Physical Science

APPENDIX B

Conducting Experiments Taking Measurements APPENDIX B

Many scientific experiments try to determine a It is important to note the limits of the tools that
cause-and-effect relationship—“When A happens, you use to collect data. The exactness of a meas-
B happens.” The A and the B in this relationship urement is called precision, and it is determined
are variables, or changing quantities. The variable by the instrument that you use. Precision is re-
that you change intentionally in an experiment is flected in the number of significant figures. When
called the independent variable and, in this case, is you record measurements, you should use the
A. The dependent variable, B, changes in response correct number of significant figures. Usually,
to the changes in the independent variable. instruments with a digital readout give you the
correct number of significant figures. So, you can
Suppose that your experiment is seeking to record the measurement exactly as you see it on
answer the following question: “What happens to the instrument. When you need to read the mea-
the speed of a motor when the voltage of the surement from a scale on an instrument, you
power supply changes?” In this case, voltage should record as many digits as are marked on the
would be the independent variable, and the speed scale and estimate one more digit beyond that.
of the motor would be the dependent variable. You
would change the voltage and then measure the Measure volume with a graduated cylinder.
resulting change in speed. When you graph your
results, independent variables are represented on You should use a graduated cylinder when you
the x-axis, and dependent variables are repre- need precise measurements of volume.
sented on the y-axis.
1 Place the graduated cylinder on a flat, level
Make observations in the lab. surface.

You should write down any observations that 2 Make sure that you are at eye level with the
you make during an experiment, along with any surface of the liquid.
data that you collect. Record the characteristics of
the materials that you use, the conditions during 3 Read the mark closest to the liquid level.
your experiment, any changes that occur, and Because most liquids climb slightly up the
anything that you think might be relevant to the glass walls of a graduated cylinder, they pro-
experiment. These observations will help you duce a curved surface called a meniscus,
when you are reporting your results. They can also shown in Figure 25. You should always take
help you figure out why your experimental results volume readings from the bottom of the
may not be what you expected. Usually, a pen is meniscus.
used to record your observations in a lab notebook
because people reading the notes later can be sure Tip Holding a piece of white paper behind the
that you did not change your notes after the graduated cylinder can make the meniscus easier
experiment. to see.

Avoid measurement pitfalls. Figure 25 Meniscus in a Graduated Cylinder

One common error in taking measurements
results from parallax. Parallax is an apparent shift
in position caused by a change in viewing angle.
To avoid parallax errors, always line up your eyes
with the part of the measurement scale that you
are reading.

Another common measurement error is
recording the wrong units of measurement. Always
check the instrument to make sure that you know
which units it uses, and record those units.

S c i e n t i f i c M e t h o d s 877

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX B Measure mass with a balance. Measure temperature with a thermometer.

A triple-beam balance, shown in Figure 26, Digital thermometers and bulb thermometers
can measure mass to a precision of 0.01 g. are often used in the lab. Bulb thermometers
consist of a column of liquid—either mercury or
1 Make sure that the balance is properly colored alcohol—in a glass tube, as shown in
“zeroed.” First, make sure that the balance is Figure 27. As the liquid heats up, it expands, so the
on a level surface. Then, slide all of the slider column of liquid rises up the tube.
weights to zero. Turn the zero adjustment
knob until the pointer is in line with the zero 1 To measure temperature with a digital ther-
at the center of the arrow. mometer, immerse the probe in the liquid or
touch it to an object. Wait for the digital read-
2 Place the object to be measured on the pan. out to stabilize, and then record the tempera-
Caution: Never place chemicals or hot objects ture. Make sure that the thermometer is set to
directly on the balance pan. the desired scale (Celsius or Fahrenheit).

3 To determine the total mass of the object, add 2 To measure temperature with a bulb ther-
the readings from all three beams. mometer, put the thermometer in the liquid
to be measured. Wait for the level of colored
4 Move the largest slider weight to the right liquid inside the thermometer to stabilize.
along the beam until the balance tips. Then,
move the slider back one notch so that the 3 With your eyes level with the top of the liquid
beam tips back the other way. Repeat this step inside the thermometer, take the reading on
for the next-largest slider weight. Then, move the scale next to the column of liquid.
the smallest slider weight to the right until the Pay attention to the scale on the ther-
pointer points to the zero on the right end. mometer. The smallest unit marked on a
bulb thermometer is usually 1 °C. These
5 If you are measuring solid chemicals, start by markings are close together, so you
putting a piece of weighing paper on the pan. can only estimate half a unit between
Record the mass of the weighing paper. Then, marks, or 0.05 °C.
place the chemical on the weighing paper.
Measure the total mass of the chemical and CAUTION A glass thermometer can break
paper. Then, subtract the mass of the paper if it hits a solid object or overheats. In
to determine the mass of the chemical alone. addition to producing broken glass, the
You may use a similar method for measuring liquid inside will spill. If a mercury
the mass of a liquid in a container. thermometer should ever break, immedi-
ately notify your teacher or another
Tip If you want to use a specified amount of a adult. Let your teacher clean up the spill.
substance, move the sliders to the right by the Do not touch the mercury. Because
amount of mass that you want to obtain. The mercury is a hazardous substance,
balance will tip. Slowly add the substance until the mercury thermometers are rarely used
balance points to zero. in class laboratories.

Figure 26 Triple-Beam Balance

Figure 27 Alcohol Thermometer

878 S c i e n t i f i c M e t h o d s

APPENDIX B

Communicating List your materials before you APPENDIX B
Scientific Results start your experiment.

Whether you are writing a laboratory report for To make sure that you have everything that
your teacher or submitting a paper to a scientific you need for your experiment, list all of the equip-
journal, you should use a similar structure to ment and other supplies that you use in the
report the results of an experiment. Your lab report experiment. For experiments taken from a lab
should contain enough information so that others manual, these materials are usually listed in the
can use it to reproduce your experiment and manual.
compare their results to yours. Laboratory reports
should contain the same basic parts. Describe the procedure that you used.

Start with a title. Detailed steps that describe exactly how you
did your experiment are included in the proce-
Choose a title that clearly conveys the nature dure. Include details about how you set up the
of the experiment. The title could describe the equipment, how you took your measurements,
subject, the hypothesis, or the result. If you are and what analysis or calculations you did with
doing an experiment from a lab manual, this title your data after collecting it. Your description
could be the same as the title of the experiment should be detailed enough that someone else
given in the manual. could reproduce the experiment exactly as you did
it. If you are doing an experiment from a lab
Include background information. manual, you should write the steps in your own
words and note anything that you did that was
The background section should briefly explain different from the procedure in the manual.
why your experiment is important. State the
question that your experiment is trying to answer. Record your observations, data, and analysis.
You could also include a description of the initial
observations that led you to the question. You should list all of the data you collected and
Sometimes, the background section includes the show the results of any analysis or calculations
basic principles that you will use when you ana- that you performed with the data. It is often useful
lyze your experiment. to present data or other results using tables or
graphs. Also, include any observations that you
State your hypothesis. made that might be relevant to your conclusions.
Some experiments in lab manuals list specific
This section should state your hypothesis and questions that you should answer in your analysis.
your predictions of what will happen if the hypoth-
esis is true and what will happen if the hypothesis End the report with your conclusions.
if false. Your hypothesis is what you think will
happen in the experiment. Often, a hypothesis is In your conclusions, you should discuss
written as an “If . . . then” statement. The indepen- whether or not your experiment supports your
dent variable, or variable that you will change, original hypothesis. Remember that your experi-
should follow the “If” in the statement. The effect ment may not support your hypothesis. You can
on the dependent variable should follow the still explain why you think that the experiment did
“then” in the statement. Suppose that you want to not turn out the way that you expected. You can
find out if adding salt to water changes the boiling also present a new or modified hypothesis and
temperature of water. You would change the briefly describe additional experiments that could
amount of salt that you add to water and measure be done if you were to continue or expand your
the temperature at which the water boils. So, the investigation. Some experiments in lab manuals
amount of salt would be your independent vari- list specific questions that you should answer in
able, and the boiling temperature would be your your conclusions.
dependent variable. Your hypothesis statement
could be “If salt is added to water, the temperature
at which water boils will increase.”

S c i e n t i f i c M e t h o d s 879

APPENDIX C

Figure 1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Visible spectrum

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
400 nm 500 nm 600 nm 700 nm

APPENDIX C rays X rays Ultraviolet Infrared Microwaves Radio waves

1 pm 10 pm 0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 0.1 m 1 m 10 m 0.1 mm 1 mm 10 mm 0.1 m 1 m 10 m 0.1 km 1 km 10 km

Wavelength

1019 Hz 1018 Hz 1017 Hz 1016 Hz 1015 Hz 1014 Hz 1013 Hz 1012 Hz 1011 Hz 1010 Hz 109 Hz 100 MHz 10 MHz 1 MHz 100 kHz

Frequency

Electromagnetic spectrum

Figure 2 SI Base Units Figure 3 Other Commonly Used Units

Quantity Unit Symbol Quantity Unit Symbol Conversion
m
Length meter kg Electric charge coulomb C 1 A·s
s
Mass kilogram K Temperature degree Celsius °C 1K
A
Time second Frequency hertz Hz 1/s
mol
Temperature kelvin cd Work and energy joule J _1 kg·m2 = 1 N·m
s2
Electric current ampere
1 _kg·m
Amount of mole Force newton N s2
substance candela
Pressure pascal Pa 1 _kg = 1 _N
Luminous intensity rad m·s2 m2
V
Angular displacement radian (unitless)
volt W
Electric potential 1 _kg·m2 = 1 _J
difference A·s3 C

