dp_h A¡V$g¡ Ap`Z¡. dpZk_p
dmu lsu. s¡_¡ gu^¡ s¡ rhrh^ Ýhr__p DÃQpf f„Nê$`, Apfp¡ÁerhjeL$ rhriô$sp, hN¡f¡
L$fu_¡ AhpS>_¡ Å¡CA¡ s¡hp¡ hmp„L$ Ap`u iL$sp¡ bpbsp¡ s¡_p `|h®Å¡ kp\¡ kpçe v$ip®hsu lp¡e
lsp¡. s¡ ×íe hõsyAp¡_y„ ApL$g_ A_¡ d_p¡cph_¡ R>¡. Ap bpbs_¡ Ap_yh„riL$sp L$l¡hpe R>¡.
L$ë`_pi[¼s_p Ap^pf¡ iåv$ê$` Ap`u iL$sp¡ Ap_yh„riL$sp_p¡ Aæepk L$fsp„ rhop__¡
lsp¡ s\p s¡ iåv$p¡_p¡ DÃQpf `Z L$fu iL$sp¡. _©h„iip÷ L$l¡hpe R>¡. _©h„iip÷ue k„ip¡^__p
AgbÑ s¡_u `pk¡ rhL$rks cpjp`Ùrs Ap^pf¡ Ap^yr_L$ dp_hdp„ i[¼sipmu dp_h_p
lsu. s¡ âÐen r_funZ A_¡ L$ë`_pi[¼s_p L¡$V$gpL$ A„i lp¡hp_y„ S>Zpey„ R>¡. s¡_p Ap^pf¡
Ap^pf¡ rQÓp¡ v$p¡fhp gpÁep¡ lsp¡. L$gpÐdL$ hõsy i[¼sipmu dp_h A_¡ byqÙipmu dp_h A¡ b„_¡
b_phhp gpÁep¡ lsp¡ dpV¡$ s¡_¡ "byqÙipmu dp_h' Ap^yr_L$ dp_h_p `|h®S> lsp A¡d L$lu iL$pe.
A\hp "rhQpf L$fsp¡ dp_h' A¡hy„ _pd Ap`hpdp„ B.k.`|. gNcN 11000 \u B.k.`|. 10000_p
Apìey„. kydpf¡ Ap^yr_L$ dp_h¡ `iy`pg_ A_¡ M¡su_y„
op_ rhL$rks L$ey¯. s¡_u rhL$rks h¥QpqfL$ ndsp_¡
5.2 rhL$rks byqÙ_p¡ dp_h A_¡ k„õL©$rs : gu^¡ s„Óop_dp„ ky^pfZp \hp_u TX$` kss
rhL$rks byqÙ_p¡ dp_h : byqÙipmu dp_h_u h^su flu. s¡ h^pf¡ [õ\f Æh_ Æhhp gpÁep¡.
h¥QpqfL$ ndsp_p¡ h^pf¡ rhL$pk \ep¡, Ðepf¡ M¡sudp„ Aß^pÞe_p DÐ`pv$__¡ gu^¡ s¡d_p
s¡_¡ "rhL$rks byqÙ_p¡ dp_h' _pd dþey„. s¡_¡ Mp¡fpL$dp„ L$p„Æey¼s `v$p\p£_p¡ kdph¡i \ep¡. s¡_¡
gu^¡ s¡d_p Aplpfdp„ L$pbp£qv$s_y„ âdpZ hÝey„.
NyaprQÓ
Æh_`Ùrsdp„ A_¡ Aplpf`Ùrsdp„ \e¡gp
A„N°¡S>dp„ "lp¡dp¡ k¡r`e_ k¡r`e_' L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ap `qfhs®__¡ gu^¡ ^ud¡^ud¡ s¡_p ANpD_p
s¡_p dNS>_u ndsp A_¡ s¡_u kfMpdZudp„ L$v$phf-ifuf_p bp„^pdp„ `Z a¡fapf \ep¡. s¡_p
s¡_u ApL$g_ ndsp kss rhL$rks \su NC. Ql¡fpdp„ `Z `qfhs®_ Apìey„.

Ap^yr_L$ dp_h_y„ "rhL$rks byqÙ_p¡ dp_h'
_pd s¡_u ipfuqfL$ ndsp L$fsp„ bp¥qÙL$ A_¡
kp„õL©$rsL$ ndsp_y„ Ûp¡sL$ R>¡. Aß d¡mhhp_u
d|mc|s S>ê$qfeps v$f¡L$ âpZu `|Z® L$f¡ R>¡, `f„sy
Ap^yr_L$ dp_h s¡V$gpdp„ S> k„sp¡j dp_sp¡ _\u.
L$ë`L$sp, byqÙL$p¥iëe A_¡ lõsL$p¥iëe_p Ap^pf¡
`p¡sp_y„ Æh_ kd©Ù L$fhp_p kss âeÐ_ L$f¡
R>¡. s¡ âeÐ__¡ L$pfZ¡ dp_hk„õL©$rs A[õsÐhdp„

(22)

Aphu A_¡ rhL$rks \su flu. `iy`pg__u A_¡ k„õL$©rs_p rhrh^ `pkp„_p¡ rhQpf Ap`Z¡
ApNm_p `pW$dp„ L$fhp_p R>uA¡.
M¡su_u iê$Aps \C Ðepf\u dp_h¡ L$f¡gu sp„rÓL$
A_¡ kp„õL©$rsL$ âNrs Arsie h¡Nhp_ R>¡.
dp_hk×i hp_fdp„\u iê$ \e¡gp dp_h_u

Dо$p„rs_p¡ Brslpk Sy>v$pSy>v$p sb½$pdp„
hl¢Qpe¡gp¡ R>¡. s¡ sb½$p_p Ap^pf¡ dp_hu

õhpÝepe

1. Mpgu S>Áepdp„ ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡. 3. _uQ¡_p„ rh^p_p¡_p„ L$pfZp¡ gMp¡.
(A) g¸qV$_ cpjpdp„ ------ iåv$_p¡ A\® (A) i[¼sipmu dp_h_y„ A[õsÐh gp¡` \C
R>¡ dp_h. Ney„.
(Ap) i[¼sipmu dp_h dy¿eÐh¡ ------dp„ (Ap) byqÙipmu dp_h AhpS>_¡ Å¡CA¡ s¡hp¡
hkhpV$ L$fsp¡ lsp¡. hmp„L$ Ap`u iL$sp¡ lsp¡.

2. v$f¡L$_p¡ A¡L$ hp¼edp„ DÑf gMp¡. 4. _uQ¡_p¡ iåv$L$p¡eX$p¡ DL¡$gp¡.
(A) lp\Ly$lpX$u L$p¡Z¡ b_phu ?
(Ap) Ap_yh„riL$sp A¡V$g¡ iy„ ?

1 2 5
3 4
6
7
8

9 10

ApX$p iåv$ $Ecp iåv$
1. ku^u L$fp¡X$hpmp¡ dpZk xx xxxx. 1. Ly$im dp_h xx xxxx.
2. ku^u L$fp¡X$hpmp dpZk_¡ xx r_dp®Z L$fhp_y„ 4. Ly$im dp_h_p A[õsÐh_p¡ `yfphp¡ xxx v$¡i_p

s„Ó âpá \ey„ _lp¡sy„. `qfkfdp„ dþep¡.
3. i[¼sipmu dp_h_p Ahi¡j kp¥â\d xxx 5. ku^u L$fp¡X$hpmp dp_h xxxxx S>¡hp„ lr\epfp¡

v$¡idp„ dþep. b_phsp¡.
7. byqÙipmu dp_h r_funZ A_¡L$ L$ë`_p 6. byqÙipmu dp_h Qp¡½$k AhpS> L$pY$u_¡ xxxx

i[¼s_p Ap^pf¡ xx v$p¡fhp gpÁep¡. kp^sp¡.
9. xxxx A¡V$g¡ byqÙipmu. 8. i[¼sipmu dp_h¡ `p¡sp_p„ lr\epfp¡ xxx dp„\u
10. i[¼sipmu dp_h¡ `p¡sp_p lr\epfp¡ xxx dp„\u
b_pìep„.
b_pìep„.

L©$rs : Ly$im dp_h\u rhL$rks byqÙ_p dp_h_u Dо$p„rs_p rhrh^ sb½$pdp„ \e¡gu dpZk_u âNrs_p¡
syg_pÐdL$ s¼sp¡ s¥epf L$fp¡.

