Benjamin Wable (Class of 2022) - Blue Science Portfolio (4)

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thermodynamics.1 The first law (aka Law of Conservation of Energy) states that
energy can’t be created or destroyed in an isolated system. 2 To wrap up this
experiment, the smaller the input distance is the more chance it is that the machine
will be impossible.

1. Discuss purpose
2. Restate hypothesis - angle and mechanical advantage
3. Data to support hypothesis
4. Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using research on

the Law of Conservation of Energy (Support with research - Use
Explore Tool research - INLINE CITATIONS )3
5. Use this source to explain the relationship of this machine to
Newton’s First Law of Motion.

TEXTBOOK REVIEW pg. 152-153 (1-28) Study these
Rubric

Lab Rubric - Data Analysis Sections

1 234

Data/ ____Data is poorly ____Data is ____Data is ___Data is clearly
Observations organized or missing represented in a represented in the and accurately
altogether. table or graph, but table or graph with represented in a
No mention of it is incomplete or minor errors. More table or graph.
observations there are major complete discussion Observations
errors. Some of observations. include discussion
discussion of of both qualitative
observations and quantitative
observations.

Conclusion/ ____No conclusion is ____Somewhat ____Adequately ____Clearly explains
Analysis written in this report or it explains whether or explains whether or whether or not the
is very brief. No data is not the hypothesis not the hypothesis hypothesis was
cited. was supported. was supported. supported. Data
____No analysis is ____ Possible Data is cited to was cited to support

1 "Perpetual motion - Wikipedia." h​ ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_motion​. Accessed 12 Apr. 2018.
2 "Newton's First Law - The Physics Classroom."

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-1/Newton-s-First-Law​. Accessed 12 Apr. 2018.

3

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included or it is extremely sources of error are support hypothesis. the hypothesis.
brief no sources of error somewhat ____Possible ____Possible
are explained. explained. sources of error are sources of error are
____No discussion of ____ No discussion adequately clearly explained.
patterns or trends in the of patterns or explained.
data trends ____Some ____Trends and
discussion of Patterns in the data
patterns or trend in are clearly
the data discussed.

Angle Tree Height Hypotenuse Name

19.3 30 Zach, Mt, and Na

40 13.6 21.8 Leigha Stratton

25 13 29.1 Hida Ahamed

45 30 42.4 luke, Alex, joey

35 21.7 Gianna, Ana, Diana, Caroline, Celina

40 25 31 Thomas, Anthony

40

36 20.7 30 Connor Dion Courntny Redfearn

30 20.4 14.43 Grace Lurz

35 16.1 28.075 Hao, Ethan

40 33.3 30 Deep

40 13.7 20.9 jack sean lauren justiin

30 14.425 28.51 Eli,Paul,Jordan,Drew

40 17 25 Olivia S, Lily, Jessica S
40 14.4 Jake G, Rahul Roles

20 14.5 Brianna

40 15.1 23.5 Olivia F, Beth, Emma, Caroline B

40 17.6 29.4 Kyra (hi) and Angela

20 17 Andre N, Brooke P

44 19.3 Morgan S, Sophia V

40 17 Jessica

20 18 53 Emily B, Grace C

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40 45 37 Aly H
8 17.6 133.6 Dylan B

30 19 38.1 Claudia and Alissa
47 19.8
27 26.5 25 Ellie, Eddy, and Chris
40 23.4
52 18.37 58.4 Amy (Me-me-chan)
20 7.28 36.2 Ben W and Justin W
29.44 Julia
50 12.9
40 16.28 21 Lindsay Mollin
52 42 Tobias
Katrina Roggenstein
9 17 Maddie
6 14.67
25 10.93 25.2 Maria Fiore
40 17.6 62.9 Aidan Palmer
30 25.0348
50 20 6 Enea Veizaj
20 13.5 113.3 Margello P, Nate B, Joey W
20 14.22
40 17.6 Sad
20 30 28.96 Avery DePodesta
30 40 37.56 Valentina
25 53.85 Divyaraj Pundir
30 14.6 25.81 P. Gorms, Jonny A, R​ iley L,​ Ethan L
40 20.75 37.77 Willmo
28.05 Zoe, Daniela, Taruni, and Julie
21.53
17.55 Ryan, Sad
22 13.48 50 Dionis
60 Ben C
35.9 Jillian
33.4 Riley Brabranto

