Physical Science

INDEX

frame of reference, 365, 365f lab on, 695 Saturn, 654, 654f, 666–667, 668, 668f INDEX
Franklin, Benjamin, 587 as power source, 350–351, 351f, 818 Uranus, 666, 666f, 667, 669, 669f
free fall, 407–408, 408f in stars, 342, 694, 694f, 698, 699, 714 gas grills, 198
in sun, 342, 450, 450f, 698 gas laws, 97–101, 97f, 99f, 100f
action-reaction forces in, 413, 413f gasoline. See also fossil fuels
constant acceleration, g, in, 403, 407 G burning of, 220–221, 221f
gravitational potential energy and, isooctane in, 220–222, 220f, 221f
galaxies, 702–707, 702f separation from crude oil, 265
445, 446 clusters of, 703, 703f, 719f Gateway Arch, 29
of orbiting object, 408, 410, 410f collisions of, 707, 716f Gay-Lussac’s law, 99, 99f
in projectile motion, 409, 409f contents of, 702 gemologist, career as, 689
free radicals, 235, 236 evolution of, 706–707 generators, 634, 634f, 636–637, 636f. See
freezing, 84f, 86 expansion of universe and, 710–711
lab on, 102–103 gravity and, 703, 705, 707, 716 also electrical energy
freezing points, 86, 87f. See also melting interstellar matter in, 704, 705 geocentric model, 672, 672f
Milky Way, 703, 704, 704f, 705, 705f geodynamo, 625
points number of, 702 geology, 8
of solution, 273 types of, 704–705, 705f, 718–719 geometrical optics, 560
frequency, 516, 516f geometry, 864, 864f
definition of, 516 Galileo, 667 geophysics, 8
Doppler effect and, 522–523, 522f Galle, Johann, 669 geothermal energy, 819, 819f
of electromagnetic waves, 521, 554, galvanometers, 630, 630f germanium, 146, 146f
gamma decay, 330, 338 glaciers, 760, 760f, 812, 812f
554f gamma rays, 328, 328f, 329 glass, 65
fundamental, 547 glass blowing, 65
of sound waves, 546, 546f in electromagnetic spectrum, 557f, global warming, 780, 780f, 795, 826
units of, 516 558 glycerol, 307
wave speed and, 518, 519 glycogen, 202
words indicating, 176 from nuclear fusion, 342 gradients, pressure, 785
friction, 382–385 penetration of matter by, 329, 329f, graduated cylinder, 877
on automobiles, 378–379, 382, 383– grams (g), 20f
348
385, 385f in radiotherapy, 346 converting to/from moles, 126, 126f
charging by, 589 gases. See also atmosphere; fluids granite, 748, 749, 749f, 752
efficiency of machine and, 459 changes of state, 84f, 85–86, 85f, 86f,
electrical resistance as, 596 Graphic Organizers
electromagnetic force as basis of, 380 87f cause-and-effect map, 292, 855
fire started with, 490, 490f in galaxies, 704 chain-of-events chart, 652, 854
helpful, 384–385, 385f heat conduction by, 484 concept map, 430, 728, 852
kinetic, 383 kinetic energy of particles in, 80, 80f flow chart, 472, 853
labs on, 384, 386–387 lab on, 99 instructions for, 852–857
mechanical energy lost to, 455, 459, laws of, 97-101, 97f, 99f, 100f spider map, 4, 144, 856
in mixtures, 50, 50f, 96, 264 Venn diagram, 806, 857
460 molecules of, 181
motion and, 382, 383, 384–385 noble gases, 161, 161f graphs, 23–24, 869–872. See also dis-
Newton’s first law and, 397, 398 pressure of, 97–99, 97f, 99f, 101
rolling, 383, 386–387 properties of, 97 tance vs. time graph; line graphs;
sliding, 383, 386–387 reaction rates of, 240
static, 383, 386–387 solubility in liquids, 279, 279f, slope
unwanted, 384, 384f bar graphs, 23, 23f, 455, 720, 871
Frisch, Otto, 337 282–283 line graphs, 23, 23f, 388, 869
fronts, 789–790, 789f, 790f of stars, 693, 694, 696 pie graphs, 24, 24f, 284, 872
tornadoes on, 791 as state of matter, 78, 78f, 79, 79f scatter plots, 870
frost wedging, 756 wave speed in, 521 of speed vs. time, 376–377, 377f
ftp (file transfer protocol), 168 gas giants, 666–669, 666f of transverse wave, 532
fulcrum, 439, 439f, 440, 443 Jupiter, 666, 666f, 667, 667f gravitational constant, 405, 406, 407
fullerenes, 163 Jupiter’s collision with comet, 675, gravitational potential energy, 445–
fundamental forces, 380–381, 380f
fundamental frequency, 547 675f 446, 445f, 453–454, 454f
funnel cloud, 791, 791f Neptune, 666, 666f, 669, 669f, 670 electrical potential energy and, 593,
fuses, 606–607, 606f satellites of, 656, 667, 668, 673
fusion, nuclear, 83, 342, 342f 593f, 595
hydroelectric power and, 458
lab on, 462–463

I n d e x 927

INDEX

INDEX gravity, 403–411. See also free fall; harmonic motion. See also vibrations Hubble, Edwin, 703f, 705, 710
weight damped, 509 Hubble Space Telescope, 703, 703f
simple, 508 human body
of black holes, 411
blood pressure and, 405 hearing, 508, 549, 549f chemical reactions in, 242–243
distance and, 405, 406, 406f, 407, 445 heat. See also temperature elements in, 46, 46f
Earth’s surface and, 403, 407, 409 minerals needed by, 306
as field force, 381 changes of state and, 487, 487f humidity, 782, 782f, 783
friction in opposition to, 385, 385f chemical reaction caused by, 222 relative, 782, 798
as fundamental force, 380, 380f, 381 conduction of, 480–481, 480f, 481f hurricane hunter, career as, 689
future of universe and, 715 conductors of, 154, 155f, 484–485, hurricanes, 12, 12f, 792, 792f
galaxies and, 703, 705, 707, 716 hydraulic devices, 92–93, 92f
living things and, 404, 404f 494–495 hydraulic system, of brakes, 383
mass and, 405–406, 406f, 407, 445, convection of, 480, 480f, 483 hydrocarbons, 198–201, 198f, 199f, 200f
definition of, 479 hydroelectric power, 458, 637, 820, 820f
446 dissolving process and, 272, 273f, 279 hydrogen
mass movement of landscape by, 761 from electric circuit, 605 abundance of, 164
on moon, 403, 403f, 404 as energy transfer, 88, 456, 479, 479f atomic structure of, 120, 121
projectile motion and, 408, 408f, 409, from engine, 492 isotopes of, 122–123, 122f
from friction, 382, 382f, 459 nuclear fusion of, 342, 342f
410f in homes, 488–489, 490, 491 properties of, 164
in solar system, 655, 655f, 673, 674f kinetic energy of particles and, 448, hydrogen bonds, 182, 182f, 269, 269f
stars and, 406, 694, 698, 699 hydrogen ions, 293
strength of, 381, 406 490 hydrolysis, 758
sun and, 405, 405f, 698, 698f lab on, 482 hydronium ions, 293, 294
tides and, 660, 660f methods of transfer of, 480–483, 480f, in neutralization reactions, 302–304,
universal law of, 10, 405–406, 405f,
481f, 482f 303f
406f, 407, 673 radiated, 482, 482f, 557 pH as measure of, 298, 298f, 299, 300
grease. See oil second law of thermodynamics and, hydrosphere, 663
greenhouse effect hydrothermal vents, 732, 732f
490 hydroxide ions, 295, 296, 297
on Earth, 451, 663, 779–780, 779f, specific heat, 485–486, 485f, 496, 881 in neutralization reactions, 302–304,
795, 826, 826f temperature and, 84, 487, 487f, 490
theories about, 9, 9f, 10 303f
lab on, 779 as waste energy, 491, 821–822, 822f, pH as measure of, 298, 298f
on Venus, 662 hydroxyl groups, 200
ground, electrical, 598 828 hypothesis, 15–16, 15f
ground fault circuit interrupter, 607 heat engines, 492–493, 492f, 493f compared with facts and theories,
ground state, 131 heating systems, 488, 491
groups (categories) height. See also distance; length 728
classification of, 4, 292, 504 forming, 34, 876
generalizations about, 144 gravitational potential energy and, model for testing of, 764
groups (periodic table), 150 445–446 observations and measurements
electron arrangements in, 151, 151f,
heliocentric model, 672 about, 464
152f plan for testing of, 876
ion formation and, 153 helium predictions based on, 136, 642, 876,
guitars, electric, 635 atoms of, 120, 120f
gyrocompass, 621 in sun, 132 879
stated in lab report, 879
H Herschel, William, 669 steps for testing of, 136
hertz (Hz), 516
Haber process, 246–247 Hertz, Heinrich, 516 I
Hahn, Otto, 337, 339, 340 Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 700
half-life, 333–336, 333f, 335f ice
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H-R in clouds, 783, 784, 791
calculations with, 334, 354 diagram), 700–701, 701f erosion by, 759, 760, 760f
halogens, 162, 162f models of, 11, 11f
hard magnetic materials, 620 heterogeneous mixtures, 49, 49f, 259– weathering of rocks by, 756
hard water, 309, 311 262, 259f

colloids, 261–262, 261f, 262f
suspensions, 260–261, 260f, 261f, 264
home heating and cooling, 488–489,

491
homogeneous mixtures, 49, 49f, 50,

263, 263f. See also solutions
hot spots, 746, 746f, 747
http (hypertext transfer protocol), 168

928 I n d e x

INDEX

ice ages, 812, 812f, 826 internal combustion engine, 492–493, of work, 432 INDEX
igneous rocks, 749, 749f, 752, 752f 492f, 493f Jupiter, 666, 666f, 667, 667f

images International System of Units (SI), 17, comet’s collision with, 675, 675f
lab on, 574–575 867
in mirrors, 562–563, 562f, 563f K
from refracted light, 567, 567f, 568, Internet
568f, 569 bias on, 834 Kelvin temperature scale, 476–477, 476f
reputable sources on, 316 Kepler, Johannes, 672
immiscible liquids, 49, 261, 261f, 262, search engines on, 610, 682, 873–874 keratin, 311
262f terminology about, 610 key-term fold (FoldNote), 76, 258, 396,
Web addresses on, 168, 316
incidence, angle of, 561, 561f 806
inclined planes, 438, 438f, 441–442, interstellar matter, 704, 705 instructions for, 848
intrusive igneous rock, 749, 749f kilocalories (kcal), 451
441f, 442f inverse relationship, 101 kilowatt-hours, 605
in building pyramids, 442 ionic bonds, 183, 184–185, 184f, 185f, 189 kilowatts (kW), 605
lab on, 441 ionic compounds, 183, 183f, 185, 185f kinetic energy, 447–448, 447f
independent variable, 23, 869, 877 definition of, 447
dissolving in water, 267–268, 268f in heat engine, 492
indicators formulas for, 192, 193 increased by work, 490, 490f
in litmus paper, 293, 293f, 295 naming, 191–192, 191f, 192f lab on, 462–463
in pH paper, 298f, 300 network structure of, 180, 181, 181f as mechanical energy, 449, 454, 455,
for titration, 304, 304f solubilities in water, 276–277, 277f
ionization, 153, 153f 455f
indigo, 48, 48f, 49 of acids, 293, 294, 294f temperature and, 80–81, 80f, 473–
induced current, 632–634, 632f, 634f. of bases, 297
by nuclear radiation, 328, 329, 332, 474, 476, 479
See also electromagnetic transformations of, 453, 454–455,
348
induction in plasmas, 79 454f
in generator, 636, 636f ionization chamber, 332 units of, 447
induced electric charge, 588, 588f, 590, ionosphere, 776–777, 776f, 777f kinetic friction, 383
ions. See also hydronium ions; hydrox- kinetic theory, 9f, 10, 77, 80
590f dissolving process and, 272
inert elements, 161 ide ions; salts reaction rates and, 240
inertia, 398 charge on, 153, 153f, 208 Kuiper Belt, 670, 676, 676f
definition of, 120 KWL notes, 584
air bags and, 399 in electrolytes, 294, 294f, 296, 297
infrared light (infrared radiation), 482, formation of, 153, 153f L
in living cells, 589
482f, 554, 554f, 556f, 557 names of, 191–192, 191f, 192f laboratory. See experiments
infrasound, 546 polyatomic, 189–190, 189f, 190f landslides, 761
inhibitors, 240 in space, 190 lava
ink, 264 island arcs, 736
inner planets. See terrestrial planets isolated systems, 457 human impact of, 747
insoluble substances, 276, 276f isotopes, 122–124, 124f. See also el- on ocean floor, 746
instantaneous speed, 369 venting of, 743, 743f, 744, 745
insulation, on electrical wire, 588, 588f, ements; radioisotopes law of action and reaction, 412, 412f
average atomic mass and, 124, 124f, momentum and, 417
598, 606 law of conservation of energy, 87, 88,
insulators (electricity), 154, 588, 588f 125
of hydrogen, 122–123, 122f 456–457, 490, 491
dry skin as, 589 labs on, 122, 134–135 law of conservation of mass, 87–88
induced charge on surface of, 590, symbols for, 124, 124f, 208 law of conservation of momentum,