(23)

Ap sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$ ?

dp_hu Dо$p„rs_p Brslpk_u dp„X$Zu `|Z®`Z¡ dp_h lpX$L$p„_p AÐepf ky^udp„ âL$pidp„ Aph¡gp A[ídc|s Ahi¡jp¡ D`f
Ahg„rbs R>¡. Aíd (`pjpZ) A¡V$g¡ `Õ\f. d©s âpZuAp¡_p ifuf_y„ rhOV$_ \C_¡ s¡_p„ lpX$L$p„ rhM¡fpC Åe R>¡. ^ud¡^ud¡
s¡ dpV$udp„ v$V$pC Åe R>¡. hjp£_p„ hjp£ dpV$u _uQ¡ `X$ép„ fl¡hp\u lpX$L$p„_p krR>Ö `p¡gpZdp„ dpV$udp„ fl¡gp„ Mr_Å¡ S>dp \pe
R>¡. lpX$L$p„_y„ k„`|Z® rhOV$_ \ep `R>u S>dp \e¡gp„ Mr_Å¡ lpX$L$p„_p ApL$pfdp„ rkgL$ fl¡ R>¡. lpX$L$p„_p ApL$pf_p Aphp `Õ\f_¡
"âpZuAp¡_p A[ídc|s Ahi¡j' L$l¡ R>¡.
ApqäL$p, A¡riep A_¡ eyfp¡`_p rhrh^ v$¡ip¡dp„ Aphp âL$pf_p„ âpZuAp¡_p A[ídc|s Ahi¡j dmu Apìep R>¡. dp_h_u
Dо$p„rs_p¡ ¾$d Aphp A[ídc|s Ahi¡jp¡_p Ap^pf¡ fS|> L$fu iL$pe R>¡. `f„sy s¡ dpV¡$ S>ê$fu v$f¡L$ Å¡X$pZ lÆ dþep„ _\u. dm¡gp
Ahi¡jp¡_p Ap^pf¡ A¡hy„ S>Zpe R>¡, L¡$ dp_h Dо$p„rs A¡L$ `|h®S> âÅrsdp„\u ApNm_u âÅrs A¡d A¡L$f¡rML$ ¾$d\u \C
_\u. A¡L$pv$ `|h®S> âÅrs rhL$rks \su hMs¡ L$v$pQ s¡_u A_¡L$ ipMp r_dp®Z \C. s¡dp„_u _pi `Z `pdu.
Ap âÅrs_u rhrh^ ipMp Dо$p„rs_p ¾$ddp„ A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ Qp¡½$k L¡$hu fus¡ Å¡X$pe¡gu lsu, s¡ lpg_u `qf[õ\rsdp„ L$l¡hy„
i¼e _\u. a¼s dp_h k„õL©$rs_u S>X$ZOX$Zdp„_p sb½$p Ap ×rô$A¡ L¡$V$guL$ âÅrs_p¡ rhQpf L$fhp¡ dlÒh_p¡ R>¡. dp_h¡
b_ph¡gp„ lr\epfp¡ A_¡ AÞe hõsy_p Ap^pf¡ dp_h k„õL©$rs_p Crslpk_u dp„X$Zu L$fhu i¼e b_¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ Ly$im dp_h 
ku^u L$fp¡X$_p¡ dp_h  i[¼sdp_ dp_h  byqÙipmu dp_h Ap Qpf âÅrsAp¡_p¡ rhQpf Ap`Z¡ Ap `pW$dp„ L$ep£ R>¡.
dp_h_u ifufQ_p_u rhriô$sp : `©›$h„iue hN®_p„ AÞe âpZuAp¡ L$fsp„ dp_h_u ifufQ_p_u rhi¡jsp L¡$V$guL$ bpbsp¡dp„ Sy>v$u
`X¡$ R>¡. s¡ rhi¡jsp_¡ gu^¡ s¡ AÞe `©›$h„iue âpZuAp¡ L$fsp„ Sy>v$p¡ `X¡$ R>¡. s¡dp„_u L¡$V$guL$ dy¿e rhriô$spAp¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡ :
1. dp_h_y„ ku^p Ecp fl¡hy„ i¼e bÞey„. s¡_¡ gu^¡ s¡ b¡ `N¡ Qpghp gpÁep¡. AÞe `©›$h„iue âpZu ku^p Ecp flu iL$sp

_\u. s¡_¡ gu^¡ s¡ Qpf `N¡ Qpg¡ R>¡.
2. dp_h ku^p¡ Ecp¡ flu_¡ b¡ `N¡ Qpg¡ R>¡. s¡_¡ gu^¡ d|m Qpf `Ndp„\u ApNm_p b¡ `N_p¡ D`ep¡N lp\ sfuL¡$ L$fsp„ s¡_¡

AphX$u Nep¡. dp_h_p lp\_p `„Å_u fQ_p AÞe âpZuAp¡_p ApNm_p b¡ `N L$fsp„ Sy>v$u \C R>¡.
3. dp_h_¡ lp\_p¡ A„N|W$p¡ AÞe Qpf Ap„NmuAp¡ `pk¡ gphu_¡ Qpf¡e Ap„NmuAp¡ kpd¡\u A„v$fblpf a¡fhsp„ AphX¡$ R>¡. s¡\u

s¡_¡ hõsy D`f Sy>v$uSy>v$u fus¡ `pL$u A_¡ [õ\rsõ\p`L$ `L$X$ L$fsp„ AphX¡$ R>¡. Ap rhriô$sp_¡ gu^¡ s¡_¡ AÞe âpZuAp¡_¡
L$fsp„ _\u AphX$sy„ s¡hp„ lõsL$p¥iëe_p„ L$pdp¡ L$fsp„ AphX¡$ R>¡. hõsy b_phsp„ AphX¡$ R>¡. dpV¡$ S> s¡_¡ kp^_p¡, lr\epfp¡,
Ap¡Åfp¡ r_dp®Z L$fsy„ âpZu L$l¡hpe R>¡.
4. dp_h_p dNS>_u ndsp AÞe âpZuAp¡ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ R>¡. s¡ AÞe âpZuAp¡_u syg_pdp„ h^pf¡ rhQpf L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.
5. dp_h_p Ql¡fp_p õ_peyAp¡_u fQ_p A¡hu R>¡, L¡$ s¡ d_dp„ fl¡gu cph_p Ql¡fp D`f ìe¼s L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.
6. rhrh^ Ýhr_Ap¡_p DÃQpf L$fhpdp„ D`ey¼s A¡hp õhfe„Ó_u A_¡ dp¡Y$p_u A„v$f_p AÞe õ_peyAp¡_u fQ_p, s¡d S> ghrQL$
Æc dp_h_¡ dmu R>¡, `f„sy dp_hdp„ Aphy„ õhfe„Ó rhL$rks \C s¡_¡ bp¡gsp„ AphX$hpdp„ lÅfp¡ hj®_p¡ kde Nep¡.



(24)

