1468 Glossary
Margin of safety (MOS) the amount of drug that is lethal to Minerals essential substances that constitute about 4% of an
1% of animals (LD1) divided by the amount of drug that individual’s body weight and serve many diverse functions
produces a therapeutic effect in 99% of the animals (ED99)
Minimum alveolar concentration describes the potency of
Mast cell stabilizers drugs that inhibit the release of inhalation anesthetics
inflammatory mediators from mast cells
Minimum effective concentration amount of drug required
Mastoiditis inflammation of the mastoid sinus to produce a therapeutic effect
Median eafsfepcetciivfiecdthoesrea(pEeDu5t0ic) the dose of a drug required to Miosis constriction of the pupil
produce response in 50% of a group of
patients Mitochondrial toxicity specific type of adverse effects
resulting from a drug’s toxic actions on mitochondria
Median lethal dose (LD50) the dose of a drug that will kill
50% of a group of animals Modular formulas enteral feedings that contain nutrients
that are designed to meet a specific nutrient deficiency or
Median toxicity dose (TD50) the dose of a drug that will disease state
produce a given toxicity in 50% of a group of patients
Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) use of sedatives,
Medication administration record (MAR) legal documentation analgesics, and other low-dose drugs that allow patients to
of all pharmacotherapies received by a patient remain responsive and breathe without assistance
Medication error any preventable event that may cause or Monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme that destroys
lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while catecholamines such as norepinephrine in the nerve terminal
the medication is in the control of the healthcare provider,
patient, or consumer Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) drug inhibiting
monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that slows the destruction of
Medication error index categorization of medication errors norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
according to the degree of harm an error can cause
Monoclonal antibody (MAB) antibody produced by a single
Medication reconciliation the process of comparing a B cell that targets a single type of cell or receptor
patient’s medications with newly ordered medications to
address duplications, omissions, and interactions, and the Mood disorder change in emotion that impairs the patient’s
need to continue current medications ability to effectively deal with normal activities of daily living
(ADLs)
Menopause progressive decrease in estrogen secretion by the
ovaries resulting in the permanent cessation of menses Mood stabilizers drugs for bipolar disorder that can
moderate extreme shifts in emotions and relieve symptoms of
Merozoites transformation of sporozoites carried by the mania and depression during acute episodes
blood to the liver inside the human host where they multiply
into millions of progeny Motor end plate cholinergic synapse on skeletal muscle that
allows for communication between the nervous system and
Metabolic bone disease (MBD) refers to a cluster of disorders skeletal muscle
that have in common defects in the structure of bone
Mu receptors one of two types of opioid receptors in the CNS
Metabolic syndrome a group of abnormalities that tend to
occur together that places the patient at increased risk for Mucolytics drugs used to remove mucus by loosening thick
developing diabetes and vascular complications bronchial secretions
Metabolism the process used by the body to chemically Mucositis inflammation of the epithelial lining of the
change a drug molecule; also called biotransformation digestive tract
Metastasis travel of cancer cells from their original site to a Muscarinic type of cholinergic receptor found at
distant site postganglionic nerve endings in the parasympathetic nervous
system that, when activated, results in stimulation
Metered-dose inhaler (MDI) device used to deliver a precise
amount of medicine to the respiratory system Muscarinic agonist drug that is selective for muscarinic
receptors
Methylxanthines chemical class for theophylline and caffeine
and theobromine Muscarinic antagonist drug that blocks receptors at
cholinergic synapses in the parasympathetic nervous system
Microbial antagonism condition of various host flora in and at a few target organs in the sympathetic nervous system
competition with each other for physical space and nutrients
that helps protect the host from being overrun by pathogenic Muscle rigidity stiffness occurring in Parkinson’s disease
organisms that causes difficulty bending over and moving limbs,
changes in facial expression, or a lack of facial expression
Microminerals inorganic compounds needed by the body in
amounts of 20 mg or less daily Muscle spasms involuntary contractions of muscles that
cause sudden, intense pain, which slowly diminishes after a
Migraine severe headache preceded by auras and that may few minutes
include nausea and vomiting
Muscle spasticity condition caused by damage to the CNS in
Milk-alkali syndrome syndrome caused by the which certain muscle groups remain in a continuous state of
administration of calcium carbonate antacids with milk or contraction
food containing vitamin D; symptoms include headache,
urinary frequency, anorexia, nausea, and fatigue Mutations errors made by bacteria while duplicating their
genetic code
Mineralocorticoids hormones secreted by the adrenal glands
that affect the secretion of sodium and water Myasthenia gravis (MG) muscular disorder caused by a
destruction of nicotinic synapses on skeletal muscles and
Glossary 1469
characterized by extreme fatigue, double vision, speech Neoadjuvant chemotherapy the administration of
impairment, and difficulty chewing or swallowing antineoplastic drugs before surgery or radiation therapy with
Myasthenic crisis extreme muscular weakness and the goal of shrinking a large tumor to a more manageable size
symptoms similar to those of cholinergic crisis; caused by
abrupt discontinuation of medication for myasthenia gravis Neoplasm swelling, abnormal enlargement or mass; same
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection that usually as tumor
arises as a secondary infection due to the
immunosuppression caused by HIV infection or AIDS Nephrons structural and functional units of the kidney
Mycolic acid a complex lipid that covers the cell surfaces of
the genus Mycobacterium to protect them and make them Neuraminidase an enzyme that assists the virus in exiting
resistant to many disinfectants the host cell
Mycoses diseases caused by fungi
Mydriasis pupil dilation Neurodegenerative diseases degenerative diseases of the
Mydriatics drugs that cause pupil dilation CNS that include a diverse set of disorders differing in their
Myocardial infarctions (MIs) blood clots blocking a portion causes and outcomes
of a coronary artery that cause necrosis of cardiac muscle
Myocardial ischemia condition in which the heart is Neuroeffector junction specialized synapse where the
receiving an insufficient amount of oxygen to meet its postganglionic neuron terminates on smooth muscle, cardiac
metabolic needs muscle, or a gland
Myocardium the muscular layer of the heart, responsible for
its physical pumping action Neurofibrillary tangles bundles of nerve fibers found in the
Myoclonic seizures seizures characterized by brief, sudden brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease on autopsy
contractions of major muscle groups
Myxedema mucous type of edema caused by accumulation Neurolept analgesia type of general anesthesia that combines
of hydrophilic substances in connective tissues fentanyl with droperidol to produce a state in which patients
Myxedema coma a life-threatening end-stage condition of are conscious though insensitive to pain and unconnected
hypothyroidism with surroundings
N Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) potentially fatal
condition caused by certain antipsychotic medications
Nadir lowest values of erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet characterized by high fever, sweating, fluctuating blood
counts caused by chemotherapy pressure, tachycardia, and muscle rigidity
Narcolepsy sleep disorder that is characterized by severe
daytime sleepiness and inability to stay awake Neuromuscular blockers drugs that inhibit transmission at
Narcotic natural or synthetic drug related to morphine; may the neuromuscular junctions on skeletal muscles in the
be used as a broader legal term referring to hallucinogens, somatic nervous system
CNS stimulants, marijuana, and other illegal drugs
Narrow-spectrum antibiotic an anti-infective that is effective Neuron the primary functional cell in all portions of the
against only one or a small number of organisms nervous system; its purpose is to communicate messages
Natriuresis sodium excretion in the urine through conduction of an action potential
Natriuretic peptides substances secreted in response to
increased pressure in the heart Neuropathic pain pain caused by injury or irritation to nerve
Nausea unpleasant feeling of the need to vomit accompanied tissue described as burning, shooting, or numbing pain
by weakness, diaphoresis, dizziness, and hyperproduction of
saliva Neurotransmitters chemicals utilized in the communication
Nebulizer machine that delivers medication as a fine mist for of a message from one cell to another, or synaptic
the purpose of inhalation; also called small-volume nebulizer transmission
Negative chronotropic effect the property of slowing the
speed of electrical conduction across the myocardium New Drug Application (NDA) application submitted to the
Negative feedback controls secretion and release of FDA that signals that a pharmaceutical company is ready to
hormones by signaling the endocrine system once sell a new drug
homeostasis is restored
Negative inotropic effect the reduction in the force of New molecular entities medications that are truly unique
myocardial contraction and structurally different from existing drugs
Negative symptoms in schizophrenia, symptoms associated
with a loss of normal functioning, including a lack of interest, Nicotinic agonist drug that selectively activates nicotinic
motivation, responsiveness, or pleasure in daily activities receptors
Nicotinic antagonist drug that blocks receptors at cholinergic
synapses in the ganglia or in the somatic nervous system at
the neuromuscular junction
Nicotinic receptor receptor for acetylcholine in the ganglia of
both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle, an important cell-
signaling molecule and a potent vasodilator that causes
relaxation of both arterial and venous smooth muscle
Nits eggs of the louse parasite
Nociceptor pain pain produced by injury to body tissue
Nociceptors sensory nerve receptors located throughout the
body that initiate pain transmission when stimulated
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (NDNBs) class of
nicotinic antagonists that bind to ACh receptors at motor end
plates in skeletal muscle and prevent ACh from reaching its
receptors
1470 Glossary
Nonopioid analgesics analgesics that have a peripheral site of Otitis externa an inflammation of the outer ear; commonly
action, have no dependence potential, and provide the baseline called swimmer’s ear
pharmacotherapy for pain management; include NSAIDs, Otitis interna infection of the inner ear; also called labyrinthitis
acetaminophen, and a few centrally acting medications Otitis media inflammation of the middle ear
Non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep phase of sleep Ototoxicity drug-induced hearing impairment
during which respirations slow, heart rate and blood pressure Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHS) serious
decrease, oxygen consumption by muscles decreases, and complication of certain fertility drugs characterized by rapid,
urine formation decreases massive enlargement of the ovaries accompanied by physical
Norepinephrine (NE) primary neurotransmitter in the symptoms
sympathetic and autonomic nervous systems Ovulation release of an oocyte (egg) by the ovary
Ovulatory dysfunction the presence of abnormal, irregular,
O or absent ovulation
Oxytocics drugs that stimulate uterine contractions and
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) recurrent, intrusive promote the induction of labor
thoughts or repetitive behaviors that interfere with normal
activities or relationships P
Oligospermia presence of less than 20 million sperm per
milliliter of ejaculate Paget’s disease chronic progressive condition characterized
Oncology nurse nurse who has received special training to by accelerated remodeling of the bone, producing enlarged
care for patients with cancer and to administer chemotherapy and softened bones; also called osteitis deformans
On–off syndrome occurs when a patient with Parkinson’s Palliation form of cancer chemotherapy intended to alleviate
disease alternates between symptom-free periods (on) and symptoms rather than cure the disease
times when the drugs stop working and symptoms abruptly Pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas
reappear (off) Panic disorder anxiety disorder characterized by intense
Onychomycosis the invasion of the nail plate by a fungus; feelings of immediate apprehension, fearfulness, terror, or
also called tinea unguium impending doom, accompanied by increased autonomic
Open-angle glaucoma common form of glaucoma caused by nervous system activity
the partial obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) precursor molecule used by
through the canal of Schlemm bacteria to make their own folic acid
Opiates natural substances obtained from opium, such as Parasympathetic nervous system portion of the autonomic
morphine and codeine nervous system that is activated during nonstressful
Opioid class of drugs that includes natural substances conditions and produces a set of symptoms known as the
obtained from the seeds of the poppy plant such as opium, rest-and-digest response
morphine, and codeine, and synthetic drugs such as Parenteral nutrition the administration of high-calorie
meperidine, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, and heroin nutrients via a central vein, such as the subclavian vein
Opium a milky substance extracted from the unripe seeds of Parietal cells cells in the stomach mucosa that secrete
the poppy plant that contains over 20 different chemicals hydrochloric acid
having pharmacologic activity Parkinsonism having tremor, loss of fine motor skills, muscle
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) a primary blood test for rigidity, stooped posture, and a shuffling gait
diagnosing diabetes Parkinson’s disease (PD) degenerative disorder of the
Orphan product a drug or biologic for treating rare diseases nervous system characterized by tremor, muscle rigidity,
that affect fewer than 200,000 people in the United States hypokinesia, masklike face, and a slow, shuffling gait
Orthostatic hypotension fall in blood pressure that occurs Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) occurs when
when changing position from recumbent to upright episodes of atrial tachycardia alternate with periods of normal
Osmolality number of dissolved particles, or solutes, in 1 kg rhythm; also called paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT)
(1 L) of water Partial agonist medication that produces a weaker, or less
Osmosis process by which water moves from areas of low efficacious, response than an agonist
solute concentration (low osmolality) to areas of high solute Partial fatty-acid oxidation inhibitors a class of drugs used
concentration (high osmolality) in the treatment of coronary artery disease
Osmotic pressure creates a force that moves substances Partial (focal) seizures seizures that start on one side of the
between body compartments or across a membrane brain and travel a short distance before stopping
Osteoarthritis (OA) progressive, degenerative joint disease Partial parenteral nutrition a parenteral solution that lacks
caused by the breakdown of articular cartilage an essential element, usually fats or lipids
Osteomalacia rickets in children; caused by vitamin D Passive immunity immune defense that lasts 2 to 3 weeks;
deficiency and characterized by softening of the bones obtained by administering antibodies
without alteration of basic bone structure Patent medicines in early America before drug regulation,
Osteoporosis metabolic bone disease characterized by bone products that contained an easily identified trade name that
demineralization, decreased bone density, and subsequent claimed to cure just about any symptom or disease
fractures
Glossary 1471
Pathogenicity ability of an organism to cause disease in humans Phobia fearful feeling attached to situations or objects such as
snakes, spiders, crowds, or heights
Pathogens microbes that are capable of causing disease
Phosphodiesterase III enzyme in cardiac and smooth muscle;
Patient safety event an event, incident, or condition that inhibition increases cardiac output due to an increase in
could have resulted or did result in harm to a patient myocardial contractility and a decrease in left ventricular
afterload
Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003 (PREA) act that
authorizes the FDA to require research of pediatric uses for Phospholipids type of lipid that contains two fatty acids, a
new drugs phosphate group, and a chemical backbone of glycerol
Pediculicides drugs that kill lice Phototherapy therapy used for the treatment of seasonal
affective disorder that consists of artificial lighting approximately
Pegylation process that attaches polyethylene glycol to a 5 to 20 times brighter than normal indoor lighting
drug molecule to extend its duration of activity
Physical dependence condition of experiencing unpleasant
Penicillinase enzyme present in certain bacteria that is able withdrawal symptoms when a substance is discontinued
to make penicillin ineffective after repeated use
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) enzymes used by bacteria Pill rolling common behavior in Parkinson’s disease, in
to build bacterial cell walls that are targets for penicillins and which patients rub the thumb and forefinger together in a
related antibiotics circular motion, resembling the motion of rolling a tablet
between two fingers
Pepsin digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins from food
Placebo in drug testing, an inert substance that serves as a
Peptic ulcer erosion of the mucosa in the stomach or small control “nontreatment” group used to compare the
intestine effectiveness of the new drug
Peptidoglycan substance containing sugars bound to Placenta organ that allows for nutrition and gas exchange
peptides that is only found in bacteria between a mother and her fetus
Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) delivery system used Plaque fibrous, fatty material that builds up in the walls of
when a central venous line cannot be accessed or when it is arteries
not appropriate for the patient
Plaques psoriatic lesions characterized by red, raised patches
Peripheral resistance amount of friction encountered by of skin covered with flaky, thick, silver scales
blood in the arteries
Plasma cells cells derived from B lymphocytes that secrete
Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line a central antibodies
catheter that is threaded into the vena cava for administration
of chemotherapy Plasma half-life (t1/2) the length of time required for the
plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by one half after
Peristalsis contractions of layers of smooth muscle administration
Pernicious anemia type of anemia usually caused by a Plasminogen inactive protein that is present in fibrin clot
deficiency of vitamin B12 formation; precursor of plasmin
Phagocytes cells that engulf and destroy pathogens and other
foreign substances Pluripotent stem cells (hemocytoblasts) cells that are capable
of maturing (differentiating) into any blood cell type
Pharmacodynamics study of the mechanisms of drug action
and how the body responds to drugs Pneumonic plague life-threatening infectious lung disease that
occurs after breathing Yersinia pestis, a bacterium found on
Pharmacogenetics the study of genetic variations that alter rodents and their fleas that is responsible for the bubonic plague
patients’ responses to medications; branch of pharmacology
that examines the role of genetics in drug response Polarized describes a cell that has negative membrane potential
Pharmacokinetic enhancers two drugs, ritonavir and Polyclonal antibodies contain a wide mixture of different
cobicistat, that are given concurrently with antiretrovirals antibodies that attack the T cells or T-cell receptors
primarily for the purpose of inhibiting liver enzymes that
would inactivate the antiretroviral; also called boosters Polycystic ovary syndrome a condition in which the ovaries
are filled with follicular cysts and the patient has elevated
Pharmacokinetics study of drug movement throughout levels of androgens and estrogen
the body
Polydipsia excessive thirst
Pharmacologic classification method of organizing drugs on
the basis of their mechanisms of action Polyherbacy use of multiple herbal and other supplements
Pharmacology the study of medicines, ranging from how Polymeric formulas solutions that contain various mixtures of
drugs are administered, to where they travel in the body, to proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in high-molecular-weight
the actual responses they produce form and are considered the most common enteral preparation
Pharmacopoeia a medical reference summarizing standards Polyphagia excessive appetite
of drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis
Polypharmacy taking multiple drugs concurrently
Pharmacotherapy the application of drugs for the purpose of
disease prevention and treatment of suffering; also called Polyuria excessive urine production
pharmacotherapeutics
Positive symptoms in schizophrenia, symptoms associated
Pheochromocytoma a tumor, usually benign, arising from the with an excess of distortion of normal function, including
adrenal medulla that is characterized by excessive secretion hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought or speech
of catecholamines patterns, and movement disorders
1472 Glossary
Postantibiotic effect antimicrobial activity that continues for Prothrombin blood clotting factor that is converted to the
a time after discontinuation of a drug enzyme thrombin
Prothrombin time (PT) laboratory test used to measure blood
Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) consists of coagulation
nervous tissue and is an extension of the hypothalamus that Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) drugs that inhibit the enzyme
secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin H+, K+-ATPase
Prototype drug well-understood model drug to which other
Postherpetic neuralgia a serious form of the shingles in drugs in a pharmacologic class are compared
which the pain lasts for years Protozoan single-celled organism that inhabits water, soil,
and animal hosts
Postictal state period immediately following a seizure Provirus stage of a virus in which the viral DNA integrates
into the host chromosome
Postmarketing surveillance stage 4 of the drug approval Pruritus itching associated with dry, scaly skin or a parasite
process during which testing is done to survey for harmful infection
drug effects in a large population Pseudocholinesterase enzyme that rapidly destroys certain
drugs in the plasma
Postpartum depression major depression experienced by Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) caused by Clostridium
new mothers following delivery that is related to hormonal difficile, a rare though potentially severe disorder resulting
shifts and situational stresses that occur during that period from therapy with tetracyclines and other classes of antibiotics
Psoralens drugs used along with phototherapy for the
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) type of anxiety that treatment of severe psoriasis
develops in response to reexperiencing a previous life event Psychologic dependence desire to continue using a drug
that was psychologically traumatic despite obvious negative economic, physical, or social
consequences
Potency the strength of a drug at a specified concentration Psychosis general term used in medicine to describe a loss of
or dose contact with reality
Psychosocial describes an individual’s psychologic
Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) medications development in the context of one’s social environment
that comprise the Beers criteria that are of special concern for Pulmonary embolism condition that occurs when a venous
older adults clot dislodges, migrates to the pulmonary vessels, and blocks
arterial circulation to the lungs
Preclinical research first stage of drug development that Pulmonary perfusion blood flow through the lung
involves extensive laboratory testing by the pharmaceutical Purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin skin test
company on human and microbial cells Pyelonephritis an inflammation of the kidney, pelvis, and
other renal cells
Prediabetes condition in which serum glucose levels are
elevated but are not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes R
Preeclampsia occurs during pregnancy when blood pressure Radiation sickness occurs after exposure to ionizing radiation;
increases to 140/90 mmHg or higher on two separate symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss,
occasions, and 300 mg of protein is found in the urine over a anorexia, fatigue, and suppression of the bone marrow
24-hour period Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep stage of sleep
characterized by diminished muscle tone, movements of the
Pregnancy categories five classifications developed by the eyes, and irregular heart rate and breathing
FDA that rate medication risks during pregnancy Raynaud’s disease vasospasms of vessels serving the fingers
and toes that can lead to intermittent pain and cyanosis of the
Preload degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers just digits
before they contract Reabsorption movement of filtered substances from the
kidney tubule back into the blood
Preterm labor the initiation of labor prior to week 37 of Rebound congestion adverse effect of intranasal
gestation decongestants; prolonged use causes hypersecretion of mucus
and worsening nasal congestion once the drug effects wear off
Primary hypertension hypertension having no identifiable Rebound effects symptoms of lethargy and fatigue caused
cause by withdrawal of methamphetamine and other stimulants
Rebound insomnia increased sleeplessness that occurs when
Procoagulants natural substances that promote the formation long-term sedative medication is discontinued abruptly
of blood clots Receptor cellular molecule to which a drug binds to produce
its effects
Prodrugs drugs that become more active after they are
metabolized
Prodysrhythmics conditions that promote the formation of
cardiac rhythm abnormalities
Progesterone a natural progestin secreted by the corpus luteum
Progestins synthetic hormones that have actions identical to
natural endogenous progesterone
mPruocsutasgalnanddbiincaEr2bhoonramteo, nperotmhaottsetsimreuplaaitreosfthdeamseacgreetdiognaostfric
mucosal cells, and increases blood flow to the mucosa to help
maintain optimal mucosal conditions
Prostaglandins local hormones that have diverse functions
depending on the location
Prostatitis bacterial infection of the prostate gland
Protease viral enzyme that is responsible for the final
assembly of the HIV virions
Glossary 1473
Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) minimum S
amount of vitamins and minerals needed each day to prevent
disease Salicylates the chemical family to which aspirin belongs
Salicylism acute or chronic overdose of aspirin
Refeeding syndrome metabolic complications that can occur Sarcolemma the muscle membrane
when nutritional support, including enteral nutrition therapy, Sarcoplasmic reticula structures within cells that store the
is introduced to severely malnourished patients calcium ions that are released by depolarization
Satiety the psychologic feeling of fullness or satisfaction
Reflex tachycardia temporary increase in heart rate that following a meal
occurs when blood pressure falls Satiety center region of the hypothalamus that recognizes
satiety
Refractory period time during which the myocardial cells Scabicides drugs that kill scabies mites
rest and are not able to contract Scheduled drugs drugs that are frequently abused or have a
high potential for dependence are classified and regulated
Regional anesthesia similar to local anesthesia except that it according to their potential for abuse
encompasses a larger body area, such as an entire limb Schizoaffective disorder psychosis with symptoms of both
schizophrenia and mood disorders
Renin an enzyme that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by Schizophrenia psychosis characterized by abnormal
juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney thoughts and thought processes, withdrawal from people and
the outside environment, an inability to independently
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) series of perform ADLs, and a high risk of suicide
enzymatic steps by which the body raises blood pressure Sclerosing abnormal tissue hardening of the veins
Seasonal affective disorder a type of depression experienced
Replacement therapy hormones administered to patients during the dark winter months
who are unable to secrete sufficient quantities of their own Seborrhea skin condition characterized by overproduction of
endogenous hormones sebum by the oil glands
Second messenger cascade of biochemical events that
Repolarization return of a negative resting membrane initiates a drug’s action by either stimulating or inhibiting a
potential to the cell normal activity of the cell
Secondary hypertension hypertension having a specific
Rest-and-digest response signs and symptoms produced identifiable cause
when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated; they Secretion in the kidney, movement of substances from the
promote relaxation and maintenance activities blood into the tubule after filtration has occurred
Sedative–hypnotic drug with the ability to produce a
Reticular activating system (RAS) responsible for sleeping calming effect at lower doses and sleep at higher doses
and wakefulness and performs an alerting function for the Sedatives substances that depress the CNS and cause
cerebral cortex drowsiness or sleep
Seizure symptom of epilepsy characterized by abnormal
Reticular formation portion of the brain affecting awareness neuronal discharges within the brain
and wakefulness Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) drugs
that produce an action similar to estrogen in body tissues;
Retinoids drug class related to vitamin A used in the used for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal
treatment of inflammatory skin conditions, dermatologic women
malignancies, and acne Semielemental (oligomeric) formulas enteral solutions that
contain larger molecules than elemental products and a
Reverse cholesterol transport the process by which higher percentage of fat
cholesterol is transported away from body tissues to the liver Sentinel event a risk to patient safety that may result in
death, permanent harm, or severe temporary harm
Reverse remodeling occurs after several months of therapy Serotonin a natural neurotransmitter that is found in high
with beta-adrenergic antagonists, when heart size, shape, and concentrations in the hypothalamus, limbic system, medulla,
function return to normal and spinal cord
Serotonin syndrome (SES) set of symptoms associated with
Reverse transcriptase viral enzyme that converts RNA to DNA overmedication with antidepressants that includes altered
mental status, fever, hypertension, tremors, sweating, and
Rhabdomyolysis breakdown of muscle fibers usually due to lack of muscular coordination
muscle trauma or ischemia Shingles herpes zoster infection caused by reactivation of the
varicella-zoster virus or chickenpox
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) chronic, progressive, autoimmune
disease that causes inflammation of the joints
Rhinophyma reddened, bulbous, irregular swelling of the nose
Rifamycin derivatives include rifampin, rifabutin, and
rifapentine; used in combination with other antituberculosis
medications
Risk management system of reducing medication errors by
modifying policies and procedures within the institution
Risk–benefit ratio determination of whether the risks from a
drug outweigh the potential benefits received by taking the
medication
Root-cause analysis (RCA) attempts to focus attention on the
causes of a medication error, rather than on the individual
responsible for the error
Rosacea inflammatory skin disorder affecting mainly the
face, characterized by small papules that swell, thicken, and
become painful
1474 Glossary
Short stature height below the fifth percentile for age and Sterol nucleus ring structure common to all steroids
gender, or more than two standard deviations below the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) national repository of
mean (average) for age and gender antibiotics, chemical antidotes, antitoxins, antiviral drugs and
other essential medical supplies for use in a major health
Side effects types of drug effects that are less serious than emergency
adverse effects, are predictable, and may occur even at Striatum location in the brain where dopamine encounters its
therapeutic doses receptors and produces multiple actions
Stroke volume amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a
Silent ischemia myocardial ischemia that occurs in the single contraction
absence of pain Substance abuse self-administration of a drug that does not
conform to the medical or social norms within the patient’s
Simple partial seizures seizures that have an onset that may given culture or society
begin as a small, regional focus, and subsequently progress to Substantia nigra location in the brain where dopamine is
a generalized seizure produced that is responsible for regulation of unconscious
muscle movement
Sinus rhythm number of beats per minute normally Substrate drug that is metabolized by a CYP450 enzyme
generated by the SA node Suicide the intentional act of ending one’s life
Supercoil the highly twisted arrangement of the helix in
Situational anxiety anxiety experienced by people faced with bacterial DNA
a temporarily stressful environment Superinfections new infections caused when an antibiotic
kills the host’s normal flora, making additional space and
Sjögren’s syndrome chronic autoimmune disorder nutrients available for pathogenic organisms to grow
characterized by excessive dryness of mucous membranes unchecked
Supplements additional vitamins or minerals that some
Sleep attacks sudden bouts of sleep that last 10 to 30 minutes people take to complement their diets by providing missing
and may occur during the daytime without warning nutrients
Surgical anesthesia stage 3 of anesthesia, in which most
Sleep paralysis the temporary inability to move after waking major surgery occurs
up from sleep Svedberg unit a unit of measurement represented by the
letter “S” that indicates the size or sedimentation rate of the
Small volume nebulizer machine that delivers medication as bacterial 70S ribosome
a fine mist for the purpose of inhalation; also called nebulizer Sympathetic nervous system portion of the autonomic
nervous system that is activated under emergency conditions
Smallpox serious, contagious potentially fatal disease that is or stress and produces a set of actions called the fight-or-
caused by the variola virus flight response
Sympathomimetics drugs that activate adrenergic receptors
Social anxiety disorder unreasonable and persistent fear of in the sympathetic nervous system
crowds or of being judged, ridiculed, or embarrassed by Symporter a membrane protein that transports two
others; also called social phobia molecules at the same time
Synapse a junction between two neurons or a neuron and a
Somatic nervous system nerves that provide for voluntary muscle
control of the skeletal muscles Synaptic cleft space where neurotransmitters enter that must
be crossed for the impulse to reach the postganglionic neuron
Somatostatin hormone released by the hypothalamus, or organ
stomach, intestine, and pancreas that inhibits the effects of Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
growth hormone and lowers acid secretion; also known as condition characterized by marked fluid retention, elevated
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone urine osmolality, low serum osmolality, and sodium loss in
the urine
Specialty supplements dietary products used to enhance or Synergistic effect type of drug interaction in which two
complement a specific function in the body, such as drugs produce an effect that is much greater than would be
supporting joint health or immune function. These expected from simply adding the two individual drugs’
supplements form a diverse group of products obtained from responses
plant and animal sources that include probiotics, fish oils,
amino acids, and enzymes T
Spermicides drugs that kill sperm T cells types of lymphocytes that are essential for the cell-
mediated immune response
Sporozoite mature and infective form of Plasmodium that
resides in the gut of the female Anopheles mosquito Tachydysrhythmias disorders exhibiting a heart rate greater
than 100 beats/min
Stable angina type of angina that occurs in a predictable
pattern of frequency, intensity, and duration, usually relieved
by rest
Staging the process of determining where a cancer is located
and the extent of its invasion
Status asthmaticus emergency situation in which acute
asthma attacks are unresponsive to drug treatment; may lead
to respiratory failure
Status epilepticus medical emergency that occurs when a
seizure continues for more than 30 minutes or when two
successive seizures occur without full recovery of
consciousness between seizures
Steatorrhea the passing of bulky, foul-smelling fatty stools
Steroids types of lipids consisting of a ring structure
Glossary 1475
Tachyphylaxis the rapid development of tolerance to any Tocolytics drugs used to delay preterm labor
action of a drug, either adverse or therapeutic effects
Tolerance process of adapting to a drug over a period of time
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) unusual tongue and face and subsequently requiring higher doses to achieve the same
movements such as lip smacking, rapid eye blinking, and effect
wormlike motions of the tongue that occur during
pharmacotherapy with certain antipsychotics Tonic–clonic seizures seizures characterized by intense
muscle contractions and loss of consciousness
Target cells cells affected by hormones
Tonicity the ability of a solution to cause a change in water
Targeted therapies drugs that block the growth, progression, movement across a membrane owing to osmotic forces
and spread of cancer by interfering with a molecular process
that is specific to the cancer cell Tonometry technique that tests for glaucoma by measuring
intraocular pressure
Telomerase an enzyme contained in certain human stem
cells that can lengthen the DNA chains and allow continued Topical route medications applied to the skin or the
replication membranous linings of the eye, ear, nose, respiratory tract,
urinary tract, vagina, and rectum
Telomeres regions in chromosomes that prevent the vital
sequences of DNA from being destroyed each time a cell Topoisomerase IV in DNA replication, the enzyme that frees
divides the newly formed interlocked strands, allowing them to
migrate into the two daughter cells
Tension headache common type of head pain caused by
stress and relieved by over-the-counter analgesics Torsades de pointe type of ventricular tachycardia that is
characterized by rates between 200 and 250 beats/min and
Teratogen agent that causes birth defects “twisting of the points” of the QRS complex on the ECG
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) the active chemical in Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) nutrition provided through
marijuana a peripheral or central vein
Therapeutic classification method of organizing drugs on Toxic concentration level of drug that results in serious
the basis of what condition is being treated by the drug adverse effects
Therapeutic drug monitoring practice of monitoring plasma Toxoids type of vaccine that uses bacterial toxins that have
levels of drugs that have low safety profiles and using the been chemically modified to be incapable of causing disease
data to predict drug action or toxicity
Trade name name assigned by the pharmaceutical company
Therapeutic index (TI) the ratio of a drug’s LD50 to its ED50 marketing a drug; sometimes called the proprietary, product,
Therapeutic range dosage that produces the desired effects of or brand name
a drug
Transdermal patches topical delivery method that uses
Threshold potential an action potential triggered by the patches that contain a specified amount of medication that is
membrane potential during myocardial electrical conduction released over a specified time period
Thrombin enzyme that causes clotting by catalyzing the Transferrin protein complex that transports iron to sites in
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin the body where it is needed
Thrombocytopenia coagulation disorder in which there is a Translation basic steps in protein synthesis
deficiency of platelets
Transplant rejection recognition by the immune system of a
Thromboembolic disorder condition in which the body transplanted tissue as foreign and subsequent attack on the
forms undesirable clots tissue
Thrombopoietin hormone that promotes the formation of Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) class of drugs used in the
platelets in the blood pharmacotherapy of depression
Thyroid crisis a rare, life-threatening form of thyrotoxicosis; Triglycerides types of lipids that contain three fatty acids
also called thyroid storm attached to a chemical backbone of glycerol
Thyroid storm see Thyroid crisis fTrroim-iotdhoetahmyrionnoianceid(Tty3)rothsyinreoiadnhdo3rmatoonmesthoaf tioisdsinyenthesized
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) hormone secreted by Trophozoite the active, growing stage during which a
the anterior pituitary when stimulated by thyrotropin- protozoan organism feeds, often at the expense of its host
releasing hormone
Tropic hormones ability of the anterior pituitary gland
Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) stimulate the hormones to regulate the secretory actions of other endocrine
thyroid gland in Graves’ disease glands
Thyrotoxicosis an acute condition caused by very high levels Tubercles cavity-like lesions in the lung characteristic of
of circulating thyroid hormone infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) hormone secreted Tuberculosis (TB) a highly contagious infection caused by
by the hypothalamus when blood levels of thyroid hormone the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis
are low
Tularemia serious infectious disease found in rodents,
Thyroxine (T4) thyroid hormone that is synthesized from the rabbits, and hares that is caused by the organism Francisella
amino acid tyrosine and 4 atoms of iodine tularensis
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) a plasma protein produced Tumor abnormal swelling, enlargement, or mass; also called
in the liver neoplasm
1476 Glossary
Type 1 diabetes metabolic disorder characterized by Ventilation process of moving air into and out of the lungs
hyperglycemia caused by a lack of secretion of insulin by the Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) primary carrier of
pancreas in which glucose cannot enter cells and fatty acids triglycerides in the blood that is converted to LDL in the liver
are used as the primary energy source Vesicants agents that can cause serious tissue injury if they
Type 2 diabetes chronic metabolic disease characterized by escape from an artery or vein during an infusion or injection;
hyperglycemia and insulin resistance many antineoplastics are vesicants
Tyramine form of the amino acid tyrosine that is found in Viral load a measurement of HIV RNA levels in the blood that
foods such as cheese, beer, wine, and yeast products provides an estimate of how rapidly the virus is replicating
Virilization appearance of the male sex characteristics
U Virion mature infective virus particle
Virologic failure a plasma HIV RNA level that rises above
Unstable angina angina that occurs suddenly, has added 200 copies/mL during HIV treatment
intensity, and occurs during periods of rest Virulence quantitative measure of an organism’s
Up-regulation process by which cells create more receptors pathogenicity
on their surface to capture hormone molecules Viruses nonliving agents that do not contain any of the
Urethritis infection of the urethra cellular organelles that are present in living organisms that
Uricosurics drugs that increase the rate of excretion of uric are able to cause disease
acid by blocking its reabsorption in the kidney Vitamins organic nutrient substances required for the health
Uropathogens harmful microorganisms that invade the of the human body
urinary system Vomiting emesis in which the stomach contents are forced
Urticaria hypersensitivity response that is characterized by upward into the esophagus and out of the mouth
hives and is often accompanied by pruritus (itching) Vomiting center area in the medulla that controls the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) U.S. regulatory vomiting reflex
agency responsible for ensuring that drugs and medical von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) decrease in quantity or
devices are safe and effective quality of von Willebrand factor
USP verification program mark on the label of a dietary
supplement that indicates to consumers that the product has W
been manufactured under acceptable standards of purity, has
been tested for active ingredients stated on the label, and is Water-soluble vitamins group of vitamins stored briefly in
free of harmful contaminants the body and then excreted in the urine, including the C and
B-complex vitamins
V Wearing-off effect appears gradually near the end of a dosing
interval; symptoms become worse because the concentration
Vaccination process of introducing foreign proteins or of the drug has fallen below the therapeutic level
inactive cells (vaccines) into the body to trigger immune Withdrawal syndrome symptoms that result when a patient
activation before the patient is exposed to the real pathogen discontinues taking a substance on which he or she was
Variant (Prinzmetal’s) angina type of angina in which the dependent
decreased myocardial blood flow is caused by spasms of the
coronary arteries; also called vasospastic angina X
Vasomotor center cluster of neurons in the medulla that
controls baseline blood pressure Xanthine oxidase enzyme responsible for the formation of
Vectors organisms that harbor pathogens and spread several uric acid
major protozoan infections by carrying them from one host to Xerostomia dry mouth
another
Venous return the volume of blood returning to the heart Z
from the veins
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs when blood flow Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) disorder of excess acid
through a vein is very slow (stasis) secretion in the stomach resulting in peptic ulcer disease
Credits
Unit Opener Sources Fotoluminate LLC/Shutterstock Carol Urban
5 AshTproductions/Shutterstock; 9 Alexander Raths/Shutterstock;
1 Diego Cervo/Shutterstock; Iakov
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Stockbyte/Getty Images Shutterstock 10 Shyamalamuralinath/
6 Maya2008/Shutterstock; Iakov Shutterstock; Rocketclips, Inc./
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Shutterstock 7 Carol Urban; leungchopan/ 11 PT Images/Shutterstock;
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Gorton/Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.