590f J 416–417
resistance of, 598 lab on, 418–419
insulators (heat), 154 jack, car, 434, 434f, 437, 443 law of definite proportions, 114, 114f,
energy transfer and, 484–485, 484f joules (J)
lab on, 484 228
intake stroke, 492, 493, 493f of energy, 444
of kinetic energy, 447
intensity
of light, 555, 555f
of sound waves, 545, 545f

interference, 526–528, 526f, 527f, 528f
of light, 528, 528f, 552–553, 552f, 554
of sound, 527, 528, 528f
standing waves and, 529, 529f

I n d e x 929

INDEX

INDEX law of reflection, 561, 561f, 562 light bulbs, 596, 596f luciferase, 223
law of universal gravitation, 10, 405– in closed or open circuits, 600–601, lunar eclipse, 658, 658f
600f, 601f
406, 405f, 406f in schematic diagrams, 601, 601f, M
free fall and, 407 602f
Newton and, 405, 673 in series or parallel circuits, 603, machines, 434–443. See also inclined
laws, scientific, 9, 10, 10f, 76 603f planes; levers; mechanical
predictions based on, 642 advantage
layered book (FoldNote), 176 lighting designer, career as, 426
instructions for, 850 on bicycles, 435, 443, 443f
leaching, 758, 826 lightning compound, 443, 443f
Le Châtelier’s principle, 246, 247 electrical energy of, 450, 450f, 791 efficiency of, 459–461, 459f
Leibniz, Gottfried, 374 Franklin’s experiments on, 587 perpetual motion, 460, 460f, 461
length. See also distance; height magnetism and, 626 simple, 438–442, 438f, 439f
measurement of, 30 as plasma, 79, 82 magma
units of, 18–19, 18f, 19f, 20f, 21, 21f geothermal energy and, 819
lenses, 568–569, 568f, 569f light rays at plate boundaries, 734, 735, 736
lab on, 574–575 as model, 560 from volcano, 743, 744, 745, 749, 752
Leonardo da Vinci, 13 reflection of, 560–561, 561f, 562, 562f, magnetic domains, 621
levers, 438–440, 438f. See also pulleys 563 magnetic field lines, 622, 622f
brake pedal and, 383 refraction of, 566–567, 566f, 567f, 568, direction of force and, 633, 634, 634f
classes of, 439, 439f 568f electromagnetic induction and, 632
in compound machines, 443, 443f magnetic fields, 621–622, 622f. See also
wheel and axle as, 438, 438f, 440, 440f light-years (ly), 693, 709
like dissolves like, 270 Earth’s magnetic field
Library of Congress classification sys- from electric currents, 626–629, 626f,
tem, 875 limestone
chemical weathering of, 757, 757f, 627f, 630, 631f
library searches, 875 758 electromagnetic induction and,
life science, 7, 7f, 8 formation of, 158, 158f, 750, 750f
lifting. See machines lime made from, 245, 245f 632–634, 632f, 634f
light, 552–558. See also colors; electro- marble derived from, 751, 751f of electromagnetic waves, 452, 506,

magnetic waves; photons; line graphs, 23, 23f, 869. See also slope 511, 637, 637f
calculating slope of, 370 energy in, 450
photosynthesis; reflection; compared to scatter plots, 870 of hydroelectric generators, 458
of distance vs. time, 370, 388 lab on, 623
refraction interpreting, 101 of moving charges, 450, 626, 628
atomic absorption or emission of, making, 104 right-hand rule for, 627, 627f
of speed vs. time, 376 of solenoid, 627–628, 627f
131–132, 132f of sun, 624
brightness of, 555, 555f liquids. See also fluids; solutions magnetic force, 381, 620, 633–634
chemical energy converted to, 449, changes of state, 84–85, 84f, 86–87, magnetic poles, 619, 621
86f, 87f of Earth, 623–624, 623f
449f immiscible, 49, 261, 261f, 262, 262f field lines and, 622, 622f
diffraction of, 525, 552f kinetic energy of particles in, 80, 80f lab on, 621
dispersion of, 570–571, 570f, 571f miscible, 49, 264, 264f of solenoid, 627
Doppler effect with, 710, 710f mixed with gases, 50, 50f magnetite, 619, 637, 732
as electromagnetic wave, 506, 506f, as state of matter, 78, 78f magnets, 619–620, 619f, 620f
viscosity of, 94 electromagnets, 628, 640–641
637, 637f volume measurement of, 20f, 32, 877 labs on, 621, 628
energy of, 452, 452f, 482, 554, 554f wave speed in, 521 permanent, 620
interference of, 528, 528f, 552–553, superconducting, 599, 599f
lithium ions, 153, 153f magnification, 568
552f, 554 lithosphere, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736 main sequence stars, 700, 701, 701f
labs on, 564, 574–575 mantle, 729, 729f, 730, 730f, 732
from living organisms, 223 faults in, 737, 737f at convergent boundaries, 735, 736,
models of, 552–554, 553f, 560 litmus paper, 293, 293f, 295
plasma emission of, 82 lodestones, 619, 619f, 620, 622 745
polarized, 511 longitudinal waves, 511, 512, 512f. See mantle plumes, 746
scattered by colloid, 261, 261f
spectroscopes and, 17 also sound waves
speed of, 521, 555, 555f, 566, 570 from earthquake, 518, 739–741, 741f
from stars, 693, 694, 695, 696, 696f wavelength of, 515, 515f
visible spectrum of, 521, 521f, 556, loudness, 545, 545f
lubricants, 384
557f

930 I n d e x

INDEX

marble, 158, 751, 751f, 758 of volume, 32, 877 meteorology, 8. See also weather INDEX
maria, 657, 657f, 678 mechanical advantage, 434–437, 434f computer models in, 12, 12f
Mars, 664, 664f, 665, 666
of inclined plane, 441 meteors, 675
meteoroids from, 677 of pulleys, 440, 440f meter, electrical, 605, 605f
mass. See also atomic masses of third-class lever, 439f meters (m), 18, 20f, 867
mechanical energy. See also kinetic en- microprocessors, 165
acceleration and, 400–402, 400f, 402f microscopes, 569, 569f
calculating from chemical equations, ergy; potential energy microwaves, 556f, 557
changed to nonmechanical energy, mid-oceanic ridges, 734, 734f
228f, 229, 250
conservation of, 87–88, 220, 226 455, 455f, 456, 459 magnetic bands adjacent to, 732
converting moles to, 126, 126f conserved, 456 Milky Way, 703, 704, 704f, 705, 705f
curving of space by, 717, 717f definition of, 449 Millennium Bridge, 11
of dark matter, 716 graphing, 455 minerals, 748. See also rocks
density and, 54–55, 55f produced by engine, 492
energy equivalent to, 339–340, 450 mechanical processes, 490 animals’ need for, 306
future of universe and, 715 mechanical waves, 506, 506f chemical weathering of, 757–758,
gravitational force and, 405–406, vibrating medium of, 508
medical practitioner, career as, 214 757f
406f, 407 medium, wave, 506, 506f, 508, 511 in ores, 755, 758
gravitational potential energy and, speed and, 520–521, 520f, 526 minor planets. See asteroids
Meitner, Lise, 337 mirages, 567, 567f
445, 446 melting, 60, 60f, 84f, 85 mirrors, 560, 560f, 562–563, 562f, 563f
inertia associated with, 398 melting points, 52, 85, 86, 87f. See also lab on, 563
kinetic energy and, 447, 448 miscible liquids, 49, 264, 264f
kinetic theory and, 77 freezing points mixtures, 45, 48–50. See also heterog-
measurement of, 31, 878 structures of compounds and, 180,
molar, 125–127, 125f, 126f eneous mixtures; homogeneous
momentum and, 414, 415 180f, 181, 182f
reaction rates and, 240 Mendeleev, Dmitri, 145–147, 145f, 146f mixtures; solutions
of subatomic particles, 119, 119f meniscus, 32, 877 classification of, 49, 49f
units of, 18f, 20f, 21 Mercury, 662, 662f gases in, 50, 50f, 96, 264
of universe, 87 mercury, toxic compounds of, 147 labs on, 48, 63
weight and, 21, 403–404 mercury barometers, 784, 784f separation of, 63, 63f
mass defect, 340 mesosphere, 773f, 776
mass-energy equation, 339, 340 metabolism, 242–243 mnemonics
mass movement, 761 metal detectors, 629 for colors of spectrum, 542
mass number, 121–122, 121f metal hydroxides, 296, 297, 297f for order of planets, 652
in radioactive decay, 330, 331 metallic bonds, 188, 188f
in symbol of element, 124, 124f metallic properties, 150, 150f models, 11–12, 11f, 12f, 764
matches, 382, 382f, 449, 449f metalloids. See semiconductors molarity, 280
mathematics. See also equations; expo- metallurgist, career as, 688
metals, 154, 154f, 155f pH of solution and, 299
nents; fractions molar mass, 125–127, 125f, 126f
of laws and theories, 10 alloys of, 266, 266f molar ratio, 195–196
Math Skills, 862–868 amalgam of, 264 molecular compounds. See also cova-
word problems in, 430 as electrical conductors, 188, 188f,
matter. See also states of matter lent bonds
changes of, 59–64 597, 599 dissolving in water, 269, 269f
classification of, 45–50 families of, 156f, 157–160, 157f, 158f, structures and properties of, 181–
definition of, 45
kinetic theory of, 9f, 10, 77, 80 159f 182, 181f, 182f
properties of, 51–58, 66–67 as heat conductors, 154, 155f, 484, molecular formulas, 195, 195f
measurements, 21, 21f, 464, 877–878. molecules, 47, 47f. See also compounds;
494–495
See also units of measurement ions formed by, 184 polar molecules
labs on, 27, 30–33 labs on, 66–67, 160, 188 compounds composed of, 181–182,
of length, 30 in ores, 755, 758
of mass, 31, 878 single-displacement reactions of, 181f, 182f, 186
pitfalls of, 464, 877 models of, 11, 11f, 178, 178f
precision of, 26–28, 27f, 29, 868, 877 233–234, 233f, 234f motion of, 77, 448
of temperature, 30, 878 metamorphic rocks, 751, 751f, 752, 752f in space, 190
meteorites, 675, 676, 676f, 677, 677f mole ratios, 228–229, 250
meteoroids, 675, 677, 677f moles (mol), 125–127, 125f
meteorologists, 12, 789 converting to/from grams, 126, 126f
momentum, 414–417
calculating, 415
in collisions, 416–417, 417f