Faith W
28.07 Anabel F

Theresa Jamele

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Thermal (Heat) Energy Project
Chapter 6 (pg. 156-180)
DUE: Friday May 16th

1. Vocabulary - Define and make note cards or quizlet

Conduction: transfer Heat: thermal energy Insulator: material in Calorie: ​the energy
of thermal energy by that flows from a which heat flows needed to raise the
collisions between warmer material to a slowly temperature of 1
particles in matter at cooler material gram of water
a higher temperature through 1 °C (now
and particles in usually defined as
matter at a lower 4.1868 joules).
temperature

Convection: transfer Temperature: Second Law of Turbine: a machine
of thermal energy in a measure of the Thermodynamics: for producing
fluid by the average kinetic states that is continuous power in
movement of warmer energy of all the impossible for heat to which a wheel or
and cooler fluid from particles in an object flow from cool object rotor, typically fitted
one place to another unless work is done with vanes, is made
to revolve by a
fast-moving flow of
water, steam, gas,
air, or other fluid.

Radiation: transfer of Heat Engine: device Specific Heat: t​ he Generator: device
thermal energy by that converts thermal heat required to raise that uses
electromagnetic energy into work the temperature of electromagnetic
waves the unit mass of a induction to convert
given substance by a mechanical
given amount

First Law of Conductor: material, Kinetic Energy:
Thermodynamics: such as copper wire, energy a moving
States that the in which electors can depends on the mass
increase in thermal move easily. and speed of the
energy of a system object.
equal equals that
works done on the
system plus the heat
added to the system.

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2. Provide a diagram showing molecular motion in Solids, Liquids, and gases.
*How are they different?

The molecules in the solid are close together, the molecules for the liquid are somewhat
close together and the gas molecules are far away from each other.
3. Discuss the energy needed to change a 15 gram ice cube into steam. Use a graph and
one calculation from our unit on Phase Changes.
Heat energy = m X Δ T x sh
Heat energy= 15g x 100​ ​C x 2.09 J/G
Heat Energy= 313.5 J

Heat of Fusion= m x Δ H
Heat of Fusion= 15g x 334 J/g
Heat of Fusion= 5,010 J

Heat of Vaporization= m x Δ V
Heat of Vaporization= 15g x 2257 J/g
Heat of Vaporization= 33,855

4. What is the difference between Heat and Temperature? Provide a definition, picture
and video link to help you review.
The heat of an object is the total energy of all the molecular motion inside that object.
Temperature, on the other hand, is a measure of the average heat or thermal energy of
the molecules in a substance.

5. Construct a graph showing the average monthly temperatures in Hartford, CT., a city
on the equator and a city in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Questions:
1. What do you notice about the temperatures?
Hartford’s temperatures drastically increase, where Pontianak and Rio de

Janeiro stay somewhat similar.
2. How is heat transferred throughout the Earth?

4. How is Steam used to create electricity in Power Plants?
A. Coal Plant -​ Almost all coal-fired power plants use steam turbines
B. Natural Gas Plant-​ Has a steam generation unit, where fossil fuels are burned in a boiler
to heat water and produce steam that then turns a turbine to generate electricity
C. Nuclear Plant-​ Nuclear plants split atoms to boil water into steam, and the steam turns
a turbine to generate electricity.

D. Where did Fossil Fuels originate? ​Coal, oil and natural gas are fossil fuels. All three were
formed millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs getting the name fossil
fuels. The age they were formed is called the Carboniferous Period.
E. What is the difference between Renewable and NonRenewable forms of energy?
Nonrenewable energy resources are available in limited supplies. Renewable resources
are renewed naturally and over relatively short periods of time.

Part II - Water, Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil
1. Conduct an experiment to determine the Heat Gained by 20 g of each substance
2. You must measure the mass of Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil.