Power watt 1 _kg·m2 = 1 _J
s3 s

Resistance ohm Ω 1 _kg·m2 = 1 _V
A2·s3 A

880 U s e f u l D a t a

Figure 4 Densities of Various Materials Figure 5 Specific Heats APPENDIX C
Material
Material Density (g/cm3) Acetic acid (CH3COOH) c (J/kg•K)
Air 2,070
Air, dry 1.293 × 10–3 Aluminum (Al) 1,007
Calcium (Ca) 897
Aluminum 2.70 Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) 647
Carbon (C, diamond) 818
Bone 1.7–2.0 Carbon (C, graphite) 487
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 709
Brick, common 1.9 Copper (Cu) 843
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) 385
Butter 0.86–0.87 Gold (Au) 2,440
Helium (He) 129
Carbon (diamond) 3.5155 Hematite (Fe2O3) 5,193
Hydrogen (H2) 650
Carbon (graphite) 2.2670 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 14,304
Iron (Fe) 2,620
Copper 8.96 Lead (Pb) 449 APPENDIX C
Magnetite (Fe3O4) 129
Cork 0.22–0.26 Mercury (Hg) 619
Methane (CH4) 140
Ethanol 0.783 Neon (Ne) 2,200
Nickel (Ni) 1,030
Gasoline 0.7 Nitrogen (N2) 444
Oxygen (O2) 1,040
Gold 19.3 Platinum (Pt) 918
Helium 1.78 × 10–4 Silver (Ag) 133
Sodium (Na) 234
Iron 7.86 Sodium chloride (NaCl) 1,228
Tin (Sn) 864
Lead 11.3 Tungsten (W) 228
Water (H2O) 132
Mercury 13.5336 Zinc (Zn) 4,186
388
Paper 0.7–1.15 Values at 25 °C and 1 atm pressure

Rock salt 2.18

Silver 10.5

Sodium 0.97

Stainless steel 8.02

Steel 7.8

Sugar 1.59

Water (at 25 °C) 0.99705

Water (ice) 0.917

U s e f u l D a t a 881

APPENDIX C

Figure 6 Properties of the Planets

Planet Diameter Average surface Number of Atmosphere
(km) temperature (°C) moons

Mercury 4,879 350 0 Essentially none

Venus 12,104 460 0 Thick: carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Earth 12,756 20 1 Nitrogen, oxygen

Mars 6,794 –23 2 Thin: carbon dioxide

Jupiter 142,984 –130 63 Hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane

Saturn 120,536 –180 47 Hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane

APPENDIX C Uranus 51,118 –210 27 Hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane

Neptune 49,528 –220 13 Hydrogen, helium, methane

Figure 7 International Weather Symbols

Current weather

Hail Light drizzle Light rain Light snow
Steady, light rain Steady, light snow
Freezing rain Steady, light drizzle Intermittent, moderate rain Intermittent, moderate snow
Steady, moderate rain Steady, moderate snow
Smoke Intermittent, moderate drizzle Intermittent, heavy rain Intermittent, heavy snow
Steady, heavy rain Steady, heavy snow
Tornado Steady, moderate drizzle
Four-eighths covered Seven-eighths covered
Dust storms Intermittent, heavy drizzle Five-eighths covered Overcast

Fog Steady, heavy drizzle Cumulus Cumulonimbus calvus
Thunderstorm Cumulus congestus Cumulonimbus with anvil
Lightning Scattered Altocumulus Altocumulus castellanus
Hurricane Three-eighths covered Cirrostratus Cirrocumulus
Cloud coverage Stratus
Clear Stratocumulus 24–33
One-eighth Coverage Altostratus 34–40
Clouds Cirrus
4–13
Low: 14–23

Middle:
High:
Wind speed (in km/h)
Calm
1–3

882 U s e f u l D a t a

APPENDIX C

Figure 8 Sky Maps for the Northern Hemisphere

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U s e f u l D a t a 883

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884 U s e f u l D a t a

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U s e f u l D a t a 885

APPENDIX C

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886 U s e f u l D a t a

Selected Math Answers APPENDIX D

Chapter 1 Chapter 3 Chapter 7 APPENDIX D
Introduction to Science States of Matter Chemical Reactions

Practice, page 19 Section 3 Review, page 94 Science Skills Practice, page 250
2. 1,600 g 8. 273 Pa 2. 323.0 g ZnSO4
4. 6,100 mA Chapter Review, page 253
Practice, page 98 20. 2HgO → 2Hg + O2
Section 2 Review, page 21 2. 200 mL
10. 420 m Chapter 8
Section 4 Review, page 101 Solutions
Practice, page 25 10. 3.50 × 103 L
2. a. 4,500 g Practice, page 280
Chapter Review, page 107 2. 1.27 M
b. 0.0000000199 cm 26. 5 × 103 N Section 3 Review, page 281
28. 12 L 8. 0.374 M
Practice, page 26 Chapter Review, page 287
2. a. 5.5 × 105 cm2 Chapter 4 24. 0.600 mol LiCl
Atoms 26. 40.6 g NaF
b. 6.9 g/cm3
Section 2 Review, page 127 Chapter 9
Section 3 Review, page 28 14. 620 g Hg Acids, Bases, and Salts
6. a. 9.20 × 107 m2 16. 51.3 mol He
Practice, page 299
b. 9.66 × 10–5 cm2 Chapter Review, page 139 2. pH = 2
28. 407 g Al Section 1 Review, page 300
Chapter Review, page 37 10. 1 × 10–11 M
28. a. 2.6 × 1014 A•s Chapter 6 Chapter Review, page 319
The Structure of Matter 28. pH = 3
b. 6.42 × 10–7 m3/s 30. 1 × 10–6 M
30. a. 133 m2 Practice, page 193
2. BeCl2
b. 210 L/min Practice, page 196
2. BH3
Chapter 2 Section 3 Review, page 196
Matter 6. H2SO4
Chapter Review, page 211
Practice, page 54 24. a. Sr(NO3)2
2. 3.26 g/cm3
b. NaCN
Section 2 Review, page 58 c. Cr(OH)3
6. 1.4 × 10–4 g/cm3

Science Skills Practice, page 68
2. 0.001 g/mm3
4. greater; 700,000 g/m3

Chapter Review, page 71
24. 4.5 g/cm3
26. 61 cm3

S e l e c t e d M a t h A n s w e r s 869857

APPENDIX D

Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 13
Nuclear Changes Motion Work and Energy

Practice, page 331 Practice, page 369 Practice, page 432
2. 22 m/s toward first base 2. 1 J
2. A = 4 4. 6,000 J
Section 1 Review, page 371
Z=2 6. 400 s or 6.67 min Practice, page 434
2. a. 146 W
X = He Practice, page 375
2. 0.075 m/s2 toward the shore b. 175 W
Alpha decay occurs, and 4 He is 4. 0.85 s
2 Practice, page 436
produced. Section 2 Review, page 377 2. 78 N
6. acceleration = 2.5 m/s2
4. A = 208 Section 1 Review, page 437
Chapter Review, page 391 6. MA = 2.40
Z = 81 22. 6.6 h 8. 2.0 × 104 W, 27 hp
24. 5.4 s
X = Tl Practice, page 446
Chapter 12 2. 15 m
Alpha decay occurs, and 208 Tl is Forces
81 Practice, page 448
produced. Practice, page 401 2. 3.3 m/s
2. 0.14 kg
APPENDIX D Practice, page 334 4. 2.2 m/s2 forward Section 3 Review, page 452
2. 15.3 days 8. 900 J
4. 29.1 years Section 1 Review, page 402
6. 0.26 m/s2 forward Practice, page 460
Section 1 Review, page 336 2. work input = 4,800 J
Section 2 Review, page 410
6. A = 131 6. 4,000,000 N Section 4 Review, page 461
Z = 54 8. a. useful work output = 780 J
X = Xe Practice, page 415
13514Xe 2. 6 m/s forward b. 780 W

8. 2 × 106 years Science Skills Practice, page 420 Chapter Review, page 467
2. 3.5 m/s2 in a backward direc- 24. a. 850 J
Science Skills Practice, 354
2. 3 half-lives tion (deceleration) b. 170 W
c. 4
Chapter Review, page 357 Chapter Review, page 423
22. 3.7 N
30. a. 21823Bi → 20881Tl + 42He
20881Tl → 20882Pb + –10e

b. 21823Bi → 21824Po + –10e
21824Po → 20882Pb + 24He

888 S e l e c t e d M a t h A n s w e r s

APPENDIX D

Chapter 14 Chapter 16 APPENDIX D
Heat and Temperature Sound and Light

Practice, page 477 Science Skills Practice, page 576
2. Row 1: 70 °F, 294 K 2. 1.36 × 103 W/m2

Row 2: 115 °C, 239 °F Chapter Review, page 579
Row 3: –321 °F, 77 K 30. 41 m
Row 4: 43 °C, 316 K 32. 5.5 × 1014 Hz
4. d
Chapter 17
Section 1 Review, page 479 Electricity
6. 68.0 °F, 293 K
Practice, page 597
Practice, page 486 2. 240 Ω
2. 28,000 J (28 kJ) 4. 0.43 A

Section 2 Review, page 487 Section 2 Review, page 599
6. 550 kJ 8. 0.5 A

Science Skills Practice, page 496 Practice, page 606
2. 1.0 kg 2. 1.6 × 10–2 W
4. 120 V
Chapter Review, page 499
24. –270 °C, –454 °F Section 3 Review, page 607
26. 480 J/kg•K 8. 40 W

Chapter 15 Chapter Review, page 613
Waves 24. b
26. 120 V
Practice, page 519 28. 1.6 A
2. 5.77 × 1014 Hz

Section 2 Review, page 523
8. 0.77 m

Chapter Review, page 535
30. 3.0 m/s
32. 440.0 Hz

S e l e c t e d M a t h A n s w e r s 889

APPENDIX E

Answers to Reading Checks

APPENDIX E Chapter 1 Section 3, page 27 Section 3, page 63
Introduction to Science The answer should have as Compounds can be broken
many significant figures as down only by chemical
Section 1, page 7 the least precise value that I changes because compounds
Roentgen repeated his am adding. are made of atoms that
experiment. are chemically combined.
Chapter 2 Mixtures can be separated
Section 1, page 9 Matter by physical changes because
A scientific law explains how substances in a mixture are
something works but does Section 1, page 46 not chemically combined.
not explain why it happens. A No, elements cannot be
scientific theory explains why broken down into simpler Chapter 3
something happens. substances. States of Matter

Section 1, page 11 Section 1, page 48 Section 1, page 79
Models can be pictures Compounds are pure Liquids do not change
on paper, real objects, and substances because they volume, but gases do.
mental pictures. have fixed compositions and
definite properties. Section 1, page 80
Section 2, page 15 Temperature is a measure of
No, the sequence of steps in Section 2, page 52 the average kinetic energy of
a scientific method can vary Answers should list five the particles in an object.
depending on the question physical properties. Physical
that you are trying to answer. properties include shape, Section 2, page 85
color, mass, odor, texture, Answers may vary. One
Section 2, page 16 state, melting point, boiling example of sublimation is
Scientists should publish their point, strength, hardness, dry ice changing into gaseous
results so the results can be density, and the ability carbon dioxide.
reviewed by other scientists. to conduct electricity,
magnetism, or heat. Section 2, page 86
Section 2, page 18 The freezing and melting
SI units are used to Section 2, page 54 points are the same.
express very small or large Water’s density is 1.00 g/mL.
measurements, so that you do Section 3, page 91
not have to write many zeros. Section 2, page 56 A substance that is denser
Two chemical properties are than another substance
Section 3, page 23 flammability and reactivity. will sink in that substance,
I should use a line graph to whereas a substance that is
represent data that changes Section 3, page 61 less dense will float.
continuously during an Physical changes do not
experiment. change the identity of a
substance, whereas chemical
Section 3, page 24 changes do.
I should use scientific
notation when working
with very large or very small
numbers.