4 Koraysa/Shutterstock; Bassittart/
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Chapter Opener Sources
1 Diego Cervo/Shutterstock 25 Fotoluminate LLC/Shutterstock 51 Kim Reinick/Shutterstock
2 Ruslan Guzov/Shutterstock 26 Rocketclips, Inc/Shutterstock 52 Image Point Fr/Shutterstock
3 Tyler Olson/Shutterstock 27 John Sommer/E+/Getty Images 53 Oliveromg/Shutterstock
4 Iakov Filimonov/Shutterstock 28 Sebastian Kaulitzki/Shutterstock 54 Portra/Digital Vision/Getty
5 Tom Grill/JGI/Blend Images/ 29 Jeff Cleveland/Shutterstock
30 AshTproductions/Shutterstock Images
Getty Images 31 Real Deal Photo/Shutterstock 55 Rui Vale Sousa/Shutterstock
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33 Michael Jung/Shutterstock 57 Carol Urban
Getty Images 34 Nadino/Shutterstock 58 Anatomy online/Decade3d/
7 Alexander Raths/Shutterstock 35 Wavebreak Media Ltd/
8 Pathdoc/Shutterstock Shutterstock
9 Ucchie79/Shutterstock 123RF.com 59 Wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock
10 Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock 36 Petersemler Photography/ 60 Alexander Raths/Shutterstock
11 Tobkatrina/Shutterstock 61 Michael Jung/Shutterstock
12 StudioSmart/Shutterstock Shutterstock 62 Carol Urban
13 Nika Art/Shutterstock 37 Jeep5d/Shutterstock 63 L stock Studio/Shutterstock
14 Fotorobs/Shutterstock 38 Kimberrywood/Shutterstock 64 Designua/Shutterstock
15 Image Point Fr/Shutterstock 39 T-Design/Shutterstock 65 Shyamalamuralinath/Shutterstock
16 Steve Gorton/Dorling Kindersley, 40 Maya2008/Shutterstock 66 Rocketclips, Inc./Shutterstock
41 Iakov Filimonov/Shutterstock 67 Marcos Mesa Sam Wordley/
Ltd. 42 Image Point Fr/Shutterstock
17 Storm/Fotolia 43 Christo/Shutterstock Shutterstock
18 Koraysa/Shutterstock 44 Carol Urban 68 Chaphot/Shutterstock
19 Michael Heim/Shutterstock 45 leungchopan/Shutterstock 69 Wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock
20 kevinruss/iStock/Getty Images 46 Lotus_studio/Shutterstock 70 Yuri Arcurs/Shutterstock
21 Monkey Business Images/ 47 Ragne Kabanova/Shutterstock 71 Dmitri Ma/Shutterstock
48 Andrey Popov/Shutterstock 72 PT Images/Shutterstock
Shutterstock 49 Andersonrise/123RF.com 73 Travelview/Shutterstock
22 Bassittart/Shutterstock 50 Wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock 74 Jeffrey B. Banke/Shutterstock
23 Valua Vitaly/Shutterstock 75 RichVintage/Getty Images
24 Barbara/Getty Images
1477
Index
Page numbers followed by f indicate figures. Acetadote. See acetylcysteine acid–base imbalances
Those followed by t indicate tables, boxes, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 457 acidosis, 575–577, 575f, 576t
or special features. The titles of special acetaminophen, 735–736 alkalosis, 575f, 576t, 535–536
features (e.g., Nursing Practice Applications, buffers and, 533
P harmacotherapy Illustrated, Treating the adverse effects, 664t, 736
D iverse Patient) are also first-letter capitalized. breast-feeding and, 105t acidosis, 575–577, 575f, 576t
in combination products, 735, 815t, 825t AcipHex. See rabeprazole
Prototype drug names appear in red, drug cultural differences in metabolism of, 736t acitretin, 1381–1382, 1380t
classifications are in small caps, and drug interactions, 455, 457t, 665t, 670t, 736 ACK. See acesulfame
trade names are first-letter capitalized and intravenous, 735t aclidinium, 172t, 173, 175, 796
c ross-referenced to their generic names. mechanism of action, 736 Aclovate. See alclometasone dipropionate
metabolism of, 36 acne vulgaris, 871, 874, 1370–1376, 1375–1376t
A nursing responsibilities, 736 Acomplia. See rimonabant
overdoses/poisoning, 736, 1078t, 1416, 1416t Acova. See argatroban
A fibers, 395 with oxycodone, 404–405, 453–454 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
abacavir, 1002t, 1004 pharmacokinetics, 736
abarelix, 1054 pregnancy category, 102t See HIV-AIDS
abaloparatide, 1341t routes and dosages, 119t, 397, 731t acquired resistance, 839–843, 839t, 841f
abatacept, 1350t, 1351, 1352 for seizures, 335t acrivastine and pseudoephedrine, 814t, 817
abbreviations, medication errors and, 74 therapeutic effects and uses, 406–407, 733t, acromegaly, 1190
abciximab, 615, 674t, 677–678 Actemra. See tocilizumab
Abel, John Jacob, 3, 151t 735, 1347 ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone),
Abelcet. See amphotericin B lipid complex toxicity, 36
Abilify. See aripiprazole with tramadol, 407 336, 1247, 1308
abiraterone, 1052t, 1056 acetazolamide, 553t, 555, 906, 1125, 1394t, 1398 Acticin. See permethrin
abnormal foci, in seizure activity, 334 acetic acid and hydrocortisone, 1403t Actifed, 815t
abobotulinumtoxinA, 366t, 368t acetylation, 136, 922, 923f actigraphy, 233
abortifacients, 1301–1304, 1301t. See also acetylcholine (Ach) Actimmune. See interferon(s), IFN gamma-1b
Alzheimer’s disease and, 317, 318f Actinomycin-D. See dactinomycin
methotrexate; mifepristone discovery of, 148t action potentials, 479
Abreva. See docosanol effects and clinical applications, 146, 147t, 221t Actiq. See fentanyl
abscesses (carbuncles), 1368 life cycle of, 150f Activase. See alteplase
absence seizures, 332, 335, 335t, 348 Parkinson’s disease and, 306–307 activated charcoal, 1418
absorption receptors, 149–150 150t, 156–157f, activated partial thromboplastin time
blood flow at site of administration and, 156–158, 157t (aPTT), 664
33–34 synthesis and release of, 148, 149f active immunity, 763, 764, 777f
termination of action, 150 active transport, 28
concentrations and dosages, impact on, 33 acetylcholinesterase (AchE), 150, 158 Activella. See estradiol and norethindrone
defined, 28, 1075 acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Actonel. See risedronate
drug interactions and, 34, 62–63, 63f Actoplus Met, 1215t
gastrointestinal tract environment and, 33 inhibitors, 160–161 Actos. See pioglitazone
in geriatric patients, 118–119 adverse effects, 318 Acular. See ketorolac
ionization and, 34, 34f for Alzheimer’s disease, 161, 317 acupuncture, 361, 417t, 1026t
in pediatric patients, 113 drugs in class acute dystonia, 287
during pregnancy, 99–100 acute gouty arthritis, 1355. See also gout
route of administration and, 29–32 ambenonium, 158t acute kidney injury (AKI), 543
surface area and, 34 donepezil, 158t, 161, 317, 317t, 319 acute otitis media (AOM), 1403
Abstral. See fentanyl edrophonium, 158t, 161 acute pain, 393. See also pain
acai, 87t galantamine, 158t, 161, 317t, 320 acute pancreatitis, 1125
acarbose, 1214t, 1220 neostigmine, 158, 158t, 164–165, 180 acute psychosis, 282
ACC (American College of Cardiology), 492, physostigmine, 158t, 173 acute retroviral syndrome, 999
pyridostigmine, 158t, 162, 163 acute stress disorder, 230
493, 626 rivastigmine, 158t, 317, 317t, 320 acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC), 902, 902t
accessory organs of digestion, 1075, 1077–1079 glaucoma, 160, 1396 Acuvail. See ketorolac
Accolate. See zafirlukast mechanism of action, 160 acyclovir, 980–981
Accupril. See quinapril overdoses of, 161
Accuretic, 530, 587t acetylcysteine, 825t, 827, 1416t adverse effects, 60t, 664t, 982
Accutane. See isotretinoin acetylsalicylic acid. See aspirin breast-feeding and, 105t
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), 524, 526 acetyltransferase, 136 clinical applications, 774, 889, 979,
ACE inhibitors. See angiotensin-converting Ach. See acetylcholine
AchE (acetylcholinesterase), 150, 158 980, 1368
enzyme inhibitors AchE inhibitors. drug interactions, 62, 981
acebutolol, 207t, 648t, 652 mechanism of action, 980–981
Aceon. See perindopril See acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Nursing Responsibilities, 981
acesulfame, 1171 acid. See lysergic acid diethylamide routes and dosages, 119t, 980t
1478
Index 1479
Aczone. See dapsone adrenergic neuron blockers, 592 Akten. See lidocaine
AD. See Alzheimer’s disease adrenergic receptors, 150 Alamast. See pemirolast
Adalat/Adalat CC. See nifedipine adrenergic synapses, 220 Alaska Natives. See Native Americans and
adalimumab adrenergic transmission, 150–152, 152f
Alaska Natives
clinical applications, 756t, 1114, 1351, , 1382 alpha1-adrenergic receptors, 150, 150t, Albalon. See naphazoline
routes and dosages, 1350t, 1380t 151, 188 albendazole, 967, 967, 968t, 969
adapalene, 1372t, 1373, 1374 Albenza. See albendazole
adaptive (specific) body defenses, 719–721 alpha2-adrenergic receptors, 150, 150t, albiglutide, 11214t, 1222
Adcetris. See brentuximab 151, 188 albumin, 476, 541
Adcirca. See tadalafil Albuminar. See normal serum albumin
Adderall/Adderall XR. See amphetamine and beta1-adrenergic receptors, 150, 150t, albuterol, 792–794
151, 188
dextroamphetamine adverse effects, 376, 793
addiction, 394, 449. See also substance abuse beta2-adrenergic receptors, 150, 150t, 151, 188 for asthma, 196, 793–794, 793t
Addison’s disease, 1250–1251, 1250t norepinephrine. See norepinephrine drug interactions, 209, 793
additive effects, 64–65, 65f adrenocortical insufficiency, 1250–1253, 1251f duration of action, 196
adefovir dipivoxil, 987t, 988, 989, 1004 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 335t, mechanism of action, 792
Adenocard. See adenosine nursing responsibilities, 794
Adenoscan. See adenosine 336, 1180t, 1247, 1308 routes and dosages, 189t
adenosine, 603t, 609 Adriamycin. See doxorubicin Alcaine. See proparacaine
adenosine diphosphate receptor Adrucil. See fluorouracil alclometasone dipropionate, 1378t
advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs), alcohol
blockers, 616, 674–677 abuse of, 448, 455, 455
adenoviruses, 977t 22–23 adolescent use of, 116
ADH. See antidiuretic hormone adverse drug effects, 56–62. See also Black Box adverse effects, 1315t
ADHD. See attention deficit/hyperactivity dependence and, 450
Warnings drug interactions, 62, 91t, 455–456, 457t
disorder allergic reactions, 58, 91 metabolism of, 455, 456f
adherence cancer-causing drugs, 59, 59t pharmacologic management of, 62,
defined, 56
to antihypertensives, 588 drug-induced myopathies, 359, 359t 239, 457, 457
defined, 78 fetal, 60, 103, 104 during pregnancy, 100, 101–102, 456
factors impacting, 78–79, 79t, 286 in geriatric patients, 128–130, 122t pregnancy category, 102t
in geriatric patients, 127, 127t herbal and dietary supplements, 89–90 vitamin metabolism impacted by, 1050
in pediatric patients, 119 idiosyncratic reactions, 52, 58–59 withdrawal from, 451t, 456
adhesins, 1096 interactions. See drug interactions Aldactazide, 545, 587t
Adipex-P. See phentermine monitoring of, 19, 57 Aldactone. See spironolactone
adipocytes, 1164 nursing role in, 56–57 aldesleukin, 744t, 746, 747, 1064
adjuvant analgesics, 410–412, 411t organ-specific, 60–62, 60t, 90 Aldomet. See methyldopa
antidepressants. See antidepressants in pediatric patients, 113, 118–120, 119t aldosterone
antiseizure agents. See antiepileptic drugs prevention of, 56–57 excessive secretion of, 1257
benzodiazepines. See benzodiazepines Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS), in fluid balance, 563, 570, 570f
bisphosphonates, 412, 411t, 1340–1341t, functions of, 1246
20, 57 inadequate secretion, 1257
1339–1343 Advicor, 499, 502 reabsorption, effects on, 541
corticosteroids. See corticosteroids Advil. See ibuprofen regulation of, 1180t
adjuvant chemotherapy, 1024. AEDs. See antiepileptic drugs release of, 527, 1246
aerobic bacteria, 836 aldosterone antagonists, 527, 531t, 534,
See also antineoplastic agents AeroBid. See flunisolide
adolescents, 117, 118, 465t, 703. aerosols, 789 550–551
AERS (Adverse Event Reporting System), Alecensa. See alectinib
See also pediatric patients alectinib, 1064t
ado-trastuzumab, 1064t 20, 57 alefacept, 1380t, 1382
adrenal atrophy, 1250, 1251f affinity, 35 alemtuzumab, 322t, 323
adrenal crisis, 1250 Affordable Care Act. See Patient Protection and alendronate, 35, 1340–1341t, 1341–1342
adrenal gland, physiology of, 1246–1247, Aleve. See naproxen
Affordable Care Act of 2010 Alfenta. See alfentanil
1247–1248f Afinitor. See everolimus alfentanil, 404, 424, 425t, 426
adrenal medulla, 152, 526 African Americans Alferon N. See interferon(s), IFN alfa-n3
Adrenalin. See epinephrine alfuzosin, 204, 203t, 205, 1321t
adrenaline, 151t antihypertensive therapy in, 208t, 587, 587 alimentary canal, 997. See also
adrenergic agonists, 185–200 diabetes mellitus and, 1202
G6PD deficiency in, 52t gastrointestinal tract
catecholamines vs. noncatecholamines, genetic polymorphisms in, 136 Alimta. See pemetrexed
188, 188f African trypanosomiasis Alinia. See nitazoxanide
alirocumab, 497t
classification of, 187 (sleeping sickness), 963 aliskiren, 516, 527, 587t, 590
for glaucoma, 1396 Afrin. See oxymetazoline alkalosis, 575f, 576t, 577
mechanism of action, 153, 186–187, 187f Afrin 4-6 Hour. See phenylephrine Alka-Seltzer. See sodium bicarbonate
nonselective, 188–192, 189t Aftate. See tolnaftate Alkeran. See melphalan
afterload, 482, 482f alkylating agents, 1037–1043, 1038t, 1039f
amphetamines. See amphetamines Agenerase. See amprenavir
dopamine. See dopamine Aggrastat. See tirofiban bendamustine, 1038t, 1040
ephedrine, 187, 188, 189t, 191 aging. See geriatric patients busulfan, 1038t, 1040
epinephrine. See epinephrine agonists, 51, 51f carboplatin, 542t, 664t, 1038t, 1041
norepinephrine. See norepinephrine agoraphobia, 229 carmustine, 1032, 1038t, 1040
Nursing Practice Applications, 197–198t agranulocytosis, 60 chlorambucil, 59t, 1038t, 1040–1041
selective. See alpha-adrenergic agonists; Agrylin. See anagrelide cisplatin, 59–60t, 542t, 1032, 1038t, 1041
AHA (American Heart Association), 492, 626
beta-adrenergic agonists AIDS. See HIV-AIDS
adrenergic antagonists, 201–216 air embolism, 1155t
akathisia, 287, 288t
alpha. See alpha-adrenergic antagonists AKI (acute kidney injury), 543
beta. See beta-adrenergic antagonists Akineton. See biperiden
mechanism of action, 153, 202, 203f, 590
Nursing Practice Applications, 213–214t
1480 Index alpha-blockers. See alpha-adrenergic amikacin, 877, 877t, 879, 920t, 925
antagonists gentamicin. See gentamicin
alkylating agents (continued) kanamycin, 877t, 879, 920t, 925, 1156
cyclophosphamide. See cyclophosphamide Alphagan P. See brimonidine neomycin, 877, 877t, 879, 894, 1368, 1402
dacarbazine, 59t, 1038t, 1041 alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, 1220 paromomycin. See paromomycin
estramustine, 1038t, 1041 streptomycin. See streptomycin
ifosfamide, 1038t, 1041–1042 acarbose, 1214t, 1220 tobramycin, 877t, 880
lomustine, 1038t, 1042 miglitol, 1214t, 1220–1221 mechanism of action, 877
mechlorethamine, 1038, 1038t, 1042 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, 1322–1323, 1321t Nursing Practice Applications, 882–883t
melphalan, 1038t, 1042 dutasteride, 1321t, 1323 resistance to, 877
oxaliplatin, 1038t, 1041 finasteride, 1315t, 1322–1323, 1321t, 1385 types of, 877t
procarbazine, 1038t, 1042 alprazolam, 7, 102t, 236t, 238t, 239–240, aminopenicillins, 854
streptozocin, 1038t, 1042 aminophylline, 793t
temozolomide, 112t, 1038t, 1041 448, 457t aminosalicylic acid, 920t, 925, 1113
thiotepa, 1038t, 1042–1043 alprostadil, 1317 amiodarone, 653–654
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), 325, 360 adverse effects, 653–654
Allegra. See fexofenadine Alsuma. See sumatriptan clinical applications, 617
Allerest. See naphazoline Altace. See ramipril half-life of, 41
allergens, 812 alteplase, 680t, 681 interactions with, 91t, 670t
allergic reactions, 58, 91 AlternaGel. See aluminum hydroxide mechanism of action, 654
allergic rhinitis, 812–822 alternative medicine. See Complementary and Nursing Responsibilities, 654
routes and dosages, 648t
decongestants. See nasal decongestants Alternative Therapies AMIs (atypical mycobacterial infections), 916
goals of, 813 Altoprev. See lovastatin Amitiza. See lubiprostone
mast cell stabilizers, 821 altretamine, 1066, 1067t amitriptyline
pathophysiology, 812–813, 813f aluminum antacids, 1095 adverse effects, 269
pharmacotherapy, 813–822 aluminum hydroxide, 105t, 1095–1096, 1095t for anxiety, 244t
alveoli, 787 for depression, 1117
antihistamines, 814–818, 814t Alvesco. See ciclesonide drug interactions, 457t
corticosteroids, 818, 818t, 821, 1254. alvimopan, 413, 455, 1105t for insomnia, 244t
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 315–320 mechanism of action, 269
See also under corticosteroids for migraine prophylaxis, 416, 417t
cromolyn, 798t, 799–800, 818t, 821, 1402t epilepsy and, 332t in pain management, 324, 411
ipratropium. See ipratropium etiology of, 316 routes and dosages, 260t
montelukast, 798t, 818t, 821 gender differences in, 137 amlodipine
prevalence of, 812t genetic influences on, 316 aliskiren with, 587t
allergy testing, 812 pharmacotherapy, 161, 317–320, 317t, 318f benazepril with, 530, 587t
Alli. See orlistat prevalence of, 316t clinical applications, 49, 514t, 516, 589
Allium sativum. See garlic symptoms of, 316, 316t hydrochlorothiazide with, 533, 587t
allopurinol, 670t, 725, 1355, 1356t, 1357–1358 Amanita muscaria, 149, 159, 159t olmesartan with, 533, 587t
almotriptan, 414t, 416 amantadine, 309t, 313, 983, 983t, 984–985 routes and dosages, 515t, 609t
Alocril. See nedocromil Amaryl. See glimepiride telmisartan with, 534
aloe, 87t Ambenyl Cough Syrup, 825t valsartan with, 534, 587t
aloe vera, 90, 1106, 1383t Ambien/Ambien CR. See zolpidem ammonium chloride, 64, 577
alogliptin, 1214t, 1215t, 1222 AmBisome. See liposomal amphotericin B amnesia, anterograde, 452
Alomide. See lodoxamide amcinonide, 1378t amobarbital, 247
alopecia, 1032, 1038, 1385 amebiasis, 953t, 958, 958t, 959f amoxapine, 265
Alora. See estradiol amenorrhea, 1268 amoxicillin, 118, 119t, 850t, 855, 1097, 1404
alosetron, 1114t, 1117 Amerge. See naratriptan Amoxil. See amoxicillin
Aloxi. See palonosetron American Academy of Family Physicians, 1404 amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, 36,
alpha1-adrenergic receptors, 150, 150t, American Academy of Pediatrics, 117, 499t,
379t, 380–381, 1166
151, 188 1404 amphetamines
alpha2-adrenergic receptors, 150, 150t, American Cancer Society, 1023
American College of Cardiology (ACC), abuse of, 380, 462
151, 188 for ADHD, 378–382, 379t
alpha-adrenergic agonists 492, 626 adverse effects, 190, 378
American Heart Association (AHA), 492, 626 drug interactions, 1095
adverse effects, 193, 591 American Indians. See Native Americans and drugs in class
clinical applications, 192–193
for glaucoma, 1396 Alaska Natives benzphetamine, 381
for hypertension, 585t, 591–592 American Pharmaceutical Association dexmethylphenidate, 379t, 381
mechanism of action, 193 lisdexamphetamine, 379t, 381
for nasal congestion, 192, 193–194, 822–824. (APhA), 17 methylphenidate. See methylphenidate
American Thoracic Society, 919 mechanism of action, 187, 378, 461–462
See also nasal decongestants American trypanosomiasis for narcolepsy, 233
ocular decongestants/vasoconstrictors, 194, during pregnancy, 103t
(Chagas’ disease), 963 withdrawal symptoms and treatment, 451t
1400t, 1401 Amevive. See alefacept Amphotec. See amphotericin B cholesteryl
ophthalmic applications, 192 Amicar. See aminocaproic acid
alpha-adrenergic antagonists, 202–206 Amidate. See etomidate sulfate complex
adverse effects, 203t, 204, 591, 1315t amide-type local anesthesia, 437t, 439–441 amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate complex, 939
for benign prostatic hyperplasia, 1321It Amigesic. See salsalate amphotericin B deoxycholate, 939–940
clinical applications, 202–206 amikacin, 877, 877t, 879, 920t, 925
drugs in class Amikin. See amikacin adverse effects, 60t, 542t, 664t, 939–940
amiloride, 545, 550, 550t, 552 clinical applications, 938–939, 964
alfuzosin, 203t, 204, 205, 1321t amino acids, 92, 93t, 1154 drug interactions, 1156
doxazosin, 203t, 204, 205–206, 1321, 1321t aminocaproic acid, 684–685, 684t, 687 mechanism of action, 936, 940
phenoxybenzamine, 202, 203t, 206 aminoglycosides, 876–880
phentolamine. See phentolamine
prazosin, 105t, 202, 203t, 205, 587t, 591 adverse effects, 60t, 542t, 878–879
tamsulosin, 203t, 204, 206, 591, 1321t breast-feeding and, 105t, 845
terazosin, 202, 203t, 206, 591, 1321, 1321t clinical applications, 876–880, 925, 1414
for hypertension, 202, 206, 585t, 592 drugs in class
routes and dosages, 203t
Index 1481
Nursing Responsibilities, 940 drug interactions with, 457t anorexia, 1031
routes and dosages, 938t general. See general anesthesia anorexiants, 379, 1167, 1170
amphotericin B lipid complex, 939 local. See local anesthesia
ampicillin, 854 Nursing Practice Applications, 434–435t, diethylpropion, 1167t, 1170
absorption of, 113 phentermine, 1166, 1167t, 1170
adverse effects, 664t, 854 442–443t rimonabant, 1166
clinical applications, 854, 903 types of, 423 anovulatory cycles, 1268
drug interactions, 1156 angina pectoris ANPs (atrial natriuretic peptides), 485, 625
mechanism of action, 854 pathophysiology of, 604–605 ANS. See autonomic nervous system
Nursing Responsibilities, 854 pharmacotherapy, 606–607 Ansaid. See flurbiprofen
routes and dosages, 119t, 850t Antabuse. See disulfiram
Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct beta-adrenergic antagonists, 208, 209, 606, antacids, 1094–1096
607f, 611–612, 609t aluminum hydroxide, 105t, 1095t, 1095–1096
Test, 918 calcium carbonate, 1095t, 1333–1334t
amprenavir, 1008 calcium channel blockers, 513–519, 606, clinical applications, 63, 209, 1119
Amrix. See cyclobenzaprine 607f, 612, 609t magaldrate, 1095t
Amturnide, 516, 587t magnesium hydroxide, 105t, 574, 1095t,
amygdala, 230 goals of, 606
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 325, 360 organic nitrates, 606, 607f, 607–610, 608t, 609t 1105t, 1108, 1142
Amytal. See amobarbital partial fatty-acid oxidation inhibitors, 606 sodium bicarbonate. See sodium bicarbonate
anabolic effects, 1313 prevalence of, 605t antagonistic effects, 65, 65f, 844
Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004, 467, 1314 symptoms of, 479 antagonists, 51, 51f
anabolic steroids, 1313 angioedema, 61, 528t, 528 Antara. See fenofibrate
angiogenesis, 1022. See also vascular anterior pituitary gland, 1185
abuse of, 467 anterograde amnesia, 4252
adverse effects, 59t, 1314, 1315t endothelial growth factor (VEGF) anthracyclines, 60t, 1048, 1050
clinical applications, 1313, 1314 inhibitors anthrax, 764, 837t, 889, 1412–1413, 1413t
drugs in class Angiomax. See bivalirudin antiadrenal drugs, 1258
angiotensin I, 524, 526 antianemic agents
danazol, 670t, 1278t, 1281, 1283 angiotensin II, 485, 524, 526–527 cyanocobalamin. See cyanocobalamin
nandrolone, 1309t, 1314 angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) folic acid. See folic acid
oxandrolone, 1309t, 1314 adverse effects, 532, 590 iron salts, 105t, 703–707, 704f, 706t
oxymetholone, 1309t, 1314 drugs in class routes and dosages, 703t
interactions with, 91t, 670t azilsartan medoxomil, 531t, 533, 587t antianxiety medications. See
routes and dosages, 1309t candesartan, 531t, 533, 587t, 590, 629t
withdrawal symptoms and treatment, 451t eprosartan, 531t, 533, 587t, 590 nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics
Anacin. See aspirin irbesartan, 531t, 533, 587t, 590 antibiotics
Anadrol-50. See oxymetholone losartan, 36, 532, 531t, 587t, 590
anaerobic bacteria, 836 olmesartan medoxomil, 516, 531t, 533, adverse effects, 61, 845, 1108
Anafranil. See clomipramine 587t, 590 broad-spectrum, 843, 846, 854
anagrelide, 675t telmisartan, 516, 531t, 534, 587t, 590 cell wall inhibitors
anakinra, 749t, 754, 1350t, 1350, 1352 valsartan, 516, 531t, 534, 587t, 590, 629t
analgesics, 394. See also pain management for heart failure, 531–532, 531t, 629t, 630 aztreonam, 860t, 863
anaphylaxis, 48, 56, 724 for hypertension, 531–531, 531t, 585t, 590 carbapenems, 860–861, 860t
Anaprox. See naproxen mechanism of action, 527 cephalosporins, 838, 852, 856–859, 857t
anastrozole, 1052t, 1055 for myocardial infarction, 531 fosfomycin, 860t, 863, 903, 905t, 910
Ancef. See cefazolin Nursing Practice Applications, 534–535t miscellaneous agents, 860t, 862
Ancobon. See flucytosine pregnancy category, 102t penicillins. See penicillin(s)
Ancylostoma duodenale, 967 angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 524, 526 telavancin, 860t, 863
Andro. See androstenedione angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) vancomycin, 40, 664t, 838, 860t, 862,
Androderm patch, 1310 inhibitors
AndroGel, 1310 adverse effects, 60t, 528t, 528, 542t, 590, 1315t 863–865t
androgen(s), 1308, 1308–1312 angioedema and, 528t, 528 combination therapy with, 844
adverse effects, 1309t, 1311 Black Box Warning, 529 cyclic lipopeptides, 893
drugs in class breast-feeding and, 105t defined, 836
fluoxymesterone, 1052t, 1309t, 1312 drugs in class drug interactions with, 457t
methyltestosterone, 1309t, 1312 benazepril, 36, 516, 528t, 530, 587t, 590 fluoroquinolones. See fluoroquinolones
testosterone. See testosterone captopril. See captopril ketolides, 881, 895
testosterone cypionate, 1309t, 1310 enalapril, 36, 528t, 530, 587t, 590, 629t mechanisms of action, 838, 839, 840f
testosterone enanthate, 1309t, 1310 enalaprilat, 36, 530, 596t miscellaneous
for hypogonadism, 1308–1309 fosinopril, 528t, 530, 590, 629t
nonreproductive uses, 1310 lisinopril, 529–531, 528t, 590, 616, 629t bacitracin, , 894, 1368
Nursing Practice Applications, 1312–1313 moexipril, 528t, 530, 590 metronidazole. See metronidazole
androgen receptor blockers, 1052–1053, 1056 perindopril, 528t, 530, 590 polymyxin B, 894, 894t, 1368
abiraterone, 1052t, 1056 quinapril, 528t, 530, 590, 629t rifampin. See rifampin
bicalutamide, 1052t, 1056 ramipril, 528t, 530, 590, 629t narrow-spectrum, 843
flutamide, 1052t, 1056 trandolapril, 528t, 530–531, 587t, 590 photosensitivity and, 872, 872t
nilutamide, 1052t, 1056 for heart failure, 527–531, 528t, 627–629, 629t in pregnancy and lactation, 845
Android. See methyltestosterone hyperkalemia and, 528 prophylactic therapy with, 845
androstenedione, 467, 1308 for hypertension, 527–537, 528t, 585, 590 protein synthesis inhibitors
Anectine. See succinylcholine mechanism of action, 528, 627–629 aminoglycosides. See aminoglycosides
anemias, 543t, 702–703, 702t, 1030. See also for myocardial infarction, 528, 616 chloramphenicol, 60t, 105t, 880–881,
Nursing Practice Applications, 534–535t
antianemic agents pregnancy category, 101, 102t 880t, 1414
Anestacon. See lidocaine angiotensinogen, 524 clindamycin, 881, 880t, 1372t, 1373
anesthesia, 422–446 anidulafungin, 938t, 940 lincomycin, 881, 880t
anions, 568 linezolid, 664t, 842, 881, 880t
adjunctive agents for, 423–424, 443 Anopheles mosquito, 954 macrolides. See macrolides
mechanism of action, 870, 871f
quinupristin-dalfopristin, 65, 842,
880t, 881
1482 Index
antibiotics (continued) in fluid balance regulation, 1193, 1194 as adjuvant analgesics, 410–412, 411t
telithromycin, 880t, 881, 894t, 895 in heart failure, 626 adverse effects, 60t, 332, 410–412
tetracyclines. See tetracyclines mechanism of action, 541, 563 for bipolar disorder, 277
Nursing Practice Applications, 1196t breast-feeding and, 105t
resistance to, 839–844, 839t, 841f regulation of, 1180t classification of, 339, 340–341t
selection of, 844–845 secretion of, 1186 drug interactions, 91t, 332, 457t
sulfonamides. See sulfonamides antidysrhythmics, 646–655 drugs in class
superinfections and, 845–846 adverse effects, 646
antibodies, 476, 720, 721f, 755–757. See also beta-adrenergic antagonists, 208, 209, 210, barbiturates, 339, 339. See also under
barbiturates
monoclonal antibodies 648t, 652–653
anticholinergic syndrome, 173 acebutolol, 207t, 648t, 652 benzodiazepines, 342–343. See also under
anticholinergics. See muscarinic antagonists esmolol, 207t, 212, 596t, 648t, 652 benzodiazepines
anticholinesterase agents. See propranolol. See propranolol
calcium channel blockers, 648t, 655 dibenzazepines, 346–347
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors diltiazem. See diltiazem ezogabine, 340t, 351
anticoagulants, 665–674 verapamil. See verapamil felbamate, 335t, 338, 341t, 351
mechanisms of action, 646–647, 647t gabapentin. See gabapentin
direct thrombin inhibitors. See direct miscellaneous agents, 656 hydantoins, 344–345. See also under
thrombin inhibitors Nursing Practice Applications, 656–657t
potassium channel blockers, 648t, 653–655 hydantoins
indirect thrombin inhibitors, 665–670. See also amiodarone. See amiodarone lacosamide, 341t, 351
heparin; warfarin dofetilide, 648t, 654 lamotrigine. See lamictal
dronedarone, 648t, 654 levetiracetam, 335t, 341t, 351
interactions with, 66, 457t ibutilide, 648t, 654–655 miscellaneous agents, 348–353
low-molecular-weight heparins. See sotalol, 207t, 210, 648t, 655 pregabalin, 335t, 337, 341t, 351–352
sodium channel blockers, 647, 649f, 648t, rufinamide, 335t, 341t, 352
low–molecular-weight heparins succinimides, 347–348. See also under
mechanism of action, 662, 664t, 665 649–652
for myocardial infarction, 616 disopyramide, 648t, 647, 650 succinimides
Nursing Practice Applications, 672–673t flecainide, 648t, 651 tiagabine, 335t, 341t, 352
routes and dosages, 665t lidocaine. See lidocaine valproic acid. See valproic acid
anticonvulsants. See antiepileptic drugs mexiletine, 411, 648t, 651 vigabatrin, 341t, 352
antidepressants phenytoin. See phenytoin zonisamide, 335t, 341t, 352–353
for ADHD, 382 procainamide, 648t, 649–650, 664t for geriatric patients, 334
as adjuvant analgesics, 410–411 propafenone, 648t, 651–652, 670t mechanism of action, 337–339, 338–339f
for anxiety, 234, 236, 243–245, 244t quinidine sulfate, 648t, 650–651 for migraine prophylaxis, 416–417, 417t
atypical. See atypical antidepressants treatment guidelines, 646 Nursing Practice Applications, 353–354t
Black Box Warnings, 247t, 257 antiemetics, 1119–1123 for pediatric patients, 334
for cataplexy, 384 as anesthesia adjuncts, 441 selection of, 335t, 336–337
classification of, 259, 260t antihistamines/anticholinergics, 1119–1120 antifibrinolytics. See hemostatics
defined, 258 cyclizine, 815, 1121t antifungals
for insomnia, 235, 236, 243–245, 244t dimenhydrinate, 814t, 815, 1120, 1121t β-glucan synthesis inhibitors, 940
interactions with, 457t diphenhydramine. See diphenhydramine mechanisms of action, 936
for irritable bowel syndrome, 1117 hydroxyzine, 241, 1121t Nursing Practice Applications, 948–949t
MAOIs. See monoamine oxidase inhibitors meclizine, 815, 1120, 1121t for superficial infections, 941–948, 944t
mechanism of action, 243 scopolamine, 32, 172t, 175, 1119, 1121t, 1400t azoles. See azoles
metabolism of, 294t benzodiazepines, 1122. See also lorazepam butenafine, 944t
for migraine prophylaxis, 416–417 cannabinoids, 1122 ciclopirox, 944t, 1378
Nursing Practice Applications for, 272–273t dronabinol, 1122, 1121t griseofulvin. See griseofulvin
SSRIs. See selective serotonin reuptake nabilone, 1122, 1121t naftifine, 944t
as chemotherapy adjuncts, 1030, 1069 nystatin, 119t, 936, 944t, 946–948
inhibitors corticosteroids, 1122 terbinafine, 936, 944t, 945, 947
suicide risk and, 247t, 257 dexamethasone. See dexamethasone tolnaftate, 944t, 1402
tricyclic. See tricyclic antidepressants methylprednisolone, 324, 757, 1122, 1252t undecylenic acid, 944t, 1368
antidiabetic agents, 1211–1225 herbal products as, 1119 for systemic infections, 938–943, 938t
adverse effects, 1213 mechanisms of action, 1119, 1120f amphotericin B. See amphotericin B
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, 1214t, neurokinin receptor antagonists, 1121t, 1122
aprepitant, 1121t, 1122 deoxycholate
1220–1221 Nursing Practice Applications, 1124–1125t anidulafungin, 938t, 940
biguanides, 1214t, 1215t, 1217–1218, 1223 phenothiazines, 1122 azoles. See azoles
classification of, 1211, 1214t metoclopramide, 105t, 414, 441, 1098, 1121t caspofungin, 936, 938t, 940
combination agents, 1215, 1215t perphenazine, 289t, 291, 1121t flucytosine, 936, 938, 938t, 940
drug interactions, 91t prochlorperazine, 31, 289t, 291, 414, 1030, antigens, 720, 763
incretin enhancers, 1221–1223 antihelminthics, 968–969, 968t
meglitinides, 1214t, 1215t, 1218–1219 1121t antihistamines
principles of therapy, 1211 promethazine. See promethazine adverse effects of, 376, 815
routes and dosages of, 1214–1215t, 1215t trimethobenzamide, 312, 1121t clinical applications, 814–815, 816–817
sulfonylureas, 457t, 906, 1215–1217 routes and dosages, 1121t for dermatitis, 1377
thiazolidinediones, 1214t, 1215t, 1218, serotonin antagonists, 1117, 1122, 1123 first-generation, 814t
dolasetron, 1121t , 1122, 1123 in geriatric patients, 130t, 815t
1219–1220, 1222 granisetron, 1121t, 1122, 1123 interactions with, 457t
antidiarrheals, 1109–1111, 1109t, 1111–1112t ondansetron. See ondansetron mechanism of action, 814, 815
palonosetron, 1121t, 1122, 1123 for nausea and vomiting, 1119, 1121t
bismuth subsalicylate, 1097, 1097–1098, 1109, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) Nursing Practice Applications, 819–821t
1109t, 1110 adherence issues, 337 for ocular conditions, 1401, 1402t
over-the-counter combinations of,
furazolidone, 457t
octreotide, 664t, 1109t, 1111, 1187t, 1190–1191 814–815, 815t
opioids. See opioid(s) routes and dosages, 816–817, 814t
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
blood pressure and, 485
deficiencies in, 1194
drugs affecting secretion of, 1193, 1193t
excess of, 1194
Index 1483
second-generation, 814t adverse effects, 59–60t, 59–60, 692, 1029–1032, antipyretics, 725. See also acetaminophen;
sedative effects of, 234 1030t, 1119, 1315t nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering drugs
alkylating agents. See alkylating agents
Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack antimetabolites. See antimetabolites antipyrine, 1403t
Trial, 207t antitumor antibiotics. antiretrovirals, 1001–1010
antihypertensives
ACE inhibitors, 527–531, 528t, 590 See antitumor antibiotics adherence issues, 1000
adherence to, 587 biologic response modifiers. See biologic adverse effects, 1000
adrenergic neuron blockers, 592 classification of, 1001, 1002t
adverse effects, 137, 587 response modifiers entry inhibitors, 1010
alpha-adrenergic agonists, 591–592 breast-feeding and, 106t
alpha-adrenergic antagonists, 202, 204, cell cycle and growth fraction, 1025–1027, 1026f enfuvirtide, 1002t, 1010
205–206, 591 cell kill hypothesis and, 1027, 1027f maraviroc, 1002t, 1010
angiotensin II receptor blockers, 531–534, 590 classification of, 1037 initiation of therapy, 999
ARBs, 531t combination therapy, 1028 integrase inhibitors (raltegravir), 1002t, 1010
beta-adrenergic antagonists, 206, 208, 209, dosing schedules, 1028 mechanism of action, 839
210–213, 591 geriatric patients, effects on, 1053t monitoring progress of, 999–1000, 1000f
calcium channel blockers, 513–519, 589 hormone antagonists. See hormone nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase
classification of, 587, 587t
combination therapy, 587, 587t antagonists inhibitors, 1006–1007
cultural differences in response to, 207t, hormones as, 59, 59t, 1051–1056, 1057t, 1180 delavirdine, 1002t, 1003, 1007
587, 588 mechanisms of action, 1027 efavirenz, 91t, 1002t, 1006–1007
diuretics, 543, 548, 588–589 miscellaneous agents, 1065–1069, 1067t etravirine, 1002t, 1007
mechanism of action, 586f nevirapine, 1002t, 1003, 1007
pregnancy category, 101, 102t altretamine, 1066, 1067t rilpivirine, 1002t, 1007
selection of, 585–588 arsenic trioxide, 1066–1067, 1067t nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase
vasodilators, 592–594 asparaginase, 1067–1068, 1067t
anti-infectives bexarotene, 1067t 1068 inhibitors, 1004–1005
adverse effects, 839 hydroxyurea, 1067t, 1068 abacavir, 1002t, 1005
antibiotics. See antibiotics ixabepilone, 1067t, 1068 didanosine, 1002t, 1005
antifungals. See antifungals lenalidomide, 1065, 1067t emtricitabine, 1002t, 1005, 1014
breast-feeding and, 105t mitotane, 1067t, 1068, 1258 lamivudine, 987t, 988, 991, 1002t, 1005
classification of, 836–838, 838t romidepsin, 1067t 1068 stavudine, 1002t, 1005
mechanisms of action, 838–839, 840f sipuleucel-T, 1067t, 1068 tenofovir. See tenofovir
prophylactic therapy with, 844 thalidomide. See thalidomide zidovudine. See zidovudine
resistance to, 839–844, 839t, 841f vorinostat, 1067t 1068 Nursing Practice Applications, 1011–1013t
selection of, 844 zoledronate (zoledronic acid), 412, 1067t, pharmacokinetics of, 1002–1003
superinfections and, 845–846 protease inhibitors, 1007–1010
anti-inflammatory agents, 824–825, 798t. 1068–1069, 1340–1341t, 1343 atazanavir, 1002t, 1008–1009
See also nonsteroidal anti- monoclonal antibodies. See monoclonal darunavir, 1002t, 1008, 1009
inflammatory drugs fosamprenavir, 1002t, 1009
Antilirium. See physostigmine antibodies indinavir, 91t, 664t, 1002t, 1009
antimalarials, 60t, 954–958, 956t natural products, 1056–1060, 1057t lopinavir with ritonavir, 62, 1002t, 1008
antimetabolites Nursing Practice Applications, 1060–1063t nelfinavir, 1002t, 1009
in cancer treatment, 1044–1048 preparation and administration of, 1069 ritonavir, 62, 64, 1002t, 1008, 1009
folic acid analogs routes of administration, 31, 1028–1029 saquinavir, 91t, 1002t, 1009
methotrexate. See methotrexate targeted therapies, 743, 1063, 1064t, 1065 tipranavir, 1002t, 1009–1010
pemetrexed, 1043, 1044t, 1047 antiplatelet agents regimens for therapy, 1001
pralatrexate, 1043, 1044t, 1047 adenosine diphosphate receptor blockers, resistance to, 1000
pyrimethamine, 905t, 906, 960t, 962, sexual lifestyle adjustments with, 1001
964–965, 1043 674–677 antisecretory agents, 175
trimethoprim, 105t, 664t, 908, 1043 clopidogrel, 616, 664, 664t, 670t, 675t, 675–676 antiseizure medications. See antiepileptic
trimetrexate, 1043 prasugrel, 675t, 675, 677
as immunosuppressants, 753–755 ticagrelor, 675t, 677 drugs
mechanisms of action, 851, 1043–1044, 1043f ticlopidine, 616, 670t, 675t, 675 antispasmodic agents, 175, 366, 367f, 1117.