6. ‘pjpZeyN : ‘Õ’f“p„ lr’epfp¡

6.1 S>ê$qfeps âdpZ¡ lr\epfp¡_p ApL$pf tQ`p„Tu S>¡hp hp_f `Z rbep„ A\hp L$W$Z
A_¡ âL$pf$ L$hQhpmp„ amp¡ sp¡X$hp dpV¡$ `Õ\f_p¡ D`ep¡N,
s¡d S> fpaX$pdp„_u L$uX$u `L$X$hp dpV¡$ L$fp„W$u_p¡
6.2 `pjpZeyNu_ lr\epfp¡ D`ep¡N L$f¡ R>¡. dp_h `Z d©s âpZuAp¡_p„
lpX$L$p„, `Õ\f, k|L$u gpL$X$uAp¡ A_¡ L$fp„V$u S>¡hp„
6.1 S>ê$qfeps âdpZ¡ lr\epfp¡_p ApL$pf A_¡ kp^_p¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fsp¡ S> lsp¡.
âL$pf
kss bpfuL$pC\u L$f¡gy„ r_funZ, âep¡N
^pfp¡ L¡$, Ap`Z_¡ L$p¡C QL$QqL$s hõsy A_¡ `p¡sp_u L$ë`_pi[¼s_p Ap^pf¡ gpL$X$uAp¡,
S>du_dp„ M|„`¡gu v$¡Mpe, sp¡ s¡ blpf L$pY$hp dpV¡$ L$fp„W$u, lpX$L$p„ A_¡ `Õ\f sfpkuA¡, sp¡ s¡_u
Ap`Z¡ iy„ L$fuA¡ ? L$v$pQ Ap„Nmu\u Mp¡sfu_¡ dv$v$\u L$pd h^pf¡ kpfu fus¡ \pe R>¡, s¡ dp_h_¡
Å¡CA¡. A¡d _ \pe sp¡, sp¡ L$p¡C L$W$Z AZuv$pf kdÅey„. Ap D`fp„s, s¡ hõsyAp¡_¡ Å¡CA¡ s¡hp¡
hõsy ip¡^u_¡ s¡_p\u DM¡X$u Å¡CA¡. sp¡`Z _ ApL$pf Ap`u iL$pe R>¡, s¡ `Z s¡_¡ kdÅey„.
_uL$m¡, sp¡ L$p¡C _p_L$X$p¡ AZuv$pf `Õ\f ip¡^u
gphuA¡. s¡ `Õ\f\u L$pd \hy„ Å¡CA¡. _ S> `pR>m_p `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ Å¡ey„ L¡$ Ly$im
\pe, sp¡ Ap`Z¡ gp¡M„X$_p¡ krmep¡ gphhp¡ `X$i¡. dp_h_p Ahi¡jp¡_u kp\¡ `Õ\f_p„ lr\epfp¡
Ap D`f\u L$pd_u AphíeL$sp A_ykpf kp^_ dýep„. s¡ Ahi¡jp¡_p _ÆL$ s¡ lr\epfp¡ dþep„,
`k„v$ L$fhp `X¡$, s¡ Ýep_dp„ Aph¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ s¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ b_pìep lsp„, A¡hy„ L$lu iL$pe.
`f„sy s¡ a¼s `Õ\f_p„ lr\epfp¡ S> b_phsp¡
Ap`Zu kp^_p¡_u `k„v$Nu _uQ¡_u Qpf bpbsp¡ lsp¡ L¡$ ? s¡_p¡ S>hpb "_p' dp„ S> Ap`hp¡
D`f Ahg„rbs lp¡e R>¡. `X$i¡. L$pfZ L¡$ s¡ AÞe hõsyAp¡dp„\u `Z
lr\epfp¡ b_phsp¡ lsp¡. s¡d R>sp„, gpMp¡ hj®
1. kp^_p¡_u D`gå^sp. `l¡gp„ dp_h¡ b_ph¡gp„ lr\epfp¡dp„\u `Õ\f_p„
2. Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p¡ kde A_¡ Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>u lr\epfp¡ Å¡BA¡ s¡V$gp„ dmu iL¡$ R>¡. lpX$L$p„_p„
lr\epfp¡ `Z ¼epf¡L$ dm¡ R>¡. gpL$X$uAp¡ A_¡ L$fp„W$u
i[¼s_p¡ D`ep¡N. _pih„s lp¡hp\u s¡dp„\u b_ph¡gp„ s¡ kde_p„
3. h^pf¡dp„ h^pf¡ AkfL$pfL$sp. lr\epfp¡ klS> fus¡ dmsp„ _\u.
4. kp^_p¡ hp`fhp_p dlphfp\u d¡mh¡gy„

L$p¥iëe.

13 56 `Õ\f A_¡ lpX$L$p„dp„\u s¥epf L$f¡gp„ lr\epfp¡ -
2 4 1. `Õ\f_p Np¡V$p_y„ lr\epf
2. spkZu
3. hsy®mpL$pf OZ
4. `Õ\f_p„ R>p¡X$p„_y„ lr\epf
5. lpX$L$p_p¡ V$p¡Qp¡
6. tiNX$p„_u M|f`u

(25)

6.2 `pjpZeyNu_ lr\epfp¡ Ly$im dp_h¡ b_ph¡gp„ lr\epfp¡ Aphp„ âL$pf_p„
lsp„. Ly$im dp_h_¡ riL$pf_y„ s„Ó `|Z®`Z¡ kpÝe
S>¡ L$pm_p lr\epfp¡dp„ dy¿eÐh¡ `Õ\f_p„ \ey„ _lp¡sy„, s¡ s¡_p„ lr\epfp¡ D`f\u kdÅe
lr\epfp¡ dm¡ R>¡, s¡ kde_¡ Ap`Z¡ "`pjpZeyN' R>¡. Ap lr\epfp¡ b_phsu hMs¡ `Õ\f_p
L$luA¡ R>uA¡. `pjpZ A¡V$g¡ `Õ\f. lr\epfp¡_p ^pfv$pf R>p¡X$p _uL$msp„ lsp„. s¡ R>p¡X$p_p¡ D`ep¡N
ApL$pf A_¡ âL$pf D`f\u `pjpZ (Aíd)eyN_p QpdX$u_¡ QuV$L¡$gy„ dp„k DsfX$hp, dp„k_p A\hp
kde_p ÓZ L$pmM„X$ `pX$hpdp„ Apìep R>¡. AÞe Aß`v$p\®_p Vy$L$X$p L$fhp, gpL$X$u R>p¡ghu
hN¡f¡ L$pdp¡ dpV¡$ L$fsp¡.
1. `yfpídeyN (S|>_p¡ `pjpZeyN) 2.
dÝepídeyN (dÝe `pjpZeyN) 3. _hpídeyN Ly$im dp_h_p„ sp¡X$pL$pd_p„ lr\epfp¡ L$fsp„
(_hp¡ `pjpZeyN) ku^u L$fp¡X$_p dp_h¡ b_ph¡gp„ lp\Ly$lpX$u A_¡
afiu S>¡hp„ lr\epfp¡ h^pf¡ âdpZbÙ lsp„.
`yfpídeyN (S|>_p¡ `pjpZeyN) : Ap eyN_p afiu A¡V$g¡ `lp¡mp `p_phpmu Ly$lpX$u. âdpZbÙ
Ly$im dp_h A_¡ ku^u L$fp¡X$_p dp_h b„_¡A¡ lr\epfp¡ b_phhp dpV¡$ s¡ `l¡gp„ d_dp„ kpL$pf
ApOps s„Ó\u lr\epfp¡ b_pìep„. A¡L$ `Õ\f \hp„ Å¡CA¡. s¡d \pe, sp¡ S> s¡_¡ âÐen
buÅ `Õ\f D`f Aapmu_¡ `Õ\f_p R>p¡X$p b_phu iL$pe. ku^u L$fp¡X$_p¡ dp_h lr\epf
L$pY$hp_u q¾$ep_¡ "ApOpss„Ó' L$l¡hpe R>¡. b_phsp„ `l¡gp„ s¡_p¡ ApL$pf L¡$hp¡ lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡ s¡
Ap `Ùrs\u b_ph¡gp S|>_p `pjpZeyN_p„ d_dp„ _½$u L$fsp¡. `Õ\f_p _p_p R>p¡X$p L$pY$hp
iê$Aps_p„ lr\epfp¡ hp„L$p„Q|„L$p„ lsp„. s¡ s¡Z¡ kpbf_p„ tiNX$p„ S>¡hu hõsy_p¡ l\p¡X$u sfuL¡$
lr\epfp¡_u A¡L$ bpSy>A¡ \p¡X$u S> ^pf lsu. D`ep¡N L$ep£. Ap D`fp„s L$pY¡$gp _p_p R>p¡X$p_u
Aphp„ lr\epfp¡_¡ sp¡X$L$pd_p„ lr\epfp¡ L$l¡hpe bpSy>Ap¡dp„\u afu _p_p A_¡ TuZp R>p¡X$p L$pY$u_¡
R>¡. s¡_p¡ D`ep¡N a¼s L$W$Z L$hQ_p„ amp¡ s¡Z¡ h^pf¡ `psmu ^pf_p DM¡X$hp_p„, sfpkhp_p„
A\hp lpX$L$p„ sp¡X$hp dpV¡$ L$fhp_y„ i¼e ls„y. lr\epfp¡ b_pìep„. A¡V$g¡ s¡ L$pd_u S>ê$qfeps

kpbf_p tiNX$p„_u l\p¡X$u

dp¡V$p R>p¡X$pdp„\u afu\u _p_p R>p¡X$p L$pY$hp.

ip¡m `Õ\f _p_p R>p¡X$p_p TuZp TuZp R>p¡X$p L$pY$hp
lp\Ly$lpX$u
sp¡X$L$pd_y„ lr\epf

(26)