890 A n s w e r s t o R e a d i n g C h e c k s

APPENDIX E

Section 3, page 92 Section 3, page 129 Section 3, page 161 APPENDIX E
A small force is applied In earlier atomic models, The noble gases are
to a small area. This force electrons were considered to unreactive because their
exerts pressure on a liquid be particles. In the electron- s and p orbitals are full of
in the device. The pressure is wave model, electrons act electrons.
transmitted equally to a larger more like waves than like
area, where the pressure particles. Section 3, page 163
creates a larger force. Answers will vary but could
Section 3, page 131 include chlorophyll, glucose,
Section 4, page 97 An electron jumps to an and isooctane.
Boyle’s law relates pressure excited state when it absorbs
and volume. a photon. Chapter 6
The Structure of Matter
Section 4, page 99 Chapter 5
The pressure decreases. The Periodic Table Section 1, page 178
A ball-and-stick model shows
Chapter 4 Section 1, page 146 bond lengths, and a space-
Atoms Mendeleev left gaps in his filling model shows relative
periodic table for the new atom sizes.
Section 1, page 114 elements that he predicted
Dalton and Democritus both would be discovered. These Section 1, page 180
believed that atoms are the gaps were needed to make the The hardness of minerals is
fundamental units of matter patterns work out correctly. explained by the fact that
and that atoms are indivisible. their chemical structure
Section 2, page 153 consists of rigid networks of
Section 1, page 117 Group 1 and group 17 bonded atoms.
Rutherford’s results were elements easily form ions
surprising because they did because the addition or Section 2, page 184
not match his predictions removal of a single electron In an ionic bond, ions are
based on Thomson’s model creates a full outer energy held together by the attraction
of the atom. He expected level. between their opposite
most of the positive particles charges.
to pass straight through, Section 2, page 154
but instead, several were The category “metals” Section 2, page 186
deflected at large angles. contains the most Covalently bonded atoms are
elements, and the category held together by the sharing
Section 2, page 121 “semiconductors” contains of electrons between the
The atomic number defines the least elements. atoms.
the element because atoms of
each element always have the Section 3, page 157 Section 2, page 189
same number of protons but Alkali metals are reactive Parentheses are used in a
can have different numbers of because each atom has one chemical formula to represent
neutrons. valence electron that can the fact that a polyatomic ion
easily be removed. Thus, they acts as a single unit.
Section 2, page 122 form compounds very easily.
The isotope tritium (A = 3) Section 3, page 192
has the most mass. Section 3, page 159 The number of each kind
Answers will vary. Transition of ion in a compound is
Section 2, page 125 metals include gold, silver, determined by whatever
A mole of iron contains platinum, and titanium. number of those ions will
6.022 × 1023 iron atoms. give a charge of zero to the
compound.

A n s w e r s t o R e a d i n g C h e c k s 891

APPENDIX E

APPENDIX E Section 3, page 194 Section 3, page 231 Section 1, page 264
An empirical formula Decomposition reactions A solid, liquid, or gas can be
shows the simplest possible are the opposite processes of mixed with a liquid to form a
ratio of atoms present in a synthesis reactions. solution.
compound.
Section 3, page 233 Section 2, page 269
Section 4, page 199 In all single-displacement Hydrogen bonding occurs
The shortest carbon chain reactions, one reactant between the hydrogen atom
with more than one possible changes place with part of of one water molecule and
arrangement is one with four another reactant. the oxygen atom of another
carbon atoms; carbon chains molecule.
with three or fewer carbon Section 3, page 235
atoms cannot form branched A free radical, an atom or Section 2, page 271
chains. molecule with an unpaired Increasing the surface area of
electron, is very reactive a solid exposes more of the
Section 4, page 201 because electrons tend to molecules in the solid to the
A polymer is a molecule that form pairs with each other. solvent. So, there are more
is a long chain of smaller collisions between the solute
molecules called monomers. Section 4, page 239 and the solvent molecules,
Reactions are faster at higher and the solid dissolves faster.
Section 4, page 202 temperatures because
You need to eat carbohydrates molecular motion is greater Section 3, page 277
so your body can get the at higher temperatures, so Sodium iodide is soluble
energy that it needs. more-frequent collisions because the forces between
between molecules occur. the water molecules and
Chapter 7 the sodium ions and the
Chemical Reactions Section 4, page 241 iodide ions are much greater
An enzyme catalyzes than the forces between the
Section 1, page 221 biological reactions. sodium ions and iodide ions
Most of the energy that in the crystal.
is released in a chemical Section 4, page 244
reaction comes from the When a soda bottle is opened, Section 3, page 278
stored energy in chemical the pressure of the gas on top The solute will not dissolve
bonds. of the soda is released, so the and will sink to the bottom of
dissolved gas in the soda can the solution.
Section 1, page 222 come out of solution.
An exothermic reaction is a Chapter 9
reaction that releases energy, Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and Salts
and an endothermic reaction Solutions
is a reaction that absorbs Section 1, page 295
energy. Section 1, page 260 I should wear safety goggles,
The particles will settle out gloves, and a laboratory apron
Section 2, page 226 of a suspension if it is left when working with acids.
Chemical equations undisturbed.
should be balanced so that Section 1, page 296
they accurately show the Section 1, page 263 Metal hydroxides are strong
conservation of mass in a Atoms, ions, or molecules bases because they dissociate
chemical reaction. of solute are present in a completely when they
solution. dissolve in water.

892 A n s w e r s t o R e a d i n g C h e c k s

APPENDIX E

Section 1, page 298 Section 3, page 349 Section 1, page 401 APPENDIX E
The pH of a solution tells There is more energy in the The newton (N) is the SI unit
me how acidic or basic a known reserves of uranium of force. The pound (lb) is also
solution is by telling me the than in the known reserves of used to measure force.
concentration of hydroxide coal and oil.
ions in solution. Section 2, page 404
Chapter 11 Mass is a measure of how
Section 2, page 303 Motion much matter is in an object;
Water and a salt form when weight is a measure of the
an acid reacts with a base. Section 1, page 366 gravitational force that acts
When a weak base reacts with Distance measures how far on an object. Weight depends
a strong acid, the resulting an object travels along a path. on the gravitational force at
solution will be acidic. Displacement measures how a location, but mass does
far it is between the starting not depend on an object’s
Section 2, page 305 and ending points of the path. location.
Answers may vary. Sample
answer: Salts are used in Section 1, page 368 Section 2, page 406
ceramic glazes, as chalk, and Average speed is calculated by Gravitational force increases
as a highway de-icer. dividing the distance traveled as mass increases.
by the time it takes to travel
Section 3, page 309 that distance. Section 2, page 408
Detergents do not form Astronauts seem weightless
soap scum, so they are used Section 2, page 373 because they are accelerating
instead of soap. Any object standing still on toward Earth at the same rate
Earth’s surface is traveling in as their spacecraft. They are in
Section 3, page 310 a circle (accelerating) as Earth free fall.
Chlorine gas will be produced revolves, including people.
if an acid is mixed with Section 3, page 413
bleach. Section 2, page 374 Force pairs do not cancel out
A positive velocity means that each other because the action
Chapter 10 an object is speeding up, and and reaction forces do not act
Nuclear Changes a negative velocity means that on the same object.
an object is slowing down.
Section 1, page 328 Section 3, page 414
An alpha particle is the Section 3, page 382 Momentum is proportional
nucleus of a helium atom. When an unbalanced force to the mass and velocity of an
acts on an object, the object object.
Section 1, page 330 accelerates in the direction of
The mass number does the combined force. Chapter 13
not change, but the atomic Work and Energy
number increases by 1. Chapter 12
Forces Section 1, page 433
Section 2, page 338 The SI unit for power is the
The maximum number of Section 1, page 398 watt, which equals 1 J/s.
protons in a stable nucleus Inertia is directly related to
is 83. mass; the larger an object’s Section 1, page 434
mass is, the greater its inertia Machines make work easier
Section 2, page 340 will be. by either multiplying a force
A nuclear chain reaction is or changing the direction of
triggered by a single neutron the applied force.
that strikes a nucleus.

