Carboxylic acid Alcohol Ester Structural formula, Chemical equation & Name Ethanoic acid CH3COOH Propan-1-ol C3H7OH Propyl ethanoate CH3COOH + C3H7OH CH3COOC3H7 + H2O Methanoic acid Ethanol Propanoic acid Methanol Butanoic acid Ethanol Butanoic acid Propan-1-ol FORMATION OF ESTER 20
Conversion of carbon compound Homologous series General formula Functional group Ending of name Value of n Alkane CnH2n+2 - 1,2,3.. Alkene C=C Double bond 2,3,4.. Alkyne 2,3,4.. Alcohol 1,2,3.. Carboxylic acid -oic 1,2,3.. Ester CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 -COO Carboxylate group -oate n= 0,1,2,3.. m= 1,2,3... Alkane Alkene Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester Hydration H2O, 300o C, 60 atm Oxidation KMnO4/H+ Dehydration Unglazed porcelain chip Hydrogenation H2, Ni, 180o C Esterification Conc H2SO4 Cracking Al2O3, 500o C 21
Conversion of carbon compound Reaction Name of reaction Chemical equation I II III IV V Alkane Alkene ethene Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester II H2O, 300o C, 60 atm III Unglazed porcelain chip I H2, Ni, 180o C IV KMnO4/H+ V Conc H2SO4 22
Isomers - __________ with same ________________but different _________________. Draw out 3 isomers of each carbon compound below and name them. 1. C5H12 Isomer 1 Isomer 2 Isomer 3 Structural formula Naming 2. C4H8 Isomer 1 Isomer 2 Isomer 3 Structural formula Naming 3. C4H9OH Isomer 1 Isomer 2 Isomer 3 Structural formula Naming 23
THERMOCHEMISTRY Heat of reaction Definition Example Heat of precipitation Heat change when one mole of a _____________ is formed from its ions in aqueous solution. AgNO3 + KCl AgCl + KNO3 Ionic eq: Ag+ + Cl- AgCl Heat of displacement Heat change when one mole of a _______________from its salt solution by __________________ ____________________________. CuSO4 + Mg MgSO4 + Cu Ionic eq: Cu2+ + Mg Mg2+ + Cu Heat of neutralization Heat change when one mole of __________ is formed from the reaction between an acid and an alkali HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O Ionic eq: H+ + OH- H2O Heat of combustion Heat change when one mole of a _____________________________in oxygen under standard conditions. C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O Thermochemical eq: C + O2 CO2 24
Heat of precipitation Q : 50 cm3 0.5 moldm-3 Pb(NO3)2 at 29.5o C is added to 50 cm3 0.5 moldm-3 Na2SO4 solution at 28.5o C to produce a highest temperature of 32.0o C. Calculate heat of precipitation. 1. Equation: Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 PbSO4 + 2 NaNO3 2. No of mole of precipitate No of mole of Pb2+ ion = 1000 MV = 1000 (0.5)(50) = 0.025 mol 1 mole of Pb2+ react with 1 mole of SO4 2- to form 1 mole of PbSO4 0.025 mole of Pb2+ react with 0.025 mole of SO4 2- to form 0.025 mole of PbSO4 3. Heat change Average initial temperature = 2 (28.5)(29.5) ☺ = 29.0 o C Temperature change = (32.0-29.0)o C = 3.0o C Heat change = mcӨ = (50+50)(4.2)(3.0) = 1260 J 4. Heat of precipitation Heat of precipitate = n mc = 0.025 1260 = 50400 Jmol-1 = - 50.4 kJmol-1 Heat of displacement Q : Excess zinc powder reacts with 25 cm3 0.16 moldm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution to produce a rise in temperature of about 8o C. Calc heat of displacement of copper. 