purine analogs aspirin. See aspirin
cladribine, 1044t, 1046 dipyridamole, 675t, 677 See also muscle relaxants
clofarabine, 1044t, 1046 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, antistaphylococcal penicillins, 855–856
fludarabine, 1044t, 1046 antithrombin, recombinant, 665t, 667–668
nelarabine, 1044t, 1047 677–679, 678f antithrombin III (AT-III), 666
pentostatin, 1044t, 1047 abciximab, 616, 675t, 677–679 antithymocyte globulin, 749t, 755, 756
thioguanine, 1044t, 1047 eptifibatide, 675t, 679 antithyroid agents, 60t, 1238–1239, 1238t,
pyrimidine analogs tirofiban, 675t, 679
capecitabine, 1044t, 1045–1046 interactions with, 66t 1240–1241t
cytarabine, 889, 1044t, 1046 mechanism of action, 664t, 674 antitumor antibiotics, 61, 1048–1051, 1048t
floxuridine, 1044t, 1046 for myocardial infarction, 616
fluorouracil, 102t, 889, 1026, 1044t, 1046–1047 routes and dosages, 675t anthracyclines, 1048, 1050
gemcitabine, 1044t, 1047 antipseudomonal penicillins, 855 daunorubicin, 60t, 60, 889, 1048t, 1050
routes and dosages, 1044t antipsychotics daunorubicin liposomal, 1048t, 1050
Antiminth. See pyrantel pamoate adverse effects, 286–288, 288t doxorubicin, 59–60t, 60, 1031, 1048t,
antineoplastic agents, 1037–1038 classification of, 287 1048–1049
adjuncts for managing adverse effects, first-generation. See first-generation doxorubicin liposomal, 1049
1069, 1255 epirubicin, 60t, 60, 1048t, 1050
antipsychotics idarubicin, 60t, 60, 1048t, 1050
interactions with, 457t mitoxantrone, 60t, 60, 322t, 324, 1048t,
mechanism of action, 285f 1050
metabolism of, 294t
nonadherence issues with, 286 nonanthracyclines, 1050
Nursing Practice Applications, 299–300t bleomycin, 889, 1031, 1048t, 1050
second-generation. See second-generation dactinomycin, 1048t, 1050–1051
mitomycin, 102t, 1048t, 1051
(atypical) antipsychotics plicamycin, 1048
selection of, 286
1484 Index
antitussives, 825–826, 825t Aquasol A. See vitamin A breast-feeding and, 105t
nonopioids, 826, 825t Aquasol E. See vitamin E in combination drugs, 8t
opioids, 400t, 404, 825, 825t. See also codeine Aquatensen. See methyclothiazide drug interactions, 63, 91t, 457t, 670t, 730, 1095
aqueous humor, 1391 excretion of, 38, 39
Antivert. See meclizine Aralen. See chloroquine gender differences in effectiveness, 137
antivirals. See also antiretrovirals Aranesp. See darbepoetin alfa history of, 725
Arava. See leflunomide indications for use, 725
for hepatitis viruses, 985–992, 987t ARBs. See angiotensin II receptor blockers mechanism of action, 674, 725–726, 726f, 729
for herpes simplex viruses, 979–982, 980t Arcapta Neohaler. See indacaterol for myocardial infarction, 613, 614
for influenza viruses, 771–772, 982–985, 983t arformoterol, 189t nursing responsibilities, 730
mechanism of action, 978–979 Aredia. See pamidronate overdose treatment, 39, 64, 727t, 729
Nursing Practice Applications, 992–993t arenaviruses, 977t with oxycodone, 404–405
Antizol. See fomepizole Arestin. See minocycline pharmacokinetics, 729
Anturane. See sulfinpyrazone arformoterol, 196, 793t, 794 plasma half-life, 41
anxiety. See also anxiety disorders argatroban, 665t, 674 potency and efficacy of, 48–50
definition and model of, 228, 228f Argesic. See salsalate with pravastatin, 499
medical conditions and medications Aricept/Aricept ODT. See donepezil routes and dosages, 675t, 727t
Arimidex. See anastrozole therapeutic effects and uses, 728–729
associated with, 229, 229t aripiprazole, 275t, 277, 294t, 297–298 Astelin. See azelastine
situational, 229 Aristocort. See triamcinolone Astepro. See azelastine
sleep disorders and, 234 Aristospan. See triamcinolone asthma, 788–803, 937t
anxiety disorders Arixtra. See fondaparinux assessment of, 790, 790t
brain regions responsible for, 230–231, 231f armodafinil, 379t, 385 Nursing Practice Applications, 804–806t
categories of, 229–230 Armour. See desiccated thyroid pathophysiology, 788, 789f, 791f
comorbidities with, 229t Aromasin. See exemestane pharmacotherapy, 790–803
complementary and alternative medicine for, aromatase inhibitors, 1051, 1055
anticholinergics, 173, 791t, 793t, 795–797
228, 235, 235t anastrozole, 1052t, 1055 beta-adrenergic agonists, 790–795,
diagnosing, 228–229 exemestane, 1052t, 1055
gender differences in, 230t letrozole, 1052t, 1055 791t, 793t
generalized anxiety disorder, 229, 237, 239, Arranon. See nelarabine corticosteroids, 791t, 797–799, 798t, 1254
arrhythmias. See dysrhythmias immunomodulators, 791t
241, 243, 244 arsenic trioxide, 1066–1067, 1067t leukotriene modifiers, 791t, 798t, 800–801
Nursing Practice Applications, 248–249t arsine, 1415t mast cell stabilizers, 791t, 798t, 799–800
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 230, 244 Arsobal. See melarsoprol methylxanthines, 386–387, 791t, 793t,
panic disorder, 229–230, 244 Artane. See trihexyphenidyl
in pediatric patients, 247t artemether-lumefantrine, 955, 956t, 957 801–802
pharmacological management of, 235–247 arterial thromboembolism, 663 monoclonal antibodies, 802–803
arthritis, defined, 1254. See also osteoarthritis; overview, 791t
antidepressants, 234, 236, 243–245, 244t routes of administration, 788–790
barbiturates, 236, 245–247, 246t rheumatoid arthritis stepwise approach to, 790, 791f
benzodiazepines, 234, 236t, 237–241, 238t, 319 articaine, 437t, 440 prevalence of, 788, 789t, 791t
nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics, 234, 235, artificial sweeteners, 1171 Astramorph PF. See morphine sulfate
Arzerra. See ofatumumab Atacand. See candesartan
236t, 241–243 ASA. See aspirin Atacand HCT, 533, 587t
post-traumatic stress disorder, 230, 245 Asacol. See mesalamine Atarax. See hydroxyzine
prevalence of, 229t Ascarel. See pyrantel atazanavir, 1002t, 1008–1009
social anxiety disorder, 230, 244–245 ascariasis, 965–967, 966f Atelvia. See risedronate
anxiolysis, 423 Ascaris lumbricoides, 965, 966f atenolol
anxiolytics, 235, 319. See also ascending infections, 901 adverse effects, 611
ascorbic acid. See vitamin C for angina and myocardial infarction, 609t
nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics Ascorbicap. See vitamin C breast-feeding and, 105t
Anzemet. See dolasetron asenapine, 275t, 277, 294t, 295 for hypertension, 212, 241, 587t
AOM (acute otitis media), 1403 Asendin. See amoxapine for migraine prophylaxis, 417t
APhA (American Pharmaceutical Asian populations Nursing Responsibilities, 612
routes and dosages, 207t
Association), 17 alcohol metabolism in, 455 therapeutic effects and uses, 611
Apidra. See insulin glulisine antihypertensive response in, 207t Atgam. See antithymocyte globulin
apixaban, 665t, 669, 670 complementary and alternative medicine use atherosclerosis, 479, 489, 604, 604f. See also
aplastic anemia, 60
Aplenzin. See bupropion hydrobromide among, 135 coronary artery disease
apocrine glands, 1366–1367 diabetes mellitus and, 1202 athlete’s foot. See tinea pedis
Apokyn. See apomorphine genetic polymorphisms in, 136 Ativan. See lorazepam
apomorphine, 309t, 312 propranolol, sensitivity to, 652t Atolone. See triamcinolone
apoproteins, 489 Asmanex. See mometasone atomoxetine, 379t, 382–383
apoptosis, 743 asparaginase, 1067–1068, 1067t atonic seizures, 335, 335t
appetite, regulation of, 1164 aspartame, 1171 atopic dermatitis, 1377, 1378
appetite suppressants. See anorexiants Aspercreme, 1347 atorvastatin
Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic aspergillosis, 935, 935t
Aspergillus flavus, 935 adverse effects, 498, 664t
Equivalence Evaluations. See “Orange aspiration, during enteral nutrition therapy, 1150 amlodipine with, 516
Book” (FDA) aspirin ezetimibe with, 503–504
apraclonidine, 1394t, 1396 absorption of, 33, 34f interactions with, 457t
apremilast, 1382, 1380t adverse effects, 118, 614, 664t, 726–727, 730 mechanism of action, 498
aprepitant, 1121t, 1122–1123 analgesic properties of, 406, 725, 726 Nursing Responsibilities, 498
Apresazide, 545, 587t anticoagulant activity of, 674, 727 routes and dosages, 496, 497t
Apresoline. See hydralazine antipyretic effects of, 725, 726 therapeutic effects and uses, 496–497
APRNs (advanced practice registered nurses), atovaquone, 66t, 957
22–23
Aptiom. See eslicarbazepine
Aptivus. See tipranavir
aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time), 664
AquaMEPHYTON. See vitamin K
atovaquone-proguanil, 955, 956t, 957 drugs affecting Index 1485
atracurium, 176t, 180, 441 adrenergic agonists, 185–200. See also
atrial fibrillation, 645 adrenergic agonists tioconazole, 944t
atrial flutter, 645 adrenergic antagonists, 201–216. See also voriconazole, 938t, 941, 943
atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs), 485, 625 adrenergic antagonists mechanism of action, 936
atrial reflex, 485 cholinergic agonists, 155–169. See also azoospermia, 1315
atrial tachycardia, 645 cholinergic agonists Azopt. See brinzolamide
Atridox. See doxycycline cholinergic antagonists, 170–184. See also Azor, 516, 533, 587t
atrioventricular conduction block, 645 cholinergic antagonists AZT. See zidovudine
atrioventricular (AV) node, 479, 513 classifications for, 153t, 154 aztreonam, 860t, 863
Atropa belladonna, 173 Azulfidine. See sulfasalazine
Atropen. See atropine overview, 143, 144f
atropine parasympathetic division of, 144–146, 145f B
regulation of functions, 152, 153f
in anesthesia, 441 sites of action in, 148 B cells, 720
for cholinergic crisis, 159, 161, 163 structure and function of, 144–146, 145f bacilli, 836
clinical applications and considerations, sympathetic division of, 144–146, 145f, 152, Bacillus anthracis. See anthrax
bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, 744t,
174–175 526, 625
difenoxin with, 1109t, 1110 synaptic transmission in, 146–147f, 146–148 746, 747
diphenoxylate with, 1109, 1109t, 1110 autonomic tone, 145 bacitracin, , 894, 1368
example, 7f AV (atrioventricular) node, 479, 513 baclofen, 324, 325, 360, 361t, 363t, 364–365
history of, 173t Avage. See tazarotene Bacteremia, 842t
as overdose treatment, 208, 211, 212, 1416t Avalide, 533, 587t bacteria
routes and dosages, 172t, 1400t avanafil, 1317, 1317t, 1318–1319
Atrovent. See ipratropium Avandamet, 1215t cell walls, 849–850, 849f
ATryn. See antithrombin, recombinant Avandia. See rosiglitazone classification of, 836, 837t
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Avapro. See irbesartan DNA replication, 888–889, 888f
Avastin. See bevacizumab on skin, 717t
(ADHD) Aveed. See testosterone undecanoate bacterial immunizations, 766–769
etiology and pathophysiology of, 377 Avelox. See moxifloxacin bactericidal agents, 838
gender differences in, 377, 378t Aventyl. See nortriptyline bacteriostatic agents, 838
pharmacotherapy, 378–384, 379t, 462 avian flu, 983 bacteriuria, 901, 902, 903, 904
prevalence of, 377 Avinza. See morphine sulfate Bacteroides fragilis, 859
symptoms of, 377, 377t Avita. See tretinoin Bactine Antibiotic, 894
attenuated (live) vaccines, 764, 764t Avodart. See dutasteride Bactrim. See trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
atypical antidepressants, 263–267. See also Avonex. See interferon(s), IFN beta-1a Bactroban. See mupirocin
Axert. See almotriptan baking soda. See sodium bicarbonate
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake Axid. See nizatidine BAL in Oil. See dimercaprol
inhibitors axitinib, 1064t balanced anesthesia, 423, 424
for anxiety disorders, 245 Aygestin. See norethindrone Balnetar. See coal tar
for depression, 263–267 Azactam. See aztreonam balsalazide, 1113, 1114t, 1116
drugs in class Azasan. See azathioprine Banflex. See orphenadrine
amoxapine, 265 AzaSite. See azithromycin Banzel. See rufinamide
bupropion, 263, 265, 277, 382, 464, 1167t azathioprine Baraclude. See entecavir
mirtazapine, 264, 266 adverse effects, 59t, 753 barbiturates
nefazodone, 264, 266 clinical applications, 163, 749t, 753, 1114 abuse of, 452–453
reboxetine, 264 mechanism of action, 753 adverse effects, 339
trazodone, 91t, 244t, 264, 266, 1315t Nursing Responsibilities, 753 for anxiety, 236, 245–247, 246t
vilazodone, 266 routes and dosages, 1350t dependence with, 452
mechanism of action, 263 azelaic acid, 1372t, 1373, 1375 drug interactions, 91t, 670t
Nursing Practice Application, 272–273t azelastine, 815, 814t, 817, 1402t drugs in class
atypical antipsychotics. See second- Azelex. See azelaic acid
generation (atypical) antipsychotics Azilect. See rasagiline amobarbital, 247
atypical mycobacterial infections (AMIs), 916 azilsartan medoxomil, 531t, 533, 587t butabarbital, 246t, 247
Aubagio. See teriflunomide azithromycin mephobarbital, 247
AUC (acute uncomplicated cystitis), clinical applications, 876, 960, 962 methohexital, 247, 425t, 429
902, 902t half-life of, 874 pentobarbital, 246t
auditory canal, 1402 interactions with, 66t phenobarbital. See phenobarbital
Augmentin, 850t, 854 pregnancy category rating, 102t secobarbital, 247, 246t
Auralgan, 1403t routes and dosages, 119t, 874t thiopental sodium, 429
Auranofin. See gold salts Azmacort. See triamcinolone excretion of, 39
auras azoles, 941–943, 947 for insomnia, 236, 246–247, 246t
in migraines, 413 classification, 941 mechanism of action, 245, 339
in seizures, 334, 335 drugs in class overdose, 245
Aurothioglucose. See gold salts for seizures, 339, 342
Austedo. See deutetrabenazine butoconazole, 944t, 946 tolerance to, 246
autoimmune disorders clotrimazole, 944t, 946, 1368, 1402 withdrawal symptoms and treatment, 451t
immunosuppressants for, 748–750 econazole, 944t barley grass, 87t
multiple sclerosis, 321f, 322t, 325t fluconazole. See fluconazole baroreceptors, 485
Raynaud’s disease and, 204t itraconazole. See itraconazole Barrett’s esophagus, 1086
automaticity, 479 ketoconazole. See ketoconazole basal nuclei (ganglia), 225, 225f, 307
automatisms, 336 miconazole, 944t, 946, 1368 basiliximab, 749t, 755–757, 756t
autonomic nervous system (ANS), 142–154 oxiconazole, 944t Baxdela. See delafloxacin
adrenergic transmission in, 150–152, 152f sulconazole, 944t BayRab. See rabies immune globulin
cholinergic transmission in, 148–150, 149– terconazole, 944t bazedoxifene, 1272
150f, 150t BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine,
746, 747
beclomethasone, 797–799, 798t, 818t
1486 Index for dystonia, 287, 360 esmolol, 207t, 212, 596t, 648t, 652
mechanism of action, 315 nebivolol, 207t, 212
Beconase AQ. See beclomethasone nursing responsibilities, 315 beta-blockers. See beta-adrenergic
bedaquiline, 920t, 926 for Parkinson’s disease, 315
Beers criteria, 128 routes and dosages, 172t, 314t antagonists
behavior modification programs, in weight therapeutic effects and uses, 173, 175 Betagan. See levobunolol
benzyl alcohol, 113 b-glucan, 936
management, 1166 bepotastine, 1402t b-glucan synthesis inhibitors, 940
belatacept, 749t, 756t, 757 beriberi, 1131 beta-lactam ring, 851, 851f, 856, 859–860
Beleodaq. See belinostat besifloxacin, 890t, 892 betamethasone, 1252t, 1378t
belimumab, 756t Besivance. See besifloxacin betamethasone benzoate, 1378t
belinostat, 1067t, 1068 Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act of 2002 betamethasone valerate, 1378t
belladonna, 173 Betapace/Betapace AF. See sotalol
Belsomra. See suvorexant (BPCA), 111 Betaseron. See interferon(s), IFN beta-1b
Belviq. See lorcaserin beta lactamase, 839, 851, 851f betaxolol, 207t, 212, 591, 1394t, 1396, 1397
Benadryl. See diphenhydramine beta1-adrenergic receptors, 150, 150t, 151, 188 Betaxon. See levobetaxolol
benazepril, 36, 516, 528t, 530, 587t, 590 beta2-adrenergic receptors, 150, 150t, 151, 188 bethanechol, 156, 158t, 159–160
bendamustine, 1038t, 1040 beta3-adrenergic receptors, 196–197 Betimol. See timolol
bendroflumethiazide and nadolol, 548t, beta-adrenergic agonists Betoptic. See betaxolol
betrixaban, 665t
550, 587t adverse effects, 634, 792 bevacizumab, 1064t, 1065
Benicar. See olmesartan medoxomil for asthma, 790–795, 791t, 793t Bevyxxa. See betrixaban
Benicar HCT, 533, 587t for heart failure, 632t, 634 bexarotene, 990, 1067t
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) mechanisms of action, 194–197, 790, 792 Bextra. See valdecoxib
nonselective (isoproterenol). Bexxar. See tositumomab
complementary and alternative therapies Biaxin. See clarithromycin
for, 1322t See isoproterenol bicalutamide, 1052t, 1068
selective bicarbonate, in antacids, 1095
Nursing Practice Applications, 1323–1324t Bicillin. See penicillin(s), penicillin G benzathine
pathophysiology of, 1319–1320 albuterol. See albuterol BiCNU. See carmustine
pharmacotherapy for, 202, 205–206, 1320f, arformoterol, 196, 793t, 794 BiDil, 629t, 631
dopamine. See dopamine biguanides, 1214t, 1215t, 1217–1218
1321–1323, 1321t epinephrine. See epinephrine bilberry, 87t
benign tumors, 1021, 1021t formoterol, 195, 196, 793t, 794 bile acid sequestrants (resins), 495f, 497t,
Benlysta. See belimumab indacaterol, 189t, 196, 793t, 794
benoxinate, 1400 levalbuterol, 189t, 196, 793t, 794 499–501, 670t
Bentyl. See dicyclomine norepinephrine. See norepinephrine adverse effects, 499, 500
Benzalin. See benzoyl peroxide pirbuterol, 195, 196, 793t drugs in class
Benzamycin, 1372 salmeterol, 196, 793t, 794
benzimidazole, 963 terbutaline. See terbutaline cholestyramine, 63, 66t, 497t, 500–501
benzocaine, 437t, 438–439, 1384 tocolytics, 196, 1277 colesevelam, 497t, 501
benzodiazepines beta-adrenergic antagonists colestipol, 497t, 501
adverse effects, 208, 207t, 210–211, 590–591, mechanism of action, 495f
abuse of, 452 Nursing Practice Application, 505–506
as adjuvant analgesics, 411t 611, 652, 1315t therapeutic effects and uses, 499, 500
adverse effects, 237–238 for angina pectoris, 207, 209, 606, 607f, biliary excretion, 39
in anesthesia, 427–428, 441 Biltricide. See praziquantel
for anxiety, 234, 236t, 237–241, 238t, 319 611, 609t bimatoprost, 1395, 1394t
drug interactions, 66, 91t Black Box Warnings for, 209 bioavailability, 8
drugs in class breast-feeding and, 106t biofeedback, 417t
drug interactions with, 457t biologic drugs, 9
alprazolam, 7, 102t, 236t, 238t, 239–240, for dysrhythmias, 207, 209, 210, 648t, biologic response modifiers, 743, 1063, 1065
448, 457t interferons. See interferon(s)
652–653 interleukins, 746–747
chlordiazepoxide, 236t, 237, 238t, 240 for glaucoma, 207, 210, 212, 1396 aldesleukin, 744t, 746–747, 1064
clonazepam, 236t, 238t, 277, 335t, 340t, for heart failure, 207, 629t, 630–631 oprelvekin. See oprelvekin
for hypertension, 206, 208, 209, 210–211, 585t, monoclonal antiboes. See monoclonal
342, 343
clorazepate, 236t, 238t, 240, 335t, 340t, 590–591 antibodies
metoprolol. See metoprolol Biologics Control Act of 1902, 15
342, 343 for migraine prophylaxis, 416–417, 417t Bio-Statin. See nystatin
diazepam. See diazepam for myocardial infarction, 208, 209, 616 biosimilar drugs, 9
estazolam, 236t, 238t, 240 nonselective, 206–210 bioterrorism
flurazepam, 236t, 238t, 240
lorazepam. See lorazepam betaxolol, 207t, 212, 591, 1394t, 1396, 1397 biologic agents for, 1412–1414
midazolam, 237, 238t, 425t, 427–428, 441 carteolol, 1394t, 1396, 1397 categories of infectious agents, 1411t
oxazepam, 236t, 238t, 240, 411, 450 carvedilol. See carvedilol chemical and physical agents for,
quazepam, 236t, 238t, 240 labetalol, 207t, 210, 591, 595, 596t
temazepam, 102t, 236t, 238t, 240 levobunolol, 1394t, 1396, 1397 1414–1415, 1415t
triazolam, 236t, 238t, 240–241 metipranolol, 1394t, 1396, 1397–1398 defined, 1410
for dystonia, 360 penbutolol, 207t, 210 ionizing radiation, 1415
in geriatric patients, 129t pindolol, 206, 207t, 210 role of nurses in, 1410–1411
for insomnia, 235, 237–241, 236t, 238t propranolol. See propranolol biotoxins, 1414
mechanism of action, 237, 338, 342 sotalol, 207t, 210, 648t, 655 biotransformation. See metabolism
for muscle spasms, 363, 411 timolol. See timolol biperiden, 314t
for nausea and vomiting, 1122, 1121t overdose/poisoning, 208, 211, 1416t bipolar disorder
overdose/poisoning, 238, 1416t routes and dosages, 207t defined, 254, 273
for seizures, 335t, 342–343 selective, 206, 210–213 nonpharmacologic therapies for, 274
withdrawal symptoms and treatment, 451t acebutolol, 207t, 648t, 652 pathophysiology, 274
benzonatate, 825t, 826 atenolol. See atenolol
benzoyl peroxide, 1372, 1372t, 1373 betaxolol, 207t, 212, 591, 1394t, 1396, 1397
benzphetamine, 381 bisoprolol, 207t, 212, 587t, 591, 631
benztropine
adverse effects, 315
in ALS, 325
in pediatric patients, 275t defined, 57 Index 1487
pharmacotherapy for, 273–276 docetaxel, 1059
symptoms of, 273 doxorubicin, 1049 pramlintide, 1209
bird flu, 771, 983 droxidopa, 191 procainamide, 649
birth control. See contraception and edetate calcium disodium, 1419 propranolol, 208
epoetin alfa, 695 propylthiouracil, 1239
contraceptive methods estradiol and norethindrone, 1293 quinidine, 650–651
birth defects, 60, 103t, 332 etanercept, 754 quinine, 363, 957–958
bisacodyl, 1105t, 1107 etoposide, 1059–1060 quinupristin-dalfopristin, 881
bismuth compounds, 1097–1098 everolimus, 752 raloxifene, 1343
bismuth subsalicylate, 1097, 1098, 1109, 1109t, fentanyl, 426 risperidone, 295
ferrous sulfate, 705 rivaroxaban, 669
1110 flecainide, 651 rosiglitazone, 1219
bisoprolol, 207t, 212, 587t, 591, 631 floxuridine, 1046 sirolimus, 752
bisphosphonates, 412, 1339–1343 flucytosine, 940 sotalol, 655
fludarabine, 1046 spironolactone, 551
adverse effects, 1340, 1342 fluoroquinolones, 892 streptomycin, 925
drug interactions, 1342 fluorouracil, 1046–1047 streptozocin, 1042
drugs in class fluoxetine, 262 succinylcholine, 179
flutamide, 1056 tamoxifen, 1053
alendronate, 35, 1340–1341t, 1340–1342 foscarnet, 982 telithromycin, 881–882
etidronate disodium, 66t, 1340–1341t, 1342 furosemide, 547 teniposide, 1060
ibandronate, 1340–1341t, 1342 ganciclovir, 982 tenofovir, 989
pamidronate, 412, 1340–1341t, 1342 gentamicin, 878 terbutaline, 795
risedronate, 1340–1341t, 1343 haloperidol, 292 teriflunomide, 324
tiludronate, 1342 heparin, 667 testosterone, 1311
zoledronate (zoledronic acid), 412, 1067t, hydroxyurea, 1068 ticagrelor, 676
ibuprofen, 733 ticlopidine, 677
1068–1069, 1340–1341t, 1343 imipramine, 268 tigecycline, 874
mechanism of action, 1342 indacaterol, 794 tinidazole, 962
therapeutic uses and effects, 1340, 1341–1342 interferon alfa-2b, 743 tipranavir, 1009–1010
bithionol, 969 irinotecan, 1060 tolvaptan, 570
Bitin. See bithionol isoniazid, 923 topotecan, 1060
bivalirudin, 665t, 674 ixabepilone, 1068 toremifene, 1054–1055
Black Box Warnings ketoconazole, 942–943 tretinoin, 1374
abilify, 297 levothyroxine, 1234 tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, 1349
abiraterone, 1056 linaclotide, 1118 valganciclovir, 982
ACE inhibitors, 528 liraglutide, 1222 valproic acid, 350
acetaminophen, 736 lisinopril, 529 varenicline, 464
adefovir dipivoxil, 990 lithium carbonate, 274 venlafaxine, 264
albiglutide, 1222 lomitapide, 504 vinblastine, 1058–1059
aldesleukin, 746 lomustine, 1042 vincristine, 1058
alosetron, 1117–1118 losartan, 532 vinorelbine, 1059
amiodarone, 653–654 mechlorethamine, 1042 vitamin K, 1137
amphetamine-containing products, 380–381 medroxyprogesterone, 1269 vorapaxar, 677
amphotericin B, 940 melphalan, 1042 warfarin, 669
antidepressants, 257 metformin, 1217 zidovudine, 1004
apixaban, 670 methotrexate, 754, 1045 zolpidem, 242
atenolol, 611 metoclopramide, 1098 black cohosh, 87t, 88t, 361
atomoxetine, 383 metoprolol, 211 bladder cancer, 1022
azathioprine, 753 metronidazole, 894, 961 blastomycosis, 935, 935t
bacitracin, 863 midazolam, 428 Blenoxane. See bleomycin
basiliximab, 756–757 midodrine, 194 bleomycin, 889, 1031, 1048t, 1050
bedaquiline, 926 mifepristone, 1303 Blephamide, 906
beta-adrenergic antagonists, 209 mipomersen, 504 blepharitis, 1401
bleomycin, 1050 misoprostol, 1098 blinatumomab, 1064t
botulinum toxin, 369, 369t mitomycin, 1051 Blincyto. See blinatumomab
bupropion, 464 mitotane, 1068 blister agents, 1414
busulfan, 1040 mitoxantrone, 1050 Blocadren. See timolol
cabazitaxel, 1059 morphine sulfate, 403 blood
capecitabine, 1045–1046 mycophenolate, 755 functions and properties of, 475–478,
capreomycin, 926 natalizumab, 324
carbamazepine, 347 nefazodone, 266 477–478f
carbidopa/levodopa, 311 nelarabine, 1047 glucose regulation. See diabetes mellitus
carboplatin, 1041 nitroprusside sodium, 595 blood doping, 703t
chloramphenicol, 880 oprelvekin, 701 blood pressure. See also hypertension
chlorpromazine, 290 oxaliplatin, 1041 factors influencing, 483–484, 483f, 525
cidofovir, 981 oxycodone, 404–405 hormones and, 485, 486f
cladribine, 1046 oxytocin, 1274 neural regulation of, 484–485, 484f
clonidine, 408 paclitaxel, 1059 blood products, 564–566, 564t
clopidogrel, 677 pentostatin, 1047 blood thinners. See anticoagulants
conjugated estrogens, 1265 phenelzine, 271 blood vessels, 484t
cyclosporine, 751 phenytoin, 344 blood–brain barrier, 35, 113, 222, 224f
dabigatran, 671 Bloxiverz. See neostigmine
dacarbazine, 1041 BMI (body mass index), 1164, 1165f
dactinomycin, 1050–1051 BNPs (B-type natriuretic peptides), 625
dantrolene, 368
darbepoetin alfa, 695
1488 Index methylxanthines, 386–387, 791t, 793t, 802 recommended intake, 1141t, 1329
muscarinic antagonists, 176 regulation of, 1331–1232f, 1330–1331
body defenses bronchospasm, 788 calcium acetate, 1333–1334t
adaptive (specific), 719–720 Brovana. See arformoterol calcium carbonate, 1095t, 1333–1334t
innate (nonspecific), 715–718, 717t brucellosis, 889 calcium channel blockers (CCBs), 510–522
BSA (body surface area) method, for dosage adverse effects, 515, 517t, 517, 589, 612
body mass index (BMI), 1164, 1165f for angina pectoris, 514–519, 606, 607f, 612,
body surface area (BSA) method, for dosage calculations, 118
B-type natriuretic peptides (BNPs), 625 609t
calculations, 118 bubonic plague, 849, 874t, 1413 cardiac conduction, effects on, 514
body weight method, for dosage calculations, buccal route of administration, 31 classification of, 513–514
budesonide dihydropyridines, 513–517, 514–515t. See also
117–118
boils (furuncles), 1368 adverse effects, 799 dihydropyridines
bolus administration, 33 clinical applications, 799, 1114 drug interactions, 66, 66t, 209, 211–212, 513t
bone deposition, 1330 labeling changes, 112t for dysrhythmias, 648t, 655
bone marrow toxicity, 60, 60t routes and dosages, 119t, 798t, 818t, 1252t for hypertension, 513–519, 585t, 589
bone pain, 412 buffers, 575 for migraine prophylaxis, 416, 417t
bone resorption, 1330 bulk-forming laxatives, 1106 and minerals, 513
Bonine. See meclizine bumetanide, 545t, 547, 589, 629t for muscle spasms, 361–363
Boniva. See ibandronate Bumex. See bumetanide myocardium, effects on, 513
Bontril. See phendimetrazine bundle of His, 479 nondihydropyridines, 514–515t, 517–519. See
boosters, 763 bupivacaine, 437t, 440
Bordetella pertussis. See pertussis Buprenex. See buprenorphine also diltiazem; verapamil
Borrelia burgdorferi, Se Lyme disease buprenorphine, 400t, 405 Nursing Practice Applications, 519–520t
bortezomib, 1064t buprenorphine/naloxone, 412, 454–455 overdose/poisoning, 1416, 1416t
Bosulif. See bosutinib bupropion, 263, 265, 277, 382, 464, 1167t physiological role in muscle contraction, 511,
bosutinib, 1064t bupropion hydrobromide, 265
botanicals, defined, 86 Burkitt’s lymphoma, 979 511f
Botox/Botox Cosmetic. See burns, 1383–1384 vascular smooth muscle, effects on, 513
BuSpar. See buspirone calcium channels, 511–512, 511–512f
onabotulinumtoxinA buspirone, 236t, 242, 319 calcium chloride, 572, 1333–1334t
botulinum antitoxin, 1413 busulfan, 1038t, 1040 calcium citrate, 1333–1334t
botulinum toxin, 368–370, 368t Busulfex. See busulfan Calcium EDTA. See edetate calcium disodium
botulism, 835, 1413 butabarbital, 246t, 247 calcium gluconate, 572, 1333–1334t
Bowman’s capsule, 540 butenafine, 944t calcium iodide, 825t
BPCA (Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act Butisol. See butabarbital calcium lactate, 1333–1334t
butoconazole, 944t, 946 calcium phosphate tribasic, 1333–1334t
of 2002), 111 butorphanol, 400t, 405 calcium polycarbophil, 1105t
BPH. See benign prostatic hyperplasia Butrans. See buprenorphine calcium salts, 1333–1334, 1333–1334t
bradydysrhythmias, 645 Byetta. See exenatide Cal-Lac. See calcium lactate
bradykinesia, 306 Bystolic. See nebivolol Camila. See norethindrone
bradykinin, 526, 528, 718, 718t Camptosar. See irinotecan
brain. See also central nervous system C Camptotheca acuminata, 1056, 1060
camptothecins. See topoisomerase inhibitors
anxiety disorders, regions responsible for, C fibers, 395 canagliflozin, 1215t, 1223
230–231, 231f cabazitaxel, 1057, 1057t, 1059 canal of Schlemm, 1391
cabozantinib, 1064t Canasa. See mesalamine
injuries to, 360, 377 cachexia, 1031 cancer, 949–961. See also specific types of cancer
structures of, 222–224, 223–224f CAD (coronary artery disease), 604–605. cell cycle and growth fraction,
brand name drugs, 8, 9
Bravelle. See urofollitropin See also angina pectoris; myocardial 1025–1027, 1025f
breakthrough bleeding, 1269 infarctions characteristics of, 1021–1022, 1022f
breast cancer, 59, 1022–1023, 1024, 1048t, Caduet, 516 chemotherapy, 1023–1024
Cafcit. See caffeine clotting factors and, 664t
1272, 1294 Cafergot, 386 cultural differences in, 1032t
breast-feeding. See lactation caffeine, 379t, 386–387, 387t, 463 detection and prevention of, 1023
brentuximab, 1064t Calan/Calan SR. See verapamil drug-induced, 58–59, 59t, 1032
breo ellipta, 803 Calcidrine Syrup, 825t etiology of, 1022
Brethaire. See terbutaline Calciferol. See ergocalciferol gender differences in, 1022
Brethine. See terbutaline Calcijet. See calcitriol pain management strategies in, 399, 410
Brevibloc. See esmolol Calcijex. See vitamin D pharmacotherapy. See antineoplastic agents
Brevital. See methohexital calcineurin, 750 prevalence of, 1021, 1021t
Brilinta. See ticagrelor calcineurin inhibitors, 750f, 751–752 radiation therapy for, 1024
brimonidine, 1373, 1394t, 1396 cyclosporine. See cyclosporine staging and grading of, 1024, 1024t
Brintellix. See vortioxetine tacrolimus, 60t, 542t, 749t, 750–751, 752, surgeries for, 1024
brinzolamide, 554, 1394t, 1398 1377–1378 survival rates, 1023t
brivaracetam, 340t, 350–351 calcipotriene, 1381, 1380t tumors, classification and naming of,
Briviact. See brivaracetam calcitonin, 32, 412, 1230, 1330, 1344
broad-spectrum antibiotics, 843, 846, 854 calcitonin-salmon, 1341t, 1344 1021, 1021t
brodalumab, 1380t calcitriol, 1331, 1338–1339, 1339t. Cancidas. See caspofungin
bromocriptine See also vitamin D candesartan, 531t, 533, 587t, 590, 629t
calcium Candida albicans, 872, 941, 946, 1368
adverse effects, 312, 1282 in antacids, 1094 Candida glabrata, 946
clinical applications, 312, 1223, 1282 in body homeostasis, 1329–1330 candidiasis, 935, 935t, 945–946, 1015t
routes and dosages, 309t, 1187t, deficiencies in, 569t, 1141–1142 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) blockers, 1166
function of, 1141–1142, 1141t cannabinoids, 458–459, 1121t, 1122
1214–1215t, 1278t cannabis. See marijuana
bromodiphenhydramine, 825t Cantil. See mepenzolate
brompheniramine, 814–815t
bronchodilators
anticholinergics, 793t, 795–796
ipratropium. See ipratropium
tiotropium, 172t, 173, 175, 793t, 796–797
beta-adrenergic agonists, 196, 790–795, 793t
Index 1489
Capastat. See capreomycin blood and blood pressure. See blood; cefpodoxime, 857t, 859
capecitabine, 1044t, 1045–1046 blood pressure cefprozil, 857t, 859
capillary leak syndrome, 746 ceftaroline, 857t, 857, 859
Capoten. See captopril heart. See heart ceftazidime, 857t, 859
Capozide, 530, 587t heart, structure and functions of, 478–483, ceftibuten, 857t, 859
Caprelsa. See vandetanib Ceftin. See cefuroxime
capreomycin, 920t, 926 480–482f ceftizoxime, 857t, 859
capsaicin, 361, 412, 1347 structure and function of, 475, 476f ceftolozane, 857t
capsids, 976 cardioversion, 646 ceftriaxone, 119t, 857t, 859, 903
capsules, 29 Cardizem. See diltiazem cefuroxime, 857t, 859
captopril Cardura/Cardura XL. See doxazosin Cefzil. See cefprozil
carfilzomib, 1064t Celebrex. See celecoxib
adverse effects, 530, 664t Carimune. See intravenous immune globulin celecoxib, 731–732t, 734
clinical applications, 530, 590, 616 carisoprodol, 363t, 365 Celestone. See betamethasone
onset of action, 595 carmustine, 1032, 1038t, 1040 Celexa. See citalopram
routes and dosages, 528t, 629t carnitine (L-carnitine), 89, 89f, 93t cell kill hypothesis, 1027, 1027f
Capzasin. See capsaicin carteolol, 1394t, 1396, 1397 cell wall inhibitors
Carac. See fluorouracil Cartia XT. See diltiazem
Carafate. See sucralfate cartilage toxicity, 890 carbapenems, 859–861, 860t
carbachol, 158t, 160, 1394t Cartrol. See carteolol cephalosporins, 838, 852, 856–859, 857t
carbamazepine carvedilol miscellaneous agents, 860t, 862–863
adverse effects, 60t, 277, 347, 664t, 1315t antagonistic effects of, 65 penicillins. See penicillin(s)
for bipolar disorder, 277 for heart failure, 629t, 631 CellCept. See mycophenolate
breast-feeding and, 105t for hypertension, 591 cell-mediated immune response, 720–721
drug interactions, 347, 670t mechanism of action, 206 cellular receptors. See receptors
excretion of, 39 routes and dosages, 207t cellulitits, 1368
mechanism of action, 337, 346 therapeutic applications, 209–210 Celontin. See methsuximide
for neuropathic pain, 324, 410 cascara sagrada, 88t, 1106 Cenestin. See conjugated estrogens
nursing responsibilities, 347 Casodex. See bicalutamide Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research
pregnancy category, 102t caspofungin, 936, 938t, 940
routes and dosages, 275t castor oil, 361, 1105t, 1107 (CBER), 18
for seizures, 335t, 340t, 346–347 cataplexy, 233, 384 Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
carbamide peroxide, 1405, 1403t Catapres. See clonidine
carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae catecholamines, 150, 188, 188f (CDER), 18, 57
catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), 151, 188 Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
(CRE), 860 catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
carbapenems, 859–861 (CFSAN), 18
inhibitors, 309t, 313 Center for Tobacco Products, 18
doripenem, 859, 860t, 861 category ratings, for medications during Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
ertapenem, 859, 860t, 861
imipenem-cilastatin, 860–861, 860t pregnancy, 102, 102t (CDC), 765, 841, 919, 921, 955, 1294
meropenem, 859, 860t, 861 cathartic, 1105. See also laxatives central centrifugal alopecia, 1385
Carbatrol/Carbatrol CR. See carbamazepine catheter ablation, 647 central nervous system (CNS), 218–226
carbidopa. See levodopa/carbidopa catheter-associated urinary tract infections, 904
Carbocaine. See mepivacaine cations, 568 age-related changes, 125, 126t
carbohydrates, 1150, 1153 caustic chemicals, 1414 degenerative diseases. See neurodegenerative
carbonic anhydrase, 554 Caverject. See alprostadil