A n s w e r s t o R e a d i n g C h e c k s 893

APPENDIX E

APPENDIX E Section 2, page 440 Section 1, page 476 Section 2, page 515
The mechanical advantage of The Celsius temperature scale The wavelength can be
a single fixed pulley is one. has 0 defined as the freezing measured from any two
point of water, whereas the identical, consecutive points,
Section 2, page 442 Kelvin temperature scale has such as from crest to crest.
The wedge and the screw 0 defined as absolute zero.
are both modified inclined Section 2, page 516
planes. Section 2, page 482 Period and frequency are
Radiation differs from inversely related.
Section 3, page 445 conduction and convection
A stretched rubber band has because radiation does not Section 2, page 518
elastic potential energy. involve the movement of Wave speed equals
matter and therefore can take wavelength divided by
Section 3, page 447 place in a vacuum. period, or wavelength times
The SI unit for kinetic energy frequency.
is the joule. Section 2, page 484
A material through which Section 2, page 521
Section 3, page 449 energy can be easily Sound waves travel faster in
Chemical energy depends on transferred as heat is a good solids than in liquids or gases
the relative positions of the conductor. because the particles are
atoms in molecules. closer together and, thus, can
Section 3, page 491 transfer vibrations faster.
Section 4, page 454 The second law of
The potential energy on a thermodynamics states that Section 3, page 525
roller coaster is smallest at the disorder will always increase Answers may vary. One
roller coaster’s lowest point. in a system left to itself. example of diffraction is
hearing sounds from inside a
Section 4, page 457 Chapter 15 room when you are standing
An open system exchanges Waves outside the room’s doorway.
both energy and matter with
the surroundings. A closed Section 1, page 506 Section 3, page 526
system exchanges energy, No, light waves are not Both involve the bending
but not matter, with the mechanical. They are of waves. Diffraction is the
surroundings. electromagnetic. bending of waves around an
obstacle, whereas refraction is
Section 4, page 459 Section 1, page 508 the bending that occurs when
Energy may be lost as heat, Most waves are caused by a wave passes into a new
sound, and vibrations. vibrating objects. medium.

Chapter 14 Section 1, page 511 Chapter 16
Heat and Temperature Answers may vary. One Sound and Light
example of a transverse wave
Section 1, page 474 is an electromagnetic wave. Section 1, page 545
The temperature of a The amplitude determines the
substance is proportional Section 1, page 512 intensity of a sound wave.
to the kinetic energy of its In a transverse wave, the wave
particles. motion and the vibrations Section 1, page 546
are perpendicular. In a The lowest frequency that
longitudinal wave, they are humans can hear is 20 Hz,
parallel. and the highest frequency
that humans can hear is
20,000 Hz.

894 A n s w e r s t o R e a d i n g C h e c k s

APPENDIX E

Section 1, page 548 Section 1, page 589 Section 3, page 634 APPENDIX E
Resonance amplifies Charging by friction causes You must move a closed loop
sound because two objects static electricity. of wire within a magnetic field
are vibrating at the same to produce a current using a
frequency. Section 1, page 591 generator.
Electric force depends on
Section 2, page 553 charge and distance. Section 3, page 637
The particle model of light Answers may include running
can be used to explain why Section 2, page 594 water, burning coal, nulcear
blue light can knock electrons Potential difference is fission, wind, geothermal
out of a metal plate but red commonly called voltage. power, and solar power.
light cannot.
Section 2, page 596 Chapter 19
Section 2, page 555 The resistance equation is The Solar System
The intensity of light depends called Ohm’s law.
on the number of photons per Section 1, page 654
second that pass through a Section 3, page 601 Some plants respond to the
certain area of space. Switches are used to interrupt sun’s light by opening or
the electric current in a closing their petals. Also,
Section 2, page 557 circuit. many animals develop active
Answers may include heat and inactive schedules, such
lamps, weather satellites, and Section 3, page 602 as waking and sleeping, in
computer mice, all of which Standardized symbols are response to the sun.
use infrared light. used to draw schematic
diagrams. Section 1, page 656
Section 3, page 560 Gravity is the major force
Light rays are used to model Chapter 18 that keeps satellites in orbit
reflection and refraction. Magnetism around planets.

Section 3, page 562 Section 1, page 620 Section 1, page 658
A virtual image is the result of Heating or hammering a soft A lunar eclipse is caused
the apparent path of the light magnetic material can reduce when the moon passes
rays and appears to be behind its magnetism. through the shadow of Earth.
the mirror.
Section 1, page 622 Section 2, page 663
Section 4, page 567 Magnetic field lines have no Earth has liquid water on its
The fish seems closer because beginning and no ending. surface and is the only planet
the light rays coming from They always form closed known to harbor life.
the fish bend away from the loops.
normal when they pass from Section 2, page 664
water to air. The cat sees a Section 2, page 627 Mars appears red because of
virtual image of the fish. Your thumb points in the the iron oxide in its soil.
direction of the current when
Section 4, page 567 using the right-hand rule. Section 2, page 666
A converging lens can create a The gas giants are larger than
real image. Section 2, page 628 the inner planets; have thick,
The more loops of wire there gaseous atmospheres; and
Chapter 17 are in a solenoid, the stronger have many more moons than
Electricity the magnetic field is. the inner planets.

Section 1, page 586
Like charges repel and unlike
charges attract each other.

A n s w e r s t o R e a d i n g C h e c k s 895

APPENDIX E

APPENDIX E Section 2, page 669 Section 1, page 700 Chapter 21
Changes in the orbit of Black holes can be located Planet Earth
Uranus caused by another indirectly by observing the
gravitational body allowed radiation from objects that Section 1, page 730
astronomers to predict the revolve around them. The pressure due to the
presence of Neptune before weight of the mantle and
seeing it. Section 2, page 703 crust is so great that the
Space would be a veil of gas metals cannot turn into
Section 3, page 672 spread fairly evenly through gases, despite the high
The heliocentric model puts space if gravity did not exist. temperatures.
the sun at the center of the
solar system. The geocentric Section 2, page 705 Section 1, page 732
model puts Earth at the An elliptical galaxy has no The plate tectonics theory
center of the solar system. spiral arms, has less dust describes the movements of
and gas, and contains mostly the parts of the lithosphere
Section 3, page 675 older stars than a spiral galaxy known as tectonic plates.
When a comet is near the sun, contains.
the energy of the sun causes a Section 1, page 735
long tail to form, which makes Section 3, page 709 Oceanic plates are denser
the comet easier to see. Light takes time to travel than continental plates and
through space. We see an therefore sink beneath the
Section 3, page 676 object as it looked when light continental plates.
The Kuiper Belt is made up of left it, which may have been
planetesimals and small rocky thousands of years ago. Section 1, page 736
bodies left over from the The Indian plate is still
formation of the solar system. Section 3, page 711 colliding with the Eurasian
Observations of the universe plate, albeit very slowly.
Chapter 20 indicate that most objects,
The Universe such as galaxies, are moving Section 2, page 739
away from one another. So, The epicenter of an
Section 1, page 695 going backward in time, the earthquake is located on
Telescopes in space can objects would move toward Earth’s surface directly above
study a wider range of the each other and eventually the focus.
electromagnetic spectrum meet at a single point.
than telescopes on the ground Section 2, page 741
can. Section 3, page 713 Scientists can use the
The big bang theory is the data from three or more
Section 1, page 696 theory best supported by seismograph stations by
Each element produces a the current observational determining where the radii
unique set of spectral lines, evidence for the shape and of the circles intersect.
so astronomers can analyze movements of the universe.
spectral lines to discover the Section 2, page 742
composition of a star. Section 3, page 715 Each step up on the Richter
The amount of mass will scale is 30 times as powerful
Section 1, page 699 determine whether the as the preceding number.
The sun will eventually universe expands forever,
become a red giant and then reaches stasis, or contracts on Section 2, page 745
a white dwarf. itself. The sinking plate melts in
the mantle, and the resulting
magma rises to the surface.

896 A n s w e r s t o R e a d i n g C h e c k s

APPENDIX E

Section 3, page 749 Section 1, page 778 Section 1, page 812 APPENDIX E
Intrusive igneous rocks cool The ozone in the upper Answers may include
while trapped beneath Earth’s atmosphere protects living earthquakes, volcanic
surface. Extrusive igneous things on Earth from much of eruptions, meteor strikes,
rocks cool on Earth’s surface. the sun’s radiation. catastrophic fires, glacial
periods, or any other natural
Section 3, page 751 Section 1, page 779 event that may alter the
Rocks may undergo Certain atmospheric balance of an ecosystem.
metamorphosis through the gases keep Earth warm by
application of heat alone absorbing radiation from the Section 2, page 816
or through the combined sun and returning it to Earth. Fossil fuels come from the
application of heat and remains of ancient plants
pressure. Section 2, page 783 and animals that have been
Clouds are made of tiny altered by heat and pressure
Section 3, page 752 droplets of liquid water. for millions of years.
The forces of weathering and
erosion break down rocks into Section 2, page 785 Section 2, page 818
sediment. The height of a mercury Different areas of the
barometer indicates the air world experience different
Section 4, page 757 pressure. amounts of sunlight. Some
H2CO3 areas receive more direct
Section 3, page 790 sunlight than others. Areas
Section 4, page 758 A cold front often causes high that produce a lot of rain or
Answers may include objects winds and thunderstorms. have a lot of cloud cover, for
made of metal or rock, example, are less suited to
including statues, buildings, Section 3, page 792 capturing solar energy than
or bridges. The energy in a hurricane areas such as a desert.
comes from the condensation
Section 4, page 760 of rising moist air. Section 2, page 820
Fast-moving wind can carry Water pours through turbines,
sediment that erodes rock Chapter 23 which causes them to spin.
through abrasion. Using Natural Resources The turbines are connected
to electric generators. As the
Chapter 22 Section 1, page 809 generators spin, they produce
The Atmosphere Ecosystems are maintained electricity.
when all of the elements in
Section 1, page 775 the ecosystem, both living Section 3, page 826
The stratosphere gets warmer and nonliving, are balanced Acidic precipitation can
with increasing altitude with respect to one another. erode metal and rock,
because the ozone layer in contaminate water supplies,
the stratosphere absorbs solar Section 1, page 811 leach nutrients from soil, and
radiation. Answers may mention damage plant life.
changes in temperatures;
Section 1, page 776 changes in the landscape, Section 3, page 828
At night, ion density is lower such as trees losing their Eutrophication reduces the
because fewer solar rays leaves; the migration of amount of oxygen that is
pass through the ionosphere. animals; and the stage of an available in the water supply.
Therefore, at night radio organism’s life cycle. As a result, fish may not get
transmissions can go higher enough oxygen and die.
in the atmosphere before
being bounced back by
ionized particles.