âdpZ¡ Sy>v$p„Sy>v$p„ lr\epfp¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fsp¡. byqÙipmu dp_h¡ lr\epfp¡ b_phhp_y„ s„Ó,
`qfkf_y„ op_ A_¡ Aß d¡mhhp_p s„Ódp„ M|b
ky^pf¡gp„ lr\epfp¡_¡ gu^¡ ku^u L$fp¡X$hpmp S> âNrs L$fu lsu. s¡_¡ gu^¡ s¡d_¡ dpV¡$ A¡L$ S>
dp_h_p Mp¡fpL$dp„ `Z h^pf¡ rhrh^sp `qfkfdp„ gp„bp kde ky^u fl¡hp_y„ i¼e bÞey„.
Aphu. L$pfZL¡$ s¡_¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p _p_p„-dp¡V$p„ byqÙipmu dp_hp¡_u V$p¡muAp¡ T|„`X$uAp¡ bp„^u_¡
âpZuAp¡_p„ riL$pf L$fsp„ AphX$u Ney„ lsy„. s¡dp„ fl¡hp gpNu lsu. L¡$V$gpL$ kpd|rlL$ DÐkhp¡ `Z
dy¿eÐh¡ lfZ, kkgp„, Npe S>¡hp„ âpZuAp¡_p¡ L$fhp gpÁep lsp. byqÙipmu dp_h¡ b_ph¡gu
kdph¡i \sp¡ lsp¡. A_¡L$ L$gpÐdL$ hõsy, NyaprQÓp¡_p¡ Ap DÐkhp¡
kp\¡ k„b„^ lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡ A¡hy„ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡
i[¼sipmu dp_h¡ `Õ\f_p„ lr\epfp¡ R>¡. byqÙipmu dp_h v$pNu_p hp`fhp gpÁep¡
b_phhp_p s„Ódp„ h^pf¡ âNrs L$fu. s¡ _p_p lsp¡. Sy>v$pSy>v$p âL$pf_p i„M, lpX$L$p„, âpZuAp¡_p
L$v$_p„ lr\epfp¡ b_phhp gpÁep¡. v$p„s hN¡f¡dp„\u b_ph¡gp„ s¡ kde_p dZL$p dmu
Apìep„ R>¡. Aphu fus¡, rhL$rks dp_h k„õL©$rs_u
byqÙipmu dp_h `Õ\f_p„ lr\epfp¡ fQ_p_u iê$Aps `yfpídeyN S|>_p `pjpZeyN\u
b_phhp_p s„Ódp„ ¾$p„rs gpìep¡. s¡Z¡ S> \C lsu.
`Õ\fdp„\u gp„bu, `psmu Qu`p¡-`p_p„
b_phhp_y„ s„Ó rhL$rks L$ey¯. Ap gp„bu cpfsdp„ `yfpídeyNu_-S|>_p `pjpZeyN_p„
Qu`p¡dp„\u R>fu, spkZu, V$p¡Qp, R>uZu MdZu lr\epfp¡_p Ahi¡j L$píduf\u sprdg_pXy$ ky^u_p
S>¡hp„ rhrh^ âL$pf_p„ lr\epfp¡ s¡Z¡ b_pìep„. rhrh^ õ\m¡ dmu Apìep R>¡. `yfpídeyNu_
s¡ lr\epfp¡ A_¡ AÞe hõsy s¥epf L$fhp dpV¡$ dp_h_p Ahi¡j cpfsdp„ h^pf¡ dþep _\u.
QL$dL$_p rhrh^ âL$pf_p vy$g®c `Õ\f, lp\uv$p„s
S>¡hu hõsy_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp gpÁep¡ lsp¡.

cudb¡V$L$p_y„ `yfpídeyNu_ NyaprQÓ

(27)

dÝeâv$¡i_p lp¡i„Npbpv$ `pk¡ _d®v$p _v$u_p L$p„W¡$ riL$pf_u kp\¡ `iy`pg_ A_¡ Ly$v$fsu fus¡
l\_p¡fp _pd_y„ Npd R>¡. Ap Npd_p `qfkfdp„ EN¡gp ^pÞe_u L$p`Zu `Z L$fhp gpÁep¡ lsp¡.
A[ídc|s Mp¡`fu A_¡ McpAp¡_p„ lpX$L$p„_p s¡\u s¡ hj®_p¡ L¡$V$gp¡L$ kde A¡L$ õ\m¡ hkhpV$
Ahi¡j dþep R>¡. s¡ Ahi¡j `yfpídeyN_u A¡L$ L$fsp¡ lsp¡. s¡_p Mp¡fpL$dp„ rhrh^ h_õ`rs_p¡
÷u_p R>¡. s¡ rkhpe `yvy$ÃQ¡fu `pk¡ Aph¡gp A¡L$ kdph¡i `Z \ep¡ lsp¡. Ap kdedp„ bL$fu,
Npd_p `qfkfdp„ `pjpZeyN_p A¡L$ bpmL$_u O¡V$u S>¡hp„ âpZuAp¡_p¡ kdph¡i `Z \ep¡ lsp¡.
A[ídc|s Mp¡`fu dmu Aphu R>¡. AaOpr_õsp_ Ap b^p_p¡ rhQpf L$fsp„ dÝe `pjpZeyN_p
A_¡ îug„L$pdp„\u `Z `yfpídeyNu_ dp_h_p byqÙipmu dp_h_¡ riL$pf, dpR>udpfu, L$p`Zu,
L¡$V$gpL$ Ahi¡j dmu Apìep R>¡. dlpfpóV²$_p sp¡X$Zu S>¡hp„ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p„ L$pe® dpV¡$ rhrh^
`yfpídeyNu_ õ\mp¡dp„\u _prkL$ `pk¡_p N„Np`yf âL$pf_p„, hS>_dp„ lgL$p„ A_¡ gp„bp¡ kde V$L¡$
A_¡ _¡hpip _ÆL$_p rQfL$u _¡hpkp S>¡hp„ õ\mp¡ s¡hp„ lr\epfp¡_u S>ê$qfeps lsu. gpL$X$p_¡ A\hp
ârkÙ R>¡. N„Np`yf Np¡v$phfu _v$u_p qL$_pfp D`f lpX$L$p„_¡ Mp„Qp¡ L$fu_¡ s¡dp„ s¡ _M S>¡hX$u _p_u
R>¡. rQfL$u _¡hpkp âhfp _v$u_p L$p„W¡$ R>¡. Qu` ku^u lpfb„^ OË$ b¡kpX$sp. Aphu fus¡ s¡
R>fu, MdZu S>¡hp„ Ap¡Åfp¡ b_phsp¡.
dÝepídeyN : (dÝe `pjpZeyN) Ap eyN_p¡
byqÙipmu dp_h âNrs_p `„\¡ h^y ApNm Nep¡. cpfsdp„ A_¡L$ õ\m¡ dÝe `pjpZeyN_p
s¡Z¡ L|$sfp `pþep. dÝe `pjpZeyN_y„ lhpdp_ Ahi¡j dmu Apìep R>¡. fpS>õ\p_dp„ bpNp¡f,
A_¡ `ep®hfZ_p a¡fapf_¡ gu^¡ dp_h_u Æh_ dÝeâv$¡idp„ cudb¡V$L$p, NyS>fpsdp„ gp„OZS>
`Ùrs bv$ghp gpNu lsu. byqÙipmu dp_h A_¡ dlpfpô²$_p S>mNp„h rS>ëgp_p `pV$Z¡ S>¡hp„

dÝe `pjpZeyN_p„ Ap¡Åfp¡ dpV¡$ D`ep¡Ndp„ g¡hpe¡gy„ `p_y, QL$dL$_p Np¡V$pAp¡dp„\u "`pkp„v$pf Nf' s„Ó\u Sy>vy$„ L$f¡gy„ lp¡e R>¡.
Ap `p_y _M S>¡hXy„$ A\hp s¡_p\u \p¡X$y„ dp¡Vy„$ lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u s¡_¡ "k|ÿdpö' L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ap kdedp„ V$p¡Q `f _p_p `p_p
b¡kpX¡$gp bpZ D`ep¡Ndp„ g¡hpsp„ lsp„.

dÝepíd eyN_p `p_p (k|ÿdpö)

`pkp„v$pf Nf (Npcp¡)

k|ÿdpö b¡kpX$u b_ph¡gu dÝe `pjpZeyN_u v$p„spmu R>fu dÝe `pjpZeyN_p
k|ÿdpö A_¡ s¡_p¡ bpZ_p
V$p¡Q sfuL¡$ L$f¡gp¡ D`ep¡N

lpX$L$p„dp„\u b_ph¡gp¡, dÝe `pjpZeyN_p¡ dpR>udpfu_p¡ Ng

(28)