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3. Research the Specific Heats of Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil in Calories/g C not in Joules.
4. Make a data table
5. Construct a 3 Line graph for 2 minutes of data collection - 1 pt every 10 seconds
6. Write a conclusion about your results.

Critical Thinking Questions
1. What happens to the molecules in each of the beakers as heat is added?
They begin to expand and heat up.
2. Which substance showed the greatest temperature change? Least? Use data
When using water, it changed the most because it heated up the fastest and decreased the
fastest.
3. Which substance does research say should show the greatest temperature increase? Why?
How does this relate to Specific Heat?
Orange Juice, because of the amount of pH in it. It relates to specific heat because when the
temperature of a substance increases, the specific heat also increases.
4. How does Average Kinetic Energy relate to this experiment?
It relates because temperature is a number that is related to the average kinetic energy of the
molecules of a substance.
5. Why is water a great substance to put into a car engine radiator?
Because water has a high heat capacity and it takes a tremendous amount of energy to change
the heat of water.
Practice Calculation
1. How much heat was gained by a 50 g sample of Orange Juice that increased its temperature
from 35 C to 75 C?
2. How much heat was gained by a 350 g sample of Vegetable oil that increased its temperature
from 24 C to 95 C?
Lopez Lab
Water (32 - 23) Oil (39-23)
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/SpecificHeat.htm
Use this to help solve problems

6. Lab Experiment:
*Conduct an experiment that tests 3 different cups for their ability to insulate.
A. Conduct experiment
B. Create Data Table - Include Specific Heat

Speci
fic
Heat

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Data
Table

Object Mass Mass Δ Temp Δ Temp Heat Gain Heat Lost SH
Metal Water H20 Metal H20 Metal Metal

Example 65 100 27-21 = 6 75-27 = 48 600 600

copper 68 100 27-21= 6 90-27= 63

aluminum 20.5 100 30-27=3 100-30= 70

tin 28 100 25-20= 5 90-25 = 65

aluminum 19.6 100 26-23.5 =2.5 75.8-26= 60 250 250 0.215
zinc 140 140 0.096
25.1-23.7=1.

29.3 100 4 75-25.1=49.9

C. Write short conclusion paragraph that relates your data to research about the
effectiveness of the 3 materials to provide insulation.

Critical Thinking - Choose 2 out of 3 to research
Provide pictures
1. How did NASA protect the astronauts in their space vehicles from the harmful radiation from
space?
When they build the space vehicles, they establish safety rules.
https://srag.jsc.nasa.gov/spaceradiation/how/how.cfm
2. How is your home insulated? Research the “R” value system for insulation.
3. How does the atmosphere act as an insulator?
Clouds and water vapor act as insulators in the atmosphere.

7. Lab Experiment: April 28-30
*Conduct an experiment to determine the Specific Heat of 3 different metals.
A. LAB TEMPLATE
B. LAB RUBRIC - Focus on DATA ANALYSIS SECTION

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C. Research a Phenomenon in nature that relates to Specific Heat

8. SPECIFIC HEAT WORKSHEET
WORKSHEET LINK​ - Use this worksheet and show your work

Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat

1. A 15.75-g piece of iron absorbs 1086.75 joules of heat energy, and its temperature
changes from 25°C to 175°C. Calculate the specific heat capacity of iron.

Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
1086.75 = 15.75 g * 150C * X
1086 J = 2362.5 X
0.46 J/g℃ = Specific Heat of Iron

2. How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 10.0 g of aluminum
from 22°C to 55°C, if the specific heat of aluminum is 0.90 J/g°C?

Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
Heat = 10 g * 33 C * 0.9 J/gC
Heat = 297 Joules

3. To what temperature will a 50.0 g piece of glass raise if it absorbs 5275 joules of heat
and its specific heat capacity is 0.50 J/g°C? The initial temperature of the glass is
20.0°C.

Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
5275 J = 50g*(x-20℃)*0.50 J/g℃
5275 J = 25*(x-20℃)
211 J = (x-20℃)
231℃ = x

4. Calculate the heat capacity of a piece of wood if 1500.0 g of the wood absorbs 6.75×104​
joules of heat, and its temperature changes from 32°C to 57°C.

Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
6.75* 10​4​ J = 1500 g * 25℃ * SH
67500 J= 37500 g * SH
1.5 = SH

5. 100.0 mL of 4.0°C water is heated until its temperature is 37°C. If the specific heat of water is
4.18 J/g°C, calculate the amount of heat energy needed to cause this rise in temperature.

Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
Heat= 100g* 33℃ * 4.18 J/g℃
Heat= 13794 J

6. 25.0 g of mercury is heated from 25°C to 155°C, and absorbs 455 joules of heat in the process.
Calculate the specific heat capacity of mercury.

Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
455 J= 25g*130℃*SH
455 J= 3250g℃ *SH
0.45 J/g℃ = SH

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7. What is the specific heat capacity of silver metal if 55.00 g of the metal absorbs 47.3 c​ alories​ of
heat and the temperature rises 15.0°C?

Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
47.3 calories= 55g *15℃ *SH
47.3 calories= 825g℃* SH
0.0573 cal/g℃ = SH

8. If a sample of chloroform is initially at 25°C, what is its final temperature if 150.0 g of
chloroform absorbs 1000 joules of heat, and the specific heat of chloroform is 0.96 J/g°C?

Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat

1000 J= 150g* (x-25℃) * 0.96 J/g℃
1000 J= 144 J/℃ *(x-25℃)
6.94℃= (x-25℃)
-18.05℃ = x

9. How much energy must be absorbed by 20.0 g of water to increase its temperature from 283.0 °C

to 303.0 °C? (Cp of H​2O​ = 4.184 J/g °C)
Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat

Heat= 20g *20℃ * 4.184 J/g℃
Heat= 1673.6 J

10. When 15.0 g of steam drops in temperature from 275.0 °C to 250.0 °C, how much heat energy is
released?

(Cp of H​2​O = 4.184 J/g °C)
Heat = mass * change in temperature * Specific Heat
Heat= 15g * 25℃ *4.184 J/g℃
Heat= 1569 J

Use this website for examples
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/SpecificHeat.htm

9. TEST REVIEW

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N​ ame: Ben Wable Period: S3 Date: 6/6/18
PreAP Physics – Circuit Construction Kit (DC Circuits) PhET Lab
Today, you will use the Circuit Construction Kit PhET lab to qualitatively explore series and
parallel circuits.
PreLab
Draw a simple diagram for a series and parallel circuit below using your notes/homework.

Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

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Beginning Observations
1)​ ​Open the Circuit Construction Kit (DC Only) PhET simulation.
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc
What can you change about the simulation?

2) Build a simple circuit with a battery, wires, light bulb and voltage source. Draw it below.

PhET diagram (draw what you see on the Circuit diagram (use symbols we have

screen) learned in class)

3) What are the main differences between what you see on the screen and what you drew in
your circuit diagram?
The PhET diagram is a simple way to draw the diagram as we see it, while the circuit diagram is
what it looks like in symbols.

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4) What flows through the wires when there is a closed circuit? What on the screen represents
these?
Electrons are flowing through the wires in a closed circuit. On the screen, the lightning bolts
represent light bulbs and the rectangle stands for a battery.

Part 1 – Series Circuit
Construct a simple series circuit with the following amounts of light bulbs using the PhET
simulation. Remember in a series circuit, there is only on path for electricity to flow. Keep the
battery source the same. Draw the proper circuit diagram in your table and rank the relative
brightness in your table.

Number of Circuit Diagram Relative Brightness of
Light Bulbs bulbs (use words like
brightest, least bright, etc.)

1 Brightest bulb
- Electric current is
the strongest
because there is
only one light bulb

2 Middle bulb
- Electric current has
medium strength
because there are
two light bulbs

3 Least bright bulb
- Electric current is
the weakest because
there are three light
bulbs

The more bulbs added to the series, the less bright it will get. This is the case because the
battery provides equal energy to each bulb, so less energy is able to flow through each one.
Plus, there is no other conductors to help the electrons in the wires move faster.

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Part 2 – Parallel Circuit
Construct two parallel circuits one with 2 light bulbs in parallel and one with 3 light bulbs in
parallel and rank the relative brightness of the bulbs. Remember, in a parallel circuit there are
multiple pathways for electricity to flow. Keep your battery source the same.