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 544f, 545, Cayston. See aztreonam diseases
CB1 (cannabinoid receptor) blockers, 1166 depressants. See central nervous system
554–555 CBER (Center for Biologics Evaluation and
acetazolamide, 553t, 554–555, 906, 1125, depressants
Research), 18 drug mechanisms in, 219
1394t, 1398 CCBs. See calcium channel blockers functional systems of, 224–225, 224–225f
brinzolamide, 554, 1394t, 1398 CCNU. See lomustine muscle spasticity and damage to, 359
dorzolamide, 554, 1394t, 1398 CD4 receptors, 997 neurons and neurotransmission in, 220–221,
methazolamide, 553t, 554, 555, 1394t CDAD (Clostridium difficile–associated
carbonyl iron, 706, 706t 220f, 221t
carboplatin, 542t, 664t, 1038t, 1041 diarrhea), 874, 891 organ-specific toxicity and, 60t, 61
carboprost, 1273t, 1274, 1275, 1302, 1301–1302t CDC (Centers for Disease Control and overview, 143, 144f
carbuncles (abscesses), 1368 stimulants. See central nervous system
carcinogens, 1023 Prevention), 766, 841, 919, 955, 1294
carcinomas, 1021, 1021t CDER (Center for Drug Evaluation and stimulants
Cardene/Cardene SR. See nicardipine structural divisions of, 222–224, 223–224f
cardiac action potential, 643f, 642–644 Research), 18, 57 toxicity to, 891
cardiac conduction system, 479, 481f Cebid. See vitamin C central nervous system depressants,
cardiac glycosides, 631–634. See also digoxin Ceclor. See cefaclor
cardiac output (CO), 481–483, 482f Cedax. See ceftibuten 452–461. See also antidepressants
cardiac remodeling, 526, 624–625 CeeNU. See lomustine alcohol. See alcohol
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 617 cefaclor, 857t, 859 dependence and, 450
cardiopulmonary toxicity, 1031 cefadroxil, 857t, 859 drug interactions, 91t
cardiotonic drugs, 195 cefazolin, 857t, 858–859 hallucinogens, 459–461
cardiotoxicity, 60t, 60–61, 891 cefdinir, 857t, 859 interactions with, 66t
cardiovascular disease (CVD), 605. See also cefditoren, 857t, 859 marijuana, 448, 449, 458–459
cefepime, 857t, 859 opioids. See opioid(s)
angina pectoris; coronary artery disease; cefixime, 857t, 859 sedatives and antianxiety drugs. See
dysrhythmias; heart failure; myocardial Cefizox. See ceftizoxime
infarctions Cefobid. See cefoperazone barbiturates; benzodiazepines;
cardiovascular system, 474–487 Cefotan. See cefotetan nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics
age-related changes, 125, 126t cefotaxime, 857t, 859 central nervous system stimulants, 375–391
cefotetan, 857t, 858, 859 abuse of, 376, 461
cefoxitin, 857t, 859 for ADHD, 378–382, 379t
adverse effects of, 376, 384
amphetamines. See amphetamines
caffeine, 379t, 386–387, 387t, 463
cocaine. See cocaine
1490 Index
central nervous system stimulants chlamdia, 837t Cialis. See tadalafil
(continued) chloasma, 1294 ciclesonide, 798t, 799, 818t
chloral hydrate, 235, 241 ciclopirox, 944t, 1378
methylphenidate, 234, 382, 384, 448, 462 chlorambucil, 59t, 1038t, 1040–1041 ciclopirox nail lacquer, 945
methylxanthines, 386–387 chloramphenicol, 60t, 105t, 880–881, 880t, 1414 cidofovir, 980t, 981
for narcolepsy, 384–385 chlordiazepoxide, 237, 236t, 238t, 239–240 cilastatin. See imipenem-cilastatin
Nursing Practice Applications, 387–388t chloride, 569t, 1142, 1141t cilostazol, 675t, 679
regulation of, 376, 376t chlorophyll/chlorella, 87t Ciloxan. See ciprofloxacin
cephalexin, 119t, 857t, 859 chloroprocaine, 437t, 439 cimetidine
cephalosporins chloroquine, 844, 955, 956–957, 956t
adverse effects, 60t, 858 chlorothiazide, 548, 548t, 550, 589 adverse effects, 60t, 664t, 670t, 1094, 1315t
breast-feeding and, 105t chlorpheniramine, 814–815t, 825t breast-feeding and, 105t
classification of, 858, 859 chlorpromazine, 60t, 282, 289t, 290, 457t, 664t clinical applications, 1094, 1125
clinical applications, 859–861 chlorpropamide, 60t, 1214t, 1216 routes and dosages, 1093t
cross-sensitivity with penicillins, 852, 856 chlorthalidone, 212, 549, 548t, 550, 587t, 589 Cimzia. See certolizumab pegol
drug interactions, 670t Chlor-Trimeton. See chlorpheniramine cinacalcet, 1341t
first generation, 857t, 857 chlorzoxazone, 363t, 365 cinchonism, 651, 958
second generation, 857t, 857 choking agents, 1414 cinnamates, 1383
third generation, 857t, 857 cholecalciferol, 1331, 1339, 1339t. See also Cinobac. See cinoxacin
fourth generation, 857t, 857 Cipro HC otic, 891, 1403t
fifth generation, 857t, 857–858 vitamin D Cipro XR. See ciprofloxacin
mechanism of action, 838, 856 cholecystokinin, 1077 Cipro/Cipro XR. See ciprofloxacin
Nursing Practice Applications, 863–865t cholera, 767t, 835, 837t, 871 Ciprodex otic, 891, 1403t
pregnancy category, 102t, 903 cholestatic hepatitis, 876 ciprofloxacin
resistance to, 839, 857 cholesterol, 489, 494–495, 495f. See also adverse effects, 892
routes and dosages, 857t for anthrax, 1412
cerebellum, 223f, 222 dyslipidemia breast-feeding and, 105t
cerebral malaria, 954 cholesterol absorption inhibitors, 497t, 503 clinical applications, 889, 892, 902, 926
cerebral palsy (CP), 360, 361t cholestyramine, 63, 66t, 497t, 500–501 dexamethasone with, 891, 1403t
cerebrum, 222, 223f choline magnesium trisalicylate, 727t, 730 drug interactions, 892
Cerebyx. See fosphenytoin cholinergic agonists, 155–169. See also for external otitis, 1402
Cerespan. See papaverine-phentolamine hydrocortisone with, 891, 1403t
ceritinib, 1064t acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; labeling changes, 112t
certolizumab pegol, 756t, 1114, 1350t, 1351, 1351 muscarinic agonists mechanism of action, 36, 892
Cerubidine. See daunorubicin adverse effects of, 158t nursing responsibilities, 892
cerumenolytics, 1405 for glaucoma, 160, 1396 for pneumonic plague, 1413
cervical cancer, 1022, 1294 mechanism of action, 156–157f, 156–158 routes and dosages, 890t, 920t
Cervidil. See dinoprostone nicotinic agonists, 165, 165 for tularemia, 1413–1414
Cesamet. See nabilone Nursing Practice Applications, 165–167t circadian dysrhythm, 232
Cetamide. See sulfacetamide sodium receptors, 149–150, 150t, 156–157f, circadian rhythm, 232
cetirizine, 457t, 814t, 817 156–158, 157t cirrhosis, 455
cetrorelix, 1279t, 1280, 1283 routes and dosages, 158t cisatracurium, 176t, 180, 441
Cetrotide. See cetrorelix cholinergic antagonists, 170–184. See also cisplatin, 59–60t, 542t, 1032, 1038t, 1041
cetuximab, 1064t, 1065 muscarinic antagonists; nicotinic citalopram, 244t, 260t, 263, 319
cevimeline, 158t, 160 antagonists Citanest. See prilocaine
CFSAN (Center for Food Safety and Applied classification of, 171–172 Citracal. See calcium citrate
mechanism of action, 171–172, 171f Citrucel. See methylcellulose
Nutrition), 18 Nursing Practice Applications, 181–182t CK (creatine kinase), 496
cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practice) cholinergic crisis, 159, 161, 163 cladribine, 1044t, 1045–1046
cholinergic nerves, 148 Claforan. See cefotaxime
regulations, 1133 cholinergic receptors, 149–150, 150t, 156–157f, Clarinex. See desloratadine
Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis), 156–158, 157t clarithromycin
cholinergic synapses, 221 adverse effects, 664t
963 cholinergic transmission, 148–150, 149–150f, 150t clinical applications, 874, 876, 929, 930–931,
chalazion, 1401 cholinesterase. See acetylcholinesterase
chamomile, 86, 247 cholinesterase inhibitors. See 962, 1097
Chantix. See varenicline acetylcholinesterase inhibitors pregnancy category rating, 102t
CharcoAid. See activated charcoal chondroitin, 92, 93t, 1348t routes and dosages, 119t, 874t
chelation therapy, 1419 chorionic gonadotropin-HCG, 1278t, 1282 Claritin. See loratadine
chemical names, 7 Christmas disease, 687 claudication, 359
chemical warfare agents, 1414–1415, 1415t chromium, 93t, 1141t clavulanate, 850t, 854, 855
chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), 1118–1119 chromoblastomycosis, 935t Clear Eyes. See naphazoline
chemoreceptors, 485, 485 chronic bronchitis, 803–804 Clearasil. See benzoyl peroxide
chemotaxis, 717 chronic kidney disease (CKD), 541–543, clemastine, 815, 814–815t
chemotherapy, 1023–1024. See also 543t, 546t Cleocin/Cleocin-T. See clindamycin
causes of, 541 clevidipine, 514–515t, 516, 589, 596t
antineoplastic agents last stage of, 542 Cleviprex. See clevidipine
Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986), 1415 pharmacotherapy of, 543, 543t climacteric, 1271
chest pain. See angina pectoris chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Climara. See estradiol
chest radiography, 918 Nursing Practice Applications, 804–806t ClindaMax. See clindamycin
chewable medications, 29 pathophysiology, 803–804 clindamycin, 881, 880t, 1372t, 1373
CHF (congestive heart failure), 623. See also pharmacotherapy, 173, 386, 803 Clindesse. See clindamycin
chronic pain, 393, 394t. See also pain clinical phase trials, 19, 134–136
heart failure chronic pancreatitis, 1125–1126 Clinoril. See sulindac
chickenpox (varicella), 774, 979, 1368 chronic psychosis, 282 clobazam, 340t, 343
chief cells, 1076 chyme, 1076, 1077
Childhood Vaccine Act of 1986, 18
children. See pediatric patients
Chirocaine. See levobupivacaine
Index 1491
clobetasol propionate, 1378t dosing schedule, 42 black cohosh, 361
clocortolone pivalate, 1378t drug interactions, 457t coenzyme Q10, 417t, 500t
Cloderm. See clocortolone pivalate metabolism of, 36 cranberry, 909t
clofarabine, 1044t, 1046 routes and dosages, 400t dandelion, 1106
clofazimine, 929, 930 as substrate, 36 defined, 85
Clolar. See clofarabine Codiclear DH Syrup, 825t for dementia, 319t
Clomid. See clomiphene Codimal DH, 825t dietary supplements. See dietary
clomiphene, 102t, 1279, 1278t, 1281–1282, 1315 coenzyme Q10, 93t, 417t, 500t
clomipramine, 244t, 245, 260t, 269 Cogentin. See benztropine supplements
clonal division, 720 Cognex. See tacrine echinacea, 754t
clonazepam, 236t, 238t, 277, 335t, 340t, 342, 343 cognitive symptoms, of schizophrenia, 283, 283t garlic, 86, 676t
clonidine cognitive–behavioral therapy, 257t ginger, 86, 90, 1119
Colace. See docusate; glycerin glucosamine and chondroitin, 92, 1348t
for ADHD, 382, 383 Colazal. See balsalazide grape seed extract, 585t
adverse effects, 592 colchicine, 725, 1356–1357, 1356t green tea, 1168t
for anxiety, 241 Colcrys. See colchicine hawthorn, 205, 209, 533t
for hypertension, 192, 592, 595 colds. See cough and colds herbal therapies. See herbal supplements
off-label indications, 592 colesevelam, 497t, 501 for insomnia, 235, 235t
for pain, 408, 441 Colestid. See colestipol ketogenic diet, 333t, 334, 337
routes and dosages, 379t, 406t colestipol, 497t, 501 melatonin, 179, 235, 237t, 239, 242
clopidogrel, 616, 664t, 664, 670t, 675t, 675–676 collagenase, 360 for migraines, 417t
clorazepate, 236t, 238t, 240, 335t, 340t, 342, 343 colloids, 568, 568t for muscle spasms and spasticity, 360–361
closed-angle glaucoma, 1391f, 1392–1393 colonoscopies, 1023 omega-3 fatty acids, 92, 504, 606t, 1249t
Clostridium albicans, 846 colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), 695, for pain management, 396
Clostridium botulinum, 368, 835, 1413 patient education on, 92
Clostridium difficile, 839t, 842t, 846, 872 697–698 St. John’s wort. See St. John’s wort
Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea adverse effects, 698, 701 saw palmetto, 87, 1323t
drugs in class for seizures, 334, 333t
(CDAD), 874, 891 soy, 1275t
Clostridium tetani. See tetanus filgrastim, 694t, 697–698, 746, 1030, 1069 specialty supplements, 92, 93t
clotrimazole, 944t, 946, 1368, 1402 pegfilgrastim, 694t, 698 types of, 85, 85t
clotting. See coagulation sargramostim, 694t, 698, 746, 1030 vitamin C, 824t
clotting factors, for hemophilia, 687 mechanism of action, 746, 698 complex partial seizures, 335t, 336
cloxacillin, 856 Nursing Practice Application, 699–700t compliance. See adherence
Cloxapen. See cloxacillin therapeutic effects and uses, 697, 700–701 complicated urinary tract infections (C-UTIs),
clozapine, 294t, 295 colorectal cancer, 496
Clozaril. See clozapine Combigan, 1396 902t, 902–903
club drugs, 103t, 459, 460–461 combination drugs, 7, 8t, 397 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and
CMV (cytomegalovirus), 778, 979 Combivent. See ipratropium
CNPs (C-type natriuretic peptides), 625 Combivir, 1003t Control Act of 1970, 15, 22, 449
CNS. See central nervous system comedolytics, 1373 compulsions. See obsessive-compulsive
CO (cardiac output), 481–483, 482f comedones, 1372
coagulation, 661–686 Cometriq. See cabozantinib disorder
comfrey, 90 COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase), 151, 188
disorders, 663–664, 686–687 common cold. See cough and colds COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase)
modifiers, 664–686 community-acquired infections, 842, 935
Community-Oriented Practice inhibitors, 309, 309t, 313
anticoagulants. See anticoagulants ACE inhibitors and angioedema, 528t Comtan. See entacapone
antiplatelets. See antiplatelet agents botox, 369t Comvax, 988
hemostatics, 665, 664t, 684–686, 684t calcium supplements and calcium channel Concerta. See methylphenidate
for intermittent claudication, 679 congestive heart failure (CHF), 623. See also
mechanisms of action, 664, 664f, 664t blockers, 513t
thrombolytics. See thrombolytics diuretics as banned substances, 548t heart failure
process of, 477–478, 477–478f epoetin alfa for blood doping, 703t conivaptan, 1194
regulation of, 662 fever in patients on immunosuppressants, conjugated estrogens, 1265–1267, 1266t, 1270
coal tar, 1381, 1380t conjugated estrogens with
Coartem. See artemether-lumefantrine 748t
cobalt, 1141t fluid balance during exercise, 570t medroxyprogesterone, 1266t, 1270
Cobex. See cyanocobalamin food–drug interactions, 67t conjugation, 841
cobimetinib, 1064t home care of patients on total parenteral conjunctivitis, 1401, 1402t
cocaine conscious sedation, 423
abuse of, 448, 462 nutrition, 1156t constipation
adverse effects, 60t macular edema in women on oral
as anesthetic, 436 antineoplastic agents and, 1030–1031, 1069
mechanism of action, 187 contraceptives, 1293t etiology of, 1104–1105, 1104t
during pregnancy, 102, 103t travel and tuberculosis risk, 924t opioids and, 401, 413
similarities with amphetamines, 378–379 comorbidities pharmacotherapy. See laxatives
withdrawal symptoms and treatment, 451t anxiety disorders and, 229t consumption. See tuberculosis
cocci, 836 epilepsy and, 342t contact dermatitis, 1376
coccidioidomycosis, 935, 935t in geriatric patients, 124 contraception and contraceptive methods,
cochlea, 1402 comorbidities, in geriatric patients, 129–130
Codamine Syrup, 825t Compazine. See prochlorperazine 1287–1306, 1296t
codeine Compazine Spansule. See prochlorperazine defined, 1288
adverse effects, 402 complement system, 717, 718t depot injections, 1296
as antitussive, 825, 826, 825t Complementary and Alternative Therapies, effectiveness of, 1289t
breast-feeding and, 105t emergency, 1300, 1301, 1301t
clinical applications, 403, 1109 84–95 intrauterine devices, 1297
acupuncture, 361, 417t, 1026t long-term, 1295–1297
aloe vera, 90, 1106, 1383 mechanisms of action, 1290f
for anxiety disorders, 228, 235, 235t Nursing Practice Applications, 1299–1300t
oral. See oral contraceptives
prevalence of use, 1291t
1492 Index
contraception and contraceptive Nursing Practice Applications, 1255–1256t Cruex. See undecylenic acid
methods (continued) for ocular conditions, 1401 crushing medications, 29
pregnancy category, 102t cryoprecipitate, 564t, 564
selection of, 1288 preterm labor risk and, 1254t cryptococcosis, 935, 935t, 1015t
spermicides, 1298 prevalence of use, 1247–1248 cryptosporidiosis, 953t, 959–960, 1015t
sponges, 1298, 1298f for psoriasis, 1378–1381 Cryptosporidium parvum, 953t, 959
subdermal implants, 1297 regulation of, 1180t crystalloids, 566–567, 566t
transdermal, 1295–1296 replacement therapy with, 1250–1253 crystalluria, 906
vaginal, 1296 routes and dosages of, 1252t CSFs. See colony-stimulating factors
Contrave, 1167t routes of administration, 31 C-type natriuretic peptides (CNPs), 625
controlled substance(s), 15, 22, 449 topical, 1255 CTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone), 1118–1119
Controlled Substances Act. See Comprehensive for transplant rejection prophylaxis, Cubicin. See daptomycin
cultural differences. See also Treating the
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 1254–1255
of 1970 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 1185 Diverse -Patient; specific racial and ethnic
convulsions, 332. See also seizures cortisone, 1250t groups
Conzip. See tramadol Cortisporin. See hydrocortisone; neomycin; in acetaminophen metabolism, 736t
Copaxone. See glatiramer in acetylation of isoniazid, 922, 923f
COPD. See chronic obstructive pulmonary polymyxin B in antihypertensive response, 207t, 587, 588
disease Cortizone. See hydrocortisone in cancer, 1032t
Copegus. See ribavirin Cortrosyn. See cosyntropin in diabetes, 135t, 1202
copper, 1141t Corvert. See ibutilide in glaucoma, 1392t
Cordarone. See amiodarone Corynebacterium diphtheriae. See diphtheria in obesity, 1164t
Cordran. See flurandrenolide Corzide, 550, 587t. See also bendroflumethiazide in pharmacotherapy, 134–135
Coreg. See carvedilol culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing, 843, 903,
Corgard. See nadolol and nadolol 904, 919
Corlanor. See ivabradine Cosentyx. See secukinumab Cuprimine. See D-penicillamine
Corlopam. See fenoldopam Cosmegen. See dactinomycin curare, 180, 359
cornea, 1390–1391 cosmetics, 15, 18 current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP)
coronary arteries, 479, 480f, 513 cosyntropin, 1251 regulations, 1133
coronary artery disease (CAD), 604–605. Cotazym S. See pancrelipase Cushing’s syndrome, 1258, 1258t
See also angina pectoris; myocardial Cotellic. See cobimetinib cutaneous anthrax, 1413t
infarctions cough and colds cutaneous fungal infections, 936
coronaviruses, 977t cutaneous larva migrans, 967, 969
corpora cavernosa, 1316 nonpharmacologic therapies for, 824t Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 963
corpus luteum, 1263 Nursing Practice Applications for, 827–828t Cutar. See coal tar
corpus striatum, 307 pharmacotherapy C-UTIs (complicated urinary tract infections),
Correctol. See bisacodyl 902t, 902–903
Cortef. See hydrocortisone antihistamines. See antihistamines Cutivate. See fluticasone propionate
corticosteroids antitussives, 825–826, 825t Cuvposa. See glycopyrrolate
as adjuvant analgesics, 411, 411t combination products, 824 CVD. See cardiovascular disease
adverse effects of, 163, 757, 797, 1248–1250 decongestants. See nasal decongestants cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), 708–709, 707f
for allergic rhinitis, 817, 818t, 821, 1254 expectorants, 825t, 826–827 clinical applications, 1140
as antineoplastic adjuncts, 1255 first-generation antipsychotics, 289t functions of, 1132t
for arthritis, 1254, 1348, 1349 mucolytics, 803, 825t, 826–827 routes and dosages, 32, 703t, 1133t
for asthma, 791t, 797–799, 798t, 1254 prevalence of, 824t cyanogen chloride, 1415t
classification of, 1245 symptoms of, 824 cyclic guanosine monophosphate, 1316
for dermatitis, 1377, 1378t Coumadin. See warfarin cyclic lipopeptides, 893, 894t
drug interactions, 247, 670t, 1249–1250 Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN), cyclizine, 815
drugs in class cyclobenzaprine, 363–364, 363t
beclomethasone, 797–799, 798t, 818t 1132–1133 Cyclocort. See amcinonide
betamethasone, 1252t, 1378t Covera-HS. See verapamil Cyclogyl. See cyclopentolate
budesonide. See budesonide COX (cyclooxygenase), 406, 726, 726f cyclooxygenase (COX), 406, 726, 726f
ciclesonide, 798t, 799, 818t COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) inhibitors, 734 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, 733–
cortisone, 1252t Cozaar. See losartan 734. See also celecoxib
dexamethasone. See dexamethasone CP (cerebral palsy), 360, 366t cyclopentolate, 172t, 175, 1400t
flunisolide, 798t, 799 CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), 617 cyclophosphamide
fluticasone, 112t, 119t, 798t, 799, 818t, crab louse, 1368 adverse effects, 59t, 754, 1039
818–819 cranberry, 87t, 670t, 909t clinical applications, 754, 1039
hydrocorisone. See hydrocortisone CRE (carbapenem-resistant mechanism of action, 1026, 1039
methylprednisolone, 324, 757, 1122, 1252t Nursing Responsibilities, 1040
mometasone, 798t, 799, 818t, 1378t Enterobacteriaceae), 860 pregnancy rating category, 102t
prednisolone, 906, 1252t C-reactive protein, 718t routes and dosages, 749t, 1038t
prednisone. See prednisone creatine kinase (CK), 496 cycloplegics, 174, 175, 1399, 1401
triamcinolone, 818t, 1252t, 1378t Creon. See pancrelipase atropine. See atropine
for edema, 1255 Cresemba. See isavuconazonium cyclopentolate, 172t, 175, 1400t
for gout, 1355 Crestor. See rosuvastatin homatropine, 825t, 1400t
as immunosuppressants, 756, 757, 1253–1254 cretinism, 1232 scopolamine, 32, 172t, 175, 1119, 1121t, 1400t
for inflammatory bowel disease, 1114, 1254 CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone), 1185 tropicamide, 172t, 175, 1400t
intranasal, 817, 818t, 819 Crinone. See progesterone cycloserine, 920t, 926
mechanism of action, 797, 819 Crixivan. See indinavir Cycloset. See bromocriptine
mechanisms of action, 1248, 1248t crizotinib, 1064t, 1065 cyclosporine
for multiple sclerosis, 325 CRN (Council for Responsible Nutrition), adverse effects, 59–60t, 542t, 751
for myasthenia gravis, 161–163 drug interactions with, 66t, 91t, 670t, 751–752
for nausea and vomiting, 1121t, 1123 1132–1133
Crohn’s disease, 1113, 1114, 1117
Crolom. See cromolyn
cromolyn, 798t, 799–800, 818t, 821, 1402t
cross-allergies, 58
cross-tolerance, 452
crotamiton, 1369–1370
as immunosuppressant, 163, 749t, 1377, 1382 daunorubicin liposomal, 1048t, 1050 Index 1493
mechanism of action, 751 DaunoXome. See daunorubicin liposomal
Nursing Responsibilities, 752 Daypro. See oxaprozin depression
routes and dosages, 1380t Daytrana. See methylphenidate assessment and diagnosis, 256
therapeutic effects and uses, 751 DBS (deep brain stimulation), 307, 308t defined, 254–255
cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion, 1401 DDAVP. See desmopressin drug-induced, 257
cyclothymic disorder, 254 ddC. See zalcitabine gender differences in, 255t
Cyklokapron. See tranexamic acid ddI. See didanosine genetic influences on, 255–256
Cymbalta. See duloxetine DDS. See dapsone in geriatric patients, 257, 257t
Cynapin. See cyanocobalamin DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), 22 multiple sclerosis and, 324
CYP (cytochrome P450) isozymes, 36, 37t, debrisoquin hydroxylase, 136 nonpharmacologic therapies for, 257–258, 258t
Debrox. See carbamide peroxide pathophysiology of, 255–256
100, 113 debulking, 1024, 1027 pharmacotherapy. See antidepressants
cyproheptadine, 814t Decadron. See dexamethasone postpartum, 255
Cyramza. See ramucirumab Decaspray. See dexamethasone seasonal affective disorder, 255, 257
cystic fibrosis, 827 Declomycin. See demeclocycline suicide risk and, 257
cystitis, 901 decongestants symptoms of, 243, 254–255, 255t
cysts, 953
cytarabine, 889, 1044t, 1046 nasal. See nasal decongestants dermatitis, 1255, 1376, 1377–1378, 1378t
cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes, 36, 36t, ocular. See ocular decongestants/ dermatologic disorders, 1364–1388
100, 113 vasoconstrictors acne vulgaris, 871, 874, 1370–1372, 1372t
CytoGam. See cytomegalovirus immune deep brain stimulation (DBS), 307, 308t alopecia, 1032, 1038, 1385
deep sedation/analgesia, 423 anatomy of skin and, 1365–1367, 1366f
globulin deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 662, 1154 burns, 1383–1384
cytokine(s), 720–721, 743, 1063 defecation, 1075 classification of, 1367, 1367t
cytokine release syndrome, 756 deferoxamine, 1416t dermatitis, 1255, 1376, 1376–1378, 1378t
cytomegalovirus (CMV), 778, 979 defibrillation, 646 psoriasis, 1378–1383, 1379–1381t, 1379f
cytomegalovirus immune globulin, 777t, 778 degarelix, 1052t, 1055 rosacea, 1373
Cytomel. See liothyronine dehydration skin infections, 1367–1369
Cytosar-U. See cytarabine dermatologic toxicity, 60t, 61
Cytotec. See misoprostol fluid replacement therapy for, 563, 564t. See dermatomycoses, 943–945
cytotoxic agents, 105t, 753 also fluid replacement agents Dermatop. See prednicarbate
dermis, 1365, 1366f, 1366
anakinra, 749t, 754, 1350t, 1350, 1352 dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 93t, Desenex. See undecylenic acid
azathioprine. See azathioprine 467, 1308 Desferal. See deferoxamine
belatacept, 749t desflurane, 432, 432t, 433
cyclophosphamide. See cyclophosphamide delafloxacin, 890t desiccated thyroid, 1234t, 1235
etanercept. See etanercept Delatest. See testosterone desipramine, 244t, 260t, 267, 268, 382, 1117
mycophenolate, 163, 749t, 754 Delatestryl. See testosterone enanthate desirudin, 665t, 674
thalidomide. See thalidomide delavirdine, 1002t, 1003, 1007 desloratadine, 814t, 817
cytotoxic (CD8) T cells, 720 delayed release drugs, 1095 desmopressin, 685, 687, 1187t, 1194–1195, 1195t
Cytovene. See ganciclovir Delestrogen. See estradiol valerate Desogen, 1291t
Cytoxan. See cyclophosphamide delirium, 436t desogestrel, 1291t
delirium tremens, 456 Desonate. See desonide
D Delsym. See dextromethorphan desonide, 1378t, 1378
Delta-D. See cholecalciferol DesOwen. See desonide
D5W. See 5% dextrose in water Deltasone. See prednisone desoximetasone, 1378t
dabigatran, 665t, 669, 671 delusions, 282, 283t Desoxyn. See methamphetamines
dacarbazine, 59t, 1038t, 1041 Demadex. See torsemide desvenlafaxine, 260t, 263, 265
daclizumab, 322t, 323 demeclocycline, 871t, 873, 1194 Desyrel. See trazodone
dactinomycin, 1048t, 1050–1051 dementia, 315–316, 319t, 496. See also deutetrabenazine, 363t, 365
Dale, Henry, 148t detachment, 283t
Dale, Samuel, 3 Alzheimer’s disease Detrol. See tolterodine
dalfampridine, 324 Demerol. See meperidine development, defined, 114
dalfopristin. See quinupristin-dalfopristin Denavir. See penciclovir DEXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), 1337
Daliresp. See roflumilast Dendrid. See idoxuridine dexamethasone
Dalmane. See flurazepam dendritic cells, 717 for adrenal insufficiency, 1250, 1253
dalteparin, 665t, 668 denosumab, 1069, 1341t, 1345 in cancer treatment, 1054
danazol, 670t, 1278t, 1281, 1283 dental health, dysrhythmias and, 646t ciprofloxacin with, 891, 1403t
dandelion, 1106 DentiPatch. See lidocaine for dermatitis, 1378t
Danocrine. See danazol deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA for hyperthyroid states, 1238
Dantrium. See dantrolene sodium Depacon. See valproic acid for nausea and vomiting, 1123
dantrolene sodium, 366t, 366–368 Depakene. See valproic acid in pain management, 411
dapagliflozin, 1215t, 1223 Depakote. See valproic acid routes and dosages, 1052t, 1121t, 1252t
dapsone, 136, 929, 929–930 Depakote ER. See divalproex sodium Dexchlor. See dexchlorpheniramine
daptomycin, 842, 893–894, 894t Depen. See D-penicillamine dexchlorpheniramine, 814t
Daraprim. See pyrimethamine dependence, 22, 402, 449–451 Dexedrine. See dextroamphetamine
daratumumab, 1064t DepoDur. See morphine sulfate Dexferrum. See iron dextran
darbepoetin alfa, 693, 694t, 695 depolarization, 643 Dexilant. See dexlansoprazole
darifenacin, 172t depolarizing neuromuscular blockers, dexlansoprazole, 1091–1092
darunavir, 1002t, 1008, 1009 dexmethylphenidate, 379t, 382
Darvocet. See propoxyphene 177–180, 177f dexrazoxane, 1031, 1048
Darvon. See propoxyphene Depo-Medrol. See methylprednisolone dextran 40, 568
Darzalex. See daratumumab Depo-Provera. See medroxyprogesterone dextroamphetamine, 378, 379t, 384, 462, 1166
dasatinib, 1064t, 1065 Depo-subQ-Provera. See medroxyprogesterone dextromethorphan, 376, 461, 826, 825t
date-rape drugs, 452 Depot-Cyt. See cytarabine 5% dextrose in water, 567
daunorubicin, 60t, 60, 889, 1050 Depo-Testosterone. See testosterone cypionate
depressants. See central nervous system
depressants
1494 Index Dietary Supplement and Nonprescription Drug dinutuximab, 1064t
Consumer Protection Act of 2007, 89 Diovan. See valsartan
d4T. See stavudine Diovan HCT, 534, 587t
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), 504 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act Dipentum. See olsalazine
DHE 45. See dihydroergotamine of 1994 (DSHEA), 16, 89, 1133 diphenhydramine
DHEA. See dehydroepiandrosterone
DHT. See dihydrotachysterol dietary supplements. See also vitamin(s) adverse effects, 815
DiaBeta. See glyburide adverse effects, 88–90 antitussive actions of, 825
diabetes insipidus (DI), 1194, 1194t defined, 88–89 in combination drugs, 815t
diabetes mellitus, 1200–1228 drug interactions with, 66, 66t drug interactions, 457t
regulation of, 17, 18, 22–23, 88–90 for dystonia, 287
ACE inhibitors for, 528t for nausea and vomiting, 1119
complications of, 1204–1206, 1314 diethyl ether, 430 routes and dosages, 314t, 814t, 1121t
cultural considerations and, 135t, 1202 diethylcarbamazine, 969 sedative effects of, 234, 241
diagnosis of, 1203 diethylpropion, 1167t, 1170 therapeutic effects and uses, 817
gestational, 1203 diethylstilbestrol (DES), 1052t, 1054 trade names, 7
heart failure and, 626t dieting, 1165–1166 diphenoxylate with atropine, 119t, 1109, 1109t,
Nursing Practice Applications, 1223–1225t difenoxin with atropine, 1109t, 1110
obesity and, 1202 Differin. See adapalene 1110
pathophysiology of, 1202–1203, 1203t diffusion, 28, 30f diphtheria, 766, 767t
pharmacotherapy. See antidiabetic agents; Dificid. See fidaxomicin dipivefrin, 1394t, 1396
diflorasone diacetate, 1378t Diprivan. See propofol
insulin therapy Diflucan. See fluconazole Diprolene. See betamethasone
prevalence of, 1201, 1202t diflunisal, 731–732t dipyridamole, 675t, 677
risk factors for, 1203 digestion and digestive system. See also direct thrombin inhibitors, 674
in school-age children, 1211t
symptoms of, 1204 gastrointestinal tract argatroban, 665t, 674
type 1, 1202, 1203t accessory organs of, 1075, 1077–1079 bivalirudin, 665t, 674
type 2, 1202–1203, 1203t enzymes in, 1080, 1080t dabigatran, 665t, 669, 674
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 1204–1205 liver and, 1077–1079 desirudin, 665t, 674
Diabinese. See chlorpropamide regulation of, 1079–1080 lepirudin, 674
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental structures and functions of, 1075, 1076f direct vasodilators. See vasodilators
digitalization, 632 directly observed therapy (DOT), 120, 919, 921
Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), 448 digoxin dirithromycin, 876
Dialose. See docusate adverse effects, 633, 664t, 1315t disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
Diamox. See acetazolamide breast-feeding and, 105t
diarrhea drug interactions, 66, 91t, 247, 633, 1095 (DMARDs), 1349–1353
for dysrhythmias, 648t, 656 abatacept, 1350, 1352
antibiotic-related, 873, 1108 in geriatric patients, 129t adalimumab. See adalimumab
antineoplastic agents and, 1030–1031, 1069 for heart failure, 629t, 632–633 anakinra, 749t, 754, 1350t, 1350, 1352
in enteral nutrition therapy, 1149–1150, 1151 mechanism of action, 633 azathioprine. See azathioprine
etiology, 1109 nursing responsibilities, 633 etanercept. See etanercept
pathophysiology of, 1108–1109 as overdose treatment, 208, 211 hydroxychloroquine, 956t, 957, 1349, 1350t,
pharmacotherapy for, 1109–1111, 1109t, overdose/poisoning, 1416t
dihydroergotamine, 415, 414t 1352
1111–1112t dihydropyridines, 514–516 infliximab. See infliximab
traveler’s, 870t amlodipine. See amlodipine leflunomide, 112t, 1350t, 1352
diastolic heart failure, 623 clevidipine, 514–515t, 516, 589, 596t methotrexate. See methotrexate
diazepam felodipine. See felodipine rituximab, 1064t, 1065, 1350t, 1352
adverse effects, 237–238, 343, 664t isradipine, 514–515t, 516, 589 sulfasalazine. See sulfasalazine
in anesthesia, 425t, 427, 428 nicardipine/nicardipine SR, 514–515t, 516, disopyramide, 648t, 647, 650
breast-feeding and, 105t dissociative anesthesia, 429
clinical applications, 238t, 240 589, 596t, 609t distilled mustard, 1415t
for delirium tremens, 456 nifedipine. See nifedipine distribution
distribution of, 35, 126 nimodipine, 417t, 514–515t, 516–517 defined, 34
drug interactions, 63, 343, 457t nisoldipine, 514–515t, 517, 589 drug interactions and, 63, 63f
for dystonia, 287 Dilacor/Dilacor XR. See diltiazem factors influencing, 34–36
excretion of, 38, 39 Dilantin. See phenytoin in geriatric patients, 126
genetic polymorphisms and actions of, 136 Dilatrate. See isosorbide dinitrate in pediatric patients, 113
mechanism of action, 342 Dilatrate SR. See isosorbide dinitrate during pregnancy, 100
for muscle spasms, 363, 411 Dilaudid. See hydromorphone disulfiram, 62, 239, 457–458, 670t
nursing responsibilities, 343 Dilocaine. See lidocaine Ditropan. See oxybutynin chloride
routes and dosages, 236t diltiazem Diulo. See metolazone
for seizures, 335t, 340t, 342–343 absorption of, 33 diuretic(s), 543–557
diazoxide, 592, 594 for angina pectoris, 514t adverse effects, 588, 630
dibenzazepines, 346–347 drug interactions, 209 as banned substances, 548t
carbamazepine. See carbamazepine for dysrhythmias, 648t, 656 carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 544f, 545, 553t,
eslicarbazepine, 340t, 347 for hypertension, 514t, 518–519, 589
oxcarbazepine, 112t, 119t, 277, 335t, mechanism of action, 514 554–555
for muscle spasms, 363 clinical applications, 543
340t, 347 routes and dosages, 515t, 609t combination therapy, 543–545
Dibenzyline. See phenoxybenzamine dimenhydrinate, 814t, 815, 1120, 1121t drug interactions, 91t
dibucaine, 437t, 440, 1383 dimercaprol, 1419–1420 for heart failure, 543, 629t, 630
diclofenac, 664t, 731–732t Dimetapp. See brompheniramine for hypertension, 543, 548, 585t, 588–589
dicloxacillin, 670t, 850t, 856 dimethyl fumarate, 322, 322t loop (high-ceiling), 60t, 544, 544–545f,
dicyclomine, 172t, 1114t, 1117, 1125 dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 460
didanosine, 1002t, 1005 dinoprostone, 1273t, 1274, 1275, 1302, 545–548, 545t, 589
Didrex. See benzphetamine mechanisms of action, 544, 544f
Didronel. See etidronate disodium 1301–1302t Nursing Practice Applications, 555–557t
dienogest, 1291t osmotic, 544, 544f, 552–554, 553t, 1398
dietary reference intake (DRI), 1133
Index 1495
in pediatric patients, 118–120 dosage calculations, for pediatric patients, 118 DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and
potassium-sparing, 544, 544f, 550–552, 550t, dose dependent adverse effects, 56 Education Act of 1994), 16, 89, 1133
dose–response relationship, 48, 48f
589 DOT (directly observed therapy), 120, 919, 921 DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