L¡$V$gp„L$ dlÒh_p dÝe `pjpZeyN_p„ õ\mp¡ R>¡. riL$pf L$fhp¡ A¡ r_hp®l_y„ dy¿e kp^_ _ fl¡sp„

_hpídeyN : (_hp¡ `pjpZeyN) Ap eyNdp„ s¡ M¡su_¡ A_¡ `iy`pg__¡ `|fL$ kp^_ bÞep¡.
Oku_¡ QL$QqL$s gukp L$f¡gp `Õ\f_p„ lr\epfp¡
b_phpep„. _hp âL$pf_p„ lr\epfp¡ OX$hp_p¡ cpfsdp„ A_¡L$ õ\m¡ _hp `pjpZeyN_u
L$pm A¡V$g¡ s¡_¡ "_hpíd eyN'_y„ _pd Ap`hpdp„ k„õL©$rs_p Ahi¡j dmu Apìep R>¡. N„Np_p
Apìey„. MuZâv$¡idp„ s¡d S> v$rnZ cpfsdp„ `Z _hp
`pjpZeyNu_ k„õL©$rs_p„ A_¡L$ õ\mp¡ âL$pidp„
_hp `pjpZeyN ky^u M¡su A_¡ `iy`pg_ Apìep„ R>¡.
L$fhy„ A¡ v$ffp¡S>_u Æh_`Ùrs b_u NC lsu.

õhpÝepe

1. MpguS>Áepdp„ L$p¦kdp„\u ep¡Áe `ep®e gMp¡. 4. `yfpídeyN, dÝepídeyN A_¡ _hpídeyN Ap ÓZ¡e
(A) S>¡ kde_p lr\epfp¡dp„ dy¿eÐh¡ `Õ\f_p„ L$pmM„X$_p lr\epfp¡_u syg_p L$fp¡.
lr\epfp¡ dmu Aph¡ R>¡, s¡ kde_¡ Ap`Z¡
-------- L$lu R>uA¡. 5. _uQ¡_pdp„\u ¼ep Ap^yr_L$ e„Ódp„ `Õ\f_p¡ D`ep¡N
(spd°eyN, gp¡leyN, AídeyN) L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ ?
(Ap) dlpfpô²$_p S|>_p `pjpZeyN õ\mp¡dp„\u (A) rd¼kf
_prkL$ `pk¡_y„ -------- ârkÙ õ\m (Ap) gp¡V$_u O„V$u (Q½$u)
R>¡. (B) dkpgp v$mhp_y„ e„Ó
(N„Np`yf, rkÞ_f, Qp„X$hX$)
6. cpfs_p _L$ipdp„ _uQ¡_p„ õ\mp¡ bsphp¡.
2. _uQ¡_p `¥L$u dÝe `pjpZeyN_p„ õ\mp¡_u Mp¡V$u Å¡X$u (A) `yfpídeyNu_ dlpfpô²$_y„ A¡L$ õ\m.
Ap¡mMp¡. (Ap) _hpídeyNu_ k„õL©$rs_p Ahi¡j dmu
(A) fpS>õ\p_ - bpNp¡f Aph¡gp _v$u_p¡ MuZâv$¡i
(Ap) dÝeâv$¡i - cudb¡V$L$p (B) d ÝepídeyNu_ Ahi¡j dmu Aph¡g
(B) NyS>fps - gp„OZS> dÝeâv$¡i_y„ A¡L$ õ\m.
(C) dlpfpô²$ - rhÅ`yf
D`¾$d :
3. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p V|„$L$dp„ DÑfp¡ gMp¡. sdpfp `qfkf_p rhrh^ ìephkpreL$p¡_u
(A) ApOps sÓ„ _p¡ D`epN¡ dp_h¡ L$¡hu fus¡ L$ep?£ dygpL$ps gC_¡ Ðep„ h`fpsp„ lr\epfp¡_u dprlsu
(Ap) byqÙipmu dp_h¡ `Õ\f_p„ lr\epfp¡ d¡mhp¡ A_¡ s¡_y„ hN}L$fZ L$fp¡.
b_phhp_u `Ùrsdp„ L$C ¾$p„rs L$fu ?

_hp `pjpZeyN_u Ly$lpX$u 

(29)

7. fl¡W$pZ\u Npd - hkpls

7.1 fl¡W$pZ 7.2 l„Npdu `X$ph

7.2 l„Npdu `X$ph dÝe `pjpZeyN_p L$pmdp„ byqÙipmu
dp_h_p kd|lp¡A¡ S>Nscfdp„ hkhpV$ L$ep£
7.3 Npd - hkpls lsp¡. Ap eyNdp„ lhpdp_ lº„apmy„ \hp gpÁey„
lsy„. kh®Ó `ep®hfZdp„ a¡fapf \sp¡ lsp¡. s¡\u
7.1 fl¡W$pZ dÝepídeyN_p L$pmdp„ byqÙipmu dp_h_u
Aplpf `Ùrsdp„ `Z a¡fapf \sp¡ S>sp¡ lsp¡.
`p„Qdp `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ Å¡ey„ L¡$ i[¼sipmu
dp_h dy¿eÐh¡ Nyapdp„ hkhpV$ L$fsp¡ lsp¡. s¡ M|b dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ \sp„ riL$pf A_¡
kde¡ eyfp¡`dp„ NpÓ_¡ \uÅhu v$¡ s¡hy„ Arsie W„$Xy„$ `ep®hfZdp„ \e¡gp a¡fapf_¡ gu^¡ dÝe `pjpZeyN
lhpdp_ lsy„. sp`Zp„_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp\u A_¡ ky^u d¸dp¡\ S>¡hp„ dlpL$pe âpZu _pi \hp„ gpÁep„
QpdX$p_p L$`X$p„ hp`fhp\u s¡Ap¡ W„$X$u\u fnZ lsp„. s¡\u riL$pf_u kp\p¡kp\ byqÙipmu dp_h
d¡mhu i¼ep. `f„sy s¡V$gy„ `ep®às _rl lp¡e s¡\u

i[¼sipmu dp_h¡ äpÞk_u A¡L$ Nyap_p A„v$f_p cpNdp„ Ecp¡ L$f¡gp¡ b¡ Ap¡fX$phpmp¡ lŸ„apmp¡ s„by.

S> s¡dZ¡ Nyap_u A„v$f_p cpNdp„ Å_hfp¡_u dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ dpR>udpfu L$fhp gpÁep¡ lsp¡. lh¡
QpdX$u_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu_¡ lº„apmp s„by Ecp L$ep®. s¡Ap¡ S>„Ngu Xy$½$f, lfZ, Xy„$Nfpm bL$fu, O¡V$u
Äep„ S>ê$f lsu Ðep„ s¡dZ¡ Myëgu S>Áepdp„ `Z S>¡hp„ _p_p„ âpZuAp¡_p riL$pf D`f h^pf¡ cpf
T|„`X$uAp¡ bp„^u. Ap`sp„ lsp„.

(30)

d¸dp¡\ lp\u_p¡ `|h®S> lsp¡, `f„sy lp\u_u syg_pdp„ s¡ L$v$dp„ âQ„X$ dp¡Vy„$ âpZu lsy„.
d¸dp¡\

bv$gpe¡gu Aplpf `Ùrs_¡ gu^¡ byqÙipmu lp\u
dp_h_p kd|l v|$f_p âv$¡ip¡ ky^u cV$L$u iL$sp
lsp. bv$gpsp lhpdp_ A_ykpf s¡Ap¡ Sy>v$p„Sy>v$p„ ÅZu gC_¡ s¡_p¡ apev$p¡ L$fu g¡sp lsp. L$ep
õ\m¡ spÐ`|fsp¡ hkhpV$ L$fu_¡ fl¡sp lsp. s¡- õ\m¡ h^pf¡ riL$pf dmi¡ s¡_y„ r_funZ L$fsp
s¡ lhpdp_ âdpZ¡ A_pS>_u L$p`Zu L$fhu, lsp. Aphp„ L$pfZp¡_¡ gu^¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡L$ õ\m¡
amp¡-L„$v$d|mp¡ c¡Np L$fhp„ S>¡hp„ L$pdp¡ L$fsp„ gp„bp¡ kde dyL$pd L$fsp lsp. S>„Ngdp„ h©np¡
lsp„. dpR>guAp¡ L$C F>sydp„ h^pf¡ dmi¡ s¡ sp¡X$u_¡ Myëgu L$f¡gu S>Áepdp„ s¡d_p¡ l„Npdu
`X$ph fl¡sp¡ lsp¡.