A n s w e r s t o R e a d i n g C h e c k s 897

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO A alkali metal (AL kuh lie MET’l) one of the elements of
Group 1 of the periodic table (lithium, sodium, potas-
absolute zero (AB suh loot ZIR oh) the temperature at sium, rubidium, cesium, and francium) (157)
which molecular energy is at a minimum (0 K on the
Kelvin scale or –273.15 °C on the Celsius scale) (476) metal alcalino uno de los elementos del Grupo 1 de
la tabla periódica (litio, sodio, potasio, rubidio, cesio y
cero absoluto la temperatura a la que la energía francio) (157)
molecular es mínima (0 K en la escala de Kelvin ó
–273.15 °C en la escala de Celsius) (476) alkaline-earth metal (AL kuh lien UHRTH MET’l) one of
the elements of Group 2 of the periodic table (beryllium,
acceleration (ak sel uhr AY shuhn) the rate at which magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium)
velocity changes over time; an object accelerates if its (158)
speed, direction, or both change (372)
metal alcalinotérreo uno de los elementos del Grupo
aceleración la tasa a la que la velocidad cambia con el 2 de la tabla periódica (berilio, magnesio, calcio, estron-
tiempo; un objeto acelera si su rapidez cambia, si su di- cio, bario y radio) (158)
rección cambia, o si tanto su rapidez como su dirección
cambian (372) alloy (AL oy) a solid or liquid mixture of two or more
metals (266)
accuracy (AK yur uh see) a description of how close a
measurement is to the true value of the quantity meas- aleación una mezcla sólida o líquida de dos o más
ured (27) metales (266)

exactitud término que describe qué tanto se aproxima alpha particle (AL fuh PAHRT i kuhl) a positively charged
una medida al valor verdadero de la cantidad medida particle that consists of two protons and two neutrons
(27) and that is emitted from a nucleus during radioactive
decay; it is identical to the nucleus of a helium atom and
acid (AS id) any compound that increases the number has a charge of +2 (328)
of hydronium ions when dissolved in water; acids turn
blue litmus paper red and react with bases and some partícula alfa una partícula con carga positiva que
metals to form salts (293) está formada por dos protones y dos neutrones y que se
emite desde el núcleo durante la desintegración radiac-
ácido cualquier compuesto que aumenta el número tiva; es idéntica al núcleo de un átomo de helio y tiene
de iones de hidrógeno cuando se disuelve en agua; los una carga de +2 (328)
ácidos cambian el color del papel tornasol a rojo y for-
man sales al reaccionar con bases y con algunos metales alternating current (AWL tuhr nayt ing KUHR uhnt) an
(293) electric current that changes direction at regular inter-
vals (abbreviation, AC) (634)
acid precipitation (AS id pree sip uh TAY shuhn) precipi-
tation, such as rain, sleet, or snow, that contains a high corriente alterna una corriente eléctrica que cambia
concentration of acids, often because of the pollution of de dirección en intervalos regulares (abreviatura: CA)
the atmosphere (758) (634)

precipitación ácida precipitación tal como lluvia, amino acid (uh MEE noh AS id) a compound of a class
aguanieve o nieve, que contiene una alta concentración of simple organic compounds that contain a carboxyl
de ácidos debido a la contaminación de la atmósfera group and an amino group and that combine to form
(758) proteins (203)

air mass (ER MAS) a large body of air throughout which aminoácido un compuesto de una clase de
temperature and moisture content are similar (789) compuestos orgánicos simples que contienen un grupo
carboxilo y un grupo amino y que al combinarse forman
masa de aire un gran volumen de aire, cuya tempera- proteínas (203)
tura y cuyo contenido de humedad son similares en
toda su extensión (789) amplitude (AM pluh tood) the maximum distance that
the particles of a wave’s medium vibrate from their rest
position (514)

amplitud la distancia máxima a la que vibran las
partículas del medio de una onda a partir de su posición
de reposo (514)

898 CGh laopstsear r Xy • G l o s a r i o

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

antacid (ant AS id) a weak base that neutralizes stomach big bang theory (BIG bang THEE uh ree) the theory that GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO
acid (311) all matter and energy in the universe was compressed
antiácido una base débil que neutraliza el ácido del into an extremely small volume that 13 billion to 15
estómago (311) billion years ago exploded and began expanding in all
directions (712)
asteroid (AS tuhr oyd) a small, rocky object that orbits
the sun; most asteroids are located in a band between teoría del Big Bang la teoría que establece que toda la
the orbits of Mars and Jupiter (666) materia y la energía del universo estaban comprimidas
asteroide un objeto pequeño y rocoso que se encuen- en un volumen extremadamente pequeño que explotó
tra en órbita alrededor del Sol; la mayoría de los asteroi- hace aproximadamente 13 a 15 mil millones de años y
des se ubican en una banda entre las órbitas de Marte y empezó a expandirse en todas direcciones (712)
Júpiter (666)
black hole (BLAK HOHL) an object so massive and dense
atom (AT uhm) the smallest unit of an element that main- that even light cannot escape its gravity (700)
tains the chemical properties of that element (46)
átomo la unidad más pequeña de un elemento que hoyo negro un objeto tan masivo y denso que ni si-
conserva las propiedades químicas de ese elemento (46) quiera la luz puede salir de su campo gravitacional (700)

atomic number (uh TAHM ik NUHM buhr) the number bleach (BLEECH) a chemical compound used to whiten
of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic num- or make lighter, such as hydrogen peroxide or sodium
ber is the same for all atoms of an element (121) hypochlorite (310)
número atómico el número de protones en el núcleo
de un átomo; el número atómico es el mismo para todos blanqueador un compuesto químico que se usa para
los átomos de un elemento (121) blanquear o aclarar, tal como el peróxido de hidrógeno
o el hipoclorito de sodio (310)
B
boiling point (BOYL ing POYNT) the temperature and
background radiation (BAK grownd ray dee AY shuhn) pressure at which a liquid becomes a gas (52)
the nuclear radiation that arises naturally from cosmic
rays and from radioactive isotopes in the soil and air punto de ebullición la temperatura y presión a la que
(344) un líquido se transforma en gas (52)
radiación de fondo la radiación nuclear que surge
naturalmente de los rayos cósmicos y de los isótopos bond angle (BAHND ANG guhl) the angle formed by two
radiactivos que están en el suelo y en el aire (344) bonds to the same atom (178)

base (BAYS) any compound that increases the number ángulo de enlace el ángulo formado por dos enlaces
of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; bases turn al mismo átomo (178)
red litmus paper blue and react with acids to form salts
(295) bond length (BAHND LENGKTH) the distance between
base cualquier compuesto que aumenta el número two bonded atoms at their minimum potential energy;
de iones de hidróxido cuando se disuelve en agua; las the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded
bases cambian el color del papel tornasol a azul y for- atoms (178)
man sales al reaccionar con ácidos (295)
longitud de enlace la distancia entre dos átomos que
beta particle (BAYT uh PAHRT i kuhl) an electron or posi- están enlazados en el punto en que su energía potencial
tron that is emitted from a nucleus during radioactive es mínima; la distancia promedio entre los núcleos de
decay (329) dos átomos enlazados (178)
partícula beta un electrón o positrón que se emite
desde un núcleo durante la desintegración radiactiva buoyant force (BOY uhnt FAWRS) the upward force that
(329) keeps an object immersed in or floating on a fluid (90)

fuerza boyante la fuerza ascendente que hace que un
objeto se mantenga sumergido en un fluido o flotando
en él (90)

G l o s s a r Cy h•a Gp tl oe sr aTriitol e 899

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO C chemical equilibrium (KEM i kuhl ee kwi LIB ree uhm)
a state of balance in which the rate of a forward reaction
carbohydrate (kahr boh HIE drayt) a class of molecules equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concen-
that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; contains car- trations of products and reactants remain unchanged
bon, hydrogen, and oxygen (202) (245)
carbohidrato una clase de moléculas entre las que se
incluyen azúcares, almidones y fibra; contiene carbono, equilibrio químico un estado de equilibrio en el que
hidrógeno y oxígeno (202) la tasa de la reacción directa es igual a la tasa de la reac-
ción inversa y las concentraciones de los productos y
catalyst (KAT uh list) a substance that changes the rate reactivos no sufren cambios (245)
of a chemical reaction without being consumed or
changed significantly (240) chemical structure (KEM i kuhl STRUHK chuhr) the
catalizador una sustancia que cambia la tasa de una arrangement of the atoms in a molecule (178)
reacción química sin ser consumida ni cambiar signifi-
cativamente (240) estructura química la disposición de los átomos en
una molécula (178)
cell (SEL) in electricity, a device that produces an electric
current by converting chemical or radiant energy into circuit breaker (SUHR kit BRAYK uhr) a switch that
electrical energy (594) opens a circuit automatically when the current exceeds
celda en electricidad, un aparato que produce una a certain value (607)
corriente eléctrica transformando la energía química o
radiante en energía eléctrica (594) disyuntor un interruptor que abre un circuito auto-
máticamente cuando la corriente excede un valor deter-
chemical bond (KEM i kuhl BAHND) the attractive force minado (607)
that holds atoms or ions together (177)
enlace químico la fuerza de atracción que mantiene climate (KLIE muht) the average weather conditions in
unidos a los átomos o iones (177) an area over a long period of time (794)

chemical change (KEM i kuhl CHAYNJ) a change that clima las condiciones promedio del tiempo en un área
occurs when one or more substances change into en- durante un largo período de tiempo (794)
tirely new substances with different properties (61)
cambio químico un cambio que ocurre cuando una o cluster (KLUHS tuhr) a group of stars or galaxies bound
más sustancias se transforman en sustancias totalmente by gravity (703)
nuevas con propiedades diferentes (61)
conglomerado un grupo de estrellas o galaxias unidas
chemical energy (KEM i kuhl EN uhr jee) the energy por la gravedad (703)
released when a chemical compound reacts to produce
new compounds (221) colloid (KAHL oyd) a mixture consisting of tiny particles
energía química la energía que se libera cuando un that are intermediate in size between those in solutions
compuesto químico reacciona para producir nuevos and those in suspensions and that are suspended in a
compuestos (221) liquid, solid, or gas (261)

chemical equation (KEM i kuhl ee KWAY zhuhn) a rep- coloide una mezcla formada por partículas diminutas
resentation of a chemical reaction that uses symbols to que son de tamaño intermedio entre las partículas de
show the relationship between the reactants and the las soluciones y las de las suspensiones y que se en-
products (225) cuentran suspendidas en un líquido, sólido o gas (261)
ecuación química una representación de una reacción
química que usa símbolos para mostrar la relación entre combustion reaction (kuhm BUHS chuhn ree AK shuhn)
los reactivos y los productos (225) the oxidation reaction of an organic compound, in
which heat is released (232)

reacción de combustión la reacción de oxidación de
un compuesto orgánico, durante la cual se libera calor
(232)