1. Equation: Zn + CuSO4 Cu + ZnSO4 2. No of mole of Cu displaced No of mole of CuSO4 = 1000 MV = 1000 (0.16)(25) = 0.004 mol 1 mole of CuSO4 produce 1 mole of Cu 0.004 mole of CuSO4 produce 0.004 mole of Cu No of mole of SO4 2- ion = 1000 MV = 1000 (0.5)(50) = 0.025 mol 3. Heat change Heat change = mcӨ = (25)(4.2)(8.0) = 840 J 4. Heat of displacement Heat of precipitate = n mc = 0.004 840 = 210000 Jmol-1 = -210 kJmol-1 = - kJmol-1 25
Heat of combustion Q : 1.3 g of methanol combusts and raise the temperature of 200 cm3 water from 29o C to 59o C. Calculate heat of combustion. [RAM of methanol, CH3OH = 32] 1. No of mole of methanol combust No of mole of methanol = RAM mass = 32 1.3 = 0.041 mol 2. Heat change Heat change = mcӨ = (200)(4.2)(30.0) = 25200 J 3. Heat of combustion Heat of precipitate = n mc = 25200 0.041 = 614600 Jmol-1 = - 614.6 kJmol-1 = - kJmol-1 26
THERMOCHEMISTRY Heat of precipitation Q : 50 cm3 0.5 moldm-3 Pb(NO3)2 at 29 o C is added to 50 cm3 0.5 moldm-3 NaCl solution at 28 o C to produce a highest temperature of 32.0o C. Eq: 1) No of mole of precipitate Ans: 0.0125 mol 2) Heat change Ans: 1470 J 3) Heat of precipitation Ans: -117.6 kJmol-1 4) If NaCl solution is replaced with KCl solution, predict the change in temperature. 5) Explain. 6) Energy level diagram Heat of displacement Q : Excess zinc powder is added to 50 cm3 0.2 moldm3 CuSO4 solution. Given ΔH = -210 kJmol-1 Eq: 1) No of mole of Cu2+ ion Ans: 0.01 mol 2) Heat change Ans: 2100 J 3) Change of temperature Ans: 10 o C 4) If Zn powder is replaced with Mg powder, predict the heat of displacement. 5) Explain. 6) Energy level diagram 27
Heat of neutralisation Q : 25 cm3 2.0 moldm-3 HCl is added to 25 cm3 2.0 moldm-3 NaOH solution. Temperature rise is 13.6 o C. Eq: 1) No of mole of water formed Ans: 0.05 mol 2) Heat change Ans: 0.05 mol 3) Heat of neutralisation Ans: - 57120 kJmol-1 4) If HCl is replaced with CH3COOH, predict the heat of neutralisation. 5) Explain. 6) If HCl is replaced with H2SO4 , predict the heat release in the experiment. 7) Explain. 8) Energy level diagram Heat of combustion Q: Given CH3OH + O2 CO2 + 2H2O ΔH = -728 kJmol-1 1) Find the mass of methanol needed to raise the temperature of 250 cm3 of water by 27.8 o C. no of mole of methanol: Ans: 0.04 mol Mass of methanol: Ans: 1.28 g 2) If methanol is replaced with ethanol, predict the heat of combustion. 3) Explain 4) Energy level diagram 28
SPM EDISI 2023/2024 KIMIA K e r t a s 1 ( 4 5 4 1 / 1 ) K e r t a s 2 ( 4 5 4 1 / 2 ) K e r t a s 3 ( 4 5 4 1 / 3 ) K e r t a s 1 ( 4 5 4 1 / 1 ) K e r t a s 2 ( 4 5 4 1 / 2 ) K e r t a s 3 ( 4 5 4 1 / 3 ) Kompilasi Soalan Amali Kimia Kertas 3 Format SPM Terkini KSSM Catalyst Chemistry MODUL Dwibahasa Dwibahasa 2 Set Kertas 1 & Kertas 2 Modul Back To Basic [ T4 & T5 ] Skema Pemarkahan Lengkap Disediakan PASUKAN PEMIKIR GURU KIMIA JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SABAH PASUKAN PEMIKIR GURU KIMIA JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SABAH DIGUBAL OLEH: EKSKLUSIF EKSKLUSIF