I n d e x 931

INDEX

INDEX momentum (continued) nebular model, 673, 674f nonnative species, 814, 814f
conservation of, 416–417 nebulas, 673 nonpolar compounds, 270, 270f
force causing change in, 415, 415f nonpolar covalent bonds, 186f, 187
lab on, 418–419 star formation in, 693f, 698f, 702 nonrenewable resources, 817
SI unit for, 414 as supernova remnants, 700, 700f normal, 561, 561f, 563
negative charge, 585, 586. See also elec- normal alkanes, 199, 199f
monomers, 201
moon, 657–660. See also satellites tric charge north pole
Neptune, 656, 666, 666f, 669, 669f, 670 of Earth’s magnetic field, 623, 623f,
astronauts on, 403, 403f, 404, 659 net force, 381–382 732
eclipses and, 658, 658f of magnet, 619, 622
formation of, 678, 678f Newton’s first law and, 397 of solenoid, 627
gravitational forces acting on, 405, Newton’s second law and, 400, 402
network structures, 180–181, 180f, 181f, Note Taking
405f comparison table, 76, 472, 843
gravity on surface of, 403, 403f, 404 185, 186 instructions for, 843–847
halo appearing around, 784 neutralization reactions, 302–304, 302f, outlining, 504, 844
meteoroids from, 677 pattern puzzles, 845
orbiting of, 410 303f summarizing, 258, 846
phases of, 657, 657f with antacids, 311 two-column notes, 44, 396, 847
planned trip to, 659 labs on, 312, 314–315
as satellite, 656 neutral solutions, 298, 298f NOT operator, 874
surface appearance, 657, 657f acid-base reactions and, 303, 304 nuclear bomb, 341
tides and, 660, 660f neutrons, 119, 119f, 120, 120f nuclear chain reaction, 337, 340–341,
Moseley, Henry, 147 calculating the number of, 124, 124f
motion. See also acceleration; direc- decay of, 329, 330 340f
of different isotopes, 122, 122f, 124, nuclear fission, 339–341, 339f, 340f, 450
tion of motion; distance; kinetic
energy; Newton’s first law; New- 124f chain reaction in, 337, 340–341, 340f
ton’s second law; Newton’s third emitted in radioactive decay, 328, electric power from, 341, 343, 349–
law; projectile motion; speed;
velocity 328f, 329 350, 349f, 818, 822
detecting, 365 mass number and, 121, 121f historical background of, 337, 337f
displacement in, 366, 366f, 370 from nuclear fission, 339, 340, 341 lab on, 341
energy associated with, 444, 444f, from nuclear fusion, 351 nuclear forces, 337–338, 338f, 380, 381
447–448, 447f nuclear stability and, 337–338, 338f nuclear fusion, 83, 342, 342f
frame of reference for, 365, 365f in Rutherford’s atomic model, 118 lab on, 695
friction and, 382, 383, 384–385 neutron stars, 700 as power source, 350–351, 351f, 818
momentum of, 414–417, 415f, 417f Newton, Isaac, 374, 397, 405, 673 in stars, 342, 694, 694f, 698, 699, 714
orbital, 408, 410, 410f newtons (N), 401, 403 in sun, 342, 450, 450f, 698
work associated with, 431, 432 Newton’s first law, 397–398, 397f, 398f nuclear medicine, 123, 346-347
motors, electric, 450, 630, 630f, 631, 631f lab on, 398 nuclear pile, 337, 337f
mountain-bike suspension, 510 Newton’s second law, 400–402 nuclear radiation, 327–329, 327f, 328f,
mountains. See also volcanoes calculating weight with, 403
climate and, 795, 795f with gravitational force, 407 329f. See also radioactive decay
colliding plates and, 736, 736f rearranging equation for, 420 beneficial uses of, 346–347, 346f
subduction zones and, 735, 735f Newton’s third law, 412–414, 412f discovery of, 332
mudflows, 761 conservation of momentum and, dosimeters for measurement of, 348,
mudstone, 750, 751, 751f
musical instruments, 547–548 416, 417 348f
with falling objects, 413, 413f everyday sources of, 344–345, 344f,
N labs on, 414, 418–419
with rockets, 416 345f
natural disasters, 793 nimbostratus clouds, 783f, 784, 790, ionization of matter by, 328, 329, 332,
natural frequencies, 548
natural resources. See also energy 790f 348
nitrogen cycle, 246 risks from, 348, 349, 350, 351
resources nitrogen oxides, 825f, 826, 827 units of human exposure to, 345, 345f
United States map of, 886 noble gases, 161, 161f unstable nuclei and, 338
nodes, 529, 529f nuclear waste, 350, 350f, 818, 822
nucleus, 119. See also isotopes
of guitar string, 547 changes in, from radioactive decay,
nonmechanical energy, 449, 455, 455f,
330–331, 330f
456, 456f energy decrease in, 330, 338
nonmetals, 154, 154f, 155f forces in, 337–338, 338f, 380, 381

families of, 156f, 161–163, 161f–163f

932 I n d e x

INDEX

magnetic field of, 628 outgassing, 777, 777f permanent magnets, 620 INDEX
mass defect of, 340 outlining (Note Taking), 504 perpetual motion machines, 460, 460f,
Rutherford’s discovery of, 118, 118f
size of, 118, 118f instructions for, 844 461
stability of, 337–338, 338f overloaded circuit, 606–607, 606f pesticides, 828
oxidation, 237 PET (positron emission tomography),
O oxidation-reduction reactions, 237. See
347
observations, 6, 14, 15–17, 15f also combustion reactions petroleum. See also fossil fuels
in experiments, 876, 877 in human body, 243
hypotheses and, 34, 464, 876 oxidized substance, 237 distillation of, 264, 265
lab on, 16 oxygen pH, 298–300, 298f
in atmosphere, 773, 775, 775f, 776,
obsidian, 749, 749f of acid rain, 301
ocean 777–778 antacids and, 311, 311f
in combustion reactions, 222, 232 measurement of, 298f, 300, 300f
breezes coming from, 486 in redox reactions, 237, 243 neutralization reactions and, 303–
currents in, 483, 654 oxygen–carbon dioxide cycle, 778, 778f
elements in, 162 ozone, 236, 775, 775f, 827 304
erosion by, 759, 759f ozone layer, 236, 558, 773f, 775, 778 of shampoo, 311
evaporation from, 781, 781f in titrations, 304, 304f
mountains near, 795, 795f P phases of moon, 657, 657f
surfing in, 517 pH meter, 300, 300f
waves in, 507, 507f, 517 Pangaea, 731, 731f phosphors, 116
ocean trenches, 735, 735f parallax, 877 photochemical smog, 827
Oersted, Hans Christian, 626 parallel circuits, 603, 603f photons, 131–132, 553
ohm, 596 parentheses, 864 energy of, 554, 554f
Ohm’s law, 596 parent isotope, 754 of fireworks, 133
oil. See also fossil fuels particle accelerators, 17 gamma rays as, 329
cleaning products for, 307–310, 307f, particle model, of light, 553–554, 553f intensity of light and, 555
particulates, 825, 825f
310f, 311 Pascal’s principle, 92–93 photosynthesis
crude oil, 265 path, of computer file, 168 carbon-14 dating and, 336
as fossil fuel, 816–817, 816f, 817f pattern puzzles instructions, 845 as endothermic reaction, 224, 224f
solubility in water, 276, 276f Pauling, Linus, 184 energy storage in, 449, 451, 815
Oort cloud, 676, 676f peer reviewed research, 16 evolution of, 663, 777
open circuits, 600, 601 pendulum, 457 in oxygen–carbon dioxide cycle, 778,
open systems, 457 penicillin, 6 778f
optics, geometrical, 560 Penzias, Arno, 712
orbital motion, 408, 410, 410f percentages, 798, 862 pH paper, 298f, 300
orbitals, 129, 129f, 130–131, 130f, 131f physical changes, 59–60, 59f, 60f. See
periodic table and, 152, 152f pie chart of, 872
orbits of planets, 655, 655f, 656 perfluorocarbons, 275 also changes of state
gas giants, 666f perfumer, 215 conservation of mass and energy in,
historical theories of, 672–673 period, of wave, 516, 516f, 518
as projectile motion, 410 periodic law, 147 87–88
terrestrial planets, 661, 661f periodic table, 46, 148–149f. See also in separating mixtures, 63, 63f
order of magnitude, 866 vs. chemical changes, 62
order of operations, 864, 864f elements physical properties, 51–55, 51f, 52f
ores, 755, 758 arrangement of elements in, 147 compared to chemical properties,
organic compounds, 197–201. See also atomic masses in, 124, 126
groups of, 150, 151, 152f, 153 58, 58f
biochemical compounds historical development of, 145–147, identifying substances by, 57
definition of, 197 lab on, 66–67
hydrocarbons, 198–201, 198f, 199f, 145f, 146f structures of compounds and, 180–
lab on, 166–167
200f main categories in, 154, 154f, 155f 182, 180f, 181f, 182f
sugarless sweeteners, 197, 197f periods of, 150, 150f, 152, 152f physical science, 7, 7f, 8
OR operator, 874 periods, of periodic table, 150, 150f, 152, physics, 8

152f careers using, 426–427
pickup, electric guitar, 635
pie graphs, 24, 24f, 284, 872
pigments, 264
pitch, 522, 523, 546, 546f, 547
pixels, 116
planes, inclined, 438, 438f, 441–442,

441f, 442f

I n d e x 933

INDEX

INDEX planes, inclined (continued) polyethene, 201, 201f, 230f, 231 of a gas, 97–99, 97f, 99f, 101
in building pyramids, 442 polymers, 201, 201f. See also proteins Pascal’s principle and, 92–93
lab on, 441 reaction rates and, 238, 240
carbohydrate, 202 solubility of gases and, 279, 279f
planets, 655–656, 656f, 661–670. See DNA as, 202, 204–205, 204f units of, 89, 784
also asteroids; Earth; gas giants; labs on, 201, 203, 206–207 pressure gradients, 785
synthesis of, 231, 235 primary colors, 565, 565f
orbits of planets; satellites; ter- p orbitals, 130, 130f, 131f principle of superposition, 753, 753f
position, energy of. See potential principles, scientific, 76
restrial planets prisms, 570, 570f
beyond gas giants, 670 energy lab on, 570
definition of, 653 positive charge, 585, 586. See also elec- products, 220
dwarf planet, 666, 670, 670f in chemical equations, 226
exploration of, 664f, 665, 666 tric charge mole ratios and, 228–229
formation of, 673, 674f positron emission tomography (PET), projectile motion, 408–410, 408f, 409f
free-fall acceleration on, 404 propane, 198, 199, 199f
gravitational forces acting on, 405, 347 properties of matter. See also chemical
positrons, 329
406 potential difference, 594–595, 594f. See properties; physical properties
lab on, 668 of groups in the periodic table, 150,
motion among constellations, 654, also voltage
potential energy, 445–446. See also 151, 153
654f proportional relationship, 101
names of, 652 gravitational potential energy proteins, 202, 203, 203f, 204
order of, 652 chemical energy as, 449, 449f, 451
of stars, 679, 702 elastic, 445, 455, 508, 508f, 509 colloids formed by, 262
properties of, 882 electrical, 593–595, 593f, 594f in human body, 243
plants. See also ecosystems; lab on, 462–463 protons, 119–120, 119f, 120f
of mass-spring system, 508, 508f, 509 from decay of neutron, 329, 330
photosynthesis as mechanical energy, 449, 454, 455 electric charge of, 586
algal blooms, 828, 828f nuclear, 450 nuclear stability and, 337–338, 338f
breaking of rocks by, 756 transformations of, 453, 454–455, number of, in an element, 120
gravitational force on, 404 in Rutherford’s atomic model, 118
transpiration from, 781f, 782 454f protostars, 698, 698f
plasmas, 79, 79f, 82–83 pounds (lb), 401 Ptolemy, 672
plate boundaries, 734–737, 734f, 735f, power, 433–434. See also electrical pulleys, 438, 438f, 440, 440f
efficiency of, 459, 459f
736f, 737f energy pulsars, 700
earthquakes and, 738–739, 738f calculation of, 434 pulse induction, 629
volcanoes at, 735, 735f, 736, 745, 745f definition of, 433 pupil, 569, 569f
plate tectonics, 731–737, 733f electric, 605–606 pure science, 8
labs on, 733, 736 electrical resistance and, 596 pure substances, 48, 49, 49f, 259
plum-pudding model, 115 lab on, 433 P waves, 518, 739–741, 741f
Pluto, 670, 670f light intensity and, 555 pyramid (FoldNote), 112
polar covalent bonds, 187, 187f powers, 863 instructions for, 850
in order of operations, 864 pyramids, Egyptian, 442
polarization rules for, 863f
of insulator, 590 of ten, 24–25, 866 Q
of transverse waves, 511 power stroke, 492, 493f
precipitation, 781f, 782. See also rain qualitative information, 464
polar molecules, 269 acid, 301, 751, 758, 758f, 826, 826f qualitative statements, 10
water as, 267–268, 267f, 268f, 269, 270 lab on, 784 quantitative information, 464
weather fronts and, 789 quantitative statements, 10
poles, magnetic, 619, 621 precision, 26–28, 27f, 29, 877 quartz, 180, 180f
of Earth, 623–624, 623f predictions, 136, 642, 772, 876, 879 quasars, 707
field lines and, 622, 622f prefixes questions, asking, 876
lab on, 621 of SI units, 18–19, 18f, 867
of solenoid, 627 of words, 218, 472, 542, 772, 858
pressure
pollution, 824–831. See also air barometric, 784–785, 784f, 785f
Bernoulli’s principle and, 94, 94f
pollution definition of, 89
causes of, 824–825 equilibrium and, 244, 245, 246f, 247
labs on, 827, 829 of a fluid, 89, 89f, 90
land, 829
reduction of, 830–831, 830f, 831f
water, 824f, 827–828, 827f, 828f, 829
polyatomic ions, 189–190, 189f, 190f