900 CGh laopstsear r Xy • G l o s a r i o

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

comet (KAHM it) a small body of ice, rock, and cosmic convection (kuhn VEK shuhn) the movement of matter GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO
dust that follows an elliptical orbit around the sun due to differences in density that are caused by tem-
and that gives off gas and dust in the form of a tail as it perature variations; can result in the transfer of energy
passes close to the sun (675) as heat (481)
convección el movimiento de la materia debido a dife-
cometa un cuerpo pequeño formado por hielo, roca y rencias en la densidad que se producen por variaciones
polvo cósmico que sigue una órbita elíptica alrededor en la temperatura; puede resultar en la transferencia de
del Sol y que libera gas y polvo, los cuales forman una energía en forma de calor (481)
cola al pasar cerca del Sol (675)
convection current (kuhn VEK shuhn KUHR uhnt) any
community (kuh MYOO nuh tee) a group of various spe- movement of matter that results from differences in
cies that live in the same habitat and interact with each density; may be vertical, circular, or cyclical (481)
other (808) corriente de convección cualquier movimiento de la
materia que se produce como resultado de diferencias
comunidad un grupo de varias especies que viven en en la densidad; puede ser vertical, circular o cíclico
el mismo hábitat e interactúan unas con otras (808) (481)

compound (KAHM pownd) a substance made up of core (KAWR) the central part of Earth below the mantle;
atoms of two or more different elements joined by also the center of the sun (730)
chemical bonds (47) núcleo la parte central de la Tierra, debajo del manto;
también, el centro del Sol (730)
compuesto una sustancia formada por átomos de dos
o más elementos diferentes unidos por enlaces quími- Coriolis effect (kawr ee OH lis e FEKT) the curving of the
cos (47) path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path
due to Earth’s rotation (786)
compound machine (KAHM pownd muh SHEEN) a ma- efecto de Coriolis la desviación de la trayectoria recta
chine made of more than one simple machine (443) que experimentan los objetos en movimiento debido a
la rotación de la Tierra (786)
máquina compuesta una máquina hecha de más de
una máquina simple (443) covalent bond (koh VAY luhnt BAHND) a bond formed
when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons (186)
concentration (kahn suhn TRAY shuhn) the amount of enlace covalente un enlace formado cuando los áto-
a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture, mos comparten uno o más pares de electrones (186)
solution, or ore (277)
crest (KREST) the highest point of a wave (512)
concentración la cantidad de una cierta sustancia en cresta el punto más alto de una onda (512)
una cantidad determinada de mezcla, solución o mena
(277) critical mass (KRIT i kuhl MAS) the minimum mass of
a fissionable isotope that provides the number of neu-
condensation (kahn duhn SAY shuhn) the change of trons needed to sustain a chain reaction (341)
state from a gas to a liquid (86) masa crítica la cantidad mínima de masa de un isó-
topo fisionable que proporciona el número de neu-
condensación el cambio de estado de gas a líquido trones que se requieren para sostener una reacción en
(86) cadena (341)

constructive interference (kuhn STRUHK tiv in tuhr FIR
uhns) a superposition of two or more waves that pro-
duces an intensity equal to the sum of the intensities of
the individual waves (527)

interferencia constructiva una superposición de dos o
más ondas que produce una intensidad igual a la suma
de las intensidades de las ondas individuales (527)

G l o s s a r Cy h•a Gp lt oe sr aTriitol e 901

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO critical thinking (KRIT i kuhl THINGK ing) the ability and dew point (DOO POYNT) at constant pressure and water
willingness to assess claims critically and to make judg- vapor content, the temperature at which the rate of con-
ments on the basis of objective and supported reasons densation equals the rate of evaporation (783)
(14)
razonamiento crítico la capacidad y voluntad de punto de rocío a presión y contenido de vapor de agua
evaluar declaraciones críticamente y de hacer juicios constantes, la temperatura a la que la tasa de conden-
basados en razones objetivas y documentadas (14) sación es igual a la tasa de evaporación (783)

crust (KRUHST) the thin and solid outermost layer of diffraction (di FRAK shuhn) a change in the direction of a
Earth above the mantle (729) wave when the wave finds an obstacle or an edge, such
corteza la capa externa, delgada y sólida de la Tierra, as an opening (525)
que se encuentra sobre el manto (729)
difracción un cambio en la dirección de una onda
D cuando ésta se encuentra con un obstáculo o un borde,
tal como una abertura (525)
decomposition reaction (dee kahm puh ZISH uhn
ree AK shuhn) a reaction in which a single compound disinfectant (dis in FEK tuhnt) a chemical substance that
breaks down to form two or more simpler substances kills harmful bacteria or viruses (310)
(231)
reacción de descomposición una reacción en la que desinfectante una sustancia química que elimina bac-
un solo compuesto se descompone para formar dos o terias dañinas o virus (310)
más sustancias más simples (231)
dispersion (di SPUHR zhuhn) in optics, the process of
density (DEN suh tee) the ratio of the mass of a substance separating a wave (such as white light) of different fre-
to the volume of the substance; commonly expressed as quencies into its individual component waves (the dif-
grams per cubic centimeter for solids and liquids and as ferent colors) (570)
grams per liter for gases (54)
densidad la relación entre la masa de una sustancia dispersión en óptica, el proceso de separar una onda
y su volumen; comúnmente se expresa en gramos por que tiene diferentes frecuencias (por ejemplo, la luz
centímetro cúbico para los sólidos y líquidos, y como blanca) de las ondas individuales que la componen (los
gramos por litro para los gases (54) distintos colores) (570)

deposition (dep uh ZISH uhn) the process in which ma- displacement (dis PLAYS muhnt) the change in position
terial is laid down (759) of an object (366)
deposición el proceso por medio del cual un material
se deposita (759) desplazamiento el cambio en la posición de un objeto
(366)
destructive interference (di STRUHK tiv in tuhr FIR
uhns) a superposition of two or more waves that Doppler effect (DAHP luhr e FEKT) an observed change
produces an intensity equal to the difference of the in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer
intensities of the individual waves (527) is moving (523, 710)
interferencia destructiva una superposición de dos
o más ondas que produce una intensidad igual a la efecto Doppler un cambio que se observa en la fre-
diferencia de las intensidades de las ondas individuales cuencia de una onda cuando la fuente o el observador
(527) está en movimiento (523, 710)

detergent (dee TUHR juhnt) a water-soluble cleaner that double-displacement reaction (DUHB uhl dis PLAYS
can emulsify dirt and oil (309) muhnt ree AK shuhn) a reaction in which a gas, a solid
detergente un limpiador no jabonoso, soluble en agua, precipitate, or a molecular compound forms from the
que emulsiona la suciedad y el aceite (309) apparent exchange of atoms or ions between two com-
pounds (234)

reacción de doble desplazamiento una reacción en
la que un gas, un precipitado sólido o un compuesto
molecular se forma a partir del intercambio aparente de
átomos o iones entre dos compuestos (234)

dwarf planet (DWAWRF PLAN it) a celestial body that
orbits the sun, is round because of its own gravity, but
has not cleared its orbital path (666)

planeta enano un cuerpo celeste que orbita alrededor
del Sol, es redondo debido a su propia fuerza de grave-
dad, pero no ha despejado los alrededores de su trayec-
toria orbital (666)

902 CGh laopstsear r Xy • G l o s a r i o

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

E electric current (ee LEK trik KUHR uhnt) the rate at GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO
which charges pass through a given point; measured in
eclipse (i KLIPS) an event in which the shadow of one amperes (595)
celestial body falls on another (658) corriente eléctrica la tasa a la que las cargas pasan por
eclipse un suceso en el que la sombra de un cuerpo un punto determinado; se mide en amperes (595)
celeste cubre otro cuerpo celeste (658)
electric field (ee LEK trik FEELD) the space around a
ecosystem (EE koh sis tuhm) a community of organisms charged object in which another charged object experi-
and their abiotic environment (807) ences an electric force (591)
ecosistema una comunidad de organismos y su ambi- campo eléctrico el espacio que se encuentra alrededor
ente abiótico (807) de un objeto con carga y en el que otro objeto con carga
experimenta una fuerza eléctrica (591)
efficiency (e FISH uhn see) a quantity, usually expressed
as a percentage, that measures the ratio of work output electric force (ee LEK trik FAWRS) the force of attraction
to work input (459) or repulsion on a charged particle that is due to an elec-
eficiencia una cantidad, generalmente expresada tric field (590)
como un porcentaje, que mide la relación entre el tra- fuerza eléctrica la fuerza de atracción o repulsión en
bajo de entrada y el trabajo de salida (459) una partícula con carga debido a un campo eléctrico
(590)
electrical conductor (ee LEK tri kuhl kuhn DUHK tuhr) a
material in which charges can move freely (588) electric motor (ee LEK trik MOHT uhr) a device that con-
conductor eléctrico un material en el que las cargas se verts electrical energy into mechanical energy (630)
mueven libremente (588) motor eléctrico un aparato que transforma la energía
eléctrica en energía mecánica (630)
electrical insulator (ee LEK tri kuhl IN suh layt uhr) a
material in which charges cannot move freely (588) electric power (ee LEK trik POW uhr) the rate at which
aislante eléctrico un material en el que las cargas no electrical energy is converted into other forms of energy
pueden moverse libremente (588) (605)
potencia eléctrica la tasa a la que la energía eléctrica
electrical potential energy (ee LEK tri kuhl poh TEN se transforma en otras formas de energía (605)
shuhl EN uhr jee) the ability to move an electric charge
from one point to another (593) electrolyte (ee LEK troh liet) a substance that dissolves
energía potencial eléctrica la capacidad de mover in water to give a solution that conducts an electric cur-
una carga eléctrica de un punto a otro (593) rent (294)
electrolito una sustancia que se disuelve en agua y
electric charge (ee LEK trik CHAHRJ) an electrical prop- crea una solución que conduce la corriente eléctrica
erty of matter that creates electric and magnetic forces (294)
and interactions (585)
carga eléctrica una propiedad eléctrica de la materia electromagnet (ee lek troh MAG nit) a coil that has a soft
que crea fuerzas e interacciones eléctricas y magnéticas iron core and that acts as a magnet when an electric cur-
(585) rent is in the coil (628)
electroimán una bobina que tiene un centro de hierro
electric circuit (ee LEK trik SUHR kit) a set of electrical suave y que funciona como un imán cuando hay una
components connected such that they provide one or corriente eléctrica en la bobina (628)
more complete paths for the movement of charges (600)
circuito eléctrico un conjunto de componentes eléc- electromagnetic induction (ee lek troh mag NET ik
tricos conectados de modo que proporcionen una o más in DUHK shuhn) the process of creating a current in a
rutas completas para el movimiento de las cargas (600) circuit by changing a magnetic field (632)
inducción electromagnética el proceso de crear una
corriente en un circuito por medio de un cambio en el
campo magnético (632)