thiazide. See thiazide diuretics Dovonex. See calcipotriene Mental Disorders, 5th edition), 448
diuretic resistance, 630 down-regulation, 1177
Diurigen. See chlorothiazide doxazosin, 204, 203t, 205–206, 1322, 1321t DSS (dopamine system stabilizers), 297
Diuril. See chlorothiazide doxepin DTaP vaccine, 766, 768
divalproex. See valproic acid DTIC-Dome. See dacarbazine
divalproex sodium, 276 for anxiety disorders, 245 dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), 1337
diversity. See Treating the Diverse Patient; for depression, 269 Duavee, 1272
for dermatitis, 1378 Duetact, 1215t, 1216
specific racial and ethnic groups indications for, 244t dulaglutide, 1214t, 1222
Divigel. See estradiol for irritable bowel syndrome, 1117 Dulcolax. See bisacodyl
DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic for neuropathic pain, 410 Dulcolax Stool Softener. See docusate
routes and dosages, 260t duloxetine, 244t, 245, 260t, 263, 265–266, 411
drugs), 1349–1353, 1350t doxercalciferol, 1339, 1339t. See also vitamin D duodenal ulcers, 1085, 1092. See also peptic
DMT. See dimethyltryptamine Doxil. See doxorubicin liposomal
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) doxorubicin, 59–60t, 60, 1031, 1048t, 1048–1049 ulcer disease
doxorubicin liposomal, 1049 duodenum, 1077
bacterial DNA replication, 888–889, 888f doxycycline Duodote, 161
genetic polymorphisms and, 136–137, 136f, 137t breast-feeding and, 106t Dupuytren’s contracture, 360
gyrase, 888 clinical applications, 873, 955, 1373, 1413 Duraclon. See clonidine
helicase, 888 routes and dosages, 871t Duragesic. See fentanyl
polymerase, 888 doxylamine, 235, 1120, 1121t Duramorph RF. See morphine sulfate
Doan’s Pills. See magnesium salicylate DPIs (dry powder inhalers), 790 Duranest. See etidocaine
dobutamine, 188, 189t, 196, 632t Dramamine. See dimenhydrinate duration of action, 40
Dobutrex. See dobutamine Drisdol. See ergocalciferol Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951,
docetaxel, 1057, 1057t, 1059 dronabinol, 1122, 1121t
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 504 dronedarone, 648t, 654 15, 21
docosanol, 980t, 981 drop attacks. See atonic seizures Duricef. See cefadroxil
docusate, 1105t, 1107 droperidol, 424 dutasteride, 1321t, 1323
dofetilide, 648t, 654 drospirenone, 1291t Duvoid. See bethanechol
dolasetron, 1121t, 1122, 1123 Droxia. See hydroxyurea DVT (deep vein thrombosis), 662, 1155
Dolophine. See methadone droxidopa, 189t, 191 dwarfism, 1186–1187
dolutegravir, 1002t drug(s) Dyazide, 545, 552, 587t
donepezil, 158t, 161, 172t, 317, 317t, 319–320 of abuse. See substance abuse Dymista. See azelastine
dopamine administration. See routes of administration Dynabac. See dirithromycin
chemical structure of, 188, 188f approval process, 18–20, 19f DynaCirc. See isradipine
effects and clinical applications, 147t, 221t classification of, 6, 6t Dyrenium. See triamterene
for heart failure, 632t, 634 defining, 4, 5 dysfunctional uterine bleeding, 1268, 1268t
mechanism of action, 186 errors. See medication error(s) dyslipidemia, 488–509
as overdose treatment, 205, 211 ideal drugs, characteristics of, 5
Parkinson’s disease and, 306–307 interactions. See drug interactions defined, 491
routes and dosages, 189t labeling. See labeling diagnostic tools, 492, 492t
dopamine agonists, 307, 311–313, 414. See also marketing rights, 7 factors influencing, 492
naming, 7 Nursing Practice Applications, 505–506t
ergot alkaloids off-label indications, 5, 20, 112t in pediatric patients, 493t
adverse effects, 312 over-the-counter. See over-the-counter products pharmacotherapy, 494–503
classification, 311 pharmacokinetics. See pharmacokinetics
drug interactions, 312 prototypes, 7 bile acid sequestrants, 497t, 499–501, 670t
drugs in class regulations. See laws and regulations cholesterol absorption inhibitors, 504
scheduled, 22, 22t for familial hypercholesterolemia, 504
apomorphine, 309t, 312 drug abuse. See substance abuse fibric acid agents, 495f, 497t, 502–502
bromocriptine. See bromocriptine drug allergies, 58 mechanisms of action, 495, 495f
fenoldopam, 596t Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 22 niacin, 495f, 497t, 502
pramipexole, 309t, 312–313 Drug Importation Act of 1848, 15 statins, 494–499. See also statins
ropinirole, 309t, 312–313 drug interactions primary vs. secondary prevention of, 495
versus levodopa, 311 absorption and, 34 screening for, 499t
mechanism of action, 311–312 defined, 62 therapeutic lifestyle changes for, 493–494
therapeutic effects and uses, 311 drug–drug, 34, 35, 36, 62–63 treatment guidelines, 492
dopamine receptors, 151 food–drug, 34, 35, 63, 66, 66t types of, 492, 493t
dopamine replacement agents, 289, 308–311, in geriatric patients, 128–129, 129t Dysport. See abobotulinumtoxinA
with herbal products, 66–67, 66t, 90–92, 91t dysrhythmias, 641–660
310f, 309t mechanisms of, 62 acute, 646
dopamine system stabilizers (DSS), 297. See also patient teaching, 66t asymptomatic, 646
pharmacodynamic, 64–66, 65f bradydysrhythmias, 645
aripiprazole pharmacokinetic, 62–64, 63f classification of, 645–646
dopamine type 2 (D2) receptors, 284 preventing, 5t consequences of, 479
dopaminergic agonists. See dopamine drug misuse, defined, 127–128. See also dental health and, 646t
drugs causing, 642t
agonists substance abuse etiology of, 642
dopaminergic synapses, 221 drug-protein complexes, 35, 35f long QT syndrome, 645t
Dopar. See levodopa dry mouth. See xerostomia nonpharmacologic treatment, 646
Dopastat. See dopamine dry powder inhalers (DPIs), 790 pharmacotherapy. See antidysrhythmics
Doral. See quazepam phases and measurement of cardiac action
Doribax. See doripenem
Doriglute. See glutethimide potential, 642–644, 643f
doripenem, 859, 860t, 861 prophylaxis, 647
dornase alfa, 825t, 827 tachydysrhythmias, 645, 652
Doryx. See doxycycline
dorzolamide, 554, 1394t, 1398
1496 Index calcium, 1330, 1333–1334 entacapone, 309, 309t, 313
magnesium, 568t, 574 Entamoeba histolytica, 953t, 958, 959f
dysthymic disorder, 254 Nursing Practice Applications for, 578–579t entecavir, 987t, 988, 990
dystonia, 287, 288t, 360 phosphate, 569t enteral nutrition (EN), 1149–1152
dysuria, 901 potassium, 569t, 570f, 572–573
sodium, 571–572, 569t, 570f administration of, 1149
E types of, 569, 569t complications of, 1150–1152
elemental formulas, for enteral nutrition, 1149 drug administration guidelines with, 1151t
eardrum, 1402 Elestat. See epinastine food and drug interactions with, 1152, 1152t
ears Elestrin. See estradiol formulations of, 1149
eletriptan, 414t, 416 Nursing Practice Applications, 1156–1158t
anatomy of, 1402, 1403f Eleutherococcus senticosus. See ginseng; enteral route of administration, 29–31
infections. See otitis media Entereg. See alvimopan
Nursing Practice Applications, 1405–1406t goldenseal enteric nervous system (ENS), 1080
pharmacotherapy for, 1402–1405, 1403t Elidel. See pimecrolimus enteric-coated tablets, 29, 1095
as route of administration, 31 Eligard. See leuprolide enterobiasis, 967
eating disorders, 116 Elimite. See permethrin Enterobius vermicularis, 967
Eber’s papyrus, 3 Eliquis. See apixaban enterococci, vancomycin-resistant, 842–843
Ebola, 1414 Elitek. See rasburicase Enterococcus faecium, 843
EBV (Epstein-Barr virus), 979 Ella. See ulipristal enteroendocrine cells, 1076
EC (emergency contraception), 1300, Ellence. See epirubicin enterohepatic circulation, 499
Elocon. See mometasone enterohepatic recirculation, 39, 39f, 1079
1301, 1301t elotuzumab, 1064t Entocort/Entocort-EC. See budesonide
eccrine glands, 1367 Eloxatin. See oxaliplatin Entresto. See sacubitril with valsartan
ECF (extracellular fluid) compartment, Elspar. See asparaginase entry inhibitors, 1010
eltrombopag, 694t, 700, 702 enfuvirtide, 1002t, 1010
562, 562f eluxadoline, 1114t maraviroc, 1002t, 1010
ECGs (electrocardiograms), 481, 613, 644, elvitegravir, 1002t Entyvio. See vedolizumab
embolus, 662 enzalutamide, 1052t, 1056
644f, 644t embryonic period, of fetal development, 103 enzyme induction, 37
echinacea, 87t, 838, 91t, 754t Emcyt. See estramustine enzyme inhibition, 37
Echinacea angustifolia. See echinacea emedastine, 1402t enzymes, in digestion, 1080, 1080t
Echinacea purpurea. See echinacea Emend. See aprepitant EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), 504
echinocandins. See b-glucan synthesis emergency contraception (EC), 1300, ephedra, 89, 191
ephedrine, 187, 188, 189t, 191
inhibitors 1301, 1301t epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
echothiophate iodide, 1394t emergency preparedness, 1410–1411
eclampsia, 333 emesis. See nausea and vomiting inhibitors, 1065
econazole, 944t emetogenic potential, 1030, 1119 cetuximab, 1064t, 1065
ecstasy, 448, 460 empagliflozin, 1215t, 1223 trastuzumab, 1064t, 1065
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), 258, 274 emphysema, 803 epidermis, 1365, 1366f, 1366
ectopic foci, 481 Empliciti. See elotuzumab Epidermophyton, 945
ectopic pregnancy, 1292 Emsam. See selegiline Epiduo, 1373
eculizumab, 756t emtricitabine, 1002t, 1003, 1005, 1014 epidural anesthesia, 424t, 435, 436f
eczema, 1377, 1377t Emtriva. See emtricitabine epilepsy, 331, 332, 345t. See also seizures
ED (erectile dysfunction), 1314, 1316–1319, Emulsoil. See castor oil epinastine, 1402t
E-mycin. See erythromycin epinephrine
1317t EN. See enteral nutrition adrenal secretion of, 152, 1246
Edarbi. See azilsartan medoxomil Enablex. See darifenacin adverse effects, 191
Edarbyclor, 587t enalapril, 36, 528t, 530, 587t, 590, 629t in anesthesia, 433–436, 438
Edecrin. See ethacrynic acid enalaprilat, 36, 530, 596t chemical structure of, 188, 188f
edema, corticosteroids for, 1255 Enbrel. See etanercept classification of, 6
edetate calcium disodium, 1419 encephalitis, 979 clinical applications and considerations,
Edluar. See zolpidem endocannabinoids, 458
edoxaban, 665t Endocet, 404 190–191, 195
Edronax. See reboxetine endocrine system for glaucoma, 1395–1396
Edurant. See rilpivirine for heart failure, 632t, 634
EEGs (electroencephalograms), 233, 331 age-related changes, 125, 126t history of, 151t, 187
EF (erythroblastosis fetalis), 777 functions of, 1177 mechanism of action, 186, 190
efavirenz, 91t, 1002t, 1006–1007 hormone secretions and, 1177, 1178f, 1180t. nursing responsibilities, 191
Efedron. See ephedrine routes and dosages, 189t
Effexor. See venlafaxine See also hormone(s) EpiPen, 192t
efficacy, 48–50, 49f endometrial carcinoma, 1269 epirubicin, 60t, 60, 1048t, 1050
Effient. See prasugrel Endometrin. See progesterone Epivir. See lamivudine
efinaconazole, 944t endometriosis, 1268, 1281 eplerenone
eflornithine, 960t, 963, 965 endorphins, 221t, 221, 396 adverse effects, 552
Efudex. See fluorouracil endotoxins, 835 chemical structure of, 534
EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 542 clinical applications, 552
Enduron. See methyclothiazide mechanism of action, 534, 551
inhibitors, 1065 enflurane, 432t, 433, 457t routes and dosages, 531t, 550t, 629t
Egrifta. See tesamorelin enfuvirtide, 1002t, 1010 epoetin alfa, 692, 693–695, 694t, 703t, 1030, 1069
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 504 Engerix-B. See hepatitis B vaccine Epogen. See epoetin alfa
ejaculation disorders, 1315 Enjuvia. See conjugated estrogens eprosartan, 531t, 533, 587t, 590
Elavil. See amitriptyline enkephalins, 220t, 221, 396 EPS (extrapyramidal symptoms), 225, 287,
Eldepryl. See selegiline Enlon. See edrophonium
elderberry, 87t enoxaparin, 616, 665t, 668 288t, 307
elderly patients. See geriatric patients ENS (enteric nervous system), 1080 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 979
electrocardiograms (ECGs), 481, 613, 644,
644f, 644t
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 258, 258t, 274
electroencephalograms (EEGs), 233, 331
electrolyte, defined, 568
electrolyte imbalances
Index 1497
eptifibatide, 675t, 679 estradiol and norethindrone, 1266t, 1292–1293 Exforge/Exforge HCT, 516, 534, 587t
Epzicom, 1003t estradiol and norgestimate, 1266t Ex-Lax. See senna
Equal. See aspartame estradiol valerate, 1266t exophthalmos, 1237, 1242
Equalactin. See calcium polycarbophil ethinyl estradiol, 1052t, 1291t, 1372t exotoxins, 835
Equanil. See meprobamate progestins. See progestins Exparel. See bupivacaine
equianalgesic doses, 400t, 402 Nursing Practice Applications, 1267–1268t expectorants, 825t, 826–827
Eraxis. See anidulafungin in oral contraceptives, 1288 Extavia. See interferon(s), IFN beta-1b
Erbitux. See cetuximab therapeutic effects and uses, 1263–1264 extended release formulations, 30, 42
erectile dysfunction (ED), 1314, 1316–1319, 1317t types of, 1265, 1266t extended-spectrum penicillins, 855
Ergamisol. See levamisole estrogen receptor antagonists. See selective external otitis, 1402
ergocalciferol, 1339, 1339t extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment,
Ergostat. See ergotamine estrogen receptor modulators
ergosterol, 936 eszopiclone, 236t, 242 562, 562f
ergot alkaloids, 106t, 311, 415 etanercept extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), 225, 287,
dihydroergotamine, 414t, 415 adverse effects, 754 288t, 307
ergotamine, 105t, 386, 414t, 415 clinical applications, 754, 1351, 1382 extravasation, 190, 192, 192, 367
methylergonovine, 1273, 1273t, 1275–1276 routes and dosages, 749t, 1350t, 1380t extrinsic pathway, in coagulation, 477, 478f
ergotamine, 105t, 386, 414t, 415 etelcalcetide, 1341t eyes
eribulin, 1057t ethacrynic acid, 545t, 547–548, 589
Erivedge. See vismodegib ethambutol, 664t, 920t, 921, 923, 931 anatomy of, 1390–1392, 1390–1391f
erlotinib, 1064t, 1065 ethanol, 60t, 209, 235, 670t, 1416t. See also pharmacotherapy
Errin. See norethindrone
errors. See medication error(s) alcohol anticholinergics, 175, 192
ertapenem, 859, 860t, 861 ethchlorvynol, 241 for examinations, 1399–1400
eruptive psoriasis, 1379t ethinyl estradiol, 1052t, 1291t, 1372t for glaucoma. See glaucoma
EryC. See erythromycin ethinyl estradiol with norethindrone acetate. for irritation and redness, 1401, 1402t
Eryderm. See erythromycin routes and dosages of, 1400t
EryPed. See erythromycin See estradiol and norethindrone as route of administration, 31
erythema, 1367 ethinyl valerate, 1291t ezetimibe, 497t, 503–504
erythroblastosis fetalis (EF), 777 ethionamide, 920t, 926 ezogabine, 340t, 351
Erythrocin. See erythromycin ethnicity, influence on pharmacotherapy, 134–136.
erythrocytes, 475, 477t, 692 F
erythrocytic stage, of malaria, 954 See also Treating the Diverse Patient;
erythromycin specific ethnic groups facilitated diffusion, 28
adverse effects, 60t, 876 ethosuximide, 105t, 335t, 337, 348 Factive. See gemifloxacin
clinical applications, 875, 1368, 1372–1373 Ethrane. See enflurane factor VIII, 686
history of, 874 ethylene glycol, 1416t factor IX, 687
mechanism of action, 875 ethynodiol diacetate, 1291t factor X, 687
Nursing Responsibilities, 876 etidocaine, 440 factor XI deficiency, 687
routes and dosages, 119t, 874t etidronate disodium, 66t, 1340–1341t, 1342 famciclovir, 979, 980t, 981
erythropoietic growth factors, 475, 692–695 etodolac, 731–732t famotidine, 441, 1093t, 1094
darbepoetin alfa, 693, 694t, 695 etomidate, 425t, 428, 429 Famvir. See famciclovir
epoetin alfa, 693, 693–695, 694t, 703t, etoposide, 59t, 889, 1057, 1057t, 1059–1060 Fanapt. See iloperidone
etravirine, 1002t, 1007 Fansidar, 906, 908, 964
1030, 1069 eucalyptus, 247 Fareston. See toremifene
mechanism of action, 694 Eulexin. See flutamide Farxiga. See dapagliflozin
Nursing Practice Application, 696–697t euphoria, 376 Farydak. See panobinostat
Erythroxylum coca, 437 Eurax. See crotamiton Fasciola hepatica, 969
Escherichia coli, 837t, 842t, 902, 903 eustachian tubes, 1402 Faslodex. See fulvestrant
escitalopram, 244t, 260t, 263 Evacet. See doxorubicin liposomal fesoterodine, 172t
Eskalith/Eskalith CR. See lithium carbonate evening primrose, 87t Fastin. See phentermine
eslicarbazepine, 340t, 347 everolimus, 749t, 752, 1065 fasting plasma glucose (FPG) tests, 1203
esmolol, 207t, 212, 596t, 648t, 652 Evista. See raloxifene fat substitutes, 1171
esomeprazole, 1089t, 1091 Evithrom. See thrombin, topical fatigue, antineoplastic agents and, 1032
esophageal cancer, 1022 Evoclin. See clindamycin fat-soluble vitamins, 1132, 1132t, 1134–1137.
ESRD (end-stage renal disease), 542 evolocumab, 497t
estazolam, 236t, 238t, 240 Evoxac. See cevimeline See also specific vitamins
ester-type local anesthesia, 437–438, 437t, Evzio. See naloxone FazaClo. See clozapine
Exalgo. See hydromorphone FDA. See Food and Drug Administration
438–439 excitation-contraction coupling, 177 FDCA (Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938),
Estinyl. See ethinyl estradiol exclusivity period, 7
Estrace. See estradiol excretion 15, 88
Estraderm. See estradiol defined, 38 febrile seizures, 334, 335t, 336
estradiol, 1263, 1266t drug interactions and, 63f, 64 febuxostat, 1356t, 1358
estradiol and norethindrone, 1266t, in geriatric patients, 127 fecal excretion, 39
methods of, 38–39 feeding tubes, 1149, 1151. See also enteral
1292–1293, 1295 in pediatric patients, 114
estradiol and norgestimate, 1266t during pregnancy, 100 nutrition
estradiol valerate, 1266t Exelderm. See sulconazole felbamate, 335t, 338, 341t, 351
estramustine, 1038t, 1041 Exelon. See rivastigmine Felbatol. See felbamate
estrogen(s) exemestane, 1052t, 1055 Feldene. See piroxicam
exenatide, 1214t, 1222 felodipine
adverse effects, 1263 exercise
breast-feeding and, 105t asthma caused by, 788 drug interactions, 66
drugs in class fluid balance during, 570t enalapril and, 587t
weight management and, 1165 for hypertension, 514t, 516, 589
conjugated estrogens, 1265–1267, 1266t, 1270 exfoliative dermatitis, 1379t plasma half-life, 41
estradiol, 1263, 1266t routes and dosages, 515t
female infertility, 1278–1284
causes of, 1278–1279, 1281t
pharmacotherapy for, 1278–1284, 1278t, 1280f
1498 Index fish oil. See omega-3 fatty acids for cataplexy, 384
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). See serotonin for depression, 261–262
female reproductive system, regulation of, 5-FU. See fluorouracil drug interactions, 457t
1263, 1264–1265f FLACC scale for pain assessment, 396t indications for, 244t
Flagyl. See metronidazole labeling changes, 112t
females. See gender differences; pregnancy flaxseed, 87t, 90, 91t, 92, 1106 mechanism of action, 261
Femara. See letrozole flecainide, 648t, 651 for migraine prophylaxis, 416
Femstat. See butoconazole Fleet Phospho-Soda, 1105t nursing responsibilities, 262
fenamates, 733 Flexeril. See cyclobenzaprine routes and dosages, 260t
fenfluramine/phentermine, 1166 Flomax. See tamsulosin fluoxymesterone, 1052t, 1309t, 1312
fenofibrate, 497t, 503 Flonase. See fluticasone fluphenazine, 289, 289t, 291
fenofibric acid, 497t, 503 Flovent. See fluticasone fluphenazine decanoate, 287
fenoldopam, 596t Floxin. See ofloxacin flurandrenolide, 1378t
fenoprofen, 731–732t Floxin Otic. See ofloxacin flurazepam, 236t, 238t, 240
Fen-Phen. See fenfluramine/phentermine floxuridine, 1044t, 1046 flurbiprofen, 731–732t
fentanyl, 112t, 400t, 404, 425–427, 425t flu. See influenza Fluress. See fluorescein sodium
Fentora. See fentanyl fluconazole flushing effects, of niacin, 502
Feosol. See ferrous sulfate flutamide, 1052t, 1056
Feosol-caps. See carbonyl iron adverse effects, 664t, 941–942 fluticasone, 112t, 119t, 798t, 799, 818t, 818–819
Feostat. See ferrous fumarate breast-feeding and, 105t fluticasone propionate, 1378t
Feraheme. See ferumoxytol clinical applications, 941, 942, 945–946, fluvastatin, 496, 497t, 498
Fergon. See ferrous gluconate fluvoxamine, 243, 244t, 244, 263
Ferralet. See ferrous gluconate 1368, 1378 focal (partial) seizures, 335t, 335–336
ferric gluconate, 706–707 mechanism of action, 941 Focalin/Focalin XR. See dexmethylphenidate
ferritin, 703 Nursing Responsibilities, 942 folate. See folic acid
Ferrlecit. See ferric gluconate routes and dosages, 119t, 938t, 944t Foley catheters, 1029
Ferronyl. See carbonyl iron flucytosine, 936, 938–939, 938t, 940 folic acid (folate; vitamin B9), 101, 707–708, 1043
ferrous fumarate, 703t, 706, 706t Fludara. See fludarabine clinical applications, 1139
ferrous gluconate, 703t, 706, 706t fludarabine, 1044t, 1046 functions of, 1132t
ferrous sulfate, 119t, 703t, 705–706, 706t fludrocortisone, 1257–1258 metabolism, drug inhibition of, 904, 905f
ferumoxytol, 703t, 707 fluid balance pregnancy category, 102t
fesoterodine, 175 during exercise, 570t routes and dosages, 703t, 1133t
fetal alcohol syndrome, 456 Nursing Practice Applications for, 578–579t folic acid analogs, 1043
fetal period, 104 principles of, 562–563, 562f methotrexate. See methotrexate
fetal tissue transplantation, 307–308, 308t fluid deficit disorders, 563 pemetrexed, 1043, 1044t, 1047
fetal–placental barrier, 35 fluid excess disorders, 563 pralatrexate, 1043, 1044t, 1047
fetus, 100, 103–104. See also pregnancy fluid replacement agents pyrimethamine, 905t, 906, 960t, 962,
fever blood products, 563–566, 564t
colloids, 568, 568t 964–965, 1043
as body defense, 717 crystalloids, 566–567, 566t trimethoprim, 105t, 664t, 908, 1043
Nursing Practice Applications, 737–738t for dehydration, 563, 564t trimetrexate, 1043
pathophysiology of, 724 Flumadine. See rimantadine folic acid deficiency, 332, 708
in patients on immunosuppressants, 748t flumazenil, 238, 343, 1416t folinic acid. See leucovorin
feverfew, 91t, 670t flunisolide, 798t, 799 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 1052, 1180t,
fexofenadine, 814t, 817 flunitrazepam, 452
FFP (fresh frozen plasma), 564t, 564, 687 fluocinolone acetonide, 1378t 1263, 1290, 1308
fiber, in enteral nutrition, 1149–1150 fluocinonide, 1378t follicular cells, 1230
FiberCon. See calcium polycarbophil fluorescein sodium, 1400 folliculitis, 1368
fibric acid agents, 495f, 502–503 fluoride, 1142, 1141t Follistim. See follitropin beta
adverse effects, 503 5-fluorocytosine. See flucytosine follitropin alfa, 1278t
drug interactions, 503 fluoroquinolones, 889–893 follitropin beta, 1278t
drugs in class adverse effects, 60t, 62, 890 follitropins, 1283
clinical applications, 889, 902, 926, 1097 Folotyn. See pralatrexate
fenofibrate, 497t, 503 drug interactions, 66t, 1152 fomepizole, 1416t
fenofibric acid, 497t, 503 drugs in class fondaparinux, 665t, 668
gemfibrozil, 497t, 502–503 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 (FDCA),
Nursing Practice Application, 505t besifloxacin, 890t, 892
Fibricor. See fenofibric acid ciprofloxacin. See ciprofloxacin 16, 88
fibrin, 478 gatifloxacin, 890t, 890, 892–893 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
fibrinogen, 476, 478 gemifloxacin, 890t, 893
fibrinolysis, 680, 680f levofloxacin, 890t, 893, 893t, 902 adverse event monitoring, 20, 58
fibrinolytics. See thrombolytics moxifloxacin, 890t, 891, 893 drug approval process, 18–20, 19f
fidaxomicin, 874, 874t, 876 nalidixic acid, 670t, 889, 905t exclusivity period granted by, 7
fight-or-flight response, 144, 186 norfloxacin, 892, 902 on long-acting beta agonists, 792
filgrastim, 694t, 697–698, 746, 1030, 1069 ofloxacin, 890t, 893, 902, 920t, 926 medication error prevention and reporting,
filtrate, 540, 541 generations of, 889, 890t
Finacea. See azelaic acid mechanism of action, 839, 889 73, 75–76
finafloxacin, 890t Nursing Practice Applications, 895–896t “Orange Book,” 6
finasteride, 1315t, 1322–1323, 1321t, 1385 pregnancy category, 102t on pregnancy risk categories, 60, 101–102,
fingolimod, 322t, 323 resistance to, 891
Firmagon. See degarelix routes and dosages, 890t 102–103t
first-dose phenomenon, 204, 591 fluorouracil, 102t, 889, 936, 1026, 1044t, 1046–1047 role of, 17–18
first-generation antipsychotics Fluothane. See halothane structural organization of, 17–18, 18f
adverse effects, 289, 292 fluoxetine on supplement safety, 1133
for Alzheimer’s disease, 317t adverse effects, 262 Food and Drug Administration Modernization
nonphenothiazines. See nonphenothiazines for anxiety, 245, 319
phenothiazines. See phenothiazines Act of 1997, 16, 111–112
first-pass effect, 30, 31, 37, 38f, 1079 food–drug interactions, 34, 35, 63, 66–67, 66t
foot ulcers, 1207
Foradil. See formoterol
Forane. See isoflurane galantamine, 158t, 161, 317t, 320 Index 1499
forced alkaline diuresis, 1418 Galen, 3
formoterol, 195, 196, 793t, 794 gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) general anesthesia, 423–433
formularies, 17 defined, 423
Fortamet. See metformin antiepileptic drugs and, 337–339, 339f inhalation agents, 430–433, 432t
Fortaz. See ceftazidime effects and clinical applications, 147t, 221t intravenous agents, 424–429, 425t
Forteo. See teriparatide mechanism of action, 220 Nursing Practice Applications, 434–435t
Fortesta, 1310 synapses, 221 stages of, 423–424, 424t
Fortical. See calcitonin-salmon gamma globulin, 324
Fosamax. See alendronate gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB). See sodium generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 229, 237,
fosamprenavir, 1002t, 1009 239, 240, 242, 244
foscarnet, 542t, 980t, 982 oxybate
Foscavir. See foscarnet Gammagard. See intravenous immune globulin generalized seizures, 334–335, 335t
fosfomycin, 860t, 863, 903, 905t, 910 ganciclovir, 980t, 982 generic drugs, 8, 8t, 9
fosinopril, 528t, 530, 590, 629t ganglia, 146 genetic influences
fosphenytoin, 340t, 345 ganglionic blockers, 172, 176, 176t
Fostex. See benzoyl peroxide ganirelix, 1279t, 1280, 1283 in ADHD, 377
FPG (fasting plasma glucose) tests, 1203 Gantrisin. See sulfisoxazole in Alzheimer’s disease, 316t
Fragmin. See dalteparin Garamycin. See gentamicin in depression, 255–256
Francisella tularensis, 889, 1413 garlic, 86, 87t, 91t, 676t in hypertension, 583
frequency distribution curves, 46, 46f gaseous anesthetics, 430 in metabolism, 37
fresh frozen plasma (FFP), 564t, 564, 687 gasping syndrome, 113 in narcolepsy, 384
Frova. See frovatriptan gastric bypass surgery, 1135 in obesity, 1163
frovatriptan, 414t, 416 gastric cancer, 1022 in pharmacotherapy, 136–137, 136–137f, 137t
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), 1052, 1263, gastric ulcers, 406, 1085, 1086, 1092. See also in rheumatoid arthritis, 1348t
in schizophrenia, 284
1290, 1308 peptic ulcer disease genetic polymorphisms, 136–137, 136f, 137t
FUDR. See floxuridine gastrin, 1083, 1086 Gengraf. See cyclosporine
fulvestrant, 1052t, 1054 Gastrocrom. See cromolyn genital herpres, 979t
Fulvicin. See griseofulvin gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 1090t Genotropin. See somatropin
fungal infections, 934–951. See also gentamicin
etiology and pathogenesis, 1086–1088, 1087f adverse effects, 878
specific infections gender differences in, 1087t clinical applications, 878
characteristics of, 935 nonpharmacologic management of, 1088 drug interactions, 62, 879
classification of, 936 pharmacotherapy, 1088–1098 in geriatric patients, 126
cutaneous and subcutaneous, 936 mechanism of action, 878
in HIV/AIDS patients, 938 adverse effects, 1088 nursing responsibilities, 879
pathogens involved in, 935, 935t antacids, 63, 209, 1094–1096, 1095t for otitis, 1402, 1405
pharmacotherapy. See antifungals goals of, 1088 in pediatric patients, 114
superficial, 936, 941–948, 944t histamine (H2) receptor antagonists, 441, pregnancy category, 102t
systemic, 936, 938–943, 938t routes and dosages, 119t, 877t
fungi, defined, 935 1092–1094, 1093t for skin infections, 1367
Fungi-Nail. See undecylenic acid mechanisms of action, 1088, 1089f Gentran 40. See dextran 40
Fungizone. See amphotericin B deoxycholate miscellaneous agents, 1097–1098 Geodon. See ziprasidone
Furadantin. See nitrofurantoin proton pump inhibitors 1088–1092, GERD. See gastroesophageal reflux disease
furanocoumarins, 66 geriatric patients, 123–132
furazolidone, 457t 1089t, 1092t adherence and drug misuse among, 127, 128t
furosemide symptoms of, 1088 adverse drug reactions in, 128–129, 130t
adverse effects, 60t, 547 gastrointestinal anthrax, 1413t antibiotic use in, 857t
breast-feeding and, 105t gastrointestinal tract antihistamines in, 815t
mechanism of action, 547 absorption in, 33 chemotherapy effects in, 1053t
Nursing Responsibilities, 547 age-related changes, 125, 126t comorbidities in, 124, 128–129
routes and dosages, 545t digestion. See digestion and digestive system defined, 124
therapeutic effects and uses, 546, 572, 589, drug excretion in, 38–39 dental health and dysrhythmias in, 646t
lower, 1077 depression in, 257, 257t
629t, 630, 1194 physiology of, 1075–1077 drug interactions in, 128–129, 130t
Furoxone. See furazolidone toxicity to, 891, 1030–1031 drug monitoring in, 128t
furuncles (boils), 1368 upper, 1075–1077, 1083 growth of, 124t
Fusilev. See levoleucovorin gastrostomy tubes, 29, 31, 1149 herbal supplements and, 92t, 92
Fuzeon. See enfuvirtide gate control theory, 395–396 high-risk medications for, 128, 129t
gatifloxacin, 890t, 890, 892 inhaler use in, 797t
G Gavison. See magnesium trisilicate and metabolism in, 37
pharmacodynamic changes, 127
GABA. See gamma aminobutyric acid aluminum hydroxide pharmacokinetic changes in, 125–127
gabapentin Gazyva. See obinutuzumab physiologic changes related to aging, 125,
gefitinib, 1064t
adverse effects, 349 gemcitabine, 1044t, 1047 125f, 126t
for bipolar disorder, 277 gemfibrozil, 497t, 502–503 polypharmacy and, 124
drug interactions, 349 gemifloxacin, 890t, 892–893 proton pump inhibitors and osteoporosis
mechanism of action, 337, 349 gemtuzumab ozogamicin, 1065
for migraine prophylaxis, 417t Gemzar. See gemcitabine risk in, 1092t
for muscle spasms, 324 Genabid. See papaverine-phentolamine seizures in, 334
for neuropathic pain, 411 gender differences sleep-wake patterns in, 232t
nursing responsibilities, 349 thrombolytics in, 681
for seizures, 335t, 341t, 349 in ADHD, 377, 378t urinary tract infections in, 904
Gabitril. See tiagabine in anxiety disorder incidence, 231t German measles. See rubella
GAD (generalized anxiety disorder), 229, 237, in cancer, 1022 Germanin. See suramin
in depression, 255t gestational diabetes, 1203
239, 240, 242, 244 in desmopressin dose for nocturia, 1195t gestational epilepsy, 333
in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1087t GFR (glomerular filtration rate), 64, 100, 542–543
in pharmacotherapy response, 137–138
in urinary tract infections, 901, 903t
1500 Index glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, regulation of, 1180t
677–679, 678f growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
GH. See growth hormone
GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate). See sodium abciximab, 616, 675t, 677–679 (GHIH), 1186
eptifibatide, 675t, 679 growth hormone-releasing hormone
oxybate tirofiban, 675t, 679
GHIH (growth hormone-inhibiting glycopyrrolate, 172t, 175 (GHRH), 1186
Glynase. See glyburide guaifenesin, 825t, 827
hormone), 1186 Glyset. See miglitol guanethidine, 592
GHRH (growth hormone-releasing GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), guanfacine, 379t, 382, 383–384
guselkumab, 1380t
hormone), 1186 1185, 1263 Guttate psoriasis, 1379t
Giardia lamblia, 953t, 958 GnRH analogs/agonists. See gonadotropin- Gynazole. See butoconazole
giardiasis, 953t, 958–959, 959t gynecomastia, 138, 551
Giazo. See balsalazide releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs/ Gyne-Lotrimin. See clotrimazole
gigantism, 1190–1191 agonists
Gilenya. See fingolimod GnRH antagonists. See gonadotropin- H
ginger, 87–88t, 86, 90, 91t, 1119 releasing hormone (GnRH)
gingival hyperplasia, 517t, 517 antagonists H+, K+ ATPase, 1088
ginkgo biloba goiters, 1231 H1-receptor antagonists. See
gold salts, 1351
for dementia, 319t gold sodium thiomalate. See gold salts antihistamines
drug interactions, 66, 90, 91t, 670t goldenseal, 91t H2-receptor antagonists. See histamine (H2)
primary uses, 87t golimumab, 756t, 1114, 1350t, 1351–1352
standardization, 88t gonadocorticoids, 1246. See also androgen(s); receptor antagonists
standardized formulations of, 88, 88f estrogen(s) HAART. See highly active antiretroviral
ginseng, 87t, 87, 88t, 91t, 670t gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
glandular excretion, 39 1185, 1263 therapy
glatiramer, 321, 322t, 323 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Habitrol. See nicotine replacement therapy
glaucoma analogs/agonists, 1052, 1055, 1185 HACs (hospital-acquired conditions), 74
Nursing Practice Applications, 1398–1399t goserelin, 1052t, 1055, 1279t, 1283 Haemophilus influenzae, 837t, 982
pathophysiology of, 1392 histrelin, 1052t, 1055–1056 HAIg (hepatitis A immunoglobulin), 987
pharmacotherapy leuprolide. See leuprolide hair follicles, 1366
nafarelin, 102t, 1279t, 1281, 1284 hair loss. See alopecia
adherence to, 1395 triptorelin, 1052t, 1056 HAIs (health care–associated infections),
alpha-adrenergic agonists, 1396 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
beta-adrenergic antagonists, 208, 210, antagonists, 1185 842–843, 842t, 855
cetrorelix, 1279t, 1280, 1282 Halaven, 1057t
212, 1396 degarelix, 1052t, 1055 halcinonide, 1378t
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 1398 ganirelix, 1279t, 1280, 1283 Halcion. See triazolam
cholinergic agonists, 160, 1396 Gonal-F. See follitropin alfa Haldol. See haloperidol
goals of, 1393 gonorrhea, 837t, 891 Haldol LA. See haloperidol decanoate
muscarinic agonists for, 158–159 Gordochom. See undecylenic acid half-life, 41
osmotic diuretics, 1398 goserelin, 1052t, 1055, 1279t, 1283 hallucinations, 282, 283t
prostaglandins. See prostaglandin(s) gout, 725, 1355–1357, 1356t, 1359–1360t hallucinogens, 459–461
routes and dosages, 1394t graded dose–response curves, 48 halobetasolol, 1378t
sympathomimetics, 1396 grading, of cancer, 1024, 1025t Halog. See halcinonide
prevalence of, 1393 Gralise. See gabapentin haloperidol, 289t, 291–292, 319, 664t, 1315t
types of, 1391f, 1392–1393 gram negative bacteria, 836, 849 haloperidol decanoate, 292
Gleevec. See imatinib gram positive bacteria, 836, 849 Halotestin. See fluoxymesterone
Gliadel. See carmustine grand mal seizures. See tonic–clonic seizures halothane, 433
glimepiride, 1214t, 1215t, 1216–1217 granisetron, 1121t, 1122, 1123 Hansen’s disease. See leprosy
gliomas, 1021t grape seed extract, 87t, 585t Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914, 15
glipizide, 1214t, 1215t, 1217 grapefruit juice, 66, 66t, 240, 242, 262, 516 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 1232
glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 64, 100, 542 Graves’ disease, 1237, 1237t. See also hashish, 458
glomerulus, 540, 542f hyperthyroidism HAV (hepatitis A virus), 771, 985–987, 986t
GLP-1 agonists gray baby syndrome, 880 Havrix. See hepatitis A vaccine
liraglutide, 1214t, 1222 green tea, 91t, 670t, 1168t hawthorn, 205, 205, 533t