934 I n d e x

INDEX

R ramp, 436, 437, 437f, 441, 441f renewable resources, 818–820, 818f, INDEX
lab on, 462–463 819f, 820f. See also specific energy
radar, 556, 556f sources
radiation, electromagnetic, 451, 482, rarefactions, 512, 512f
rates. See also speed resistors, 596, 597, 602f
482f, 556–558. See also electro- power dissipated by, 605
magnetic waves of chemical reactions, 238–241, 238f,
radiation, nuclear, 327–329, 327f, 328f, 239f, 245, 248–249 resonance, 548
329f. See also radioactive decay respiration, cellular, 243, 815
beneficial uses of, 346–347, 346f of radioactive decay, 333–336, 333f, retina, 569, 569f
discovery of, 332 335f Richter scale, 742, 742f
dosimeters for measurement of, 348, rift valleys, 734, 734f, 745
348f ray diagrams right-hand rule, 627, 627f
everyday sources of, 344–345, 344f, of reflection, 560, 561, 561f, 562, 562f Ring of Fire, 745, 745f
345f of refraction, 566f, 567, 567f, 568f rock cycle, 752, 752f
ionization of matter by, 328, 329, 332, rockets, 416
348 reactants, 220 rocks, 748–754. See also erosion; min-
risks from, 348, 349, 350 in chemical equations, 226
units of human exposure to, 345, 345f mole ratios and, 228–229 erals; sedimentary rocks;
unstable nuclei and, 338 weathering
radiation sickness, 348 reaction forces, 412–413, 412f, 413f ages of, 333, 753–754, 753f, 754f
radicals, free, 235, 236 conservation of momentum and, 417 human uses of, 749, 755
radioactive decay, 327–336. See also ra- lab on, 414 igneous, 749, 749f, 752, 752f
diation, nuclear lab on, 753
calculations with, 334, 354 reaction rates, 238–241, 238f, 239f metamorphic, 751, 751f, 752, 752f
dating materials with, 333, 336, 336f, balanced at equilibrium, 245 in rock cycle, 752, 752f
754, 754f catalysts and, 240–241 rods, 569, 569f
definition of, 327, 327f labs on, 239, 248–249 Roentgen, Wilhelm, 6–7, 7f
discovery of, 332 rolling friction, 383, 386–387
in Earth’s interior, 333, 730 reactivity, 56, 56f roots
equations for, 330–331 lab on, 58 of a number, 863
labs on, 335, 352–353 single-displacement reactions and, of words, 144, 472, 504, 728, 772, 859
nuclear changes in, 330–331, 330f 233 rounding numbers, 27–28, 868
nuclear stability and, 338 rubbing alcohol, 264
rates of, 333–336, 333f, 335f Reading Toolbox, overview of, 842 Russell, Henry Norris, 700
word origins relating to, 326 real images, 563, 568, 569 rust, 56, 56f, 237
radioactive elements, 160, 160f rectangle, area of, 10, 18, 864f Rutherford, Ernest, 117–118, 117f, 118f,
radioactive tracers, 346, 346f, 347 recycling, 830, 831, 831f 328
radioisotopes, 123, 327, 330–331, 333– red giants, 699, 699f, 700, 701, 701f
336, 333f S
ages of rocks and, 333, 754, 754f at center of galaxy, 704
beneficial uses of, 346–347, 346f redox reactions, 235, 237. See also com- salts, 305–306
radiologist, 123 animals’ need for, 306, 306f
radio telescopes, 17, 695, 706, 707 bustion reactions in the body, 306
radiotherapy, 346 in human body, 243 common examples of, 305, 305f
radio waves, 506, 556, 556f red shift, 710, 710f formed in neutralization reactions,
reflected by ionosphere, 776, 776f reduced substance, 237 303, 303f
radon gas, 348 reference points, 365, 367 of halogens, 162
rain, 774, 781f, 782. See also reflection (light), 524, 524f, 560–561, in household products, 307, 309, 310,
precipitation 313, 313f
fronts and, 789, 790 561f. See also mirrors sources of, 305
of hurricane, 792 angle of, 561, 561f uses of, 305, 305f
lab on, 784 colors and, 564, 564f
topography and, 795 in rainbow formation, 571, 571f sandstone, 750, 752
rainbows, 571, 571f reflection (sound waves), 550, 551 satellites, 656, 675. See also moon
rain shadow, 795 refraction, 526, 526f, 566–567, 566f, 567f
dispersion in, 570–571, 570f, 571f formation of, 673
by lenses, 568–569, 569f of gas giants, 656, 667, 668, 673
refrigerators, 489 of Pluto, 670, 670f
natural substitute for, 823
relative humidity, 782
calculating with, 798
relative intensity, of sound, 545, 545f

relativity, theory of
gravity in, 717, 717f
mass-energy equivalence in, 339

rems, 345, 345f

I n d e x 935

INDEX

INDEX saturated air, 782 series circuits, 603, 603f solar system, 655–656, 655f, 656f. See
saturated solutions, 278–279, 278f, 279f, shale, 750, 751 also asteroids; comets; Earth;
shampoos, 311
280 shield volcanoes, 743, 744f moon; planets; satellites; sun
Saturn, 666–667, 668, 668f shock absorbers, 510 age of, 673
short circuit, 606, 607 definition of, 655
motion through Leo, 654, 654f SI (International System of Units), 17, early ideas about, 671–673, 672f
scatter plots, 870 formation of, 673, 674f, 675, 676
schematic diagrams, 601–602, 601f, 602f 867 Kuiper Belt in, 670, 676, 676f
SI units, 17–21, 19f, 18f, 20f, 867, 880 labs on, 668, 672
science significant figures, 26–28, 877 location of, in Milky Way, 704
bias in, 16 meteoroids and meteorites in, 675,
branches of, 4, 7–8, 7f rules for determining, 868
definition of, 7 silicon chips, 165. See also semiconduc- 676, 676f, 677, 677f
everyday words used in, 4, 292, 364, as part of universe, 709, 709f
430, 692, 860–861 tors solar wind, 82, 675
models in, 11–12, 11f, 12f, 764 simple harmonic motion, 508 solenoids, 627–628, 627f
skills in, 14–17, 14f, 22 simple lever, 438, 438f solids, 78, 78f
technology and, 8, 8f, 13, 17 simple machines, 438–442, 438f, 439f changes of state, 84–85, 84f, 85f,
tools in, 17, 20f, 21 sine curves, 514
86–87, 87f
scientific laws, 9, 10, 10f, 76 lab on, 530–531 dissolved in solids, 266, 266f
scientific methods, 15, 15f, 876–879. See sine waves, 514, 514f kinetic energy of particles in, 80, 80f
single-displacement reactions, 233– wave speed in, 521
also data; experiments; hypoth-
234, 233f, 234f solubility
esis; observations skid marks, 378–379 definition of, 276
scientific notation, 24–25, 866 sky maps, 883 of gases, 279, 279f, 282–283
scientific theories, 9, 9f, 10 slate, 751, 751f insoluble substances, 276, 276f
sliding friction, 383, 386–387 lab on, 282–283
compared with facts and hypoth- of solids in water, 276–277, 277f, 279
eses, 728 slope temperature and, 279, 282–283
calculation of, 370, 370f
predictions based on, 642, 772 of distance vs. time graph, 367f, 371, solutes. See also dissolving; solubility
scintigrams, 123 371f, 388 concentration of, 277, 280
scissors, 443 of speed vs. time graph, 376, 377 definition of, 263
screws, 438, 438f, 442, 442f, 443 states of, 264
search engines, 610, 682, 873–874 smog, 236, 827. See also air pollution
seasons, 794, 794f, 811, 811f smoke detectors, 160, 346, 346f solutions, 263–264, 263f, 264f. See also
snow, 774, 782. See also precipitation
lab on, 812 dissolving; neutral solutions;
seat belts, 398 acidic, 826
sea water. See ocean fronts and, 789, 790 solubility
second law of thermodynamics, 490, soaps, 307–309, 307f, 311 boiling points of, 273
soap scum, 309, 311 concentration of, 277, 280
491 sodium chloride, 181, 181f, 184–185, freezing points of, 273
seconds (s), 20f saturated, 278–279, 278f, 279f
184f of solids in solids, 266, 266f
sediment dissolving in water, 268, 268f solvents. See also dissolving; solubility
deposition of, 759, 759f solution of, 263, 263f, 273 definition of, 263
erosion of, 759, 760 sodium-potassium pumps, 268 heating of, 272
formation of, 750 soft magnetic materials, 620 nonpolar, 270, 270f
solar eclipse, 658, 658f, 717 states of, 264
sedimentary rocks, 750, 750f solar electric car, 461, 461f water as, 267–270, 268f, 269f
chemical changes in, 757, 757f solar energy. See also photosynthesis sonar, 551
principle of superposition and, 753, electricity from, 818, 818f sonograms, 550
753f at equator and poles, 794, 794f s orbitals, 130, 130f, 131f
in rock cycle, 752, 752f for living things, 449, 451, 491 sound waves, 543–551
radiated back into space, 457 creation of, 508, 543, 543f
seismic waves, 506, 515, 518, 739–741, as source of hydroelectric power, 820 dead spots in halls, 527
740f, 741f as source of winds, 483, 819 diffraction of, 525
trapped in fossil fuels, 816, 817 Doppler effect with, 522–523, 522f
lab on, 739 solar heating systems, 488 energy of, 543, 545
seismographs, 740–741, 740f energy transfer by, 456, 459, 507
seismology, 740
semiconductors, 154, 154f, 155f, 164,