G l o s s a r Cy h•a Gp tl oe sr aTriitol e 903

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO electromagnetic wave (ee lek troh mag NET ik WAYV) a enzyme (EN ziem) a molecule, either protein or RNA, that
wave that consists of oscillating electric and magnetic acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions (241)
fields, which radiate outward at the speed of light (506) enzima una molécula, ya sea una proteína o ARN, que
onda electromagnética una onda que está formada actúa como catalizador en las reacciones bioquímicas
por campos eléctricos y magnéticos oscilantes, que ir- (241)
radia hacia fuera a la velocidad de la luz (506)
epicenter (EP i sent uhr) the point on Earth’s surface
electron (ee LEK trahn) a subatomic particle that has a directly above an earthquake’s starting point, or focus
negative charge (115) (739)
electrón una partícula subatómica que tiene carga epicentro el punto de la superficie de la Tierra que
negativa (115) queda justo arriba del punto de inicio, o foco, de un ter-
remoto (739)
element (EL uh muhnt) a substance that cannot be
separated or broken down into simpler substances by erosion (ee ROH zhuhn) a process in which the materials
chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same of Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away
atomic number (46) and transported from one place to another by a natural
elemento una sustancia que no se puede separar o agent, such as wind, water, ice, or gravity (759)
descomponer en sustancias más simples por medio de erosión un proceso por medio del cual los materia-
métodos químicos; todos los átomos de un elemento les de la superficie de la Tierra se aflojan, disuelven o
tienen el mismo número atómico (46) desgastan y son transportados de un lugar a otro por
un agente natural, como el viento, el agua, el hielo o la
empirical formula (em PIR i kuhl FAWR myoo luh) a gravedad (759)
chemical formula that shows the composition of a com-
pound in terms of the relative numbers and kinds of eutrophication (yoo trahf i KAY shuhn) an increase in
atoms in the simplest ratio (194) the amount of nutrients, such as nitrates, in a marine or
fórmula empírica una fórmula química que muestra la aquatic ecosystem (828)
composición de un compuesto en función del número eutrofización un aumento en la cantidad de nutri-
relativo y el tipo de átomos que hay en la proporción entes, tales como nitratos, en un ecosistema marino o
más simple (194) acuático (828)

emulsion (ee MUHL shuhn) any mixture of two or more evaporation (ee vap uh RAY shuhn) the change of state
immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in from a liquid to a gas (85)
the other (262) evaporación el cambio de estado de líquido a gas (85)
emulsión cualquier mezcla de dos o más líquidos in-
miscibles en la que un líquido se encuentra disperso en exoplanet (ek soh PLAN it) a planetlike body that orbits a
el otro (262) star other than the sun (85)
exoplaneta un cuerpo parecido a un planeta que
endothermic reaction (en doh THUHR mik ree AK orbita alrededor de una estrella que no es el Sol (85)
shuhn) a chemical reaction that requires energy input
(222) exothermic reaction (ek soh THUHR mik ree AK shuhn)
reacción endotérmica una reacción química que a chemical reaction in which energy is released to the
necesita una entrada de energía (222) surroundings as heat (222)
reacción exotérmica una reacción química en la que
energy (EN uhr jee) the capacity to do work (80, 444) se libera energía a los alrededores en forma de calor
energía la capacidad de realizar un trabajo (80, 444) (222)

entropy (EN truh pee) a measure of the randomness or F
disorder of a system (491)
entropía una medida del grado de aleatoriedad o des- fault (FAWLT) a break in a body of rock along which one
orden de un sistema (491) block slides relative to another; a form of brittle strain
(737)
falla una grieta en un cuerpo rocoso a lo largo de la
cual un bloque se desliza respecto a otro; una forma de
tensión quebradiza (737)

904 CGh laopstsear r Xy • G l o s a r i o

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

fission (FISH uhn) the process by which a nucleus splits frequency (FREE kwuhn see) the number of cycles or GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO
into two or more fragments and releases neutrons and vibrations per unit of time; also the number of waves
energy (339) produced in a given amount of time (516)
frecuencia el número de ciclos o vibraciones por uni-
fisión el proceso por medio del cual un núcleo se di- dad de tiempo; también, el número de ondas produci-
vide en dos o más fragmentos y libera neutrones y en- das en una cantidad de tiempo determinada (516)
ergía (339)
friction (FRIK shuhn) a force that opposes motion be-
fluid (FLOO id) a nonsolid state of matter in which the tween two surfaces that are in contact (382)
atoms or molecules are free to move past each other, as fricción una fuerza que se opone al movimiento entre
in a gas or liquid (79) dos superficies que están en contacto (382)

fluido un estado no sólido de la materia en el que los front (FRUHNT) the boundary between air masses of dif-
átomos o moléculas tienen libertad de movimiento, ferent densities and usually different temperatures (789)
como en el caso de un gas o un líquido (79) frente el límite entre masas de aire de diferentes densi-
dades y, normalmente, diferentes temperaturas (789)
focus (FOH kuhs) the location within Earth along a fault
at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs (739) fuse (FYOOZ) an electrical device that contains a metal
strip that melts when current in the circuit becomes too
foco el lugar dentro de la Tierra a lo largo de una falla great (607)
donde ocurre el primer movimiento de un terremoto fusible un aparato eléctrico que contiene una tira de
(739) metal que se derrite cuando la corriente en el circuito es
demasiado elevada (607)
force (FAWRS) an action exerted on a body in order to
change the body’s state of rest or motion; force has mag- fusion (FYOO zhuhn) the process in which light nuclei
nitude and direction (380) combine at extremely high temperatures, forming
heavier nuclei and releasing energy (342)
fuerza una acción que se ejerce en un cuerpo con el fin fusión el proceso por medio del cual núcleos ligeros
de cambiar su estado de reposo o movimiento; la fuerza se combinan a temperaturas extremadamente altas for-
tiene magnitud y dirección (380) mando núcleos más pesados y liberando energía (342)

fossil fuel (FAHS uhl FYOO uhl) a nonrenewable energy G
resource formed from the remains of organisms that
lived long ago; examples include oil, coal, and natural galaxy (GAL uhk see) a collection of stars, dust, and gas
gas (816) bound together by gravity (702)
galaxia un conjunto de estrellas, polvo y gas unidos
combustible fósil un recurso energético no renovable por la gravedad (702)
formado a partir de los restos de organismos que vivi-
eron hace mucho tiempo; algunos ejemplos incluyen el galvanometer (gal vuh NAHM uht uhr) an instrument
petróleo, el carbón y el gas natural (816) that detects, measures, and determines the direction of
a small electric current (630)
frame of reference (FRAYM UHV REF uhr uhns) a sys- galvanómetro un instrumento que detecta, mide y de-
tem for specifying the precise location of objects in termina la dirección de una corriente eléctrica pequeña
space and time (365) (630)

marco de referencia un sistema para especificar la gamma ray (GAM uh RAY) the high-energy photon emit-
ubicación precisa de los objetos en el tiempo y el espa- ted by a nucleus during fission and radioactive decay
cio (365) (329)
rayo gamma el fotón de alta energía emitido por un
free fall (FREE FAWL) the motion of a body when only núcleo durante la fisión y la desintegración radiactiva
the force of gravity is acting on the body (407) (329)

caída libre el movimiento de un cuerpo cuando la
única fuerza que actúa sobre él es la fuerza de gravedad
(407)

free radical (FREE RAD i kuhl) an atom or a group of
atoms that has one unpaired electron (235)

radical libre un átomo o un grupo de átomos que tiene
un electrón no apareado (235)