GlucaGen. See glucagon Grifulvin V. See griseofulvin hay fever. See allergic rhinitis
glucagon, 1205–1206, 1416t griseofulvin HBIG. See hepatitis B immune globulin
glucocorticoids, 1246. See also adverse effects, 947 HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin), 778, 988
clinical applications, 945, 944, 945 HBV. See hepatitis B virus
corticosteroids interactions with, 457t HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), 1315
gluconeogenesis, 1201 mechanism of action, 839, 936 HCTZ. See hydrochlorothiazide
Glucophage/Glucophage XR. See metformin routes and dosages, 944t HCV (hepatitis C virus), 986t, 988, 992
glucosamine, 92, 93t, 1348t Gris-PEG. See griseofulvin HDL (high-density lipoprotein), 491, 491f,
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) Groshong catheters, 1029
growth, defined, 114 492, 492t
deficiencies, 52t, 845 growth fraction, 1025–1027 HDV (hepatitis D virus), 986t, 988
Glucotrol/Glucotrol XL. See glipizide growth hormone (GH) headaches, 49, 413. See also migraines
Glucovance, 1215t deficiencies of, 1186–1190 health care agencies, medication error
Glumetza. See metformin defined, 1186
glutamate factors affecting release of, 1186, 1186t prevention strategies for, 79–80, 80f
Nursing Practice Applications, 1192–1193t health care failure mode and effect analysis
Alzheimer’s disease and, 318 overproduction of, 1190–1192
antiepileptic drugs and, 339 physiological and pharmacologic effects of, (HFMEA), 79
effects and clinical applications, 147t, 221t 1186, 1186f health care–associated infections (HAIs),
mechanism of action, 220
in pain transmission, 395 842–843, 842t, 855
synapses, 221 hearing impairment, 61
glutamic acid. See glutamate heart
glutethimide, 241
glyburide, 1214t, 1215–1216, 1215t cardiac output, 479t, 481–483, 482f
glycerin, 553t, 554 organ-specific toxicity and, 60t, 60–61, 892
glycogenolysis, 1201 structure and functions of, 478–478,
480–4817f
Index 1501
Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement clinical applications, 666 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART),
Study (HERS), 1272 drug interactions, 91t, 670t 1001, 1006, 1007–1008. See also
low-molecular-weight heparins, 666, 668 antiretrovirals
heart attacks. See myocardial infarctions mechanism of action, 665, 666
heart failure (HF), 622–640 for myocardial infarction, 616 hippurate. See methenamine hippurate
nursing responsibilities, 667 Hiprex. See methenamine hippurate
drugs that worsen, 626, 626t routes and dosages, 665t hirudotherapy, 671
etiology of, 623 heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), 667 Hispanic populations
Nursing Practice Applications for, 635–637t hepatic microsomal enzyme system, 6–37, 37t
pathophysiology of, 623–626, 624f hepatic portal system, 1079, 1079f complementary and alternative medicine use
pharmacotherapy, 627–635 hepatitis A immunoglobulin (HAIg), 987 among, 135
hepatitis A vaccine, 765, 986
ACE inhibitors, 527–531, 528t, hepatitis A virus (HAV), 763t, 767, 985–987, 986t diabetes mellitus and, 1202
627–629, 629t hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), 777t, 779, histamine, 718, 718t
histamine (H1) receptor antagonists. See
angiotensin II receptor blockers, 531–534, 988
531t, 629t, 628 hepatitis B vaccine, 765, 770–771, 779, 988 antihistamines
hepatitis B virus (HBV) histamine (H2) receptor antagonists, 441,
ARBs, 531t
beta-adrenergic agonists, 632t, 634 epidemiology, 767t 1092–1094, 1093t
beta-adrenergic antagonists, 208, 629t, 631 immunization for, 765, 770–771, 779, 987–988 Histerone. See testosterone
cardiac glycosides, 629t, 632–633 overview, 986t histoplasmosis, 935, 935t, 1014t
diuretics, 543, 629t, 630 pathophysiology, 769–770 histrelin, 1052t, 1055–1056
goals of, 627 pharmacotherapy, 989 HIT (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia), 667
mechanisms of action, 627f prevalence of, 988t HIV-AIDS, 996–1019
phosphodiesterase III inhibitors, 632t, 635 risk factors, 988t
vasodilators, 629t, 631, 632t symptoms of, 987 opportunistic infections in
prevalence of, 623t transmission, 987 fungal, 938
stages for treating, 626, 626t hepatitis C virus (HCV), 986t, 988–989, M. avium complex, 916
sympathetic nervous system and, 625 pharmacotherapy, 1015, 1015t
symptoms of, 625–626 991, 992 tuberculosis, 916, 921
ventricular hypertrophy and, 624–625 hepatitis D virus (HDV), 986t, 988
heart rate, 483 hepatitis E virus (HEV), 986t, 988 pathogenesis of, 997–999, 998f
heartburn. See gastroesophageal reflux disease hepatitis viruses, 455, 979, 987–992, 986–987t. pharmacotherapy, 999–1015
heavy metals poisoning, 1416t
Hectorol. See doxercalciferol See also specific types antiretrovirals. See antiretrovirals
Helicobacter pylori, 1022, 1084, 1096–1097 hepatotoxicity, 60t, 61, 65, 90, 891 general principles of, 999–1001
Helidac, 961, 1097 Hepsera. See adefovir dipivoxil Nursing Practice Applications, 1011–1013t
helminthic infections, 965–971 herbal supplements prophylaxis, 1010, 1013–1015
ascariasis, 965–967, 966f prevalence of, 997t
enterobiasis, 967 adverse effects, 88–90 replication cycle of, 997–999, 998f
hookworms, 967 drug interactions with, 66–67, 66t, 90–92, 91t symptoms of, 998–999
Nursing Practice Applications, 970–971t formulations of, 88, 88t transmission of, 997, 1014–1015
pathogenesis, 965–968 geriatric patients and, 92t vaccine development, 764, 1010–1011
pharmacotherapy, 968–969, 968t history of, 3, 86 hives. See urticaria
tapeworms, 967 as laxatives, 1107 Hivid. See zalcitabine
helminths, defined, 965 for muscle spasms, 360 HMG (human menopausal gonadotropin), 1280
helper (CD4) T cells, 720 for nausea and vomiting, 1119 HMG-CoA reductase, 494–495
Hemabate. See carboprost popularity of, 86 HoFH (homozygous familial
hemagglutinin, 983 regulation, 88–90
hematogenous infections, 901 standardization of, 86–88, 88f, 88t hypercholesterolemia), 504
hematologic toxicity, 1029–1030 types of, 87t homatropine, 825t, 1400t
hematopoiesis, 692, 693f herbs, defined, 86 homeopathic medicine. See Complementary
hematopoietic growth factors, 692–702 Herceptin. See trastuzumab
with cancer chemotherapy, 1064–1065 heroin, 65, 103t, 412–413, 450 and Alternative Therapies
colony-stimulating factors, 695, 698, herpes simplex viruses (HSVs), 979–980t, homeostasis, 477t, 526, 540
homocysteine, 708t
699–700t, 1030, 1069 979–982, 1015t, 1368 homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
erythropoietin, 475, 692–695, 696–697t herpes zoster. See shingles
platelet enhancers, 698, 700–702 Herplex. See idoxuridine (HoFH), 504
routes and dosages of, 694t HERS (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin hookworms, 967
hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), 1203 Horizont. See gabapentin
hemophilia, 663, 665, 686–687, 686t Replacement Study), 1272 hormone(s). See also specific hormones
hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis), 476 Hespan. See hetastarch
hemorrhagic fevers, 1414 Hespera. See adefovir adverse effects, 59t, 59
hemosiderin, 703 hetastarch, 568 as antineoplastic agents, 59–60, 59t,
hemostasis, 477–478, 477f, 662. See also Hetlioz. See tasimelteon
Hetrazan. See diethylcarbamazine 1051–1056, 1057t, 1180
coagulation HEV (hepatitis E virus), 986t, 988 blood pressure and, 485, 486f
hemostatics, 665, 664t, 684–686 Hexa-Betalin. See pyridoxine breast-feeding and, 105t
Hexalen. See altretamine for cancer treatment, 1051–1056, 1057t
aminocaproic acid, 684–685, 684t, 687 HF. See heart failure defined, 1177
desmopressin, 685, 687, 1187t, HFMEA (health care failure mode and effect endocrine system secretion of, 1177, 1178f,
1194–1195, 1195t analysis), 79 1180t
thrombin, topical, 685 HHS (hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state), hypothalamus secretion of, 1184, 1184t
tranexamic acid, 684, 684t, 685–686, 687 negative feedback mechanisms and,
hemothorax, 1155t 1204
hepadnaviruses, 977t high blood pressure. See hypertension 1178–1180, 1179f
heparin high-alert medications, 75 pharmacotherapy with, 1180, 1181t, 1180–1181
adverse effects, 664t, 666 high-ceiling diuretics. See loop diuretics target cells and, 1171, 1179f
breast-feeding and, 105t high-density lipoprotein (HDL), 491–492, hormone antagonists, 59–60, 59t, 1051–1056,
chemical structure of, 665–666
491f, 492t 1057t
androgen receptor blockers, 1052–1053, 1056
aromatase inhibitors, 1051, 1052t, 1055
GnRH analogs. See gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) analogs/agonists
selective estrogen receptor modulators, 1051,
1054–1055, 1272, 1343–1344
1502 Index
hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 1180, mechanism of action, 549 hypervitaminosis, 1133
1271–1273 methyldopa and, 587t hypervolemia, 543t
metoprolol with, 212, 587t hypnagogic hallucinations, 233, 384
horny goat weed, 87t moexipril with, 530, 587t hypnotics, defined, 236. See also barbiturates;
hospital-acquired conditions (HACs), 74 nursing responsibilities, 550
host flora, 843, 845 olmesartan with, 516, 533, 587t benzodiazepines; nonbenzodiazepine
HPV (human papillomavirus), 765, 775–776, overdose treatment, 550 anxiolytics
propranolol and, 587t hypoaldosteronism, 1257
775t, 776t, 1022, 1294 quinapril with, 530, 587t hypocalcemia, 543t, 1333–1334
HSVs (herpes simplex viruses), 979–980t, routes and dosages, 548t hypoglycemia, 1155t, 1205
spironolactone with, 545, 587t hypogonadism, 1308–1312
979–982, 1368 telmisartan with, 534, 587t hypokalemia, 546, 550, 572
HTN. See hypertension timolol and, 587t hypomagnesemia, 573
HTN-E (hypertensive emergency), 595–596, 596t triamterene with, 545, 552, 587t hypomania, 254, 274
Humalog. See insulin lispro valsartan with, 516, 534, 587t hyponatremia, 570
Humalog Mix 75/25, 1210, 1210t hydrocodone, 400t, 404, 825 hypoperfusion, 543
human beta-type natriuretic peptide (hBNP), 631 hydrocortisone hypotension. See orthostatic hypotension
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), 1315 acetic acid and, 1403t hypothalamus
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). See adverse effects, 1253 adrenergic synapses in, 220
breast-feeding and, 105t functions of, 152, 224, 230, 1184–1185
HIV-AIDS ciprofloxacin with, 891, 1403t hormones secreted by, 1184, 1184t, 1263
human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG), 1280 clinical applications, 1180, 1238, 1250, thirst and, 563
human papillomavirus (HPV), 765, 775–776, hypothyroidism, 256, 1233–1235, 1234t
1252, 1378t hypotonic solutions, 563, 566
775t, 776t, 1022, 1294 mechanism of action, 1252 Hytakerol. See dihydrotachysterol
human regular insulin, 1208t, 1209–1210 Nursing Responsibilities, 1253 Hytrin. See terazosin
Humatin. See paromomycin routes and dosages, 1252t Hyzaar, 532, 587t
Humatrope. See somatropin hydrocortisone valerate, 1378t
Humira. See adalimumab hydrogen cyanide, 1415t I
humoral immune response, 720 hydromorphone, 400t, 401, 404, 1125
Humulin 50/50, 1210, 1210t hydrothorax, 1155t 131I. See radioactive iodide
Humulin 70/30, 1210, 1210t hydroxychloroquine, 956t, 957, 1349, 1350t, 1352 ibandronate, 1340–1341t, 1342
Humulin N. See isophane insulin suspension hydroxyurea, 1067t, 1068 IBD. See inflammatory bowel disease
Humulin R. See human regular insulin hydroxyzine, 241, 1121t Ibrance. See palbociclib
hunger, regulation of, 1164 Hygroton. See chlorthalidone ibritumomab, 1064t
Huntington’s disease, 305 Hyoscine. See scopolamine ibrutinib, 1064t
Hyalgan. See hyaluronate sodium hyoscyamine, 172t, 175, 1117 IBS. See irritable bowel syndrome
hyaluronate sodium, 1347 Hyperab. See rabies immune globulin ibuprofen
hyaluronidase, 835 hyperaldosteronism, 551, 1257
Hycamtin. See topotecan hyperalimentation. See parenteral nutrition adverse effects, 664t, 733
Hycomine Compound, 825t hypercalcemia, 1330, 1333 breast-feeding and, 105t
Hycort. See hydrocortisone hypercholesterolemia, 491, 502t, 504. See also in combination drugs, 8t
Hycotuss Expectorant, 825t cost considerations, 730
hydantoins, 344–345 dyslipidemia drug interactions, 457t, 733
hyperemesis gravidarum, 1119 history of, 730
fosphenytoin, 340t, 345 hyperglycemia, 1155t mechanism of action, 732
phenytoin. See phenytoin Hypericum perforatum. See St. John’s wort nursing responsibilities, 733
hydralazine hyperkalemia, 528, 543t, 571, 573 overdose treatment, 733
adverse effects, 593 hyperlipidemia, 491. See also dyslipidemia for pain management, 406
drug interactions, 594 hypermagnesemia, 573 pharmacokinetics, 732
genetic polymorphisms and actions of, 136 hypernatremia, 569 potency and efficacy of, 48–50
for heart failure, 629t, 631 hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), 1204 pregnancy category, 102t
hydrochlorothiazide with, 545, 587t hyperphosphatemia, 543t routes and dosages, 119t, 731–732t
for hypertension, 593, 596t hypersensitivity reactions, 891 therapeutic effects and uses, 732
mechanism of action, 593 Hyperstat IV. See diazoxide ibuprofen-like drugs, 731–733, 731–732t
nursing responsibilities, 594 hypertension (HTN), 582–601 ibutilide, 648t, 654–655
Hydrastis canadensis, 91t IC (intermittent claudication), 679
Hydrea. See hydroxyurea consequences of, 583–584, 583t, 1314 ICDs (implantable cardioverter
hydrochloric acid, 577 defined, 584–585
hydrochlorothiazide eclampsia and preeclampsia, 333 defibrillators), 646
adverse effects, 549, 664t etiology and pathogenesis of, 583–584 ICF (intracellular fluid) compartment, 562, 562f
aliskiren with, 587t, 590 genetic influences in, 583 icosapent, 497t, 504
amiloride with, 545, 552 guidelines for treatment of, 584–585, 585t ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone),
amlodipine with, 533, 587t nonpharmacologic management of, 584
benazepril with, 530, 587t pharmacotherapy. See antihypertensives 1052, 1308
bendroflumethiazide and nadolol with, 587t hypertensive emergency (HTN-E), Icy Hot, 1347
bisoprolol with, 212, 587t Idamycin. See idarubicin
breast-feeding and, 105t 595–596, 596t idarubicin, 60t, 60, 1048, 1048t, 1050
candesartan with, 533, 587t hypertensive urgency, 595 ideal drugs, 5
captopril with, 530, 587t hyperthyroidism, 1237, 1237–1240, 1237t idelalisib, 1064t
clinical applications, 549, 589, 629t hypertonia. See muscle spasticity idiopathic parkinsonism, 306
drug interactions, 549–550 hypertonic solutions, 564, 566 idiosyncratic responses, 52, 58
enalapril with, 530, 587t hypertrichosis, 594 Ifex. See ifosfamide
eprosartan with, 533, 587t hypertriglyceridemia, 491, 502, 1154. IFNs. See interferon(s)
fosinopril with, 530 ifosfamide, 1038t, 1041–1042
hydralazine with, 545, 587t See also dyslipidemia IGF (insulin-like growth factor), 1186
irbesartan with, 533, 587t hyperuricemia, 546, 1032, 1355, 1357–1358. See IGRA (interferon gamma release assay), 918
lisinopril with, 529, 587t ileum, 1077
losartan with, 532, 587t also gout
Index 1503
illusions, 283t implantable cardioverter defibrillators influenza viruses, 767t, 771, 982–985, 983t
iloperidone, 294t, 296 (ICDs), 646 ingestion, 1075
ILs. See interleukin(s) INH. See isoniazid
imatinib, 1064t, 1065 impotence, 1316. See also erectile dysfunction inhalants, 103t, 465t, 465
Imbruvica. See ibrutinib Imuran. See azathioprine inhalation anesthetics, 430–433
Imdur. See isosorbide mononitrate inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), 774
imidazoles, 941 inactivated (killed) vaccines, 764–765, 764t desflurane, 432, 432t, 433
imipenem-cilastatin, 860–861, 860t inamrinone, 634, 664t enflurane, 432t, 433, 457t
imipramine Incivek. See telaprevir halothane, 433
incobotulinumtoxinA, 366t, 368t isoflurane, 432–433, 432t
for ADHD, 383 incontinence, 173, 175, 369–370 nitrous oxide, 147t, 430–431, 431–432, 432t
adverse effects, 269 increased intracranial pressure (ICP), 401 sevoflurane, 432, 432t, 433
for cataplexy, 384 Increlex. See mecasermin inhalation anthrax, 1413t
for depression, 268 incretin enhancers, 1221–1223 inhalation route, in drug administration,
indications for, 244t
mechanism of action, 187, 268 DPP-4 inhibitors 788–790
for migraine prophylaxis, 417t linagliptin, 1214t, 1215t, 1222 inhalers, 788–790, 797t
for neuropathic pain, 411 saxagliptin, 1214t, 1223 innate (nonspecific) body defenses,
nursing responsibilities, 269 sitagliptin, 1214t, 1215t, 1222
overdose treatment, 269 715–718, 717t
routes and dosages, 119t, 260t GLP-1 agonists Innohep. See tinzaparin
Imitrex. See sumatriptan exenatide, 1214t, 1222 InnoPran XL. See propranolol
Imlygic. See talimogene liraglutide, 1214t, 1222 inoculation, 763
immune globulins, 564t, 564, 777t inotropic agents, 195, 482
immune response, 719–721, 1248 mechanism of action, 1221 insomnia
immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), Nursing Practice Application, 1211–1213
incretins, 1221 anxiety and, 234
698, 700 incruse ellipta, 797 causes of, 234, 233t
immunity Incruse Ellipta. See umeclidinium complementary and alternative medicine for,
incubation period, 763
active, 763, 764, 777f IND (Investigational New Drug) applications, 19 235, 235t
defined, 715 indacaterol, 189t, 196, 793t, 794 defined, 233
passive, 764, 776–779, 777f indapamide, 589, 548t, 550, 589 in geriatric patients, 257t
immunization. See vaccine(s) Inderal/Inderal LA. See propranolol pharmacological management of, 235–247
immunoglobulins, 476, 720, 721f Inderide, 587t
immunomodulators, 741–761 Indians. See Native Americans and Alaska antidepressants, 234, 236, 243–245, 244t
for asthma, 791t antihistamines, 815
immunostimulants, 743–747. Natives barbiturates, 236, 245–247, 246t
indications, 5 benzodiazepines, 2334, 237–241,
See also immunostimulants indinavir, 91t, 664t, 1002t, 1009
immunosuppressants, 747–757. indirect thrombin inhibitors, 665–670 236t, 238t
nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics, 235, 236,
See also immunosuppressants heparin. See heparin
Nursing Practice Applications, 757–759t rivaroxaban, 665t, 669 236t, 241–243
overview, 321, 742, 742f warfarin. See warfarin types of, 233–234
immunostimulants, 743–747 Indocin/Indocin SR. See indomethacin Inspra. See eplerenone
colony-stimulating factors. See indole acetic acids, 733 Institute for Safe Medication Practice
indomethacin, 664t, 731–732t, 1355
colony-stimulating factors indoor tanning, 1136t, 1372t (ISMP), 73, 74
interferons. See interferon(s) infantile spasms, 335t, 336 insulin aspart, 1208t, 1210
interleukins, 746–747, 1064 infants, 114. See also pediatric patients insulin detemir, 1208t, 1210
overview, 742, 742f infectious diseases, 835, 835t. See also insulin glargine, 1208t, 1210
routes and dosages, 744t insulin glulisine, 1208t, 1210
vaccines. See vaccine(s) anti-infectives; specific diseases insulin lispro, 1208t, 1210
immunosuppressants, 747–757 Infectious Diseases Society of America, 919 insulin pumps, 1207–1208, 1208f
adverse effects, 59, 59t infertility insulin regular. See human regular insulin
antibodies. See antibodies insulin resistance, 1202
for autoimmune disorders, 748, 749, 750 defined, 1279 insulin therapy
breast-feeding and, 105t female. See female infertility
calcineurin inhibitors. See calcineurin male, 1314, 1315–1316 actions and administration, 1208t
infiltration anesthesia, 435, 436f adjuncts, 1209
inhibitors inflammation adverse effects, 1208
corticosteroids. See corticosteroids acute, 719, 719f, 724 breast-feeding and, 105t
cytotoxic agents and antimetabolites, as body defense, 718 drug interactions, 91t, 130
chemical mediators, 718–719, 718t errors in administration, 1213t
753–755. See also cytotoxic agents chronic, 724 Nursing Practice Applications,
for dermatitis, 1377 defined, 718, 724
for inflammatory bowel disease, 1115 nonpharmacologic therapies, 724, 1249t 1211–1213t
kinase inhibitors. See kinase inhibitors Nursing Practice Applications, 737–738t pregnancy category, 102t
mechanism of action, 750f, 751 pathophysiology of, 724 principles of therapy, 1207, 1207f
for myasthenia gravis, 162 pharmacotherapy, 724–735, 798t. See also subcutaneous infusion, 1207, 1208f
for organ transplantation, 748 types of, 1207, 1208t, 1210–1211, 1210t
overview, 742f, 743 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory insulin-like growth factor (IGF), 1186
routes and dosages, 749t drugs Intal. See cromolyn
immunotherapy, 742 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) integrase, 998
Imodium. See loperamide etiology of, 1113 integrase inhibitors, 1002t, 1010
Imogam Rabies-HT. See rabies pharmacotherapy, 725, 1113–1116, 1113f, Integrilin. See eptifibatide
1114t, 1254 integrin inhibitors, 1115
immune globulin symptoms of, 1112, 1113 natalizumab, 322t, 324, 756t, 1115
Impavido. See miltefosine infliximab vedolizumab, 1115
impetigo, 1368 clinical applications, 1114, 1351, 1352, 1382 integumentary system, anatomy of,
Implanon, 1297 routes and dosages, 756t, 1350t, 1380t
1365–1367, 1366f
Intelence. See etravirine
interactions. See drug interactions
1504 Index
interferon(s) (IFNs) Intropin. See dopamine isonarif, 925
as biologic response modifiers, 743, 1063 Intuniv. See guanfacine isoniazid
in body defense, 718 Invanz. See ertapenem
drugs in class invasiveness, 835 acetylation of, 922, 923f
IFN alfa-2a, 745 Invega/Invega Sustenna. See paliperidone adverse effects, 664t, 922–923
IFN alfa-2b, 743–745, 744t, 987t, 991, 1064 Inversine. See mecamylamine breast-feeding and, 105t
IFN alfa-n 1, 745 Investigational New Drug (IND) clinical applications, 838, 918, 919, 922
IFN alfa-n3, 744t, 745 drug interactions, 457t, 670t
IFN beta-1a, 321, 322t, 323–324, 744t, 745 applications, 19 genetic polymorphisms and actions of, 136
IFN beta-1b, 322–323, 322t, 744t, 745 Invirase. See saquinavir mechanism of action, 922
IFN gamma-1b, 744t, 745 Invokana. See canagliflozin nursing responsibilities, 923
pegIFN alfa-2a, 744t, 745, 987t, 991–992, iodide, 1141t, 1142, 1239 overdose/poisoning, 1416t
1064, 1065 iodism, 1239 routes and dosages, 920t
pegIFN alfa-2b, 744t, 745–746, 991–992, iodoquinol, 958, 960t, 961 isophane insulin suspension, 1208t, 1211
1064, 1065 ion trapping, 101, 575, 1418 isoproterenol
as immunostimulants, 743–746 ionization chemical structure of, 188
pegylation, 743 clinical applications and considerations,
in viral infections, 769, 989, 991–992 absorption and, 34, 34f
drug transfer across the placenta and, 100 195–196
interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), 918 ionizing radiation, 1415 for heart failure, 632t, 634
interleukin(s) (ILs), 746–747, 1064 Iopidine. See apraclonidine as overdose treatment, 208, 211, 212
interleukin-2. See aldesleukin ipilimumab, 1064t routes and dosages, 189t
interleukin-11. See oprelvekin iPledge Program, 1375 Isoptin/Isoptin SR. See verapamil
intermenstrual bleeding, 1269 ipratropium Isopto Atropine. See atropine
Intermezzo. See zolpidem adverse effects, 796 Isopto Carbachol. See carbachol
intermittent claudication (IC), 679–680 clinical applications, 173, 175, 796, 818t, Isopto Carpine. See pilocarpine
intermittent infusions, 33 Isordil. See isosorbide dinitrate
International Union of Pure and Applied 821–822 isosorbide, 1394t, 1398
mechanism of action, 796 isosorbide dinitrate, 457t, 607, 610, 609t, 629t, 631
Chemistry (IUPAC), 7 Nursing Responsibilities, 796 isosorbide mononitrate, 610, 609t
Internet pharmacies, 9 routes and dosages, 172t, 793t isotonic solutions, 563, 566
interpatient variability, 46, 46f Iprivask. See desirudin isotretinoin
interpersonal therapy, 258t Iquix. See levofloxacin adverse effects, 101, 664t, 1375
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), irbesartan, 531t, 533, 587t, 590 clinical applications, 1372t, 1373, 1375
Iressa. See gefitinib pregnancy category rating, 102t
1185, 1308 irinotecan, 112t, 1057, 1057t, 1060 prescribing requirements, 60
intra-arterial route of administration, 1029 iris, 1391 isozymes, 36, 37t
intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment, 562, 562f iron isradipine, 514–515t, 516, 589
intracellular parasites, 976 deficiencies in, 703–707 Istalol. See timolol
intradermal route of administration, 32–33 functions of, 1141t, 1142–1143 Istodax. See romidepsin
Intralipid, 1153 metabolism, 703, 704f Isuprel. See isoproterenol
intramuscular route of administration, 33, 113 overdose/poisoning, 1416, 1416t ITB (intrathecal baclofen), 360
intranasal decongestants, 194 recommended intake, 692t, 1141t ITP (immune thrombocytopenia purpura), 700
iron deficiency anemia, 703–707 itraconazole
oxymetazoline, 194, 822, 822t, 1400t iron dextran, 703t, 706–707 adverse effects, 664t
pseudoephedrine. See pseudoephedrine iron poisoning, 704t clinical applications, 941, 945, 946
tetrahydrozoline, 192, 194, 822t, 1400t iron salts, 105t, 703–707, 704f routes and dosages, 938t, 944t
xylometazoline, 194, 822t oral IUDs (intrauterine devices), 1297
intranasal route of administration, 32 IUPAC (International Union of Pure and
intraperitoneal route of administration, 1029 carbonyl iron, 706, 706t
intrathecal baclofen (ITB), 360 ferrous fumarate, 703t, 706, 706t Applied Chemistry), 7
intrathecal route of administration, 1029 ferrous gluconate, 703t, 706, 706t ivabradine, 629t
intrauterine devices (IUDs), 1297 ferrous sulfate, 119t, 703t, 705–706, 706t ivermectin, 968t, 969, 1369, 1370
intravenous anesthetics, 424–429 polysaccharide iron complex, 706, 706t IVIG (intravenous immune globulin), 779
benzodiazepines, 427–428 parenteral ixabepilone, 1067t, 1068
ferric gluconate, 706 ixazomib, 1064t
diazepam. See diazepam ferumoxytol, 703t, 706–707 ixekizumab, 1380t
midazolam, 237, 238t, 425t, 427–428, 441 iron dextran, 703t, 706–707 Ixempra. See ixabepilone
miscellaneous agents, 428–429 iron sucrose, 703t, 706–707
etomidate, 425t, 428, 429 iron sucrose, 703t, 706–707 J
ketamine, 103t, 425t, 428, 429, 461 irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors, 158
methohexital, 247, 425t, 428, 429 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Janumet, 1215t
propofol, 425t, 428–429, 457t nonpharmacologic therapies, 1117 Januvia. See sitagliptin
opioids, 425–426, 425t pharmacotherapy, 173, 175, 1114t, 1117–1118 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 135t
alfentanil, 404, 424, 425t, 426 symptoms of, 1117 jejunostomy tubes, 1149
fentanyl, 112t, 400t, 404, 425–426, 425t irritative voiding symptoms, 901 jejunum, 1077
remifentanil, 404, 424, 425t, 426–427 isavuconazonium, 938t Jenner, Edward, 763
sufentanil, 404, 424, 425t, 427 ISA (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity), 206 Jentadueto, 1215t, 1222
intravenous gamma globulin, 324 Isentress. See raltegravir jet lag, 233
intravenous immune globulin (IVIG), 779 Ismelin. See guanethidine Jevtana. See cabazitaxel
intravenous route of administration, 28, Ismo. See isosorbide mononitrate JG (juxtaglomerular) cells, 524–526, 525f
Ismotic. See isosorbide jock itch. See tinea cruris
33, 1029 ISMP (Institute for Safe Medication Practice), Joint Commission, 71, 77, 1411
intravesicular route of administration, 1029 joint disorders, 1328–1363
intrinsic activity, 50 73, 74
intrinsic factor, 707 Isocaine. See mepivacaine arthritis. See osteoarthritis; rheumatoid
intrinsic pathway, in coagulation, 477, 478f isocarboxazid, 271 arthritis
intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), 206 isoflurane, 432–433, 432t
Intron-A. See interferon(s), IFN alfa-2b gout, 725, 1355–1357, 1356t, 1359–1360t
Index 1505
hyperuricemia, 546, 1032, 1355, 1357–1359 Koch, Robert, 916 for constipation, 1105–1108
pathophysiology, 1346f Krystexxa. See pegloticase drug interactions, 62
Jolivette. See norethindrone K-Tab. See potassium chloride herbal agents, 361, 1105t, 1106, 1107
Jublia. See efinaconazole Kynamro. See mipomersen miscellaneous agents, 1105t, 1106–1107, 1114t,
juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, 524–526, 525f Kyprolis. See carfilzomib
Juxtapid. See lomitapide Kytril. See granisetron 1117
Nursing Practice Applications, 1111–1112t
K L routes and dosages, 1105t
saline/osmotic, 105t, 574, 743, 1095t, 1105t,
Kadcycla. See ado-trastuzumab LABAs (long-acting beta agonists), 791
Kadian. See morphine sulfate labeling 1108
Kalcinate. See calcium gluconate stimulant, 361, 1105t, 1107
Kaletra. See lopinavir with ritonavir of pediatric medications, 111–112, 112t surfactant, 1105t, 1107
kanamycin, 877t, 879, 920t, 925, 1156 regulations regarding, 17 L-carnitine. See carnitine
Kantrex. See kanamycin USP-NF standards for, 17, 17f LDL (low-density lipoprotein), 489, 491f, 492,
Kaon CL. See potassium chloride labetalol, 207t, 210, 591, 595, 596t
Kaopectate. See bismuth subsalicylate labyrinthitis, 1403t 492t
Kaposi’s sarcoma, 1024 lacosamide, 341t, 351 L-dopa. See levodopa/carbidopa
kappa receptors, 399, 399f, 399t Lacril-lube. See lanolin alcohol leeches, 671
Kapvay. See clonidine lactated Ringer’s solution, 566, 567 leflunomide, 112t, 1350t, 1352
kava, 90, 91t, 235, 239, 242, 247 lactation. See also pregnancy left ventricular hypertrophy, 479
Kavatrol. See kava oxytocin and, 1273, 1274f Leishmania, 953t, 963–964
Kayexalate. See polystyrene sulfonate pharmacotherapy during leishmaniasis, 953t, 963–964
Kazano, 1215t, 1222 lemon balm, 247
KCl. See potassium chloride adverse effects and, 105 Lemtrada. See alemtuzumab
K-Dur 20. See potassium chloride antibiotics, 845 lenalidomide, 1065, 1067t
Kefauver-Harris Amendment of 1962, 15 rationale for, 99 Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 333t, 335t, 336, 343
Keflex. See cephalexin transfer of drugs through breast milk, 104– lens, of eye, 1391
Kefzol. See cefazolin lenvatinib, 1064t
Kenalog. See triamcinolone 105, 104f, 105t Lenvima. See lenvatinib
Keppra. See levetiracetam seizures in, 332–334 lepirudin, 674
keratin, 1365 Lactobacillus, 1109 lepromatous leprosy, 928, 929
keratitis, 1401 Lactobacillus acidophilus, 93t leprosy, 837t, 916, 928, 928t
keratolytic effects, 1372 Lamictal. See lamotrigine leptin, 1164
Kerlone. See betaxolol Lamisil. See terbinafine liraglutide, 1167t
Kerydin. See tavaborole lamivudine, 987t, 988, 991, 1002t, 1005 Lescol/Lescol-XL. See fluvastatin
Ketalar. See ketamine lamotrigine letrozole, 1052t, 1055
ketamine, 103t, 425t, 428, 429, 461 adverse effects, 351 leucovorin, 962, 1043
Ketek. See telithromycin for bipolar disorder, 275t, 276 leucovorin rescue therapy, 1043
ketoconazole for seizures, 335t, 335, 337, 341t, 351 leukemias, 59, 1021t
Lampit. See nifurtimox Leukeran. See chlorambucil
clinical applications, 941, 942–943, 1260, 1378 Lamprene. See clofazimine Leukine. See sargramostim
interactions with, 91t lanolin alcohol, 1400t leukocytes, 475, 692
routes and dosages, 938t, 944t Lanoxicaps. See digoxin leukotriene modifiers, 791t
ketogenic diet, 333t, 334, 337 Lanoxin. See digoxin
ketolides, 881, 895 lanreotide, 1187t, 1191–1192 montelukast, 798t, 818t, 822
ketones, 733 lansoprazole, 1088, 1089t, 1091–1092 zafirlukast, 798t
ketoprofen, 731–732t Lantus. See insulin glargine zileuton, 798t, 801
ketorolac, 731–732t, 1401 lapatinib, 1064t leukotrienes, 718, 718t, 800
ketotifen, 1402t large intestine, 1079 leuprolide
Kevzara. See sarilumab large volume infusions, 33 adverse effects, 1056, 1283
kidney(s) Larodopa. See levodopa clinical applications, 1281, 1283, 1309
age-related changes, 125 Lartruvo. See olaratumab pregnancy category rating, 102t
chronic kidney disease, 541–543, 543t Lasix. See furosemide routes and dosages, 1052t, 1279t
excretion and homeostasis, 51, 540 Lassa fever, 1414 Leustatin. See cladribine
function improvement from thyroid latanoprost, 980, 1393–1395, 1394t levalbuterol, 189t, 196, 793t, 794
Latinos/Latinas. See Hispanic populations Levaquin. See levofloxacin
hormone replacement, 1235t Latisse. See bimatoprost levarterenol, 205
organ-specific toxicity and, 60, 60t, 64, 114, Latuda. See lurasidone Levatol. See penbutolol
laws and regulations, 13–25. See also Food and Levemir. See insulin detemir
541t, 543 levetiracetam, 335t, 341t, 351
physiology, 540–541, 540f, 541t, 542f Drug Administration Levitra. See vardenafil
reabsorption and secretion, 541 approval process for drugs, 18–20, 19f levobetaxolol, 1397
renal failure, 39 controlled substances, 15, 22, 449 levobunolol, 1394t, 1396, 1397
transplantation, 541t dietary supplements, 16, 18, 22, 88–90 levobupivacaine, 440
kinase inhibitors on drug standards, 17 levocetirizine, 814t, 817
everolimus, 749t, 752, 1065 herbal supplements, 89–90 levodopa, 289, 308, 310f
sirolimus, 664t, 749t, 752 history of, 15–17, 16t levodopa/carbidopa, 91t, 308–311, 309t
temsirolimus, 749t, 752–753 labeling, 15 Levo-Dromoran. See levorphanol
vemurafenib, 1064t, 1065 patent medicines, 14, 14f levofloxacin, 890t, 893, 893t, 902
Kineret. See anakinra prescription vs. OTC drugs, 21–22 levoleucovorin, 1043
kininase, 526 prescriptive authority, 22–23 levonorgestrel, 28, 1291t, 1300, 1301t
Kisqali. See ribociclib scheduled drugs, 22, 22t Levophed. See norepinephrine
Klebsiella pneumoniae, 837t, 842t vitamins, 1132–1133 levorphanol, 400t, 404
Klonopin. See clonazepam laxatives Levothroid. See levothyroxine
Klor-Con. See potassium chloride adverse effects, 1107 levothyroxine, 1233–1235, 1234t
Klotrix. See potassium chloride bulk-forming, 1105t, 1107 Levoxyl. See levothyroxine
classification of, 1107
1506 Index Lioresal. See baclofen Lomotil. See diphenoxylate with atropine
liothyronine, 1233, 1234t, 1235 lomustine, 1038t, 1042
Lewisite, 1415t liotrix, 1234t, 1235 long QT syndrome (LQTS), 645t
Lexapro. See escitalopram lipase inhibitors, 1167–1170 long-acting beta agonists (LABAs), 792
Lexiva. See fosamprenavir lipid(s). See also dyslipidemia long-acting formulations, 30
Lexxel, 587t Loniten. See minoxidil
Leydig cells, 1308 cardiovascular disease and, 489–492 Lonsurf. See tipiracil; trifluridine
LH. See luteinizing hormone chemical structure of, 490f look-alike drug names, 74, 74t
LH (luteinizing hormone), 1263, 1290, 1308 classification of, 489 loop (high-ceiling) diuretics, 60t, 544,
Lialda. See mesalamine in enteral nutrition, 1149–1150
libido, 1309, 1314 measurement of, 492–494, 492t 544–545f, 545–548, 545t, 589
Librium. See chlordiazepoxide in parenteral nutrition, 1153–1154 adverse effects, 546
lice, 1369, 1371t storage capacity for, 1164 drug interactions, 547
Lidex. See fluocinonide Lipitor. See atorvastatin drugs in class
lidocaine lipodystrophy, 1004
lipoproteins, 489–492, 491f bumetanide, 545t, 547, 589, 629t
adverse effects, 439–440 liposomal amphotericin B, 939, 939f. See also ethacrynic acid, 545t, 547–548, 589
breast-feeding and, 105t furosemide. See furosemide
for dysrhythmias, 616, 648t, 650, 651 amphotericin B deoxycholate torsemide, 545t, 548, 589, 629t
as local anesthetic, 411, 437t, 1384 Liposyn, 1153 mechanism of action, 545, 547
mechanism of action, 439 Liptruzet, 504 therapeutic effects and uses, 545–546