164f
electrical properties of, 155f, 598,

598f
microprocessors made of, 165

936 I n d e x

INDEX

hearing and, 508, 549, 549f spider map (Graphic Organizer), 4, 144 strong nuclear force, 338, 338f, 380, 381 INDEX
intensity of, 545, 545f instructions for, 856 structural formulas, 178
interference of, 527, 528, 528f
labs on, 544, 547, 548, 551 spin, electron, 628 condensed, 199, 199f
as longitudinal waves, 512, 515 spring, 508–509, 508f, 509f structure, chemical, 178–179, 178f. See
medium of, 506
of musical instruments, 547–548 longitudinal waves in, 512, 512f also chemical bonds
pitch of, 522, 523, 546, 546f, 547 spring scale, 414 properties and, 180–182, 180f, 181f,
properties of, 543–546 square root, 863
reflection of, 550, 551 stable nuclei, 337–338, 338f 182f
of sonar systems, 551 standing waves, 529, 529f subatomic particles, 119–120, 119f, 120f
speed of, 520, 520f, 544, 544f subduction, 735–736, 735f, 745
ultrasound, 546, 550, 551 of musical instruments, 547, 547f sublimation, 84f, 85, 85f
wavelength of, 515 stars, 693–701. See also black holes; gal- submarines, 95
substances, pure, 48, 49, 49f, 259
south pole axies; sun; telescopes substrate, 241, 241f
of Earth’s magnetic field, 623, 623f, ancient observations of, 654 subtractive primary colors, 565, 565f
732 brightness of, 695, 700–701, 701f succession, 811
of magnet, 619, 621, 622 colors of, 695, 696, 696f suffixes, 44, 176, 472, 618, 859
of solenoid, 627 constellations of, 654, 654f, 697 sulfur dioxide, 825f, 826
distances from Earth, 693 summarizing (Note Taking), 258
space, words and phrases for, 364, 692 elements formed in, 350, 714
space-filling model, 178, 178f formation of, 693, 693f, 704, 707, 713 instructions for, 846
gravity and, 406, 694, 698, 699 sun, 653–654, 654f. See also solar en-
space shuttle life cycles of, 698–699f, 698–701, 701f
apparent weightlessness in, 408, nuclear fusion in, 342, 694, 694f, 698, ergy; solar system; ultraviolet
408f
orbital motion of, 408, 410f 699, 714 light
number of, in universe, 125 curving of space by, 717, 717f
spatial language, 692 planets of, 679, 702 daily cycles on Earth and, 654, 654f
speakers, 635 sky maps of, 883 electromagnetic waves from, 452,
specific heat, 485–486, 485f spectral analysis of light from, 132,
452f, 477, 482
calculation of, 496 696, 696f gravity and, 405, 405f, 698, 698f, 717
of various materials, 881 structures of, 693, 694 halo appearing around, 784
spectator ions, 302, 303 telescope studies of, 695 harmful radiation from, 663
spectral analysis, 132 states of matter, 52, 78–79, 78f, 79f. See helium in, 132
red shift in, 710, 710f hydrogen in, 123
of starlight, 132, 696, 696f also changes of state; specific lab on, 680–681
spectroscopes, 17 life cycle of, 698–700, 701
states of matter magnetic field of, 624
spectrum kinetic energy in, 80, 80f nuclear fusion in, 342, 450, 450f, 698
electromagnetic, 521, 521f, 556–558, kinetic theory and, 77 ozone layer and, 236, 558, 775, 778
556–557f, 880 wave speed in, 521 plasma of, 82
of visible light, 521, 521f, 556, 557f, static electricity, 589 power output of, 680–681
570 static friction, 383, 386–387 size of, 653, 653f, 680–681
stationary front, 790 spectral analysis of, 132
speed. See also rates; velocity Statue of Liberty, 237 as a star, 653, 693
average, 368, 368f steam, 80f, 84, 87f temperature of, 477
calculation of, 368 step-down transformer, 638, 638f, 639, tides and, 660
change in, 372, 372f superclusters, galactic, 703
constant, 368, 371 639f superconductors, 599, 599f
definition of, 367 step-up transformer, 638, 638f, 639 supernova, 699–700, 699f, 700f, 714, 716
of everyday objects, 366–367f Stonehenge, 671, 671f superposition, principle of, 753, 753f
instantaneous, 369 Strassman, Fritz, 337, 339, 340 supersaturated solution, 279, 279f
kinetic energy and, 447–448, 447f stratosphere, 773f, 775, 775f. See also
lab on, 368 surface area
of light, 521, 555, 555f, 566, 570 ozone layer calculation of, 864
SI unit for, 368 stratus clouds, 783, 783f reaction rates and, 238, 239
as slope of graph, 367f, 371, 371f, 388 strong acids, 294, 294f, 295, 295f
of sound waves, 520, 520f, 544, 544f surface waves, 513, 513f
of waves, 518–521, 518f neutralization reactions of, 302–304, from earthquake, 740, 740f, 741
303f
speed vs. time graph, 376–377, 377f surfing, 517
pH of, 298f, 299
strong bases, 296, 297, 297f suspensions
as mixtures, 260–261, 260f, 261f, 264
neutralization reactions of, 302–304,
303f

I n d e x 937

INDEX

INDEX S waves, 518, 739–741, 741f solubility and, 279, 282–283 transition metals, 159–160, 159f, 160f
sweating, 85 in space, 477 cations of, 192–193, 192f
swim bladders, 91 specific heat and, 485–486, 485f
switches, 601, 601f, 602, 602f stars’ life cycle and, 700, 701f transpiration, 781f, 782
thermometers and, 474, 474f, 475, transponders, 556
circuit breaker as, 607 transverse waves, 511, 511f, 512. See
in series circuit, 603 878
symbols, 208 thermostats and, 475, 475f also electromagnetic waves
synthesis reactions, 231 temperature inversions, 774, 774f amplitude of, 514, 514f
in human body, 243 temperature scales, 475–477, 476f from earthquake, 739–741, 741f
systems temporal language, 806 electromagnetic, 511, 637, 637f
closed, 457 terminals, of battery, 594–595, 594f graphs of, 532
open, 457 terminal velocity, 407, 407f lab on, 530–531
terrestrial planets, 661–667. See also light as, 553
T wavelength of, 515, 515f
Earth tri-fold (FoldNote), 364, 584, 692
table fold (FoldNote), 218 formation of, 673 instructions for, 851
instructions for, 850 geologic features of, 661 triple-beam balance, 878
Mars, 664, 664f, 665, 666, 677 triple bonds, 187, 187f, 198
tangent, to magnetic field lines, 622 Mercury, 662, 662f tropical depressions, 792
tannic acid, 264 orbits of, 661, 661f tropopause, 774, 775
technetium-99m, 123 Venus, 662, 662f troposphere, 773f, 774
technology, 8, 8f, 13, 17 theories, scientific, 9, 9f, 10 water cycle in, 781, 781f
tectonic plates. See plate boundaries; compared with facts and hypoth- troughs, 512, 512f, 513
amplitude and, 514, 514f
plate tectonics eses, 728 wavelength and, 515, 515f
telescopes, 17, 17f, 695 predictions based on, 642, 772 tsunamis, 507, 507f
thermal conduction, 480–481, 480f, 481f turns, of transformer, 638, 638f
Hubble Space Telescope, 703, 703f thermal energy, 81 two-column notes (Note Taking), 44,
new technology for, 715, 715f, 716, from sun, 451
396
716f thermodynamics instructions for, 847
radio telescopes, 17, 695, 706, 707 first law of, 456, 490 two-panel flip chart (FoldNote)
televisions, 116 second law of, 490, 491 instructions for, 851
temperature, 80–81, 473–479. See also Tyndall effect, 261, 261f
thermometers, 474, 474f, 475, 878 typhoons, 792
heat thermosphere, 773f, 776
buoyancy of air and, 796–797 thermostats, 475, 475f U
in changes of state, 87, 87f, 487, 487f Thomson, J. J., 115, 117
climate and, 794 three-panel flip chart (FoldNote), 772 ultrasound, 546, 550, 551
energy transfer and, 478–479, 479f ultraviolet light, 554, 554f, 557f, 558,
equilibrium and, 246f, 247 instructions for, 851
evaporation and, 782–783, 783f thunder, 791 558f
everyday decisions based on, 473, thunderstorms, 790, 795 atmosphere and, 663, 775, 778
tides, 660, 660f unified atomic mass units (u), 124
473f time. See also distance vs. time graph uniform circular motion, 373, 373f
expansion caused by, 474–475, 475f units of measurement, 17–21, 18f, 20f,
gas pressure and, 99, 99f in calculating speed, 368, 369
gas volume and, 99, 100–101, 100f change in momentum during, 415, 867, 880. See also measurements
heat and, 84, 487, 487f, 490 conversions within SI, 19, 19f, 68
kinetic energy and, 80–81, 80f, 473– 415f for microscopic quantities, 21, 21f
period of wave, 516, 516f, 518 universal gravitation equation, 10, 405,
474, 476, 479 speed vs. time graphs, 376–377, 377f
labs on, 81, 474, 478 units of, 18f, 20f, 21 407
light spectrum and, 696, 696f words and phrases for, 364, 806 universe, 708–717
measurement of, 30, 878 work done in, 433, 434
motion of particles and, 9, 77, 80, 81 titrations, 304, 304f age of, 712
reaction rates and, 238–239, 239f, Tokamak Fusion Reactor, 83 beginning of, 710–713, 713f
topography, 795, 795f contents of, 708–709
248–249 tornadoes, 790, 791, 791f, 795 definition of, 708
second law of thermodynamics and, trace gases, 773 empty space in, 710
transceivers, 559
490 transformers, 638–639, 638f, 639f
sensation of, 81, 474, 478, 479f transform fault boundaries, 737, 737f

938 I n d e x

INDEX

expansion of, 710–713, 711f, 715, 715f climate change and, 795 molecules of, 47, 47f, 114, 114f, 178, INDEX
future of, 715–716, 715f of early Earth, 777, 777f 178f
lab on, 711 at hot spots, 746, 746f, 747
mass of, 87 human impact of, 747, 824 pH of, 298, 298f, 299
number of stars in, 125 islands associated with, 736, 746 as polar molecule, 267–268, 267f,
seen as in the past, 709 at plate boundaries, 735, 735f, 736,
sizes and distances in, 708, 708f–709f, 268f, 270
745, 745f as pure substance, 48, 49, 49f
709 rock formation after eruption of, 749, solubility of gases in, 279, 279f,
visible to unaided eye, 709
unsaturated solution, 278, 278f, 280 752 282–283
uranium, 121, 124 solidified core of, 748, 748f solubility of solids in, 276–277, 277f,
Uranus, 666, 666f, 667, 669, 669f types of, 743–744, 744f
underwater, 744, 745, 746 279
V vents of, 743, 743f as solvent, 267–270, 268f, 269f
volcanologist, career as, 427 states of, 52
valence electrons, 130, 183, 186 voltage, 594–595, 594f as steam, 80f, 84, 87f
periodic table and, 151–152, 151f, of household outlet, 596, 600, 600f weathering of rocks and, 756, 756f,
152f, 156, 156f measurement of, 630
in parallel circuits, 603 757–758, 757f, 758f
variables power and, 605, 606 water cycle, 781–784, 781f
in algebraic equations, 865 resistance and, 596–597, 599 water pollution, 824f, 827–828, 827f,
dependent, 23, 869, 877 in series circuits, 603
in experiments, 15, 16, 877 transformers and, 638–639, 638f, 639f 828f
independent, 23, 869, 877 voltmeters, 630 lab on, 829
proportional, 101 volts (V), 594 water waves, 505–506, 505f, 506f, 507,
volume
velocity, 367. See also acceleration; calculation of, 21, 30 507f
speed density and, 54–55, 55f as surface waves, 513, 513f
of gas, 97–98, 97f, 99, 100–101, 100f watts (W), 433, 605
calculation of, 369 of geometric shapes, 864, 864f wave fronts, 507
change in, 372–375 measurement of, 32, 877 wavelength, 514, 515, 515f
definition of, 367 states of matter and, 78–79 speed and, 518–519, 570
momentum and, 414, 415, 416 units of, 20f, 21 wave medium, 506, 506f, 508, 511
Newton’s first law and, 397, 398 speed and, 520–521, 520f, 526
resultant, 367 W wave model, of light, 553, 553f, 554
terminal, 407, 407f waves, 505–532. See also electromag-
Venn diagram (Graphic Organizer), 806 wafers, silicon, 165
instructions for, 857 warm fronts, 789, 789f, 790, 790f netic waves; frequency; inter-
vents water. See also ice
hydrothermal, 732, 732f ference; longitudinal waves;
of volcanoes, 743, 743f, 744 in atmosphere, 774, 781–784, 781f,
Venus, 662, 662f 783f mechanical waves; reflection;
vibrations, 508–509, 508f, 511
amplitude of, 514 changes of state, 84–87, 84f, 87f, 487, refraction; sound waves; trans-
forced, 548 487f
frequency of, 516 verse waves; wavelength
period of, 516, 516f cleaning products used with, 307– amplitude of, 514, 514f, 515
sound waves created by, 508, 543, 310, 307f, 310f definition of, 505
diffraction of, 525, 525f, 552f
543f electrolysis of, 229, 229f, 231 Doppler effect with, 522–523, 522f,
video game programmer, career as, 427 erosion by, 759–760, 759f, 760f, 761,
virtual images 710, 710f
761f electron as, 129
in reflection, 562, 562f, 563 formation from elements, 177, 177f energy carried by, 505, 507, 509, 511,
in refraction, 567, 567f, 568, 568f, 569 hard, 309, 311
viscosity, 94 hydrogen bonds of, 182, 182f, 269, 515
visible light, 521, 521f, 556, 557f. See also labs on, 509, 511, 520, 530–531
269f ocean, 507, 507f, 517
light labs on, 55, 102–103 period of, 516, 516f, 518
volcanoes, 743–746 in mixtures, 49, 49f, 50 sine waves, 514, 514f
molar mass of, 127 speed of, 518–521, 518f
standing, 529, 529f, 547, 547f
surface, 513, 513f, 740, 740f, 741
vibrations and, 508–509, 509f, 511,