dÝe `pjpZeyN_p l„Npdu `X$ph_y„ L$pë`r_L$ rQÓ

(31)

_hp `pjpZeyN_p Npd-hkpls_y„ L$pë`r_L$ rQÓ

7.3 Npd-hkpls sS>huS> M¡su Üpfp L$fu iL$hp_y„ i¼e b_hp\u

_hp `pjpZeyN_p dpZk_u Æh_`Ùrs Ap L$pmdp„ kss riL$pf L$fhp_u NfS> flu
S|>_p `pjpZeyN A_¡ dÝe `pjpZeyN_p _rl. s¡\u kss afsp„ fl¡hp_u S>ê$qfeps S> _
kde_u Æh_`Ùrs L$fsp„ `|Z®`Z¡ Sy>v$u lsu. flu. Ap D`fp„s M¡suL$pd_p õhê$`_¡ gu^¡ s¡_¡
Ap L$pmdp„ dp_h AÞ_^pÞe_p¡ DÐ`pv$L$ bÞep¡. A¡L$ S> õ\m¡ fl¡hp_y„ S>ê$fu bÞey„. s¡\u L$ped
M¡su_u iê$Aps _hp AídeyN_u k„õL©$rs_u õhê$`_p Npd-hkplsp¡ Ecp„ L$fu dpZkp¡_u
rhriô$sp R>¡. riL$pf A_¡ amp¡-L„$v$d|mp¡ A_¡L$ `¡Y$uAp¡ A¡L$ õ\m¡ [õ\f \C. Ap
c¡Np L$fhp kss afsp„ fl¡hy„ S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡; _hp `pjpZeyN_p„ Npd-hkplsp¡_p„ kpdprS>L$
`f„sy gp„bp¡ kde Qpg¡ A¡V$gp AÞ_^pÞe_u k„NW$_ A_¡ k„õL©$rs_p„ rhrh^ `pkp„Ap¡ Ap`Z¡
ApNm_p `pW$dp„ kdÆiy„.$

õhpÝepe

1. v$f¡L$_p A¡L$ hp¼edp„ DÑf gMp¡. Aplpf `Ùrsdp„ a¡fapf \ep¡ lsp¡.
(A) byqÙipmu dp_h ¼ep„ âpZuAp¡_p riL$pf (Ap) dp_h A¡L$ õ\m¡ gp„bp¡ kde hkhpV$

`f h^pf¡ cpf Ap`sp¡ ? L$fhp gpÁep¡.
(Ap) _hp `pjpZeyN_u k„õL©$rs_u rhriô$sp
3. dÝe `pjpZeyN_p l„Npdu `X$ph_p L$pë`r_L$
L$C ? rQÓ_y„ r_funZ L$fu_¡ _uQ¡_p âí_p¡_p DÑfp¡
Ap`p¡.
2. _uQ¡_p„ rh^p_p¡_p„ L$pfZp¡ gMp¡.
(A) dÝe `pjpZeyN_p byqÙipmu dp_h_u (A) rQÓdp„ v$ip®h¡gp„ Ofp¡_u fQ_p L¡$hu R>¡ ?

(32)

(Ap) rQÓdp„_p„ Ofp¡_u bp„^Zu dpV¡$ L$ey„ kprlÐe D`¾$d :
hp`f¡gy„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ ? (A) M¡su L$fsu hMs¡ M¡X|$s S>¡ rhrh^ L$pep£ L$f¡
R>¡, s¡_u dprlsu M¡sf_u âÐen dygpL$ps
(B) l„Npdu `X$ph L$fsu ìe[¼s L$ep ìehkpe gC_¡ d¡mhp¡.
L$fsu lp¡hu Å¡CA¡ ?
(Ap) `qfkf_p Sy>v$pSy>v$p âL$pf_p„ `p„Q Ofp¡_u
4. rhrh^ F>sydp„ \sp„ lhpdp__p a¡fapf_u sdpfp dygpL$ps gp¡ A_¡ s¡ Ofp¡_p„ bp„^L$pd dpV¡$
Æh_`f iu Akf \pe R>¡ s¡ gMp¡. ¼ey„ kprlÐe h`fpey„ R>¡ s¡_u dprlsu
d¡mhp¡.
5. _hp `pjpZeyN_p„ Npd A_¡ Ap^yr_L$ Npd_u
syg_p L$fp¡. (B) rinL$_u dv$v$\u `©Õhu_p Np¡mp D`f_p
A\hp _¼ipdp„_p M„X$p¡_y„ r_funZ L$fp¡
L©$rs A_¡ _p¡V$byL$dp„ _p¢^ L$fp¡.
rhrh^ âL$pf_p„ Ofp¡_u ârsL©$rs s¥epf L$fp¡.

Ap sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$ ?

`©Õhu D`f rldeyN A_¡ Ap„sfrldeyN S>¡hp L$pmM„X$ hpfpafsu lp¡e R>¡. rldeyNdp„ `©Õhu_p¡ dp¡V$p cpN_p¡
`©›$cpN bfa\u R>hpe¡gp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s\p lhpdp_ Arsie W„$Xy$„ A_¡ iyóL$ (k|Ly„$) lp¡e R>¡. kdyÖ_p `pZu_u
k`pV$u M|b _uQu Ne¡gu lp¡e R>¡, L$pfZ L¡$ M|b dp¡V$p rlõkp_y„ bfadp„ ê$`p„sf \e¡gy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap„sfrldeyN
A¡V$g¡ b¡ rldeyN_u hÃQ¡_p¡ L$pmM„X$. Ap„sfrldeyNdp„ `©Õhu_p `©›$cpN D`f_p¡ bfa dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ `uNm¡
R>¡. kdyÖ_p `pZu_u k`pV$u KQu Aph¡ R>¡. lhpdp_ syg_pdp„ lº„apmy„ A_¡ c¡S>hpmy„ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ kdedp„ `©Õhu
`f_p L¡$V$gpL$ âv$¡ip¡dp„ rldeyN lp¡e R>¡, s¡ S> kdedp„ A¡riep A_¡ ApqäL$p M„X$_p L¡$V$gpL$ âv$¡ip¡dp„ M|b dp¡V$p
âdpZdp„ hfkpv$ `X$sp¡ lsp¡. s¡hu S> fus¡ AÞeÓ Ap„sfrldeyN lp¡e Ðepf¡ A¡riep A_¡ ApqäL$p M„X$_p s¡
âv$¡ip¡dp„ hfkpv$_y„ âdpZ Ap¡Ry>„ \ey„ lsy„.

Ly$im dp_h_p L$pmdp„ A¡V$g¡ kpdpÞe fus¡ 25 gpM hj® `l¡gp„ lhpdp_ Arsie W„$Xy„$ A_¡ k|Ly„$ \hp
gpÁey„ lsy„. ApS>_p kde\u `pR>m S>CA¡ sp¡ AY$pf gpM hj®\u ArNepf lÅf hj® v$fçep_ rldeyN A_¡
Ap„sfrldeyN_p„ dy¿e Qpf Aphs®_ \C Nep„. S|>_p `pjpZeyN A_¡ dÝe `pjpZeyN_p sb½$pdp„_p dp_h
k„õL©$rs_p¡ Brslpk Ap S> kdedp„ OX$pep¡. gNcN 11 lÅf hj® `|h® R>¡ëgp Aphs®__p¡ rldeyN `|fp¡ \C
Ap„sfrldeyN_u iê$Aps \C. lhpdp_ lŸ„apmy„ A_¡ c¡S>hpmy„ \hp gpÁey„. M¡su_u A_¡ _hp `pjpZeyN_u
iê$Aps `Z s¡ S> kdedp„ \C.



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8. [õ\f Æh__u iê$Aps

8.1 `iy`pg_ A_¡ M¡su_u iê$Aps Apdp„\u dpZk Äepf¡ ÓuSy>„ QfZ
(`Nr\ey„) kpÝe L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ "`iy`pg_'
8.2 rhi¡j L$p¥iëep¡ A_¡ rhrh^ ìehkpe L$l¡hpe R>¡.