Number of Circuit Diagram Relative Brightness of
Light Bulbs in bulbs (use words like
brightest, least bright, etc.)
Parallel

2 The light bulbs are bright
because the electric current
evenly flows throughout
them.

3 Same as 2

What can you conclude about what happens to the brightness of the bulbs as you add more
bulbs in parallel? Why do you think this is the case?
As the more bulbs I add to the parallel circuit, the circuit continues to move at a constant rate. I
think this is the case because the electric current stays the same.

Conclusion Q’s
1. How does the parallel circuit compare to the series circuit?

The parallel circuit works better than the series circuit because it forces the electrons to
move at a constant rate, which also makes it safer.

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2. What happens when you break a parallel circuit (try it out in the sim if you need to!)? How
would this property be useful when designing circuits?

If you break the second parallel line, the first one and the third one will stay lit, but the
second one will blow out. This would be useful when designing circuits because in lights, when
one blows out, the rest usually won’t blow out.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuits?

An advantage for series circuits is that as more battery is added, the more power the
electrons will move and the brighter the light bulb. A disadvantage for a series circuit is that if a
bulb is broken, then the whole circuit will be broken. Also as you add more battery, the dimmer
the light bulbs.

An advantage for parallel circuits is that if one of the light bulbs is broken, then the circuit
will still continue. Plus, the brightness of the light bulbs would be greater than the series circuit.
A disadvantage for parallel circuits is that, if you add more battery, then it could cause a fire
because parallel circuits do not increase the resistance like it does in a series circuit.

Science Portfolio Reflection 
 

1. What was your favorite science activity or topic this year? Why did you enjoy this activity? Be 
specific 

My favorite science activity this year was the GPE experiment with the roller coasters. I enjoyed 
this activity because it was cool to learn about gravity on different planets and make believe 
planets. Also, the math portion was nice and easy to learn. A close second would be the inclined 
plane video. It was a fun way to learn about inclined planes and how you could use them in real 
life.  
 
2. Which topic or skill did you find to be the most challenging? Explain 
The topic that I found to be the most challenging is phase changes. The math was hard to grasp 
and the equations were hard to use. To add, if you make the smallest mistake in the problem 
than you going to be wrong.  

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3. Provide an example of 3 types of graphs that were used this year in science? Why did it make 
sense to use these graphs for those activities? 

  

  
It helps explain the experiment even further than a conclusion or a math equation. Also, for 
visual learners it is easier to see and write about in the conclusion.  
 
 
4. What were the key tips you remembered about solving math problems in science this year? 
Word problems? Provide an example from this portfolio of a science math problem that was 
challenging to solve this year. 
Some of the key tips that I remembered by solving math problems in science this year is that you 
have to keep the equal sign in line. For word problems, keeping  
 
5. Which lab conclusion or sample of writing are you most proud of in this portfolio? 
Your conclusion must also address which machine would be impossible and why?  

The purpose of this experiment was to calculate to find the IMA, AMA, and Efficiency. My 
hypothesis, If the angle of the inclined plane is increased then you decrease your ability to push 
the object up the ramp stands correct because the steeper the ramp gets the more force you 

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need to push the object up. From the data you can see that the higher the input distance goes up 
to more easier and possible the inclined plane is to use. The input distance, 300 meters is a 
possible machine because the angle of the machine is only 13​o​. Yes, there is a machine that is 
impossible. A machine that is impossible violates the first or second law of thermodynamics. The 
first law (aka Law of Conservation of Energy) states that energy can’t be created or destroyed in 
an isolated system. To wrap up this experiment, the smaller the input distance is the more 
chance it is that the machine will be impossible.   
 
 
 
6. What are you excited to learn about in science next year? Do you want to pursue a career in the 
sciences? Explain 
I am excited for the labs that we will do next year in science. I am also looking forward to 
learning how to do biology and what is biology. When I get older I do want to pursue a career in 
the sciences. I want to to be an Orthopedic Doctor, which has a lot to do with the sciences and 
bones.   
 

THE​ ​END