514, 516
weak acids, 294, 294f, 295, 295f

reaction with strong base, 303, 304

I n d e x 939

INDEX

weak bases, 297, 297f families of, 584
reaction with strong acid, 303, 304 frequency indicators, 176
mnemonics, 542, 652
weak nuclear force, 380 for nuclear radiation, 326
weather, 789–792. See also clouds; light- prefixes of, 218, 472, 542, 772, 858
roots of, 144, 472, 504, 728, 772, 859
ning; precipitation; wind scientific meanings of, 4, 292, 364,
barometric pressure and, 784
climate and, 794 430, 692, 860–861
computer models of, 12, 12f for space and time, 364, 692, 806
fronts and, 789–790, 789f, 790f, 791 spatial, 692
global warming and, 826 suffixes of, 44, 176, 472, 618, 859
hurricanes, 12, 12f, 792, 792f temporal, 806
international symbols for, 882 work, 431–432, 431f. See also machines
lab on, 791 calculation of, 432
maps of, 886 electrical, 605
meteorology and, 8 by electric motor, 450, 630
tornadoes, 790, 791, 791f, 795 energy and, 444–445, 444f, 450, 451
troposphere and, 774 energy conservation and, 456
weathering, 756–758 kinetic energy and, 447, 448, 490
chemical, 750, 757–758, 757f, 758f mechanical energy and, 449
erosion and, 759, 760, 761 power and, 433–434
physical, 750, 756, 756f, 759, 760 units of, 432
in rock cycle, 752, 752f useful, 459, 460
wedges, 438, 438f, 442, 442f, 443 by waves, 507
Wegener, Alfred, 731 World Wide Web
weight, 404–405 addresses on, 168, 316
balanced by air resistance, 407 bias on, 834
calculation of, 403 reputable sources on, 316
compared with density, 55 search engines on, 610, 682, 873–874
compared with mass, 21, 403–404 terminology about, 610
on different planets, 404
gravitational potential energy and, X

445 X rays, 7, 7f, 557f, 558
law of universal gravitation and, 407 medical or dental, 345, 345f
on moon, 404 orbiting observatory for, 716, 716f
unit of, 403
weightlessness, apparent, 408, 408f Y
wheel and axle, 438, 438f, 440, 440f
white dwarfs, 699, 699f, 700, 701, 701f Young, Thomas, 552–553
Wilson, Robert, 712
INDEX windsmith, career as, 427
wind, 483, 785–787, 786f, 787f
erosion by, 760, 760f
fronts and, 789, 790
human uses of, 788, 819, 819f, 822
of hurricane, 792, 792f
lab on, 832–833
surfing and, 517
symbols for speed of, 789, 790
of tornado, 791, 791f, 795
troposphere and, 774
wind velocity, surfing and, 517
word parts, 858–859
word problems, 430

words
in examples, 44, 258

940 I n d e x

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941

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Newspapers/Carl J. Single/The Image Works; 233 (bl) Inc.; 305 (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 306 (tl) Inc.; 381 (bl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 381 (br) Scott
Sergio Purtell/Foca/HRW; 234 (br) Sergio Purtell/Foca/ Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 306 (tr) David Whitten/ B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 382 (bl) Al Francekevich/CORBIS;
HRW; 234 (tl) Sergio Purtell/Foca/HRW; 235 (tr) Scott B. PictureQuest; 307 (br) Bob Thomason/Getty Images/ 384 (tl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 384 (bl) Mike
Rosen/HRW Photo; 236 (bkgd) Lester Lefkowitz/CORBIS; Stone; 308 (bkgd) Aaron Haupt/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Powell/Getty Images; 387 (b) Scott B. Rosen/HRW
236 (bl) NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center; 236 (bc) 309 (bl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 310 (tl) © Jake Photo; 389 (tl) Josef Fankhauser/Getty Images; 389 (cl)
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center; 238 (bl) StockTrek/ Wyman/Getty Images; 311 (tl) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 311 Duomo/CORBIS; 389 (bl) Mike Powell/Getty Images
Getty Images; 239 (tr) Sergio Purtell/Foca/HRW; 239 (cr) (tc) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 312 (tr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW
Sergio Purtell/Foca/HRW; 239 (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 312 (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 313 (tr) Chapter Twelve 394-395 (bkgd) Duomo/CORBIS;
Photo; 240 (bl) Dorling Kindersley Limited courtesy of Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 313 (cr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW 394 (tl) Dennis O’Clair/Getty Images; 394 (cl) NASA; 394
Science Museum, London/Corbis; 242-243 (bkgd) © Photo; 313 (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 315 (br) (bl) Brian Bailey/CORBIS; 395 (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW
Simon Fraser/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 242 (bc) HRW Owned; 317 (tl) Oliver Strewe/Getty Images; Photo; 397 (br) Dennis O’Clair/Getty Images; 398 (tl)
Virgo/zefa/Corbis; 243 (tl) David Stoecklein/CORBIS; 243 317 (cl) CNR/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 317 (bl) Jake Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 398 (bl) Phillip Kaake/
(c) Microworks/Phototake; 244 (bl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Wyman/Getty Images; 322 (tr) The Granger Collection, CORBIS; 399 (bkgd) Rick Fischer/Masterfile; 400 (bl)
Photo; 244 (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 245 (br) New York; 322 (tc) Bettmann/CORBIS; 322 (tl) The Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 400 (br) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 402
SuperStock; 246 (br) Visuals Unlimited/Tom J. Ulrich; 247 Granger Collection, New York; 322 (cr) Mike Agliolo/ (tl) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 402 (tr) Sam Dudgeon/HRW;
(tr) Photo ITAR-TASS/Vladimir Malygin; 249 (br) Scott B. Photo Researchers, Inc.; 322 (c) Oxford Science Archive/ 403 (br) NASA; 404 (br) Gavriel Jecan/Getty; 404 (bc)
Rosen/HRW Photo; 251 (t) Charles D. Winters; 251 (tl) Heritage-Images/The Image Works; 322 (cl) Alfred Jeremy Woodhouse/Getty Images; 404 (t) Royalty-Free/
Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 251 (cl) Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 251 Pasieka/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 322 (bl) Getty Images; Corbis; 404 (tl) CORBIS; 404 (cl) Royalty Free/Corbis;
(bl) Photo ITAR-TASS/Vladimir Malygin 322 (br) Courtesy of DuPont; 322 (bc) Columbus 404 (bl) JPL/NASA; 407 (br) Toby Rankin/Masterfile; 408
Dispatch, Craig Holman/Associated Press, AP; 323 (tl) (tl) NASA; 408 (bl) Michelle Bridwell/Frontera Fotos; 408
Chapter Eight 256-257 (bkgd) Lester Lefkowitz/ Albert Riethausen/Associated Press, AP; 323 (tc) Ron (b) Image Copyright © PhotoDisc, Inc./HRW; 409 (bl)
CORBIS; 256 (tl) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 256 (cl) Sanford/CORBIS; 323 (tr) Underwood & Underwood/ Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs; 411 (bkgd)
PunchStock; 256 (bl) Charlie Winters/Photo Researchers CORBIS; 323 (c) © NREL/US Department of Energy/ NASA; 411 (tr) NASA; 411 (cr) NASA; 412 (t) David
Inc.; 257 (cr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 259 (cr) Peter SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 323 (cl) © Dr. Tim Evans/ Madison; 412 (bl) Tim Platt/Getty Images; 413 (cr) Tim
Van Steen/HRW; 259 (br) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 260 (tl) SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 323 (cr) Scott Olson/Getty Platt/Getty Images; 414 (tl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo;
Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 260 (tr) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 260 Images/NewsCom; 323 (bl) © David Parker/SPL/Photo 415 (tr) Brian Bailey/CORBIS; 416 (bl) Digital Vision/Getty
(tl) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 260 (tr) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; Researchers, Inc.; 323 (bc) Stone/Getty Images Images; 417 (t) INSADCO Photography/Alamy; 419 (b)
261 (b) HRW Owned; 262 (inset) Bruce Iverson; 262 Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 421 (tl) Dennis O’Clair/Getty
(br) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 262 (tl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Chapter Ten 324-325 (bkgd) Roger Ressmeyer/ Images; 421 (cl) NASA; 421 (bl) Brian Bailey/CORBIS;
Photo; 263 (bl) Sergio Purtell/Foca/HRW; 263 (cr) Sergio CORBIS; 324 (tl) Giani Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 324 (cl) Jason 422 (bl) Stefan Puetz/zefa/Corbis; 426-427 (bkgd)
Purtell/Foca/HRW; 263 (br) Sergio Purtell/Foca/HRW; Hawkes/CORBIS; 324 (bl) US Department of Energy/ Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 426 (tr) David Zalubowski/
264 (tl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 265 (bkgd) © Photo Researchers, Inc.; 325 (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Associated Press, AP; 426 (cl) Ronnie Kaufman/CORBIS;
PunchStock; 266 (t) Tim Pannell/Corbis; 267 (br) © Photo; 332 (bkgd) Bettmann/CORBIS; 332 (cl) Jean-loup 426 (br) Lester Lefkowitz/CORBIS; 427 (tr) Reuters/
PunchStock; 269 (tl) Richard Megna/Fundamental Charmet/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 332 (bl) DK Limited/ CORBIS; 427 (cl) Ed Young/CORBIS; 427 (bc) Ric
Photographs, New York; 270 (t) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; CORBIS; 335 (tr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 336 (t) Francis/Associated Press, AP
270 (b) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 271 (br) Scott B. Giani Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 337 (br) Bettmann/CORBIS;
Rosen/HRW Photo; 272 (bl) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 341 (tl) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 343 (bkgd) Jason Chapter Thirteen 428-429 (bkgd) Darren Higgins
272 (br) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 273 (tl) HRW Owned; Hawkes/CORBIS; 344 (br) SuperStock; 345 (t) Keith Photography; 428 (t) Shawn Frederick/Getty Images;
273 (tc) HRW Owned; 273 (tr) HRW Owned; 274-275 Brofsky; 346 (tl) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 346 (bl) Larry 428 (tl) SuperStock; 428 (bl) Alec Ptylowany/Masterfile;
(bkgd) © Scimat/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 274 (bl) Lefever/Grant Heilman Photography, Inc.; 347 (bkgd) 428 (b) Altera Stefano/NASC/GAMMA; 429 (tr) Scott B.
Lester Lefkowitz/CORBIS; 275 (cr) Black Star; 276 (br) Lester Lefkowitz/CORBIS; 347 (bl) Roger Ressmeyer/ Rosen/HRW Photo; 431 (br) Mike Powell/Getty Images;
Charlie D. Winters/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 278 (bl) CORBIS; 348 (bl) © Martyn F. Chillmaid/SPL/Photo 433 (tl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 434 (bl) Shawn