8.3 `fõ`f klL$pf Ahg„rbs Æh_ R>Ì$p `pW$dp„ Ap`Z¡ Å¡ey„ lsy„, L¡$ dÝe
`pjpZeyN_p dpZk¡ L|$sfp_¡ `pþep¡ lsp¡. L|$sfp¡
8.4 Ofp¡_u fQ_p dpZk¡ `pm¡gy„ `l¡gy„ âpZu R>¡. riL$pf L$fsu
hMs¡ dpZkp¡ L|$sfp_u dv$v$ g¡sp lp¡e R>¡. L|$sfp
8.5 Npd kNp„k„b„^uAp¡ A_¡ Ly$Vy„$b `R>u bL$fuAp¡, O¡V$p„Ap¡_¡ dpZk `pmhp gpÁep¡.

8.1 `iy`pg_ A_¡ M¡su_u iê$Aps M¡su : gNcN ArNepf lÅf hj® `l¡gp„_p
M¡su_p `yfphp â\d BTfpeg A_¡ BfpL$dp„\u
`iy`pg_ : L|$sfu, bL$fuAp¡, O¡V$p„, Npe, dmu Apìep R>¡. M¡su_u iê$Aps L$fhp_y„ î¡e
bmv$, c¢k hN¡f¡ `pm¡gp„ âpZu dpZkp¡_¡ A_¡L$ ÷uAp¡_¡ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AZuv$pf gpL$X$u_p
fus¡ D`ep¡Nu lp¡e R>¡. L$p¡C `Z âpZuAp¡_¡ Ap^pf¡ õÓuAp¡ S> bu hphhp_y„ L$pd L$fsu lp¡hu
`pmhp_u âq¾$ep_p dy¿e ÓZ QfZ/`Nr\ep„
R>¡ :
1. S>„Ngu Å_hfp¡_¡ `L$X$u_¡ `p¡sp_p

Ap^yr_L$ L$pm_p¡ bmv$ bmv$p¡_p¡ `|h®S> S>„Ngu bmv$_y„ L$pë`r_L$ rQÓ

A„Ly$idp„ g¡hp„. Å¡CA¡. L¡$V$guL$ Apqv$hpku S>dpsudp„ ÷uAp¡
ApS>¡ `Z Aphu `Ùrs\u S> hphZu L$f¡ R>¡.
2. s¡ Å_hfp¡_¡ dpZkp¡ kp\¡ fl¡hp_u hphZu L$fhp dpV¡$ D`ep¡Ndp„ g¡hpsu AZuv$pf
Apv$s L¡$mhhu. gpL$X$u\u `ep®às hS>_ d¡mhu S>du_dp„ KX¡$
ky^u Mp¡v$u iL$pe, dpV$¡ s¡ gpL$X$uAp¡_u hÃQp¡hQ
3. s¡d_u `pk¡\u v|$^ hN¡f¡ `v$p\® d¡mhhp
A_¡ s¡d_u `pk¡ `qfîd_p„ L$pep£ L$fphhp„.

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hphZu dpV¡$ h`fpsu AZuv$pf gpL$X$u A_¡ rR>Öhpmp `Õ\f AZuv$pf gpL$X$u\u hphZu L$fsu öuAp¡

rR>Öhpmp `Õ\f b¡kpX$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. gpÁep. M¡su_p„ L$pdp¡, `pZu_u hl¢QZu A_¡
M¡su_p„ L$pdp¡_¡ gu^¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ hj®_p¡ dp¡V$p Npd_p k„fnZ S>¡hu AÐe„s S>ê$fu bpbsp¡_u
ìehõ\p_¡ gu^¡ M¡suâ^p_ kdpS>ìehõ\p
cpN_p¡ kde A¡L$ S> õ\m¡ fl¡hp_u afS> `X$su, A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu.
s¡ Ap`Z¡ Nep `pW$dp„ Å¡ey„ R>¡. âpZuAp¡A¡
M¢Q¡gp lm\u M¡X$Zu L$fhp gpÁep `R>u M¡su_p 8.2 rhi¡j L$p¥iëep¡ A_¡ rhrh^ ìehkpe
: M¡su_u iê$Aps \C s¡ `l¡gp„_p L$pmdp„
âpQu_ BrS>às_y„ lm riL$pf A_¡ amp¡-L„$v$d|mp¡ c¡Np„ L$fhp\u dm¡gy„
AÞ_ gp„bp kde ky^u kpQhhy„ i¼e _lp¡sy„.
DÐ`pv$_dp„ h©qÙ \C lsu. M¡su gp¡L$p¡_p s¡\u s¡ Æh_`Ùrsdp„ kd|l_p„ b^p„ S> öu-
r_hp®l_y„ dy¿e kp^_ bÞey„. M¡su_p `yfyj a¼s AÞ_ d¡mhhp_p L$pe®dp„ kss
DÐ`pv$_dp„ h©qÙ \pe, s¡ dpV¡$ gp¡L$p¡ Ly$v$fsu N|„\pe¡gp„ fl¡sp„. M¡su_¡ gu^¡ dm¡gu
i[¼s_u A_¡ v$¡hv$¡hspAp¡_u Apfp^_p L$fhp [õ\fsp_¡ gu^¡ EN¡gp„ AÞ_^pÞe gp„bp kde
dpV¡$ k„N°lhp_y„ i¼e bÞey„. kd|l_p b^p_u
S>ê$qfeps `|fu \ep `R>u `Z bpL$u h^¡ A¡V$gy„
A_pS> dmhp gpÁey„. s¡\u kd|l_p„ L¡$V$gp„L$ öu-
`yfyjp¡A¡ _hu _hu bpbsp¡_u ip¡^ L$fu, `p¡sp_u
L$ë`L$sp_p Ap^pf¡ _hp„ L$p¥iëep¡ rhL$rks L$fhp
`ep®às kde dmhp gpÁep¡.

Aphp„ L$p¥iëep¡ ApÐdkps L$f¡gu ìe[¼s

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`pk¡ s¡d_p„ rhrióV$ L$p¥iëep¡ `f Ap^pqfs gpNsu, Ðepf¡ `Z rhr_de_u Ap S> `Ùrs
L$pep£ kp¢`hpdp„ Apìep„. s¡\u dpV$u_p„ hpkZp¡ D`ep¡Ndp„ g¡hpdp„ Aphsu lsu. duWy„$ Arsie
b_ph_pfp„, dp¡su b_ph_pfp„, S>¡hp„ L$pfuNfp¡ S>ê$qfeps_u hõsy. dp¡V$pcpN_p Npd_p gp¡L$p¡_¡
s¥epf \ep„. _hp `pjpZeyN_p L$pmdp„_p„ dpV$u_p„ duWy„$ v|$f\u gphhy„ `X$sy„. duW$p_p h¡`pfu duW$p_p
hpkZp¡ A_¡ dpV$u_u hõsy Of_u öuAp¡A¡ lp\¡ hmsfdp„ dm¡gu hõsy_p¡ `Z h¡`pf L$fsp.
b_pìep„ lsp„, A¡hy„ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. duW$p_p h¡`pf_¡ gu^¡ _hp `pjpZeyN_p¡ h¡`pf
rhL$kphhpdp„ dv$v$ \C.

Npd_p h¡`pf_u A_¡ kp^_k„`rÑ_u

hl¢QZu_u Ap ìehõ\p kfm fus¡ Qpg¡ dpV¡$

Npd_p gp¡L$p¡A¡ A¡L$buÅ_¡ klL$pf Ap`hp¡. s¡_p

r_ed s¥epf \ep. s¡ r_edp¡_u AdgbÅhZu

L$fhp_u S>hpbv$pfu S>¡d_u `pk¡ Aphu, s¡d_¡

Npd_p L$sp®lsp®`Ï„ dþey„. Npd_p k„fnZ_u

S>hpbv$pfu Aphp L$pe®L$sp® ìe[¼sAp¡_¡ kp¢`hpdp„

Aphu. Aphu fus¡ Npd_u ipk_ìehõ\p r_dp®Z

\C. _hp `pjpZeyN_p Npd_u Apk`pk_u

dpV$u_p„ hpkZp¡ lp\¡\u b_phsu öu k„fnZ c]s_p A_¡ b„v$L$_p `yfphp dþep

8.3 `fõ`f klL$pf Ahg„rbs Æh_ R>¡. `|f, S>„Ngu Å_hfp¡, s¡d S> Y$p¡fp¡_¡ Qp¡fu
S>_pfp blpf_p gp¡L$p¡\u k„fnZ d¡mhhp dpV¡$ Ap

Npd_p M¡X|$sp¡ lh¡ S>ê$qfeps L$fsp„ h^pf¡ c]sp¡ bp„^hpdp„ Aphsu.