Nursing Responsibilities, 440 liquid medications, 30 loperamide, 1109, 1109t, 1110–1111, 1117
routes and dosages, 1400t Liquifilm. See polyvinyl alcohol Lopid. See gemfibrozil
therapeutic effects and uses, 439 liraglutide, 1214t, 1222 lopinavir with ritonavir, 62, 1002t, 1008
Lidoderm. See lidocaine lisdexamphetamine, 379t, 382 Lopressor. See metoprolol
Lifespan and Diversity Considerations. See also lisinopril, 528t, 529, 590, 616, 629t Lopressor HCT, 211, 587t
lithium carbonate Loprox. See ciclopirox
Treating the Diverse Patient Lopurin. See allopurinol
aminocaproic acid, 685 adverse effects, 274, 664t, 1194, 1315t Lorabid. See loracarbef
antihistamines in geriatric patients, 816t breast-feeding and, 106t loracarbef, 119t
benzocaine, 1384 clinical applications, 274–276 loratadine, 457t, 814t, 817
calcium channel blockers, 517t Lifespan and Diversity Considerations, 276 lorazepam
chemotherapy effects in geriatric mechanism of action, 275 adverse effects, 239
Nursing Responsibilities, 276 in anesthesia, 427
patients, 1053t Patient and Family Education, 76 for anxiety and insomnia, 238–239
cost-related medication nonadherence, 21t pregnancy category rating, 102t for bipolar disorder, 277
cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), 709 routes and dosages, 275t for delirium tremens, 456
dapsone, 930 Lithobid. See lithium carbonate drug interactions, 239, 457t
dental health and dysrhythmias in geriatric Livalo. See pitavastatin indications for, 238t
liver mechanism of action, 239
patients, 646t acetaminophen and liver failure, 1078t for muscle spasms, 411
delirium in geriatric patients, 436t age-related changes, 126 for nausea and vomiting, 1030, 1122
dementia, 517t in digestive process, 1077–1079 nursing responsibilities, 239
diabetes in school-aged children, 1211t drug metabolism in, 1078 routes and dosages, 236t, 1121t
drug monitoring in geriatric patients, 127t functions of, 1078 for seizures, 335t, 340t, 342, 343
ferrous sulfate, 706 hepatic portal circulation and, 1079, 1079f lorcaserin, 1167t, 1170
glucagon, 1206 organ-specific toxicity and, 60t, 61, 64, 90, 893 losartan, 36, 532–534, 531t, 587t, 590
inhalant abuse by children, 465t liver cancer, 1022, 1023t LoSeasonique, 1292
lithium carbonate, 276 LMWHs. See low-molecular-weight heparins Lotensin. See benazepril
mifepristone, 1303 loading doses, 42 Lotensin HCT, 530, 587t
miscarriage prevention with local anesthesia Lotrel, 516, 530, 587t
as adjuvant analgesic, 411 Lotrimin AF. See clotrimazole
anticoagulants, 668t amide-type, 437t, 439–440 Lotronex. See alosetron
octreotide, 1191 Lou Gehrig’s disease. See amyotrophic lateral
oprelvekin, 701 articaine, 437t, 440
orlistat, 1169, 1170 bupivacaine, 437t, 440 sclerosis
oropharyngeal candidiasis in infants, 946t dibucaine, 437t, 440, 1383 lovastatin, 66t, 496, 496, 497t, 498–499, 502
pain assessment in pediatric patients, 396t lidocaine. See lidocaine Lovaza. See omega-3 fatty acids
pancrelipase, 1126 mepivacaine, 437t, 440 Lovenox. See enoxaparin
pediatric dyslipidemias and lipid-lowering prilocaine, 437t, 440 low back pain, 394t
ropivacaine, 437t, 440–441 low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 489, 492, 491f,
drugs, 493t defined, 423
postoperative cognitive dysfunction in ester-type, 437, 437t, 438 492t
benzocaine, 437t, 438–439, 1384 low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs),
geriatric patients, 436t chloroprocaine, 437t, 439
proton pump inhibitors and osteoporosis procaine, 41, 437t, 438 666, 667–668
tetracaine, 437t, 439, 1383, 1400t, 1400 dalteparin, 665t, 668
risk, 1092t Nursing Practice Applications, 442–443t enoxaparin, 616, 665t, 668
psychosis in children, early diagnosis and for ocular procedures, 1401 loxapine, 289t, 293
onset and duration of, 435–436 Loxitane. See loxapine
treatment of, 293t techniques for applying, 435, 436f Lozol. See indapamide
sildenafil, 1318 locus coeruleus, 231 LQTS (long QT syndrome), 645t
succinylcholine, 179–180 lodoxamide, 1402t LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 103t, 448,
sulfasalazine, 1116 Loestrin, 1291t
light therapy. See phototherapy Loewi, Otto, 148t 459–460, 459f
limbic system, 221, 224, 224f, 230, 231f Lofibra. See fenofibrate L-type calcium channels, 512, 512f
linaclotide, 1114t, 1118 lomitapide, 497t, 504 lubiprostone, 1114t, 1118
linagliptin, 1214t, 1215t, 1222 lubricants, ocular, 1400t, 1401
Lincocin. See lincomycin Ludiomil. See maprotiline
lincomycin, 880t, 881
lindane, 1369, 1370
linezolid, 664t, 842, 880t, 881
Linum usitatissimum. See flaxseed
Linzess. See linaclotide
Lugol’s solution. See potassium iodide magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), 333, 574, 1142, Index 1507
and iodine 1273t, 1277–1278
MCV (meningococcal conjugate vaccine), 769
luliconazole, 944t magnesium trisilicate and aluminum MDIs (metered-dose inhalers), 789–790
lumefantrine-artemether, 955, 956t, 957 hydroxide, 1095t MDMA (ecstasy), 448, 460
Lumigan. See bimatoprost MDR-TB (multidrug-resistant tuberculosis),
Luminal. See phenobarbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 317
Lunesta. See eszopiclone Mag-Ox. See magnesium oxide 921t, 925, 926
lung(s). See respiratory system maintenance doses, 42 measles (rubeola), 767t, 772–773, 1368
lung cancer, 1023t, 1026, 1060t major depressive disorder, 243, 255. Mebaral. See mephobarbital
Lupron. See leuprolide mebendazole, 39, 839, 967, 968–969, 968t
lupus, 204t, 593, 663, 718 See also depression mecamylamine, 176, 176t
lurasidone, 294t, 296 major tranquilizers, 286. See also mecasermin, 1187t, 1189
luteinizing hormone (LH), 1180t, 1263, mechlorethamine, 1038, 1038t, 1042
first-generation antipsychotics meclizine, 815, 1120, 1121t
1290, 1308 malaria meclofenamate, 731–732t
Luvox/Luvox CR. See fluvoxamine median effective dose (ED50), 46, 46f
Luzu. See luliconazole etiology and pathogenesis, 953t, 954, 955f median lethal dose (LD50), 47, 47f
Lyme disease, 837t, 871 pharmacotherapy, 954–958, 956t median toxicity dose (TD50), 47
lymph nodes, 715 prevalence of, 954, 954t Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and
lymphangiogenesis, 715t Malarone. See atovaquone-proguanil
lymphatic system, organization of, 715 malathion, 1369, 1370 Modernization Act of 2003, 17
lymphocytes, 476, 719, 724 male reproductive system, regulation of, medicated urethral system for erection
lymphomas, 59, 1021t
Lynparza. See olaparib 1308, 1309f (MUSE), 1317
Lyrica. See pregabalin male sexual dysfunction medication administration records (MARs), 76
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 103t, 448, medication error(s), 70–83
erectile dysfunction, 1314, 1316–1319, 1317t
459–460, 459f etiology of, 1314–1315, 1315t abbreviations and, 75
Lysodren. See mitotane infertility, 1314, 1315–1316 categorization of, 72–73f, 73
lysosomes, 717 male-pattern baldness, 1385 defined, 71
Lysteda. See tranexamic acid males. See gender differences documentation and reporting, 75–76
malignant hyperthermia, 179, 367, 430t drug names and, 73, 74, 74t
M malignant tumors, 1021. See also cancer factors contributing to, 73–74
malnutrition, 1148. See also nutritional frequency of, 71t, 75t
ma huang, 191 impact on health care, 71
Maalox Plus, 1095t considerations patient education on, 78–79
MABs. See monoclonal antibodies mammograms, 1023 pediatric patients and, 75t, 117, 118t
MAC (monitored anesthesia care), 423 mandrake, 1057 prevention strategies, 76–80
mace, 1414 manganese, 1141t medication error index, 71, 72–73f
Macrobid. See nitrofurantoin mania, 254, 273 medication reconciliation, 77–78
Macrodantin. See nitrofurantoin manic-depression. See bipolar disorder medication refusal, 135t
macrolides, 874–876 mannitol, 553t, 553–554, 1194, 1394t, 1398 MEDMARX, 75
MAO (monoamine oxidase), 151, 187, 188, Medrol. See methylprednisolone
adverse effects, 874 medroxyprogesterone
breast-feeding and, 105t 269–270 adverse effects, 1269
clinical applications, 874 MAO-B inhibitors. See monoamine oxidase-B breast-feeding and, 106t
drug interactions, 670t, 875 clinical applications, 1054, 1269, 1296
drugs in class (MAO-B) inhibitors mechanism of action, 1269
MAOIs. See monoamine oxidase inhibitors Nursing Responsibilities, 1270
azithromycin. See azithromycin maprotiline, 260t, 267, 269 routes and dosages, 1052t, 1266t
clarithromycin. See clarithromycin maraviroc, 1002t, 1010 MedWatch Safety Information program, 58,
erythromycin. See erythromycin Marburg fever, 1414
fidaxomicin, 874, 874t, 876 Marcaine. See bupivacaine 75–76
mechanism of action, 874–875 Marezine. See cyclizine mefenamic acid, 731–732t
Nursing Practice Applications, 882–883t margin of safety (MOS), 47 mefloquine, 955, 956t, 957
pregnancy category, 101 marijuana, 103t, 448, 449, 451t, 458–459 Mefoxin. See cefoxitin
resistance to, 841, 874 Marinol. See dronabinol Megace. See megestrol
routes and dosages, 874t marketing rights, 9 megakaryocytes, 476, 698
macrominerals, 1141–1142, 1141t. See also Marplan. See isocarboxazid megaloblastic anemia. See pernicious anemia
Marquibo. See vincristine megestrol, 1052t
specific minerals MARs (medication administration records), 76 meglitinides, 1218–1219
macula densa, 525, 525f mass casualty incidents (MCIs), 1411
macular edema, 1293t massage, 417t nateglinide, 1214t, 1219
mafenide, 906 mast cell stabilizers repaglinide, 1214t, 1215t, 1218
magaldrate, 1095t melanocytes, 1365
Magan. See magnesium salicylate for allergic rhinitis, 821–822 melarsoprol, 960t, 963, 965
magnesium for asthma, 791t, 798t, 799–800 melatonin, 93t, 179, 235, 237t
drugs in class Mellaril. See thioridazine
in antacids, 1095 meloxicam, 731–732t
deficiencies in, 569t, 1141 cromolyn, 798t, 799–800, 818t, 821, 1402t melphalan, 1038t, 1042
function of, 1141t, 1142 lodoxamide, 1402t memantine, 318, 317t
imbalances, 569t, 574 nedocromil, 1402t men. See gender differences
for migraines, 417t for ocular conditions, 1401–1402, 1402t meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV), 769
recommended intake of, 574t, 1141t mastoiditis, 1405 meningococcal infection, 767t, 769, 837t, 859
magnesium antacids. See antacids Materia Medica, 3 meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine
magnesium citrate, 574, 1142 Matulane. See procarbazine
magnesium hydroxide, 105t, 574, 1095t, 1105t, Mavik. See trandolapril (MPSV), 769
Maxair. See pirbuterol menopause, 1271, 1272t
1108, 1142 Maxalt. See rizatriptan Menopur. See menotropins
magnesium oxide, 574 Maxaquin. See lomefloxacin menorrhagia, 1269
magnesium salicylate, 574, 727t, 729, 1142 Maxiflor. See diflorasone diacetate menotropins, 102t, 1279t, 1280, 1283, 1315
Maxipime. See cefepime
MBD. See metabolic bone disease
MCIs (mass casualty incidents), 1411
1508 Index pregnancy category, 102t midazolam, 237, 238t, 425t, 427–428, 441
for psoriasis, 1382 midodrine, 189t, 194
menstrual cycle, 1263 for rheumatoid arthritis, 1351, 1352 Mifeprex. See mifepristone
Mentax. See butenafine routes and dosages, 1044t, 1350t, 1380t mifepristone, 1301–1303, 1301t
Menveo. See meningococcal conjugate vaccine methscopolamine, 172t, 175 miglitol, 1214t, 1220–1221
mepenzolate, 172t methsuximide, 348 migraines, 413–418
meperidine, 400t, 402, 404, 457t methyclothiazide, 548t, 550, 589
mephobarbital, 247 methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM), 93t characteristics of, 413, 413t
mepivacaine, 437t, 440 methylcellulose, 1105t complementary and alternative
meprobamate, 235, 241 methyldopa, 60t, 192, 587t, 592, 1315t
Mepron. See atovaquone methylene blue, 1416t therapies for, 417t
mercaptopurine, 1044t, 1047, 1114 methylergonovine, 1273, 1273t, 1275–1276 ergot alkaloids for, 311
Meridia. See sibutramine Methylin. See methylphenidate Nursing Practice Applications, 417–418t
meropenem, 859, 860t, 861 methylnaltrexone, 413, 1105t, 1106 pharmacotherapy, 207, 208, 414–416, 414t
merozoites, 954 methylphenidate prophylaxis, 416–417, 417t
Merrem. See meropenem abuse of, 448, 462 statistics, 413t
methamphetamine, 1167t for ADHD, 382 triggers for, 413, 416–417
mesalamine, 1113, 1114t, 1116 labeling changes, 112t Migranal. See dihydroergotamine
mescaline, 460, 460f for narcolepsy, 233, 384 Milk of Magnesia. See magnesium hydroxide
mesna, 1031, 1042 routes and dosages, 119t, 379t, 1121t milk thistle, 87t, 88t
Mesnex. See mesna methylprednisolone, 324, 757, 1122, 1252t milk-alkali syndrome, 1094
Mestinon. See pyridostigmine methyltestosterone, 1309t, 1312 milnacipran, 412
metabolic acidosis, 543t methylxanthines, 791t, 801–802 Milontin. See phensuximide
metabolic bone disease (MBD) aminophylline, 793t Milophene. See clomiphene
caffeine, 379t, 386–387, 387t, 463 milrinone, 632t, 635
defined, 1336 theobromine, 386 miltefosine, 960t, 964
pharmacotherapy, 1338–1345 theophylline, 386, 387, 793t, 802 Miltown. See meprobamate
methysergide, 417, 417t mineral oil, 1105t, 1106
bisphosphonates, 1340–1341t, 1339–1343 metipranolol, 1394t, 1396, 1397–1398 mineralocorticoids, 1246–1247, 1257–1258
miscellaneous agents, 1344–1345 metoclopramide, 105t, 414, 441, 1098, 1121t minerals. See also specific minerals
selective estrogen receptor modulators, metolazone, 548t, 549, 550, 589 calcium channel blockers and, 513
Metopirone. See metyrapone functions of, 1141
1343–1344 metoprolol macrominerals, 1141–1142, 1141t
vitamin D therapy, 1338–1339, 1339t adverse effects, 211 microminerals, 1142–1143, 1141t
metabolic syndrome, 1204 clinical applications, 211, 241, 417t, 629t, 631 Nursing Practice Applications, 1143–1144t
metabolism hydrochlorothiazide with, 587t in parenteral nutrition, 1154
of alcohol, 455, 456f mechanism of action, 211 minimal sedation (anxiolysis), 423
of antipsychotics and antidepressants, 294t Nursing Responsibilities, 212 minimum alveolar concentration, 430
defined, 36 routes and dosages, 207t, 609t minimum effective concentrations, 40
drug interactions and, 63f, 64 MetroCream. See metronidazole Minipress. See prazosin
first-pass effect, 30, 37, 38f MetroGel. See metronidazole Minizide. See polythiazide and prazosin
in geriatric patients, 125, 126–127 MetroLotion. See metronidazole Minocin. See minocycline
hepatic microsomal enzyme system and, metronidazole minocycline, 119t, 871t, 873–874, 929
adverse effects, 59t, 894, 961 minorities. See Treating the Diverse Patient;
36, 37t breast-feeding and, 105t
nutrient categories and, 1080, 1080t clinical applications, 894, 960–961, 960t, 1097, specific racial and ethnic groups
patient variations in, 37 minoxidil, 594, 1385
in pediatric patients, 113 1368, 1373 Mintezol. See thiabendazole
during pregnancy, 100 drug interactions, 457t, 670t, 961 miosis, 159, 1396
Metadate. See methylphenidate effectiveness of, 963 Miostat. See carbachol
Metamucil. See psyllium mucilloid mechanism of action, 961 mipomersen, 497t, 504
metaproterenol, 793t, 794 Nursing Responsibilities, 961 mirabegron, 189t, 197
metastasis, 1022, 1022f resistance to, 894 MiraLAX. See polyethylene glycol
metaxalone, 363t, 365 routes and dosages, 894t Mirapex. See pramipexole
metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), 789–790 Mevacor. See lovastatin Mircette, 1291t
metformin, 1214t, 1215t, 1217–1218, 1222 mexiletine, 411, 648t, 651 Mirena. See levonorgestrel
methadone, 400t, 404, 451, 454 Mexitil. See mexiletine mirtazapine, 264, 266
methamphetamines, 103t, 462 MG. See myasthenia gravis Mirvaso. See brimonidine
methanol, 1416t MgSO4. See magnesium sulfate MIs. See myocardial infarctions
methaqualone, 235, 235 Miacalcin. See calcitonin-salmon misoprostol
methazolamide, 553t, 554, 555, 1394t micafungin, 938t, 940
methemoglobin-forming drugs, 1416t Micardis. See telmisartan adverse effects, 101, 1098, 1301–1302
methenamine hippurate, 905t, 910 Micardis HCT, 534, 587t clinical applications, 727, 1098, 1274,
Methergine. See methylergonovine Micatin. See miconazole
methicillin, 842 miconazole, 944t, 946, 1368 1301, 1302t
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus microbial antagonism, 845 pregnancy category rating, 102t
Micro-K. See potassium chloride routes and dosages, 1301t
(MRSA), 842, 856, 1368 microminerals, 1142–1143, 1141t. See also mites, 1369, 1371t
methimazole, 102t, 1237, 1238, 1239 Mithramycin. See plicamycin
Methitest. See methyltestosterone specific minerals mitochondrial toxicity, 1004
methocarbamol, 363t, 365 Micronase. See glyburide mitomycin, 102t, 1048t, 1051
methohexital, 247, 425t, 428, 429 Micronor. See progestins mitosis, 1026
methotrexate Microsporum, 935t, 945 mitotane, 1067t, 1068, 1258
Microzide. See hydrochlorothiazide mitoxantrone, 60t, 60, 322t, 324, 1048t, 1050
for abortion, 1302 Midamor. See amiloride Mivacron. See mivacurium
adverse effects, 664t, 1315t mivacurium, 176t, 180
as antineoplastic agent, 1043–1045 mixed opioid agonist-antagonists, 399, 399f,
drug interactions, 91t
as immunosuppressant, 749t, 755 405–406
for inflammatory bowel disease, 1115
misoprostol with, 1301t
buprenorphine, 400t, 405 Monopril. See fosinopril Index 1509
butorphanol, 400t, 405 Monopril HCT, 530
nalbuphine, 400t, 405 montelukast, 798t, 818t, 822 indirect acting. See acetylcholinesterase
pentazocine, 400t, 405–406 Monurol. See fosfomycin (AchE) inhibitors
MMR vaccine, 664t, 772–773 mood disorders, defined, 254. See also bipolar
Moban. See molindone mechanism of action, 153, 158
Mobic. See meloxicam disorder; depression pilocarpine, 159, 160
Mobidin. See magnesium salicylate mood stabilizers, 274, 277, 319. See also routes and dosages, 158t
modafinil, 234, 379t, 384–385 muscarinic antagonists
moderate (conscious) sedation, 423 lithium carbonate as adjuncts to anesthesia, 441
modular formulas, for enteral Morbillivirus. See measles adverse effects, 172t, 173
moricizine, 650 for ALS, 325
nutrition, 1149 morning sickness, 1119, 1119t antisecretory agents, 175
Moduretic, 545, 552 morphine sulfate
moexipril, 528t, 530, 590 glycopyrrolate, 172t, 175
molybdenum, 1141t adverse effects, 402–403, 450, 664t mepenzolate, 172t
MOM. See magnesium hydroxide breast-feeding and, 105t methscopolamine, 172t, 175
mometasone, 798t, 799, 818t, 1378t clinical applications, 402 propantheline, 172t, 175
Monistat-1, 944t, 946 drug interactions, 403, 457t antispasmodic agents, 175
monitored anesthesia care (MAC), 423 mechanism of action, 402 dicyclomine, 172t, 175, 1114t, 1118, 1125
monoamine oxidase (MAO), 151, 187, 188, Nursing Responsibilities, 403 hyoscyamine, 172t, 175, 1118
routes and dosages, 400t asthma agents/bronchodilators, 173, 791t,
269–270 MOS (margin of safety), 47
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) motion sickness, 175, 815, 1119 793t, 795–797
Motofen. See difenoxin with atropine ipratropium. See ipratropium
adverse effects, 269–270 motor end plate, 177, 177f tiotropium, 172t, 173, 175, 793t, 796–797
for anxiety disorders, 245 Motrin. See ibuprofen atropine. See atropine
for depression, 269–272, 272 Movantik. See naloxegol bronchodilators, 176
drug interactions, 66t, 91t, 209, 268 Moxatag. See amoxicillin centrally acting agents, 175
drugs in class Moxeza. See moxifloxacin benztropine. See benztropine
moxifloxacin, 890t, 891, 893 trihexyphenidyl, 172t, 175, 314, 314t,
isocarboxazid, 271 Mozobil. See plerixafor
phenelzine, 187, 270–271 MPSV (meningococcal polysaccharide 315, 325
selegiline, 271–272, 309t, 313, 384 for dystonia, 360
tranylcypromine, 272 vaccine), 769 incontinence agents, 175
mechanism of action, 187, 268 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 317 mechanism of action, 171–172, 171f, 796
monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors, MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus for nausea and vomiting, 1119, 1121t
Nursing Practice Applications, 181–182t
309t, 313–314 aureus), 842, 856, 1368 ophthalmic agents, 175
adverse effects, 313 MS. See multiple sclerosis
rasagiline, 309t, 313 MS Contin. See morphine sulfate cyclopentolate, 172t, 175, 1400t
selegiline, 271–272, 309t, 313, 384 MSM (methyl sulfonyl methane), 93t tropicamide, 172t, 175, 1400t
monobactams, 863 MTX. See methotrexate for Parkinson’s disease, 307, 314–315, 314t
monoclonal antibodies (MABs), 755, mu receptors, 399, 399f, 399t routes and dosages, 172t
Mucinex. See guaifenesin scopolamine, 32, 172t, 175, 1119, 1121t, 1400t
802–803, 1065, 1066f mucolytics, 803, 827 therapeutic applications, 172–173
adalimumab. See adalimumab urge incontinence agents
basiliximab, 749t, 755–756, 756t acetylcysteine, 825t, 827, 1416t fesoterodine, 175
belimumab, 756t dornase alfa, 825t, 827 oxybutynin chloride, 172t, 173, 175
bevacizumab, 1064t, 1065 Mucomyst. See acetylcysteine tolterodine tartrate, 112t, 172t, 175
bortezomib, 1064t mucormycosis, 935, 935t muscarinic receptors, 149, 150t, 156, 157t
brentuximab, 1064t mucositis, 1031 muscle contraction, 511, 511f
certolizumab pegol, 756t, 1114, 1350t, 1351 mucous colitis. See irritable bowel syndrome muscle relaxants, 361–370
eculizumab, 756t mucous membranes, as body defense, 717 as adjuvant analgesics, 411
erlotinib, 1064t, 1065 Multaq. See dronedarone adverse effects, 362
gefitinib, 1064t multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), centrally acting, 361–366, 362f, 363t
gemtuzumab ozogamicin, 1065 baclofen, 324, 325, 360, 361t, 363t,
golimumab, 756t, 1115, 1350t, 1351, 921t, 925, 926
multiple sclerosis (MS) 364–365
1351–1352 carisoprodol, 363t, 365
ibritumomab, 1064t depression and, 324 chlorzoxazone, 363t, 365
infliximab. See infliximab muscle spasticity in, 360–361 cyclobenzaprine, 363–364, 363t
ipilimumab, 1064t pain in, 324 diazepam. See diazepam
lapatinib, 1064t pathophysiology, 320–322, 321f metaxalone, 363t, 365
natalizumab, 322t, 324, 756t, 1115 in pediatric patients, 325t methocarbamol, 363t, 365
nilotinib, 1064t pharmacotherapy, 320–325, 322t orphenadrine, 363t, 365
ofatumumab, 1064t multivitamins. See vitamin(s) tizanidine, 363t, 365–366
omalizumab, 802–803 mumps, 767t, 772–773 direct-acting, 366–370, 366t, 367f
panitumumab, 1064t mupirocin, 1368 abobotulinumtoxinA, 366t, 368, 368t
rituximab, 1064t, 1065, 1350t, Murine Plus. See tetrahydrozoline dantrolene sodium, 366t, 366–368
muscarinic agonists incobotulinumtoxinA, 366t, 368, 368t
1352–1353 adverse effects of, 158t, 159 onabotulinumtoxinA, 366t, 368–369, 368t,
sorafenib, 1064t bethanechol, 156, 159–160
sunitinib, 1064t carbachol, 160 369f, 417
tocilizumab, 756t, 1350t, 1353 cevimeline, 160 rimabotulinumtoxinB, 325, 366t,
tositumomab, 1065 clinical applications, 159
vandetanib, 1064t direct acting 368, 368t
Mono-gesic. See salsalate dosages, 363t, 366t
Monoket. See isosorbide mononitrate bethanechol, 156, 158t, 159–160 in geriatric patients, 129t
monomeric formulas, for enteral carbachol, 158t, 160, 1394t mechanism of action, 362, 362f
cevimeline, 158t, 160 for muscle spasms, 361–366, 363t
nutrition, 1149 pilocarpine, 158t, 159, 160, 1394t, 1396 for muscle spasticity, 325, 366–370, 366t
as surgical adjuncts, 370
1510 Index
muscle rigidity, 306 pain management, 67 National Asthma Education and Prevention
muscle spasms thrombolytics, 613–614, 615f Program (NAEPP), 790, 792
vasopressors, 617
etiology, 359 prevalence and mortality, 617t National Center for Complementary and
nonpharmacologic therapies for, 360–361 symptoms of, 613 Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), 86
Nursing Practice Applications, 370–371t myocardial ischemia, 603, 604
pain caused by, 324, 411 myocardium, 479 National Coordinating Council for Medication
pharmacotherapy, 361–366, 362f, 363t myoclonic seizures, 335t, 335 Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC
muscle spasticity Myophen. See orphenadrine MERP), 71, 72–73f, 75
etiology, 359–360 Myrbetriq. See mirabegron
nonpharmacologic therapies for, 360–361 Mysoline. See primidone National Formulary (NF), 17
Nursing Practice Applications, 370–371t myxedema, 1232 National Nurse Emergency Preparedness
pain caused by, 325 myxedematous coma, 1232, 1233t
pharmacotherapy, 325, 366–370, 366t, 367f myxoviruses, 977t Initiative (NNEPI), 1411
muscle toxicity, 60t, 62 Native Americans and Alaska Natives
MUSE (medicated urethral system for N
complementary and alternative medicine use
erection), 1317 nabilone, 1122, 1121t among, 135
mustargen, 1415t nabumetone, 731–732t
Mustargen. See mechlorethamine NaCl. See sodium chloride diabetes mellitus and, 1202
Mutamycin. See mitomycin nadir, 1030 Natrecor. See nesiritide
mutations, 840 nadolol, 207t, 210, 550, 587t, 591 natriuresis, 543
Myambutol. See ethambutol NAEPP (National Asthma Education and natriuretic peptides, 625
myasthenia gravis (MG) Naturacil. See psyllium mucilloid
Prevention Program), 790, 792 natural killer (NK) cells, 717
future treatment for, 164t nafarelin, 102t, 1279t, 1281, 1284 natural penicillins, 852–853
pharmacotherapy for, 161–165, 162f nafcillin, 850t, 855 nausea and vomiting
symptoms and risk factors for, 161 naftifine, 944t
myasthenic crisis, 163 Naftin. See naftifine with antineoplastic agents, 1030, 1069, 1119
Mycamine. See micafungin nalbuphine, 400t, 405 in enteral nutrition therapy, 1149–1150
Mycelex. See clotrimazole Nalfon. See fenoprofen first-generation antipsychotics for, 291
Mycobacterial infections, 915–933 nalidixic acid, 670t, 889, 905t pathophysiology of, 1118–1119
leprosy, 916, 928–930, 928t naloxegol, 1105t pharmacotherapy. See antiemetics
M. avium, 916, 930–931 naloxone, 66, 350, 404, 412, 412t, 1416t postanesthesia, 441
tuberculosis. See tuberculosis naloxone/buprenorphine, 412, 454–455 in pregnancy, 1119, 1119t
types of, 916 naltrexone, 412t, 458, 1167t Navane. See thiothixene
Mycobacterium abscessus, 9116 Namenda/Namenda XR. See memantine Navelbine. See vinorelbine
Mycobacterium avium complex, 916, 930–931 nandrolone, 1309t, 1314 NCC MERP (National Coordinating Council
Mycobacterium bovis, 746, 916 naphazoline, 194, 822t, 1400t
Mycobacterium chelonae, 916 Naphcon. See naphazoline for Medication Error Reporting and
Mycobacterium kansasii, 916 Naprosyn. See naproxen Prevention), 71, 72–73f, 75
Mycobacterium leprae. See leprosy naproxen, 36–37, 406, 457t, 664t, NCCAM (National Center for Complementary
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 916 and Alternative Medicine), 86
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. See tuberculosis 731–732t, 1355 NDAs (New Drug Applications), 20
Mycobutin. See rifabutin naratriptan, 414t, 416 NDNBs (nondepolarizing neuromuscular
mycolic acid, 916 Narcan. See naloxone blockers), 180–181
mycophenolate, 163, 749t, 755 narcolepsy, 233, 384–385 NDRIs (norepinephrine and dopamine
Mycoplasma pneumoniae. See pneumonia narcotic analgesics. See opioid analgesics reuptake inhibitors), 263. See also
mycoses. See fungal infections narcotics, defined, 398–399 bupropion
Mycostatin. See nystatin Nardil. See phenelzine NE. See norepinephrine
Mydfrin. See phenylephrine Naropin. See ropivacaine nebivolol, 207t, 213
Mydriacyl. See tropicamide narrow-spectrum antibiotics, 843 nebulizers, 790
mydriasis, 1396 Nasacort. See triamcinolone NebuPent. See pentamidine
mydriatics, 1400, 1400t. See also phenylephrine nasal decongestants Necator americanus, 967
myelosuppression, 476, 1029, 1057, 1058, 1069 necitumumab, 1064t
Myfortic. See mycophenolate adverse effects, 822 nedocromil, 1402t
Mykrox. See metolazone alpha-adrenergic agonists, 191–192, 193–194, nefazodone, 264, 266
Mylanta, 1095t negative chronotropic effect, 513
Myleran. See busulfan 822–824 negative feedback mechansims,
Mylocel. See hydroxyurea anticholinergic. See ipratropium 1178–1180, 1179f
Mylotarg. See gemtuzumab ozogamicin routes and dosages, 31, 822, 822t negative inotropic effect, 513, 517
Myobloc. See rimabotulinumtoxinB sympathomimetics negative symptoms, of schizophrenia, 283t, 284
myocardial infarctions (MIs) Neisseria gonorrhoeae. See gonorrhea
angina pectoris and, 604–605 naphazoline, 194, 822t, 1400t Neisseria meningitidis. See meningococcal
blood test values and, 613, 613t oxymetazoline, 194, 822, 822t, 1400t infection
coronary artery disease and, 604 phenylephrine. See phenylephrine nelarabine, 1044t, 1047
pathophysiology, 612–613 pseudoephedrine. See pseudoephedrine nelfinavir, 1002t, 1009
pharmacotherapy tetrahydrozoline, 192, 194, 822t, 1400t neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 1024
xylometazoline, 194, 822t Neoloid. See castor oil
ACE inhibitors, 527–529, 616 NasalCrom. See cromolyn neomycin, 877, 877t, 879, 894, 1368, 1402
anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents, Nasalide. See flunisolide neonates, 114. See also pediatric patients
Nasarel. See flunisolide neoplasms, 1021. See also cancer
614–616 Nascobal. See cyanocobalamin Neoral. See cyclosporine
ARBs, 531 nasogastric (NG) tubes, 29, 31, 1149 Neosporin, 863, 894, 1368
aspirin, 614 Nasonex. See mometasone neostigmine, 158, 158t, 164–165, 180
beta-adrenergic antagonists, 208, 616 natalizumab, 322t, 324, 756t, 1115 Neo-Synephrine. See phenylephrine
goals of, 613 Natazia, 1291t, 1291 Neo-Synephrine 12 Hour. See oxymetazoline
nitrates, 616 nateglinide, 1214t, 1219 Neo-Synephrine II, Long-Acting. See
Natesto, 1311 xylometazoline
NEPEC (Nursing Emergency Preparedness
Education Coalition), 1411
nephrons, 540, 540f New Drug Applications (NDAs), 19 Index 1511
nephropathy, diabetic, 1206 new molecular entities, 19
nephrotoxicity, 61, 60t, 65, 114, 542t New York Heart Association (NYHA), 626 Nitro-Bid. See nitroglycerin
Neptazane. See methazolamide Nexavar. See sorafenib Nitro-Dur. See nitroglycerin
nerve agents, 1414 Nexiclon XR. See clonidine nitrofurantoin, 903, 905t,
nerve blocks, 398, 435, 436f Nexium. See esomeprazole
nervous system. See also central nervous NF (National Formulary), 17 908–910
NG (nasogastric) tubes, 29, 31, 1149 nitrogen mustards
system; peripheral nervous system niacin (nicotinic acid; vitamin B3)
functional divisions of, 143, 144f bendamustine, 1038t, 1040
toxicity to, 891, 1031–1032 adverse effects, 502 chlorambucil, 59t, 1038t, 1040–1041
Nesacaine. See chloroprocaine clinical applications, 1138 cyclophosphamide. See cyclophosphamide
Nesina. See alogliptin for dyslipidemia, 497t, 502 estramustine, 1038t, 1041
nesiritide, 625, 631, 632t functions of, 1132t ifosfamide, 1038t, 1041–1042
Nestrex. See pyridoxine with lovastatin, 498–499, 502 mechlorethamine, 1038, 1038t, 1042
Neulasta. See pegfilgrastim mechanism of action, 495f melphalan, 1038t, 1042
Neumega. See oprelvekin routes and adult dosages for, 1133t nitroglycerin
Neupogen. See filgrastim Niaspan. See niacin adverse effects, 609–610, 664t
Neupro. See rotigotine nicardipine/nicardipine SR, 514–515t, 516, 589, chest pain and, 616
neuraminidase, 983 clinical applications, 607, 608
neuraminidase inhibitors, 983 596t, 609t interactions with, 457t, 608
oseltamivir, 983, 983t, 985 Nicobid. See niacin mechanism of action, 608
zanamivir, 983, 983t, 985 NicoDerm. See nicotine replacement therapy Nursing Responsibilities, 610
neurodegenerative diseases, 304–329 Nicorette. See nicotine replacement therapy routes and dosages, 31, 607, 609t
Alzheimer’s disease, 315–320. See also nicotinamide, 502 Nitropress. See nitroprusside sodium
nicotine nitroprusside sodium, 592, 595–596, 596t
Alzheimer’s disease nitrosoureas
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 325, 360 addiction to, 448, 463–465 carmustine, 1038, 1038t, 1040
etiology of, 305 dependence and, 450 lomustine, 1038t, 1042
Huntington’s disease, 305 mechanism of action, 156, 165 streptozocin, 1038t, 1042
multiple sclerosis, 320–324, 321f, 322t, 325t pharmacologic treatment for, 464–465 Nitrostat. See nitroglycerin
muscle spasticity in, 359–360 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and, 64t nitrous oxide, 147t, 430–431, 432t
myasthenia gravis, 161–165, 161t, 162f, 164t during pregnancy, 101–102, 102t, 463 nits, 1369
Nursing Practice Applications for, 325–326t withdrawal symptoms and treatment, 451t nivolumab, 1064t
overview, 305, 305t nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), 105t, 165, Nix. See permethrin
Parkinson’s disease, 306–315. See also nizatidine, 1093t, 1094
451, 463–465, 464f Nizoral. See ketoconazole
Parkinson’s disease nicotinic acid. See niacin NK (natural killer) cells, 717
neuroeffector junction, 146 nicotinic agonists, 165. See also nicotine NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors,
neurofibrillary tangles, 316 nicotinic antagonists
neurokinin receptor antagonists, 1121t, 1122 221, 318
neurolept analgesia, 424 ganglionic blockers, 172, 176, 176t N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors,
neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), mechanism of action, 171, 171f, 172
neuromuscular blockers. See 221, 318
262, 288 NMS (neuroleptic malignant syndrome),
neuroleptics, 286. See also antipsychotics neuromuscular blockers
neuromuscular blockers nicotinic receptors, 149, 150t, 156, 157t 262, 288
Nicotrol NS. See nicotine replacement therapy NNEPI (National Nurse Emergency
as adjuncts to anesthesia, 441 nifedipine
depolarizing, 177–180, 177f. See also Preparedness Initiative), 1411
adverse effects, 515 NNRTIs (nonnucleoside reverse
succinylcholine breast-feeding and, 105t
mechanism of action, 172 drug interactions, 64, 516 transcriptase inhibitors), 1006–1007
nondepolarizing, 180–181 for hypertension, 515, 514t, 589 nociceptor pain, 394
mechanism of action, 515 nociceptors, 394
atracurium, 176t, 180, 441 for migraine prophylaxis, 417t nocturia, 1195t
cisatracurium, 176t, 180, 441 nursing responsibilities, 516 nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity
mivacurium, 176t, 180 potency of, 48–49
pancuronium, 176t, 180 for Raynaud’s disease, 204 (NPTR) test, 1317
rocuronium, 180 routes and dosages, 515t, 609t, 1273t Nolvadex. See tamoxifen
tubocurarine, 176t, 180, 370 as tocolytic, 1277 nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics, 234, 235,
vecuronium, 176t, 180 Niferex PN Forte, 706
neurons, 220–221, 220f, 221t nifurtimox, 960t, 963, 965 241–243
Neurontin. See gabapentin Nilandron. See nilutamide buspirone, 236t, 242, 319
neuropathic pain, 324, 394, 410 nilotinib, 1064t doxepin. See doxepin
neuropathy, diabetic, 1206 Nilstat. See nystatin eszopiclone, 236t, 242
neuropeptide Y (NPY), 1164 nilutamide, 1052t, 1056 ramelteon, 236t, 242
neurotoxicity, 60t, 61–62, 1053t Nimbex. See cisatracurium zaleplon, 236t, 242
neurotransmitters. See also specific nimodipine, 417t, 514–515t, 516–517 zolpidem, 236t, 241–242
Nimotop. See nimodipine noncatecholamines, 188
neurotransmitters Ninlaro. See ixazomib nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers
in appetite suppression, 1164 Nipent. See pentostatin
defined, 146 Nipride. See nitroprusside sodium (NDNBs), 180–181
effects and clinical applications, 146, 147t niraparib, 1064t nondihydropyridines, 514–515t, 517–519.