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Frederick/Getty Images; 435 (bkgd) Reuters/Stefano Peter Van Steen/HRW; 522 (br) Peter Van Steen/HRW; Chapter Seventeen 582-583 (bkgd) © Arthur S.
Rellandini; 435 (tl) Philip Gatward (c) Dorling Kindersley; 523 (tl) © Jim Reed/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 523 Aubry/Getty Images; 582 (tl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo;
435 (tc) photolibrary pty. ltd./NewsCom; 435 (tr) Image (tr) Jim Reed/CORBIS; 524 (bl) Erich Schrempp/Photo 582 (cl) Joseph Brignolo/Getty Images; 582 (bl) Brand X
Farm Inc./Alamy; 437 (tl) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 437 Researchers, Inc.; 525 (tl) Richard Megna/Fundamental Pictures/Alamy; 583 (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 585
(tr) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 438 (tl) Robert Wolf/HRW Photographs; 525 (tr) FP/Fundamental Photographers; (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 586 (tl) Scott B. Rosen/
Photo; 438 (tc) Visuals Unlimited/A. J. Copley; 438 (bc) 526 (tl) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 526 (br) E. R. Degginger/ HRW Photo; 586 (cl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 587
SuperStock; 438 (br) Dr. E. R. Degginger/Color-Pic, Inc.; Color-Pic, Inc.; 528 (tl) Michael Freeman/Bruce Coleman, (bkgd) Douglas E. Walker/Masterfile; 587 (tr) National
438 (tr) Peter Van Steen/HRW Photo; 438 (bl) Scott B. Inc.; 529 (tr) Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs; Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY;
Rosen/HRW Photo; 439 (tr) Michelle Bridwell/HRW; 439 529 (tr) Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs; 531 587 (cl) Bettman/CORBIS; 588 (cl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW
(tc) John P. Kelly/Getty Images/The Image Bank; 439 (r) (b) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 533 (tl) Travelshots/ Photo; 590 (bl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 590 (tl) Scott
Purestock; 440 (bl) Peter Van Steen/HRW Photo; 441 (tr) Alamy; 533 (cl) Jim Sugar/CORBIS; 533 (bl) Michael B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 594 (bl) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 595
Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 441 (bl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Freeman/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 538-539 (bkgd) Aaron (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 598 (bl) Royalty-Free/
Photo; 442 (tr) SuperStock; 442 (br) Dr. E. R. Degginger/ Horowitz/CORBIS; 538 (tr) The Granger Collection, New CORBIS; 599 (tr) Joseph Brignolo/Getty Images; 600 (bl)
Color Pic, Inc.; 443 (tc) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 443 (tl) York; 538 (cr) The Granger Collection, New York; 538 (c) © Brand X Pictures/Alamy; 601 (bl) Sam Dudgeon/HRW;
Peter Van Steen/HRW; 443 (tr) Peter Van Steen/HRW; The Granger Collection, New York; 538 (cl) The Granger 601 (tr) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 602 (tl) Sergio Purtell/
444 (bl) Pulse Productions/SuperStock/PictureQuest; 445 Collection, New York; 538 (bl) © Tony Craddock/SPL/ Foca/HRW; 602 (c) Sergio Purtell/Foca/HRW; 602 (cl)
(tr) Richard Bannister; 447 (b) Alec Pytlowany/Masterfile; Photo Researchers, Inc.; 538 (bc) Sheila Terry/Rutherford Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 602 (bl) Sergio Purtell/Foca/HRW;
449 (r) Royalty-Free/Corbis; 449 (br) © Darwin Dale/ Appleton Laboratory/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 538 (br) 602 (bc) Sergio Purtell/Foca/HRW; 603 (tc) Sergio
SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 450 (tl) NASA/Phototake; Getty Images; 539 (tl) Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 539 Purtell/Foca/HRW; 603 (cr) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 603
450 (br) Steve Bloom Images; 451 (bkgd) David (tc) Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 539 (cl) The Granger (br) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 604 (bkgd) CORBIS; 604 (c)
Trood/Getty Images; 451 (cl) Dennis MacDonald/Alamy; Collection, New York; 539 (cr) The Granger Collection, SSPL/The Image Works; 604 (cl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW
452 (t) Garry Black/Masterfile; 453 (br) Six Flags/Splash New York; 539 (br) FPG/Hulton Archive/Getty Images; Photo; 604 (tr) Courtesy of Computer History Museum;
News; 454 (t) Coaster Gallery/JAR Productions; 455 (tr) 539 (c) J. R. Eyerman/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 605 (br) Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 606 (bl) Paul Silverman/
SuperStock; 456 (tl) P. Freytag/zefa/Corbis; 457 (br) Scott 539 (bl) Digital Vision/Getty Images Royalty Free; 539 Fundamental Photographs; 607 (tr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW
B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 458 (bkgd) Patrick Eden/Alamy; (bc) Toyota/Getty Images Photo; 609 (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 611 (tl) Scott
459 (tr) Jouanneau Thomas/CORBIS SYGMA; 460 (tl) B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 611 (cl) Joseph Brignolo/Getty
Hank Morgan/Rainbow Inc.; 461 (c) Altera Stefano/ Chapter Sixteen 540-541 (bkgd) Jose Fuste Images; 611 (bl) © Brand X Pictures/Alamy
NASC/GAMMA; 463 (l) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 465 (t) Raga/CORBIS; 540 (t) © Andrew Lambert Photography/
Shawn Frederick/Getty Images; 465 (tl) SuperStock; 465 SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 540 (tl) Royalty-Free/ Chapter Eighteen 616-617 (bkgd) Mike Macri/
(c) Alec Pytlowany/Masterfile; 465 (b) Altera Stefano/ CORBIS; 540 (cl) Swerve/Alamy; 540 (bl) © Jeremy Masterfile; 616 (tl) © G. Glatsmaaier, Los Alamos
NASC/GAMMA; 466 (cl) Peter Van Steen/HRW; 467 (c) Woodhouse/PunchStock; 541 (cr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW National Laboratory/P. Roberts, UCLA/SPL/Photo
Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 467 (c) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 543 (bc) A. Ramey/PhotoEdit; 544 (tl) Scott B. Researchers, Inc.; 616 (cl) Dynamic Graphics Group/
Photo; 467 (c) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo Rosen/HRW Photo; 545 (cl) Outdoor Perspectives/Alamy; Creatas/Alamy; 616 (bl) Tara Moore/Getty Images; 617
545 (bl) Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 545 (c) Getty (tr) Victoria Smith/HRW; 619 (br) Breck P. Kent/Animals
Chapter Fourteen 470-471 (bkgd) Edward Images Royalty Free; 545 (br) Comstock Royalty Free; Animals/Earth Scenes; 620 (bl) Peter Van Steen/HRW;
Kinsman/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 470 (tl) Phanie/Photo 545 (cr) Mint Photography/Alamy; 546 (cl) Royalty- 621 (tr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 622 (tl) © Cordelia
Researchers, Inc.; 470 (cl) Steve Mason/Photodisc Green/ Free/CORBIS; 546 (c) HRW Owned; 546 (bl) PhotoDisc, Molloy/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 623 (bl) Scott B.
Getty Images; 470 (bl) NativeStock; 471 (r) Thinkstock Inc.; 546 (br) Doug Perrine; 547 (bl) Redferns Music Rosen/HRW Photo; 624 (tl) Tim Davis/CORBIS; 625
Images; 473 (bl) Steve Bloom Images/Alamy; 473 (bc) Picture Library/Alamy; 547 (br) © Andrew Lambert (bkgd) Michael Carlowicz, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 473 (br) Phanie/Photo Photography/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 548 (cl) Institute; 625 (t) © G. Glatsmaaier, Los Alamos National
Researchers, Inc.; 474 (tl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 550 (br) Taxi/Getty Images; Laboratory/P. Roberts, UCLA/SPL/Photo Researchers,
474 (bl) HRW Owned; 475 (tr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW 550 (b) Blend Images/Alamy; 555 (bl) Gukenter Inc.; 625 (cr) © G. Glatzmaier, Los Alamos National
Photo; 479 (tr) Burke/Triolo Productions; 479 (cr) Rossenbach/zefa/CORBIS; 556 (br) E. R. Degginger/ Laboratory/P. Roberts, UCLA/SPL/Photo Researchers,
Deborah Ory Photography/Stockfood America; 480 Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 556 (bl) Telegraph Colour Inc.; 626 (bl) Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs,
(b) © Steve Mason/Photodisc Green/gettyimages; 482 Library/Getty Images/Taxi; 556 (bc) Don Couch/HRW New York; 627 (tr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 628 (tl)
(tr) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 482 (bl) Ted Kinsman/Photo Photo; 557 (bc) Ron Chapple/Getty Images/Taxi; 557 (bl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 629 (bkgd) © PunchStock;
Researchers, Inc.; 483 (bkgd) Masumi Nakada/zefa/ ©Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 557 (br) Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 629 (cr) © Dynamic Graphics Group/Creatas/Alamy;
Corbis; 484 (bl) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 484 (tl) © Brian 558 (tl) Sheila Terry/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 559 (tr) 630 (tl) Take 2 Productions/Ken Kaminesky/CORBIS; 633
& Cherry Alexander/Alamy; 485 (tr) Charles D. Winters; Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 559 (bl) Andersen Ross/Getty (cr) Mike Fager/HRW; 635 (bkgd) © Tara Moore/Getty
488-489 (bkgd) Robert Perron; 490 (bl) NativeStock; 491 Images; 560 (bl) Claude Gazuit/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Images; 639 (tr) Peter Casolino/Alamy; 641 (br) Sam
(tr) Guy Grenier/Masterfile; 491 (cr) Lorcan/DigitalVision/ 561 (bl) Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs, Dudgeon/HRW Photo; 643 (tl) © G. Glatsmaaier, Los
gettyimages; 495 (b) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 497 (tl) New York; 562 (b) John Langford/HRW; 563 (tl) Scott Alamos National Laboratory/P. Roberts, UCLA/SPL/Photo
Phanie/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 497 (cl) Steve Mason/ B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 563 (br) Swerve/Alamy; 564 (bl) Researchers, Inc.; 643 (cl) Dynamic Graphics Group/
Photodisc Green/Getty Images; 497 (bl) NativeStock Peter Van Steen/HRW; 564 (br) Peter Van Steen/HRW; Creatas/Alamy; 643 (bl) Tara Moore/Getty Images
566 (bl) Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs; 567
Chapter Fifteen 502-503 (bkgd) Courtesy of (bl) © Jeremy Woodhouse/PunchStock; 568 (tl) Richard Earth and Space Science Unit Opener
Patricia Levi; 502 (tl) Travelshots/Alamy; 502 (cl) Megna/Fundamental Photographs; 568 (tr) Richard 649 (cl) © Royal Observatory, Edinburgh/AAO/SPL/
Jim Sugar/CORBIS; 502 (bl) Michael Freeman/Bruce Megna/Fundamental Photographs; 568 (bl) Peter Van Photo Researchers, Inc.; (tr) George Steinmetz/Corbis;
Coleman, Inc.; 503 (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; Steen/HRW; 570 (br) © Science Photo Library/Photo (br) Dan Rees/Nature Picture Library
506 (br) Travelshots/Alamy; 506 (bl) SuperStock; 507 Researchers, Inc.; 571 (t) Graham French/Masterfile; 572-
(tl) Art Resource, NY; 509 (bl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW 573 (bkgd) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 572 (c) Scott B. Chapter Nineteen 650-651 (bkgd) NASA/JPL/
Photo; 510 (bkgd) Davo Blair/Alamy; 515 (br) Jim Rosen/HRW Photo; 572 (tr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; Cornell; 650 (cl) NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute; 651
Sugar/CORBIS; 517 (bkgd) Buzz Pictures/Alamy; 517 (tl) 572 (l) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 573 (t) Scott B. (b) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 651 (br) © Dr. Fred
Buzz Pictures/Alamy; 517 (cl) Buzz Pictures/Alamy; 517 Rosen/HRW Photo; 573 (b) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; Espenak/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 654 (tl) Budd
(bl) Buzz Pictures/Alamy; 517 (b) Buzz Pictures/Alamy; 577 (t) © Andrew Lambert Photography/SPL/Photo Titlow/Visuals Unlimited; 654 (cl) Science VU/Visuals
518 (tr) ©Joe Devenney/Getty Images/The Image Bank; Researchers, Inc.; 577 (tl) Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 577 Unlimited; 657 (tr) USGS/NASA; 657 (b) John Sanford/
520 (tl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 520 (br) Brian J. (cl) Swerve/Alamy; 577 (bl) © Jeremy Woodhouse/ Photo Researchers, Inc.; 658 (tl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW
Skerry/National Geographic Image Collection; 522 (bl) PunchStock Photo; 659 (r) NASA/John Frassanito and Associates; 659