AÞ_^pÞe DNpX$sp lsp. M¡su_p„ Ap¡Åfp¡ 8.4 Ofp¡_u fQ_p
b_phhp„, s¡_y„ kdpfL$pd L$fhy„ Ap A_¡ AÞe
A_¡L$ L$pep£ dpV¡$ s¡d_¡ Ly$im L$pfuNfp¡_u S>ê$f _hp `pjpZeyN_u iê$Apsdp„ k|L$p
lsu. L$pfuNfp¡_¡ L$pd_y„ dl¡_spÏ„ Aß^pÞe_p Opk_p„ Ofp¡ bp„^hpdp„ Aphsp„. ApNm S>sp„
A\hp hõsy_p õhê$`dp„ v$¡hpdp„ Aphsy„. AÞ_^pÞe_u rh`ygsp_¡ gu^¡ gp¡L$k„¿ep h^u.
L$pfuNfp¡_¡ rhrh^ hõsy b_phhp dpV¡$ Å¡Csp¡ Npdp¡ [õ\f A_¡ rhõspfsp„ Nep„. L¡$V$gpL$
L$pQp¡ dpg v|$f\u gphhp¡ `X$sp¡ lsp¡. s¡_u qL„$ds kde `R>u L$pQu IV$p¡_p„ Qp¡fk Ofp¡ bp„^hpdp„
`Z AÞ_^pÞe A_¡ hõsy_p Apv$p_-âv$p_ Üpfp Apìep„. L¡$V$gp„L$ Ofp¡dp„ A¡L$ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ Ap¡fX$p
S> Q|L$hpsu lsu. s¡dp„\u Mfuv$u A_¡ h¡QpZ b„^pe¡gp `Z Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. b¡ Ofp¡ hÃQ¡ h^pf¡
dpV¡$ rhr_de_u `Ùrs âQrgs \C. Äepf¡ A„sf _lp¡sy„. lhpdp__u õ\pr_L$ rhriô$sp_¡
L$pQp¡ dpg, s¥epf hõsy, v$¥r_L$ D`ep¡N_u AÞe A_ykfu_¡ Ofp¡_u bp„^Zudp„ õ\pr_L$ a¡fapf `Z
hõsy, hN¡f¡ AÞe õ\m¡\u Apeps L$fhp_u S>ê$f Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

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bgyrQõsp__p d¡l¡fNY$dp„ _hp `pjpZeyN_u hkpls

S>du_dp„_p Ahi¡j A_¡ Np¡m \p„cgp_u r_ip_u_¡ Ap^pf¡
b_ph¡gp Qp¡fk Of_y„ L$ë`_prQÓ

8.5 Npd, kNp„k„b„^u A_¡ Ly$Vy„$b d©s ìe[¼s_¡ Ofdp„ A\hp Of_p Ap„NZpdp„
v$pV$u v$¡sp. ìe[¼s_p¡ Ly$Vy„$b kp\¡_p¡ k„b„^ d©Ðey
Ofp¡_u A_¡ Npdp¡_u fQ_p_p Ap^pf¡ A¡hy„ `R>u `Z s|V¡$ _rl, A¡hp¡ l¡sy s¡_u `pR>m
A_ydp_ L$fu iL$pe R>¡, L¡$ ApMp Npd_p gp¡L$p¡ lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡. d©Ðey `R>u_p Apeyóedp„ D`ep¡Nu
kh® kpdpÞe fus¡ A¡L$ S> Ly$m_p„ lsp„. A¡V$g¡ \pe, s¡hu kdS>\u rhrh^ hõsyAp¡ `Z d©s
S> Npd_p v$f¡L$ kæep¡ A¡L$buÅ_p„ kNp„k„b„^u ìe[¼s kp\¡ v$pV$hpdp„ Aphsu.
lsp„. s¡ A\£ k„`|Z® Npd A¡L$ rhõspqfs Ly$Vy„$b
lsy„. A¡L$ Ofdp„ fl¡sp kæep¡ _ÆL$_p kNp„
k„b„^p¡\u Å¡X$pe¡gp„ lsp„, `f„sy s¡ S> kde¡ s¡
Npd_p rhõspqfs Ly$Vy„$b_p `Z kæe lsp.

õhpÝepe

1. Mpgu S>Áepdp„ L$p¦kdp\u ep¡Áe `ep®e gMp¡. 2. _uQ¡_p âñp¡_p V|„$L$dp„ DÑfp¡ gMp¡.
(A) gNcN ArNepf lÅf hj® `l¡gp„_p
(A) L$p¡C A¡L$pv$ âpZuÅs_¡ `pmhp_u âq¾$ep_p„
M¡su_p `yfphp â\d BTfpeg A_¡ --- dy¿e ÓZ `Nr\ep„ L$ep„ ¼ep„ ?
----- dp„\u dþep R>¡.
(Bfp_, BfpL$, vy$bB) (Ap) kd|l_p„ öu-`yfyjp¡dp„\u L$pfuNfp¡ L¡$hu fus¡
(Ap) _hp `pjpZeyN_u iê$Apsdp„ ------ s¥epf \ep„ ?
-- Ofp¡ bp„^hpdp„ Aphsp„.
(dpV$u_p„, IV$p¡_p„, k|½$p Opk_p„)

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3. k„L$ë`_prQÓ s¥epf L$fp¡. dlÒh
Akf
d¡mhhp dpV¡$
duWy„$

h¡`pf

4. L$p¡C `Z `p„Q `pm¡gp„ âpZu_u D`ep¡rNsp gMp¡.
5. ApS>_p kdedp„ `p¡gukv$mdp„ ¼ep„ âpZuAp¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ ? L¡$hu fus¡ ?

D`¾$d :
sdpfp `qfkf_p `p„Q rhrh^ ìephkpreL$p¡_p„ õ\m¡ dygpL$ps gC_¡ s¡d_p L$pd rhj¡_u dprlsu d¡mhp¡.



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9. [õ\f Æh_ A_¡ _pNfuk„õL©$rs

9.1 ^psy_p¡ D`ep¡N
9.2 QpL$X$p D`f OX¡$gp„ hpkZ
9.3 h¡`pf A_¡ hpl_ìehlpf
9.4 _Nfp¡-Dv$e A_¡ rgr`
9.5 _pNfu kdpS>ìehõ\p
9.1 ^psy_p¡ D`ep¡N

bëN¡qfep_u v$a_c|rddp„\u dm¡gu kp¡_p_u âpQu_ hõsy

dpZk¡ kp¥â\d h`fpidp„ ApZ¡gu ^psy 3. gp¡M„X$_p„ lr\epfp¡ A_¡ AÞe hõsy -
L$C s¡ bv$g Ap`Zp d_dp„ M|b Ly$s|lg lp¡e gp¡leyN.
R>¡. eyfp¡`_p k„N°lpgedp„ c¡Nu \e¡gu `yfpZu
hõsyAp¡_p k„N°l_y„ hN}L$fZ L$fhp dpV¡$ q¾$rò_ Ap hN}L$fZ _½$u L$fs¡ hMs¡ `Õ\f_p„
\p¸dk¡_ _pd_p AæepkL¡$ "rÓeyN `Ùrs' lr\epfp¡ iê$Aps_p L$pm_p, sp„bp_p„ lr\epfp¡
_pd_u `Ùrs Adgdp„ d|L$u. s¡Z¡ s¡ hõsy_u A_¡ hõsy_p¡ L$pm Ðepf `R>u_p¡ A_¡ gp¡M„X$_p„
ÓZ S|>\dp„ hl¢QZu L$fu. lr\epfp¡ A_¡ hõsy_p¡ L$pm kp¥\u R>¡ëgp¡,
s¡ \p¡dk¡_¡ âdpZ krls v$ip®ìey„. s¡ âdpZ¡
1. `Õ\f_p„ lr\epfp¡ - `pjpZeyN `pjpZeyN, spd°eyN A_¡ gp¡leyN S>¡hp„ _pdp¡
L$pmM„X$p¡_¡ Ap`hpdp„ Apìep„. s¡\u kh®kpdpÞe
2. sp„bp_p„ lr\epfp¡ A_¡ AÞe hõsy - spd°eyN fus¡ A¡hu A¡L$ kdS>Z õ\pr`s \C NC, L¡$

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