in synaptic transmission, 146–148, 220–221, Niravam. See alprazolam
Nisocor. See nisoldipine See also diltiazem; verapamil
220f, 221t nisoldipine, 514–515t, 517, 589 nonmalarial protozoan infections, 958–965
Neutrexin. See trimetrexate nitazoxanide, 959, 960, 960t, 962
Neutrogena. See salicylic acid nitrates. See organic nitrates amebiasis, 958, 958t, 959f
neutropenia, 60, 692, 697, 1030 nitric oxide, 607 cryptosporidiosis, 959–960
neutrophils, 476, 695, 1030 giardiasis, 958–959, 959t
nevirapine, 1002t, 1002, 1007 leishmaniasis, 963–964
pharmacotherapy, 960–962, 960t,
964–965
toxoplasmosis, 962
trichomoniasis, 962–963
trypanosomiasis, 963
1512 Index
nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase Normiflo. See ardeparin arthritis, 1353–1354t
inhibitors (NNRTIs), 1006–1007 Normodyne. See labetalol asthma, 804–806t
Norpace. See disopyramide benign prostatic hyperplasia, 1323–1324t
delavirdine, 1002t, 1003, 1007 Norpramin. See desipramine calcium channel blockers, 519–520t
efavirenz, 91t, 1002t, 1006–1007 Nor-QD. See progestins central nervous system stimulants, 387–388t
etravirine, 1002t, 1007 Northera. See droxidopa cephalosporins, 863–865t
nevirapine, 1002t, 1003, 1007 nortriptyline, 244t, 260t, 269, 382 cholinergic agonists, 165–167t
rilpivirine, 1002t, 1007 Norvasc. See amlodipine cholinergic antagonists, 181–182t
nonopioid analgesics, 105t, 406–407, 406t Norvir. See ritonavir colony-stimulating factors, 695, 697–698,
acetaminophen. See acetaminophen nosocomial infections. See health care–
clonidine. See clonidine 699–700t
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. See associated infections contraceptives, 1299–1300t
Novahistine DH, 825t COPD, 804–806t
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Novantrone. See mitoxantrone corticosteroids, 1255–1256t
drugs Novarel. See chorionic gonadotropin-HCG cough and colds, 827–828t
tramadol, 406–407, 406t, 1347 Novastan. See argatroban diabetes mellitus, 1223–1225t
ziconotide, 406t, 408 Novocaine. See procaine direct vasodilators, 596–598t
nonoxynol-9, 1298, 1300 Novolin 70/30, 1210, 1210t diuretics, 555–557t
nonphenothiazines, 291–292 Novolin R. See human regular insulin dyslipidemia, 505–506t
haloperidol, 289t, 291–292, 319, 664t, 1315t NovoLog. See insulin aspart enteral and parenteral nutrition, 1156–1158t
loxapine, 289t, 293 NovoLog Mix 70/30, 1210, 1210t erythropoietin, 696–697t
pimozide, 289t, 293 Noxafil. See posaconazole estrogens, 1267–1268t
thiothixene, 289t, 293 NPH. See isophane insulin suspension fluid and electrolyte imbalances, 578–579t
non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, 232, 232t Nplate. See romiplostim fluoroquinolones, 895–896t
nonrestorative sleep, 233 NPTR (nocturnal penile tumescence and general anesthesia, 434–435t
nonspecific body defenses. See innate body glaucoma, 1398–1399t
defenses rigidity) test, 1317 growth hormone, 1192–1193t
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NPY (neuropeptide Y), 1164 heart failure, 635–637t
(NSAIDs), 725–735 NREM (non–rapid eye movement) sleep, 232, helminthic infections, 970–971t
adverse effects, 60t, 406, 542t, 727, 730, immunomodulators, 757–759t
733t, 1085 232, 232t inflammation and fever, 737–738t
for Alzheimer’s disease, NRIs (norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), insulin therapy, 1211–1213t
breast-feeding and, 106t laxatives, 1111–1112t
for conjunctivitis, 1401 264 lice or mite infestations, 1371t
COX-2 inhibitors, 734. See also celecoxib NRT (nicotine replacement therapy), 105t, 165, local anesthesia, 442–443t
drug interactions, 64, 66t, 91t, 130, 457, macrolides, 882–883t
457t, 670t 165, 451, 464, 464f migraines, 417–418t
in geriatric patients, 130t NRTIs and NtRTIs. See nucleoside/nucleotide minerals, 1143–1144t
for gout, 1355 muscle spasms and spasticity, 370–371t
ibuprofen-like drugs, 730–733, 731–732t reverse transcriptase inhibitors neurodegenerative diseases, 325–326t
mechanism of action, 406, 725–726 NSAIDs. See nonsteroidal anti- organic nitrates, 617–618t
for migraines, 414 osteoporosis, 1335–1336t
for muscle spasms, 361, 362f inflammatory drugs pain management, 408–410t
nonaspirin NSAIDs, 730–733, 731–732t N-type calcium channels, 513 penicillins, 863–865t
for osteoarthritis, 1347 Nubain. See nalbuphine peptic ulcer disease, 1098–1099t
for pain management, 406 nuclear accidents, 1415, 1415t pharmacology and, 9–10
for pediatric patients, 406 nucleic acid amplification tests, 918 poisonings, 1420–1421t
pregnancy category, 102t nucleoside/nucleotide reverse progestins, 1270–1271t
salicylates, 725–730, 727t protozoan infections, 970–971t
similarities among, 730 transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs/ substance abuse, 466t, 467
usage statistics, 725t NtRTIs), 1003–1006 tetracyclines, 882–883t
Nora-BE. See norethindrone abacavir, 1002t, 1005 thrombolytics, 682–683t
Norcuron. See vecuronium didanosine, 1002t, 1005 thyroid disorders, 1235–1236t, 1240–1241t
Norditropin. See somatropin emtricitabine, 1002t, 1003, 1005, 1014 tuberculosis, 927–928t
norepinephrine (NE) lamivudine, 987t, 988, 990, 1001, 1002t, 1005 urinary tract infections, 910–911t
adrenal medulla secretion of, 152 stavudine, 1002t, 1005 vaccines, 779–780t
in appetite control, 1164 tenofovir. See tenofovir vancomycin, 863–865t
chemical structure of, 188, 188f zidovudine. See zidovudine vitamins, 1143–1144t
effects and clinical applications, 146, 147t, Nucynta. See tapentadol nursing process, in medication error
191–192, 221t Nulojix. See belatacept
for heart failure, 632t, 634 Nupercainal. See dibucaine prevention, 76
life cycle of, 152f nurse anesthetists, 424t Nursing Responsibilities
mechanism of action, 186, 187f, 220 Nursing Emergency Preparedness Education
receptors, 150, 150t, 151 Coalition (NEPEC), 1410–1412 abciximab, 679
routes and dosages, 189t Nursing Practice Applications abilify, 298
synthesis and release of, 149f, 150 ACE inhibitors, 534–535t acarbose, 1220
termination of action, –151 acne vulgaris, 1375–1376t acetaminophen, 736
norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake adrenergic agonists, 197–198t acetazolamide, 555
inhibitors (NDRIs), 263. See also aminoglycosides, 882–883t activated charcoal, 1418
bupropion androgens, 1312–1313t acyclovir, 982
norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs), anticoagulants, 672–673t albuterol, 793
264 antidiarrheals, 1111–1112t aldesleukin, 747
norethindrone, 1291t, 1292–1293, 1295 antidiuretic hormone, 1196t alendronate, 1342
Norflex. See orphenadrine antidysrhythmics, 656–657t allopurinol, 1358
norgestimate, 1291t antiemetics, 1124–1125t alteplase, 681
normal serum albumin, 566 antiepileptic drugs, 353–354t aluminum hydroxide, 1096
antifungals, 948–949t amantadine, 985
antihistamines, 819–821t
antineoplastic agents, 1060–1063t
antipsychotics, 299–300t
antivirals, 992–993t
ARBs, 534–535t
aminocaproic acid, 685 glyburide, 1216 Index 1513
amiodarone, 654 haloperidol, 292
ammonium chloride, 577 heparin, 667 repaglinide, 1218
amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, hepatitis B vaccine, 771 Rho D immune globulin, 778
human regular insulin, 1210 riboflavin (vitamin B2), 1138
381 hydralazine, 594 risperidone, 295
amphotericin B, 940 hydrochlorothiazide, 550 rosiglitazone, 1219
ampicillin, 854 hydrocortisone, 1253 sildenafil, 1318
aspirin, 730 ibuprofen, 733 sitagliptin, 1221
atenolol, 612 imipenem-cilastatin, 861 sodium bicarbonate, 576–577
atomoxetine, 383 imipramine, 269 sodium chloride, 571
atorvastatin, 498 interferon alfa-2b, 745 somatotropin, 1189
atropine, 175 interferon beta-1b, 323 spironolactone, 552
azathioprine, 754 ipratropium, 796 succinylcholine, 179
basiliximab, 756 isoflurane, 433 sulfasalazine, 1116
beclomethasone, 799 isoniazid, 923 sumatriptan, 416
benzocaine, 1384 isoproterenol, 1196 tamoxifen, 1054
benztropine, 315 latanoprost, 1395 tenofovir, 990
bethanechol, 160 levothyroxine, 1235 testosterone, 1312
caffeine, 387 lidocaine, 440 tetracycline, 873
calcitriol, 1339 lisinopril, 529 theophylline, 802
calcium salts, 1334 lopinavir with ritonavir, 1008 thiamine (vitamin B1), 1138
carbamazepine, 347 lorazepam, 239 timolol, 1397
carbidopa/levodopa, 311 losartan, 532 tramadol, 407
celecoxib, 734 magnesium sulfate, 574 tretinoin, 1374
cephalosporins, 859 mannitol, 554 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 907
chloroquine, 957 mebendazole, 969 valproic acid, 350
chlorpromazine, 291 medroxyprogesterone, 1270 vancomycin, 862
cholestyramine, 501 metformin, 1218 varenicline, 465
ciprofloxacin, 892 methotrexate, 1045 venlafaxine, 265
clomiphene, 1282 metoprolol, 212 verapamil, 518
clopidogrel, 676 metronidazole, 961 vincristine, 1058
colchicine, 1357 midazolam, 428 vitamin A, 1135
conjugated estrogens, 1267 mifepristone, 1303 vitamin C, 1141
cromolyn, 800 milrinone, 635 vitamin D, 1136
cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), 709, 1140 modafinil, 385 vitamin E, 1136
cyclobenzaprine, 364 morphine sulfate, 403 vitamin K, 1137
cyclophosphamide, 1040 naloxone/buprenorphine, 412, 455 warfarin, 670
cyclosporine, 752 nifedipine, 516 zidovudine, 1005
dabigatran, 671, 674 nitrofurantoin, 910 zolpidem, 242
dantrolene, 368 nitroglycerin, 610 nursing roles
dapsone, 930 nitroprusside sodium, 596 adverse drug effects and, 56–57, 130, 130t
desmopressin, 1195 nitrous oxide, 431 in bioterrorism, 1410–1412
dextran 40, 568 nonoxynol-9, 1298 medication safety and error prevention,
dextromethorphan, 826 normal serum albumin, 566
5% dextrose in water, 567 nystatin, 947 76–79, 117
diazepam, 343 octreotide, 1191 prescriptive authority, 22–23
digoxin, 633 omeprazole, 1091 NutraSweet. See aspartame
dimercaprol, 1420 ondansetron, 1123 nutritional considerations
diphenoxylate with atropine, 1110 oprelvekin, 701 culture and, 135
disulfiram, 458 orlistat, 1169 dyslipidemia and, 493–494
donepezil, 320 oxytocin, 1275 iron requirements during pregnancy, 692t
doxorubicin, 1049 pancrelipase, 1126 ketogenic diet, 334, 333t, 337
edetate calcium disodium, 1419 penicillin G, 853 myasthenia gravis and, 164t
efavirenz, 1007 permethrin, 1369 supplemental, 1147–1161. See also enteral
epinephrine, 191 phenelzine, 271
epoetin alfa, 695 phenobarbital, 247 nutrition; parenteral nutrition
erythromycin, 876 phenylephrine, 194 Nutropin. See somatropin
estradiol and norethindrone, 1293 phenytoin, 345 NuvaRing, 29, 1296, 1297f
ethosuximide, 348 potassium chloride, 573 Nuvigil. See armodafinil
fentanyl, 426 pramipexole, 312 NYHA (New York Heart Association), 626
ferrous sulfate, 705–706 prazosin, 205 NyQuil, 824
fexofenadine, 817 procainamide, 650 nystatin, 936, 944t, 945, 946–947
filgrastim, 698 procaine, 438 Nystex. See nystatin
finasteride, 1323 propofol, 429 Nystop. See nystatin
fluconazole, 942 propranolol, 209 Nytol. See diphenhydramine
fludrocortisone, 1258 propylthiouracil, 1239
fluoxetine, 262 pseudoephedrine, 824 O
fluticasone, 819 psyllium mucilloid, 1107
folic acid (vitamin B9), 1139 pyridostigmine, 164 OA. See osteoarthritis
furosemide, 547 pyridoxine (vitamin B6), 1139 obesity, 1162–1172
gabapentin, 349 pyrimethamine, 965
gemfibrozil, 503 raloxifene, 1344 adjuncts to therapy for, 1171
gentamicin, 879 ranitidine, 1094 cultural differences in, 1165t
glucagon, 1206 diabetes mellitus and, 1202
etiology of, 1163
genetic influences in, 1163
measurement of, 1164–1165, 1165f
nonpharmacologic therapies for,
1165–1166, 1167t
1514 Index
obesity (continued) oncology nurses, 1069 Nursing Responsibilities, 701
pathogenesis of, 1164 Oncovin. See vincristine Patient and Family Education, 701–702
pharmacotherapy, 1166–1170, 1167t ondansetron routes and dosages, 694t
prevalence of, 1163, 1163t OptiPranolol. See metipranolol
in primary care, 1169t adverse effects, 312, 1123 Optivar. See azelastine
clinical applications, 289, 401, 441, 1030, 1123 OPV (oral polio vaccine), 774
obinutuzumab, 1064t mechanism of action, 1123 Oracea. See doxycycline
OBS (organic brain syndrome), 289–290 Nursing Responsibilities, 1126 oral antidiabetics. See antidiabetic agents
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 230, 244 routes and dosages, 1021t oral cancer, 1022
ocrelizumab, 322t, 324 Onfi. See clobazam oral contraceptives
Ocrevus. See ocrelizumab Onglyza. See saxagliptin adverse effects of, 59t, 138, 1293–1295, 1294t
Octagam. See intravenous immune globulin on–off syndrome, 307 breast-feeding and, 105t
octreotide, 664t, 1109t, 1111, 1181t, 1187t, Onsolis. See fentanyl drug interactions, 91t, 212, 239, 247, 268, 670t
onychomycosis, 945, 945t estrogen-progestin combinations, 1288–1293
1190–1191 Opana. See oxymorphone excretion of, 39
OcuClear. See oxymetazoline OPC (oropharyngeal candidiasis), 943, 945, macular edema and, 1293t
Ocuflox. See ofloxacin Nursing Practice Applications, 1299–1300t
ocular decongestants/vasoconstrictors, 946, 948t pregnancy category, 102t
Opdivo. See nivolumab prevalence of use, 1291t
194, 1400t, 1401 open-angle glaucoma, 1391f, 1393 progestin-only, 1295
naphazoline, 194, 822t, 1400t Ophthaine. See proparacaine types of, 1291t, 1292f
oxymetazoline, 194, 822, 822t, 1400t ophthalmic route of administration, 32. See also oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), 1203
phenylephrine. See phenylephrine oral iron salts, 706, 706t
tetrahydrozoline, 192, 194, 822t, 1400t eyes oral polio vaccine (OPV), 774
ocular herpes, 979–980 opioid(s). See also opioid analgesics oral route of administration
ocular lubricants, 1401 absorption and, 30–31
lanolin alcohol, 1401t addiction to, 453–455 for antineoplastic agents, 1028
polyvinyl alcohol, 1401t as anesthetics, 424–426, 425t barriers encountered in, 27, 28f
Ocupress. See carteolol in antitussives, 825–826, 825t in pediatric patients, 113
Ocusert. See pilocarpine defined, 398, 453 oral soluble films, 31
Odomzo. See sonidegib for diarrhea, 1109–1111, 1109t oral transmucosal routes, 30–31
ODTs (orally disintegrating tablets), 31, 31t drug interactions, 91t, 457t orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs), 31, 31t
ofatumumab, 1064t overdose/poisoning, 1416t Oramorph SR. See morphine sulfate
off-label indications, 5, 20, 112t withdrawal symptoms and treatment, 451t “Orange Book” (FDA), 6
ofloxacin, 890t, 893, 898, 920t, 929, 1403t opioid analgesics Orap. See pimozide
Ogen. See stropipate abuse of, 401, 412–413 Oravig. See miconazole
OGTTs (oral glucose tolerance tests), 1203 adverse effects of, 400, 403, 401t Orencia. See abatacept
OHS (ovarian hyperstimulation breast-feeding and, 105–106, 106t orexin receptor antagonists, 236t, 243
classification of, 400, 401t organ transplantation, 748, 748t, 750
syndrome), 1281 dependence on, 401 organic brain syndrome (OBS), 289–290
OKT3. See muromonab-CD3 drug interactions, 62 organic nitrates
olaparib, 1064t equianalgesic doses, 400t, 402 for angina pectoris, 606, 607f, 607–611,
olanzapine in geriatric patients, 129t
mechanism of action, 402, 399f, 399t 608t, 609t
adverse effects, 296 mixed opioid agonist-antagonists. See mixed drugs in class
clinical applications, 261, 277, 296, 319
fluoxetine and, 261 opioid agonist-antagonists isosorbide dinitrate, 457t, 607, 609t, 610,
routes and dosages, 275t, 294t opioid agonists, 398, 399f, 402–406 629t, 631
olaratumab, 1064t
older adults. See geriatric patients codeine. See codeine isosorbide mononitrate, 609t, 610
Oleptro. See trazodone fentanyl, 112t, 400t, 404, 424–426, 425t nitroglycerin. See nitroglycerin
Olestra, 1171 hydrocodone, 400t, 404, 824, 825t for myocardial infarction, 616
oligomenorrhea, 1269 hydromorphone, 400t, 401, 404, 1125 Nursing Practice Applications, 617–618t
oligomeric formulas, for enteral nutrition, 1149 levorphanol, 400t, 404 organic solvents, 1414
oligospermia, 1315 meperidine, 400t, 401, 404, 457t organophosphate pesticide poisoning, 161,
olmesartan medoxomil, 516, 531t, 533, 587t, 590 methadone, 400t, 404, 454
olodaterol, 189t, 794 morphine sulfate. See morphine sulfate 174, 1416t
olopatadine, 815, 814t, 817–818, 1402, 1402t oxycodone, 400t, 404–405, 412, 448, organ-specific toxicity, 60–62, 60t, 90
olsalazine, 1113, 1114t, 1116 Orgaran. See danaparoid
Olysia. See simeprevir 453–454 Orinase. See tolbutamide
omacetaxine, 1057t overdoses, 412–413 orlistat, 1168–1170
omalizumab, 802–803 tolerance to, 401, 412–413 Ornidyl. See eflornithine
omega-3 fatty acids, 92, 93t, 497t, 504, opioid antagonists, 398, 399f, 402–406 oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), 945, 946, 948t
drugs in class orphan diseases, defined, 16
606t, 1249t Orphan Drug Act of 1983, 16
omeprazole naloxone, 66, 350, 399, 412, 412t, 1416t orphenadrine, 363t, 365
naltrexone, 412t, 458, 1167t Ortho Micronor, 1295
adverse effects, 1091 indications, 411–412 Ortho Tri-Cyclen, 1291t
clinical applications, 1090–1091, 1096, 1125 mechanism of action, 399, 399f Orthoclone. See muromonab-CD3
in combination products, 406 opioid receptors, 399, 399f Ortho-Cyclen-28, 1291t
interactions with, 91t, 670t, 1091 opium, 235, 398 Ortho-Evra, 1295–1296
mechanism of action, 1091 opportunistic infections, in HIV/AIDS patients orthomyxoviruses, 977t
Nursing Responsibilities, 1092 fungal, 938 Ortho-Novum. See estradiol and norethindrone
over-the-counter availability of, 1088 M. avium complex, 916, 930 orthostatic hypotension
routes and dosages, 1089t pharmacotherapy, 1015, 1015t
Omnaris. See ciclesonide tuberculosis, 916, 919 in ACE inhibitors, 528
Omnicef. See cefdinir oprelvekin in carvedilol, 209–210
Omontys. See peginesatide adverse effects, 701 defined, 204
onabotulinumtoxinA, 366t, 368, 368t, 369f, 417 clinical applications, 700–701, 746, 1030, 1069
Oncaspar. See pegaspargase Lifespan and Diversity Considerations, 701
mechanism of action, 701
in doxazosin, 205–206 oxymetazoline, 194, 822, 822t, 1400t Index 1515
in opioids, 401 oxymetholone, 1309t, 1314
in organic nitrates, 609 oxymorphone, 400t Papanicolaou (Pap) smears, 1023
in tricyclic antidepressants, 267 oxytocics, 1273–1275. See also uterine Papaver somniferum, 398
oseltamivir, 983, 983t, 984, 985 papovaviruses, 977t
Oseni, 1215t, 1222 stimulants para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 839, 905, 905f,
osimertinib, 1064t oxytocin
Osmitrol. See mannitol 1383
Osmoglyn. See glycerin breast-feeding and, 105t, 1274f Paracetaldehyde. See paraldehyde
osmolality, 563, 1150, 1153 clinical applications, 1273, 1274 Paraflex. See chlorzoxazone
osmosis, 563 Nursing Practice Applications, 1276–1277t parafollicular cells, 1230
osmotic diuretics, 544f, 552–555 regulation of, 1180t Parafon Forte. See chlorzoxazone
glycerin, 553t, 554 release of, 1179, 1185 ParaGard, 1297
isosorbide, 1394t, 1398 routes and dosages, 1274t paraldehyde, 241
mannitol, 553t, 554, 1194, 1394t, 1398 Oxytrol. See oxybutynin chloride paramyxoviruses, 977t
urea, 553t, 555 paranoia, 283t
osmotic laxatives, 1106 P Paraplatin. See carboplatin
osmotic pressure, 552 parasympathetic nervous system, structure and
Osphema. See ospemiphene P waves, 644, 644f, 644t
osteoarthritis (OA) PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid), 839, 905, 905f, function of, 144–146, 145f
nonpharmacologic therapies, 1347, 1348t parasympathomimetics. See cholinergic
Nursing Practice Applications, 1353–154t 1383
pathophysiology, 1345–1347, 1346f pacemakers, 645–646 agonists
pharmacotherapy for, 1345–1346 Pacerone. See amiodarone parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1179, 1180t, 1330
osteomalacia, 1337 Pacific yew, 1056, 1057 Parcopa. See levodopa/carbidopa
osteoporosis packed red blood cells, 564t, 564 Paregoric. See camphorated opium tincture
Nursing Practice Applications, 1335–1336t paclitaxel, 1037, 1049, 1057t, 1059 parenteral iron salts, 706–707
pathophysiology, 1336–1337, 1337f Paget’s disease, 1337 parenteral nutrition
pharmacotherapy, 1336, 1341t PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), 64t
prevalence of, 1330t pain administration of, 1148, 1152, 1153f
proton pump inhibitors and, 1092t complications, 1154–1155, 1155t
risk factors for, 1249 classification and assessment of, components of, 1153–1154
osteosarcomas, 1024, 1345 393–394, 396t food and drug interactions with, 1155–1156
OTC products. See over-the-counter products home care for patients on, 1156t
Otezla. See apremilast gate control theory of, 395–396 indications for, 1152, 1152t
otic route of administration, 32. See also ears in low back, 394t Nursing Practice Applications, 1156–1158t
otitis interna, 1405 management of. See pain management parenteral route of administration, 32–33
otitis media, 1403, 1404t in multiple sclerosis, 324 paricalcitol, 1339t, 1339
ototoxicity, 61, 547–549 in pediatric patients, 396t parietal cells, 1076
Otrexup. See methotrexate phases of pain physiology, 394–396, 396f Parjeta. See pertuzumab
Otrivin. See xylometazoline pain management, 393–413 Parkinson’s disease (PD), 306–315
ovarian cycle, 1263, 1264f, 1272 goals of, 393 characteristics of, 306, 306t
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in multiple sclerosis, 324 etiologies of, 306–307
in myocardial infarction, 617 nonpharmacologic therapies for, 307, 308t
(OHS), 1281 myths regarding, 394 pathophysiology, 307
overactive bladder. See incontinence nonpharmacologic therapies for, 396 pharmacotherapy, 307–315
overseas pharmacies, 9 Nursing Practice Applications, 408–410t
over-the-counter (OTC) products. pharmacologic therapies, 396–413 amantadine, 313
anticholinergics, 307, 314–315, 314t
See also specific products adjuvant analgesics, 410–411, 411t antihistamines, 815
dietary supplements. See dietary for cancer pain, 398, 410 COMT inhibitors, 309t, 313
combination drugs, 397 dopamine agonists, 307, 309t, 311–313
supplements mechanism of action, 397, 397f levodopa replacement therapy, 308–311,
herbal supplements. See herbal supplements nonopioid analgesics, 406t, 406–408
prescription vs., 21 opioids. See opioid analgesics 309t, 310f,
regulation of, 16 patient-controlled analgesia, 398 loss of drug effect, 307
overweight concerns. See obesity selection of, 396–397 MAO-B inhibitors, 309t, 313–314
Ovide. See malathion in surgery, 441 muscarinic antagonists, 173, 175
Ovidrel. See chorionic gonadotropin-HCG palbociclib, 1064t prevalence of, 306t
ovulation, 1263 paliperidone, 287, 294t, 296 symptoms of, 307
ovulatory dysfunction, 1279 palliation, 1024 Parlodel. See bromocriptine
oxacillin, 664t, 850t, 856 pallidotomy, 308, 308t Parnate. See tranylcypromine
oxaliplatin, 1038t, 1041 palonosetron, 1121t, 1122, 1123 paromomycin
Oxandrin. See oxandrolone Pamelor. See nortriptyline adverse effects, 879, 962
oxandrolone, 1309t, 1312 pamidronate, 412, 1340, 1341t, 1342 clinical applications, 877, 879, 958, 959, 962, 964
oxaprozin, 731–732t Pamine. See methscopolamine routes and dosages, 877t, 960t
oxazepam, 236t, 238t, 239, 240, 411, 450 Panax quinquefolius. See ginseng paroxetine
oxazolidinones, 881. See also linezolid pancreas, 1079 for anxiety disorders, 244, 245
oxcarbazepine, 112t, 119t, 277, 335t, 340t, 347 pancreatic cancer, 1047, 1051, 1059, 1064t for depression, 263
oxicams, 733 pancreatic islet cells, 1179, 1215, 1218 drug interactions, 5t, 457t, 670t
oxiconazole, 944t pancreatitis, 1125–1126, 1125t indications for, 244t
Oxistat. See oxiconazole Pancreaze. See pancrelipase for irritable bowel syndrome, 1117
Oxtellar XR. See oxcarbazepine pancrelipase, 1126, 1151 for neuropathic pain, 411
oxybutynin chloride, 172t, 173, 175 pancuronium, 176t, 180, 181 routes and dosages, 260t
oxycodone, 400t, 404–405, 412, 448, 453 pancytopenia, 60 paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
OxyContin. See oxycodone panic attacks, 229–230
panic disorder, 239–240, 244 (PSVT), 645
panobinostat, 1064t partial agonists, 51, 51f
panitumumab, 1064t partial fatty-acid oxidation inhibitors, 606
pantoprazole, 1089t, 1092 partial parenteral nutrition, 1152
partial (focal) seizures, 335t, 335, 345
Parsabiv. See etelcalcetide
1516 Index cholesterol screening for, 499t history of, 850
commonly prescribed medications for, 111, interactions with, 66t, 670t
Paser. See aminosalicylic acid lactation risk categories, 106t
pasireotide, 1192 111t mechanism of action, 838, 849–850, 850f
passive immunity, 764, 776–779, 777f defined, 114 natural, 852–853
passive transport, 28, 28f diabetes mellitus in, 1211t
Patanase. See olopatadine dosage calculations for, 117–118 penicillin G, 112t, 853
Patanol. See olopatadine dwarfism in, 1186–1187 penicillin G benzathine, 850t, 853
patent medicines, 14–15, 14f dyslipidemia in, 493t penicillin G potassium, 850t, 853
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of Graves’ disease in, 1237 penicillin G procaine, 850t, 853
herpesviruses in, 979 penicillin V, 850t, 853
2010, 74 inhalant abuse and, 465t Nursing Practice Applications, 863–865t
pathogenicity, 835 iron poisoning in, 704t penicillinase-resistant (antistaphylococcal),
pathogens, 835 medication errors and, 75t, 117–118, 118t
Patient and Family Education metabolism in, 38 855–856
multiple sclerosis in, 325t dicloxacillin, 670t, 850t, 856
aminocaproic acid, 685 NSAIDs for, 406 nafcillin, 850t, 856
benzocaine, 1384 off-label prescribing for, 112t oxacillin, 664t, 850t, 856
clomiphene, 1282 oropharyngeal candidiasis in, 945t, 946 pregnancy category, 101, 101t
cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), 709 pain in, 396t resistance to, 839, 840, 850, 850f
dapsone, 930 pharmacokinetic variables in, 113–114 routes and dosages of, 850t
ferrous sulfate, 706 pharmacologic implications associated with penicillinase, 851
glucagon, 1206 penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), 849
lithium carbonate, 276 development, 114–116 penis, 1316, 1316f
mifepristone, 1303 routes of administration for, 30 Penlac. See ciclopirox nail lacquer
nonoxynol-9, 1298 schizophrenia in, 284t Pentacarinat. See pentamidine
octreotide, 1191 seizures in, 333–334, 336 Pentam. See pentamidine
oprelvekin, 701 suicide risk in, 258t pentamidine, 542t, 960t, 963
orlistat, 1170 testing and labeling of drugs for, pentazocine, 400t, 405–406
pancrelipase, 1126 pentobarbital, 246t
sildenafil, 1318 111–112, 112t Pentostam. See sodium stibogluconate
succinylcholine, 180 urinary tract infections in, 903 pentostatin, 1044t, 1047
sulfasalazine, 1116 vaccines for, 765 Pentothal. See thiopental sodium
Patient Education Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003 pentoxifylline, 675t, 679
complementary and alternative medicine, 92 Pepcid. See famotidine
food-drug interactions, 67t (PREA), 112 peppermint, 1119
medication errors, 78–79 pediculicides, 136–1369 pepsin, 1076
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
crotamiton, 1369–1370 etiology and pathogenesis of, 1084–1086
2010, 74 ivermectin, 1370 nonpharmacologic management of, 1088
Patient Safety lindane, 1370 Nursing Practice Applications, 1098–1099t
malathion, 1370 pharmacotherapy, 1088–1098
accidental poisonings at home, 1309t Nursing Practice Application, 1371t adverse effects, 1089
concentrated electrolyte solutions, 574t permethrin, 1369 antacids, 59, 200, 1094–1096, 1095t
EpiPen autoinjectors, 192t pyrethrin, 1370 goals of, 1088
eyedrops, reactions to, 1401t Pediculus humanus capitis, 1368 histamine (H2) receptor antagonists, 441,
incomplete medication orders, 1274t Pediculus humanus corporis, 1368
inhalers used by old people, 797t PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy) 1092–1094, 1093t
insulin dosages, 1213t for H.pylori infections, 1096–1097
interaction prevention, 5t tubes, 1149 macrolides, 874
iron poisoning in pediatric patients, 704t pegaspargase, , 1067t, 1068 mechanisms of action, 1088–1090, 1089f
levofloxacin, 893t Pegasys. See pegIFN alfa-2a miscellaneous agents, 1097-1098
medication errors, 118t, 180t, 398t pegfilgrastim, 694t, 698 proton pump inhibitors, 1088–1092, 1089t
misunderstood instruction, 628t pegIFN alfa-2a, 744t, 745, 987t, 991–992, tetracyclines, 890
patient history, 773t prevalence of, 1085t
photosensitivity and antibiotics, 872t 1063–1064 risk factors for, 1084–1086, 1248–1249
plasma drug concentrations, 1319t pegIFN alfa-2b, 744t, 745, 987t, 991–992, symptoms of, 1086
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 906t peptidoglycan, 838, 849
vaccination reaction, 979t 1063–1064 Pepto-Bismol. See bismuth subsalicylate
patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), 398 peginesatide, 695 Percocet, 397, 404
Pavabid. See papaverine-phentolamine Pegintron. See pegIFN alfa-2b Percodan, 397, 404
Pavulon. See pancuronium pegloticase, 1356t, 1358–1359 percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 616
Paxil/Paxil CR. See paroxetine pegvisomant, 1187t, 1192 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)
Paxipam. See halazepam pegylation, 743
pazopanib, 1064t pemetrexed, 1043, 1044t, 1047 tubes, 1149
PBPs (penicillin-binding proteins), 849 Pen Tsao (Great Herbal), 3 perennial allergic rhinitis, 812
PCA (patient-controlled analgesia), 398 penbutolol, 207t, 210 Perforomist. See formoterol
PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention), 616 penciclovir, 980t, 982 Periactin. See cycloheptadine
PCP (phencyclidine), 103t, 449, 461 Penetrex. See enoxacin perindopril, 528t, 530, 590
PCV (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine), 768 penicillin(s), 850–856 Periostat. See doxycycline
PD. See Parkinson’s disease peripheral nervous system (PNS), 143, 144f.
PDUFA (Prescription Drug User Fee Act of adverse effects, 60t, 844, 851
breast-feeding and, 105t See also autonomic nervous system;
1992), 16, 21 broad-spectrum (aminopenicillins), 854–855 somatic nervous system
Pediamycin. See erythromycin peripheral resistance, 483
pediatric patients, 110–120 amoxicillin, 118, 119t, 851t, 855, 1097, 1404 peripheral vascular disease (PVD), 679
ampicillin. See ampicillin peripheral vein parenteral nutrition
ADHD in, 377, 378t characteristics of, 852 (PPN), 1152
adherence issues in, 119 cross-sensitivity with cephalosporins,
adverse drug effects in, 113, 118–120, 119t
anxiety disorders in, 247t 852, 857
extended-spectrum (antipseudomonal), 855
piperacillin, 664t, 850t, 855
ticarcillin, 850t, 855, 1405
peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) antimicrobial drugs, 840f Index 1517
lines, 1029 antiparkinson drugs, 310f
antiprostatic drugs, 1320f giardiasis, 959t
peristalsis, 1075 antipsychotic drugs, 285f gingival hyperplasia, 517t
periwinkle, 1056, 1057, 1058 antispasmodics, 367 glaucoma, 1392t
permethrin, 1369 antiulcer drugs, 1089f Graves’ disease, 1237t
pernicious anemia, 707–708 anxiety disorders, brain regions responsible health insurance, cultural differences in, 135t
perphenazine, 289t, 291, 1121t heart failure, 623t
Persantine. See dipyridamole for, 231f hemophilia, 686t
pertussis (whooping cough), 766–768, 767t contraceptives, 1290f hepatitis B, 988t
pertussis immunization, 768 corticosteroids and adrenal atrophy, 1251f HIV/AIDS, 997t
pertuzumab, 1064t diuretics, 544f homeostasis, 477t
petit mal seizures. See absence seizures first-pass effect, 38f homocysteine, 708t
Pexeva. See paroxetine gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1087f human papillomavirus, 775t
peyote, 460, 460f heart failure drugs, 627f hypercholesterolemia, 502t
PFDA (Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906), 15 HIV/AIDS replication, 998f hypertension, 583t
pH, 575 immunosuppressants, 750f hypertensive crisis, 596t
phagocytes, 717 infertility agents, 1280t indoor tanning, 1136t, 1372t
pharmacodynamics, 45–53 inflammatory bowel disease, 1113f infectious diseases as cause of death, 835t
joint disorders, 1346f iron, 692t
agonists and antagonists, 51, 51f lipid-lowering drugs, 495f kidney transplants, 540t
defined, 46 muscle spasm, 362f leprosy, 928t
dose–response relationship, 48, 48f myasthenia gravis, 162t long QT syndrome (LQTS), 645t
drug interactions and, 64–66, 65f NSAID-induced ulcer formation, 728f low back pain, 394t
in geriatric patients, 127 synaptic transmission, 147f lymphangiogenesis, 715t
interpatient variability and, 46–47, 47f thrombolytic therapy, 615f magnesium, 574t
pharmacogenetics, 51–52, 137, 137f PharmFacts malaria, 954t
potency and efficacy, 48–50, 49f acetaminophen and liver failure, 1078t marijuana, 449t
receptor theory, 50–51, 51f Addison’s disease, 1250t medication errors, 71t, 75t
therapeutic index, 47, 47f ADHD, 377t medication overdoses, 1415t
pharmacogenetics, 51–52, 137, 137f adrenaline/epinephrine, 151t menopause, 1271t
pharmacokinetics, 26–43 adverse drug reactions, 57t, 59t migraine statistics, 413t
defined, 27 allergic rhinitis, 812t morning sickness, 1119t
drug interactions and, 62–64, 63f Alzheimer’s disease, 316t, 332t multiple sclerosis, 325t
in geriatric patients, 125–127 Amanita mushroom poisoning, 159t myasthenia gravis, 161t
in pediatric patients, 113–114 amebiasis, 958t myocardial infarction, 617t
pregnancy, alteration of responses during, anabolic steroids, 1314t neurons, 222t
anesthesia-related deaths, 424t nicotine, prevalence of use, 463t
98–100, 100f angina pectoris, 605t nicotine replacement therapy in
processes, 28–39 antibacterial additives, 852t
antibiotic resistance, 839t pregnancy, 105t
absorption, 29–33, 30f antidepressant use in pregnancy, 101t NSAIDs, 725t, 733t
active transport, 29 anxiety disorders, 229t, 230t nuclear accidents, 1415t
diffusion, 28–29, 29f arthritis, 1348t nurse anesthetists, 424t
distribution, 34–36, 35f asthma, 788t, 790t obesity, 1163t, 1165t
excretion, 38–40, 39f Beers criteria, 124t off-label prescribing in pediatrics, 112t
metabolism, 36–38, 37t, 38f blood donations, 565t onychomycosis, 945t
overview, 28, 28f blood vessels, 484t oral contraceptives, 1291t, 1297t
time-response relationships, 39–42, 41f bubonic plague, 874t orally disintegrating tablets, 31t
pharmacologic classification, 6, 6t caffeine intake during pregnancy, 387t organ transplants, 748t, 753t
pharmacology cancer, 1021t, 1023t, 1032t, 1037t, 1048t osteoporosis, 1330t
clinical nursing practice and, 9–10 cardiac output, 479t Parkinson’s disease, 306t
defined, 4 central-line associated bloodstream peptic ulcer disease, 1085t
history of, 3-4 pheochromocytomas, 186t
pharmacopeias, 17 infections, 861t pneumonia, 983t
pharmacotherapy, 9–10 cerebral palsy, 366t polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 64t
alternative therapies. See Complementary cholesterol screening for pediatric prescription use, 3t
pseudoephedrine, 823t
and Alternative Therapies patients, 499t pseudogout, 1357t
cultural and ethnic variables in, 134–135 colds, 824t in psoriasis, 1381t
defined, 4 conduction of nerve impulses, 222t salicylate poisoning, 728t
gender influences on, 137–138 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 880t schizophrenia, 282t, 284t
genetic influences on, 136–137, 136f, 137t cultural differences in obesity, 1165t seizures, 337t, 3342t
in geriatric patients. See geriatric patients Cushing’s syndrome, 1258t sleep and diabetes, relationship
in pediatric patients. See pediatric patients diabetes insipidus, 1194t
during pregnancy and lactation. See lactation; diabetes mellitus, 1202t between, 243t
drug approval process, 20t, 21t sleep disorders, 235t, 384t
pregnancy dysfunctional uterine bleeding, 1268t sleep-wake patterns, 232t
psychosocial influences on, 134 eczema, 11377t Staphylococcus aureus, 843t
rationale for, 4–5, 4f, 99 emergency room visits due to drugs, 22t stomach size, 1075t
Pharmacotherapy Illustrated energy drinks, 387t substance abuse, 450t, 453t
active and passive immunity, 777f epilepsy, 342t sudden cardiac arrest, 656t
alcohol metabolism, 456f fluoroquinolones, 902t suicide risk in pediatric patients, 258t
Alzheimer’s drugs, 318f gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1087t T cells, 720t
analgesics, 397f generic drug perceptions, 8t thyroid gland in pregnancy, 1232t
angina medications, 607f genital herpes, 979t tuberculosis, 916t, 917t
antiemetics, 1120f undernourished patients, assessment of, 1153t
antiepileptic drugs, 338f
antihypertensives, 586f
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(GNUR 294) 4 Adams, Michael Patrick_ Urban, Carol Quam - Pharmacology_ connections to nursing practice (2018_2019, Pearson) - libgen.li-1201-1565
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