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(bkgd) NASA/John Frassanito and Associates; 659 (b) and The Hubble Heritage Team; 721 (cl) NASA Gemini Louisiana Photos; 797 (r) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo;
© US Geological Survey/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Observatory, GMOS team; 721 (bl) NASA/WMAP Science 799 (tl) Jon Arnold Images/Alamy; 799 (cl) TZ Aviation/
660 (tl) Peter Gregg/Color-Pic, Inc.; 660 (tr) Peter Gregg/ Team Airliners.net; 799 (bl) Warren Faidley/Weatherstock
Color-Pic, Inc.; 662 (bl) © NASA/SPL/Photo Researchers,
Inc.; 662 (tl) © NASA/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 663 Chapter Twenty One 726-727 (bkgd) Dan Chapter Twenty Three 804-805 (bkgd) George
(br) NASA; 664 (tl) Handout/Reuters/CORBIS; 664 (bl) Rees/Nature Picture Library; 726 (t) Chris Howes/Wild Steinmetz/Corbis; 804 (tl) M. Osf Gibbs/Animals
© NASA/ESA/STScI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 665 Places Photography/Alamy; 726 (tl) Douglas Peebles Animals/Earth Scenes; 804 (cl) Stefan Schott/Panoramic
(bkgd) Illustration by Bob Sauls/JF&A, Inc.; 665 (tl) © Photography/Alamy; 726 (cl) Gary Crabbe/Alamy; 726 Images, Ltd.; 804 (bl) Patti Murray/Animals animals Earth
Ria Novosti/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 665 (bl) NASA/ (bl) Kristen Brochmann/Fundamental Photographs; 727 Scenes; 805 (br) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 809 (tr)
JPL; 665 (b) © David Ducros/SPL/Photo Researchers, (tr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 731 (br) Chris Howes/ M. Osf Gibbs/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 809 (bl)
Inc.; 666 (tl) NASA/JPL; 667 (tr) © NASA/SPL/Photo Wild Places Photography/Alamy; 732 (tl) Ralph White/ Visuals Unlimited/Tom J. Ulrich; 810 (cl) Craig Fugii/1988
Researchers, Inc.; 668 (br) NASA/JPL/Space Science CORBIS; 733 (tr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 734 (tl) The Seattle Times; 810 (bl) Raymond Gehman/National
Institute; 669 (tr) NASA. ESA, and M. Showalter (SETI Wang Yuan-mao/AP/Wide World Photos; 734 (br) NASA; Geographic Society Image Collection; 811 (bl) E. R.
Institute); 669 (br) NASA; 670 (tl) NASA; 671 (b) Hugh 735 (bl) Photographers Direct; 736 (cr) Scott B. Rosen/ Degginger/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 811 (br) E.
Sitton/Getty Images; 672 (bl) J-L Charmet/Science HRW Photo; 736 (bl) Roger Cracknell/Alamy; 737 (cl) R. Degginger/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 812 (tl)
Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 672 (cl) Scott David Parker/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 813 (bl) David R. Frazier
B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 675 (tr) CORBIS; 675 (bl) John Inc.; 739 (br) HRW Owned; 740 (tl) Reuters/Corbis; Photolibrary, Inc./Alamy; 813 (bc) W. Geirsperger/
Gleason/Celestial Images; 676 (bl) E.R. Degginger/ 743 (br) Douglas Peebles Photography/Alamy; 746 CORBIS; 813 (br) Peter Bowater/Alamy; 814 (tl) Mike
Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 676 (bc) Breck P. Kent/Animals (t) Volcano photos by photographer Jef Maion; 747 Wilkes/Nature Picture Library; 814 (cl) Read, Marie/
Animals/Earth Scenes; 676 (br) Ken Nichols/Institute (bkgd) The Newark Museum/Art Resource, NY; 747 (cl) Animals Animals; 817 (tl) WoodyStock/Alamy; 818 (cl)
of Meteorites; 677 (br) USGS/Landsat Project; 677 (b) Picture Contact/Alamy; 747 (cr) Bridgeman Art Library; David L. Moore/Alamy; 819 (t) Stefan Schott/Panoramic
Karen Su/CORBIS; 677 (tr) Jonathan Blair/CORBIS; 679 747 (bl) NASA; 748 (bl) Bill Ross/CORBIS; 749 (tc) G. Images, Ltd.; 819 (br) Inga Spence/Index Stock; 820 (t)
(t) Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 681 (r) HRW Owned; 683 R. Roberts © Natural Sciences Image Library; 749 (tl) © John Mead/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 821 (br)
(cl) NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute; 684 (c) © NASA/ Pat Lanza/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 750 (cl) Grant Heilman Simmons Aerofilms Ltd./Alamy; 822 (cl) Courtesy of
SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 684 (b) © NASA/SPL/Photo Photography, Inc.; 750 (t) Gary Crabbe/Alamy; 750 (bl) the G.C. Broach Company; 823 (l) Rolex Awards/Tomas
Researchers, Inc.; 684 (cr) © Tom Van Sant/Geosphere Angie Sharp/Alamy; 751 (bl) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 751 Bertelsen; 823 (tr) Rolex Awards/Tomas Bertelsen; 824
Project, Santa Monica/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (bc) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 751 (tr) Paul Edmondson/ (bl) Warren Bolster/Getty Images/Stone; 826 (bl) ©
684 (br) NASA/JPL; 688-689 (bkgd) Frank Krahmer/ CORBIS; 753 (tr) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 753 (br) Simon Fraser/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 827 (br) Patti
Masterfile; 688 (tr) Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 688 (cl) Deborah Long/Visuals Unlimited; 754 (l) © James King- Murray/Animals animals Earth Scenes; 828 (t) © Michael
NASA/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 688 (br) Courtesy Holmes/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 755 (bkgd) Jacques Marten/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 829 (bl) Scott B.
of Aundra Nix; 689 (tr) NOAA/CORBIS; 689 (cl) Barry Jangoux/Alamy; 755 (tr) Dr. John D. Cunningham Visuals Rosen/HRW Photo; 830 (b) © Randy Faris/CORBIS; 830
Lewis/Alamy; 689 (bc) John Chiasson/Liaison/Getty Unlimited; 755 (bl) Dale O’Dell/Alamy; 755 (cr) Scott B. (bl) Phil Degginger/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 830 (bl) Kay
Images Rosen/HRW Photo; 756 (bl) James Kay; 757 (tr) Larry Park - Rec. Corp; 831 (tr) Telegraph Colour Library/Getty
Ulrich; 757 (bl) Chris Howed/Wild Places Photography/ Images/Taxi; 835 (tl) M. Osf Gibbs/Animals Animals/Earth
Chapter Twenty 690-691 (bkgd) © Royal Alamy; 758 (tl) NYC Parks Photo Archive/Fundamental Scenes; 835 (cl) Stefan Schott/Panoramic Images, Ltd.;
Observatory, Edinburgh/AAO/SPL/Photo Researchers, Photographs; 758 (tr) Kristen Brochmann/Fundamental 835 (bl) Patti Murray/Animals animals Earth Scenes; 836
Inc.; 690 (tl) NASA, ESA, HEIC, and The Hubble Heritage Photographs; 759 (b) Jim Wark/Airphoto; 759 (tr) Elvele (br) © John Mead/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Team; 690 (cl) Gemini Observatory, GMOS team; 690 Images/Alamy; 760 (tl) Grant Heilman Photography,
(bl) NASA/WMAP Science Team; 691 (br) Scott B. Rosen/ Inc.; 760 (tr) Visuals Unlimited/Bill Kamin; 760 (bl) Reference Section Title Page 841 (all) Sam
HRW Photo; 693 (bl) Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope/ Mark Tomalty/Masterfile; 761 (tr) © Gordon Garrado/ Dudgeon/HRW
SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 693 (br) NASA, ESA, HEIC, SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 765 (t) Chris Howes/Wild
and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); 695 (tl) Places Photography/Alamy; 765 (tl) Douglas Peebles Reference Section 877 (br) HRW Photo; 878 (bl)
Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 697 (bkgd) Jerry Schad/ Photography/Alamy; 765 (cl) Gary Crabbe/Alamy; 765 Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 878 (br) Scott Rosen/Bill Smith
Photo Researchers, Inc.; 697 (bc) The Art Archive/South (bl) Kristen Brochmann/Fundamental Photographs; 766 Studio
Australia Art Gallery; 697 (bl) ImageState/Alamy; 700 (br) G. R. Roberts © Natural Sciences Image Library;
(bl) NASA. ESA, J. Hester, and A. Loll (Arizona State 766 (tl) Pat Lanza/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 766 (tr) Grant HRW Staff
University); 702 (bl) John Gleason/Celestial Images; Heilman Photography, Inc.; 766 (bl) Sam Dudgeon/HRW
703 (t) NASA; 703 (br) Gemini Observatory/Travis The people who contributed to Holt Science Spectrum:
Rector, University of Alaska Anchorage; 704 (tl) Chapter Twenty Two 770-771 (bkgd) Warren Physical Science are listed below. They represent
Stephen & Donna O’Meara/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Faidler/Weatherstock; 770 (tl) Jon Arnold Images/Alamy; editorial, design, production, eMedia, marketing, and
705 (tl) NASA Gemini Observatory, GMOS team; 705 770 (cl) TZ Aviation/Airliners.net; 770 (bl) Warren permissions.
(tc) Anglo-Australian Observatory; 705 (tr) Dennis Di Faidley/Weatherstock; 771 (cr) Myrleen Ferguson Cate/
Cicco/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 706 (t) © David Nunuk/SPL/ PhotoEdit; 774 (bl) Jon Arnold Images/Alamy; 775 (t) David Alvarado, Wesley M. Bain, Kimberly Barr, Angela
Photo Researchers, Inc.; 706 (cr) © NASA/SPL/Photo Daniel Umana/Jetphotos.net; 777 (tl) George Lepp/Getty Beckmann, Cindy Brooks, Sara Buller, Becky Calhoun,
Researchers, Inc.; 706 (tl) Courtesy of SETI League; 707 Images/Stone; 778 (br) Larry Lefever/Grant Heilman Soojinn Choi, Lorraine Cooper, Martize Cross, Eddie
(tr) NASA.ESA. S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team; Photography, Inc.; 779 (tl) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; Dawson, Julie Dervin, Lydia Doty, Paul Draper, Sam
708 (bl) Icon SMI; 708 (bc) Mike Yamashita/Woodfin 782 (l) Bernard Photo Productions//Animals Animals/ Dudgeon, Sally Garland, Diana Goetting, Jessica
Camp/Picture Quest; 708 (br) NASA; 710 (tl) CORBIS; Earth Scenes; 784 (bl) Tom Pantages Photography; Gonzalez, Jevara Jackson, Simon Key, Jane A. Kirschman,
Original Image courtesy of NASA/CORBIS; 711 (tl) Scott 785 (tl) Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy; 787 (tl) TZ Aviation/ Liz Kline, Laura Likon, Jenifer Limb, Denise Mahoney,
B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 711 (bl) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 711 Airliners.net; 788 (cr) Roy Ooms/Masterfile; 788 (bl) Ed Richard Metzger, Mercedes Newman, Micah Newman,
(br) Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 712 (bl) NASA/WMAP Science Young/CORBIS; 788 (br) Art Resource, NY; 788 (bkgd) Cathy Paré, Jenny Patton, Peter D. Reid, Raegan
Team; 714 (bkgd) S. Points, C. Smith, R. Leiton, C. Mark S Cosslett/Getty Images; 788 (cl) Boating Images Remington, Sara Rider, Kelly Rizk, Jeff Robinson, Tara
Aguilera and NOAO/AURA/NSF; 714 (bl) Stockbyte/Getty Photo Library/Alamy; 789 (b) Courtesy of The Weather Ross, Michelle Rumpf-Dike, Beth Sample, Kay Selke,
Images; 714 (cl) Judith Collins/Alamy; 714 (tl) Andrew Channel; 791 (bl) Warren Faidler/Weatherstock; 791 (bc) Angela Senicz, Chris Smith, Victoria Smith, Dawn Marie
Lambert Photography/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 714 (bc) Warren Faidley/Weatherstock; 791 (br) Warren Faidley/ Spinozza, Sherry Sprague, Jeff Streber, JoAnn Stringer,
© Hemera Technologies/Alamy; 715 (tr) © PHOTOTAKE Weatherstock; 793 (tr) Courtesy of Louisiana Photos; 793 Jeannie Taylor, Lindsey Thomas, Bob Tucek, Kira J.
Inc./Alamy; 716 (tl) NASA; 716 (cl) NASA Marshall Space (bkgd) Scott B. Rosen/HRW Photo; 793 (cr) Courtesy of Watkins, Aimee Wiley, Sara Zettner, Patricia Zepeda
Flight Center (NASA-MSFC); 721 (tl) NASA, ESA, HEIC,

944

The Periodic Table of the Elements

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