G l o s s a r Cy h•a Gp tl oe sr aTriitol e 905

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO gas giant (GAS JIE uhnt) a planet that has a deep, massive halogen (HAL oh juhn) one of the elements of Group 17
atmosphere, such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, or Neptune of the periodic table (fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
(666) iodine, and astatine); halogens combine with most
gigante gaseoso un planeta con una atmósfera masiva metals to form salts (162)
y profunda, como por ejemplo, Júpiter, Saturno, Urano o halógeno uno de los elementos del Grupo 17 de la
Neptuno (666) tabla periódica (flúor, cloro, bromo, yodo y ástato); los
halógenos se combinan con la mayoría de los metales
gas laws (GAS LAWZ) the laws that state the mathemati- para formar sales (162)
cal relationships between the volume, temperature,
pressure, and quantity of a gas (97) heat (HEET) the energy transferred between objects that
leyes de los gases las leyes que establecen las relacio- are at different temperatures; energy is always trans-
nes matemáticas entre el volumen, temperatura, pre- ferred from higher-temperature objects to lower-
sión y cantidad de un gas (97) temperature objects until thermal equilibrium is
reached (479)
generator (JEN uhr ayt uhr) a machine that converts calor la transferencia de energía entre objetos que
mechanical energy into electrical energy (634) están a temperaturas diferentes; la energía siempre se
generador una máquina que transforma la energía transfiere de los objetos que están a la temperatura más
mecánica en energía eléctrica (634) alta a los objetos que están a una temperatura más baja,
hasta que se llega a un equilibrio térmico (479)
geothermal energy (jee oh THUHR muhl EN uhr jee) the
energy produced by heat within Earth (819) heat engine (HEET EN juhn) a machine that transforms
energía geotérmica la energía producida por el calor heat into mechanical energy, or work (492)
del interior de la Tierra (819) motor térmico una máquina que transforma el calor
en energía mecánica, o trabajo (492)
global warming (GLOH buhl WAWRM ing) a gradual in-
crease in average global temperature (826) humidity (hyoo MID uh tee) the amount of water vapor in
calentamiento global un aumento gradual de la tem- the air (782)
peratura global promedio (826) humedad la cantidad de vapor de agua que hay en el
aire (782)
greenhouse effect (GREEN hows e FEKT) the warming
of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that oc- hydrogen bond (HIE druh juhn BAHND) the intermo-
curs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases lecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is
in the air absorb and reradiate infrared radiation (779) bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one mol-
efecto invernadero el calentamiento de la superficie ecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another
terrestre y de la parte más baja de la atmósfera, el cual molecule (269)
se produce cuando el dióxido de carbono, el vapor de enlace de hidrógeno la fuerza intermolecular pro-
agua y otros gases del aire absorben radiación infrarroja ducida por un átomo de hidrógeno que está unido a
y la vuelven a irradiar (779) un átomo muy electronegativo de una molécula y que
experimenta atracción a dos electrones no compartidos
group (GROOP) a vertical column of elements in the pe- de otra molécula (269)
riodic table; elements in a group share chemical proper-
ties (150) hydrosphere (HIE droh sfir) the portion of Earth that is
grupo una columna vertical de elementos de la tabla water (663)
periódica; los elementos de un grupo comparten hidrosfera la porción de la Tierra que es agua (663)
propiedades químicas (150)
I
H
igneous rock (IG nee uhs RAHK) rock that forms when
half-life (HAF lief) the time required for half of a sample magma cools and solidifies (749)
of a radioactive isotope to break down by radioactive roca ígnea una roca que se forma cuando el magma se
decay to form a daughter isotope (333) enfría y se solidifica (749)
vida media el tiempo que se requiere para que la
mitad de una muestra de un isótopo radiactivo se
descomponga por desintegración radiactiva y forme un
isótopo hijo (333)

906 CGh laopstsear r Xy • G l o s a r i o

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

indicator (IN di kayt uhr) a compound that can revers- K GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO
ibly change color depending on conditions such as pH
(293) kinetic energy (ki NET ik EN uhr jee) the energy of an ob-
indicador un compuesto que puede cambiar de color ject that is due to the object’s motion (447)
de forma reversible dependiendo de condiciones tales energía cinética la energía de un objeto debido al
como el pH (293) movimiento del objeto (447)

inertia (in UHR shuh) the tendency of an object to resist kinetic friction (ki NET ik FRIK shuhn) the force that op-
a change in motion unless an outside force acts on the poses the movement of two surfaces that are in contact
object (398) and are moving over each other (383)
inercia la tendencia de un objeto a resistir un cambio fricción cinética la fuerza que se opone al movimiento
en el movimiento a menos que actúe una fuerza externa de dos superficies que están en contacto y se mueven
sobre el objeto (398) una sobre la otra (383)

infrasound (IN fruh sownd) slow vibrations of frequen- L
cies lower than 20 Hz (546)
infrasonido vibraciones lentas de frecuencias inferi- law (LAW) a descriptive statement or equation that reli-
ores a 20 Hz (546) ably predicts events under certain conditions (9)
ley una ecuación o afirmación descriptiva que predice
intensity (in TEN suh tee) in physical science, the rate at sucesos de manera confiable en determinadas condi-
which energy flows through a given area of space (555) ciones (9)
intensidad en las ciencias físicas, la tasa a la que la en-
ergía fluye a través de un área determinada de espacio length (LENGKTH) a measure of the straight-line dis-
(555) tance between two points (21)
longitud una medida de la distancia en línea recta
interference (in tuhr FIR uhns) the combination of two entre dos puntos (21)
or more waves that results in a single wave (526)
interferencia la combinación de dos o más ondas que lens (LENZ) a transparent object that refracts light waves
resulta en una sola onda (526) such that they converge or diverge to create an image
(568)
interstellar matter (in tuhr STEL uhr MAT uhr) the gas lente un objeto transparente que refracta las ondas de
and dust located between the stars in a galaxy (704) luz de modo que converjan o diverjan para crear una
materia interestelar el gas y polvo que están entre las imagen (568)
estrellas de una galaxia (704)
light ray (LIET RAY) a line in space that matches the di-
ion (IE ahn) an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained rection of the flow of radiant energy (560)
or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or posi- rayo luz una línea en el espacio que corresponde con
tive charge (153) la dirección del flujo de energía radiante (560)
ion un átomo, radical o molécula que ha ganado o per-
dido uno o más electrones y que tiene una carga nega- light-year (LIET yir) the distance that light travels in one
tiva o positiva (153) year; about 9.46 trillion kilometers (693)
año luz la distancia que viaja la luz en un año; aproxi-
ionic bond (ie AHN ik BAHND) the attractive force be- madamente 9.46 trillones de kilómetros (693)
tween oppositely charged ions, which form when elec-
trons are transferred from one atom to another (184) lithosphere (LITH oh sfir) the solid, outer layer of Earth
enlace iónico la fuerza de atracción entre iones con that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the
cargas opuestas, que se forman cuando se transfieren mantle (732)
electrones de un átomo a otro (184) litosfera la capa externa y sólida de la Tierra que está
formada por la corteza y la parte superior y rígida del
isotope (IE suh tohp) an atom that has the same number manto (732)
of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms
of the same element do but that has a different number G l o s s a r Cy h•a Gp lt oe sr aTriitol e 907
of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass) (122)
isótopo un átomo que tiene el mismo número de pro-
tones (o el mismo número atómico) que otros átomos
del mismo elemento, pero que tiene un número dife-
rente de neutrones (y, por lo tanto, otra masa atómica)
(122)

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO longitudinal wave (lahn juh TOOD’n uhl WAYV) a wave mechanical advantage (muh KAN i kuhl ad VANT ij) a
in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to number that tells how many times a machine multiplies
the direction of wave motion (512) force; it can be calculated by dividing the output force
onda longitudinal una onda en la que las partículas by the input force (436)
del medio vibran paralelamente a la dirección del movi- ventaja mecánica un número que dice cuántas veces
miento de la onda (512) una máquina multiplica una fuerza; se calcula dividi-
endo la fuerza de salida entre la fuerza de entrada (436)
M
mechanical energy (muh KAN i kuhl EN uhr jee) the
magnetic field (mag NET ik FEELD) a region where a amount of work an object can do because of the object’s
magnetic force can be detected (621) kinetic and potential energies (449)
campo magnético una región donde puede detectarse energía mecánica la cantidad de trabajo que un ob-
una fuerza magnética (621) jeto realiza debido a las energías cinética y potencial del
objeto (449)
magnetic pole (mag NET ik POHL) one of two points,
such as the ends of a magnet, that have opposing mag- mechanical wave (muh KAN i kuhl WAYV) a wave that
netic qualities (619) requires a medium through which to travel (506)
polo magnético uno de dos puntos, tales como los onda mecánica una onda que requiere un medio para
extremos de un imán, que tienen cualidades magnéticas desplazarse (506)
opuestas (619)
medium (MEE dee uhm) a physical environment in
magnification (mag nuh fi KAY shuhn) the increase of an which phenomena occur (506)
object’s apparent size by using lenses or mirrors (568) medio un ambiente físico en el que ocurren fenóme-
magnificación el aumento del tamaño aparente de un nos (506)
objeto mediante el uso de lentes o espejos (568)
melting point (MELT ing POYNT) the temperature and
mantle (MAN tuhl) in Earth science, the layer of rock be- pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid (52)
tween Earth’s crust and core (729) punto de fusión la temperatura y presión a la cual un
manto en las ciencias de la Tierra, la capa de roca que sólido se convierte en líquido (52)
se encuentra entre la corteza terrestre y el núcleo (729)
mesosphere (MES oh sfir) the coldest layer of the
mass (MAS) a measure of the amount of matter in an atmosphere, between the stratosphere and the ther-
object; a fundamental property of an object that is not mosphere, in which temperature decreases as altitude
affected by the forces that act on the object, such as the increases (776)
gravitational force (21) mesosfera la capa más fría de la atmósfera que se en-
masa una medida de la cantidad de materia que tiene cuentra entre la estratosfera y la termosfera, en la cual la
un objeto; una propiedad fundamental de un objeto temperatura disminuye al aumentar la altitud (776)
que no está afectada por las fuerzas que actúan sobre el
objeto, como por ejemplo, la fuerza gravitacional (21) metal (MET’l) an element that is shiny and that conducts
heat and electricity well (154)
mass number (MAS NUHM buhr) the sum of the num- metal un elemento que es brillante y conduce bien el
bers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom calor y la electricidad (154)
(121)
número de masa la suma de los números de protones metallic bond (muh TAL ik BAHND) a bond formed by
y neutrones que hay en el núcleo de un átomo (121) the attraction between positively charged metal ions
and the electrons around them (188)
matter (MAT uhr) anything that has mass and takes up enlace metálico un enlace formado por la atracción
space (45) entre iones metálicos cargados positivamente y los elec-
materia cualquier cosa que tiene masa y ocupa un trones que los rodean (188)
lugar en el espacio (45)
metamorphic rock (met uh MAWR fik RAHK) a rock that
forms from other rocks as a result of intense heat, pres-
sure, or chemical processes (751)
roca metamórfica una roca que se forma a partir de
otras rocas como resultado de calor intenso, presión o
procesos químicos (751)

908 CGh laopstsear r Xy • G l o s a r i o

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

mineral (MIN uhr uhl) a natural, usually inorganic solid momentum (moh MEN tuhm) a quantity defined as the GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO
that has a characteristic chemical composition, an product of the mass and velocity of an object (414)
orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of momento una cantidad que se define como el pro-
physical properties (748) ducto de la masa de un objeto por su velocidad (414)

mineral un sólido natural, normalmente inorgánico, motion (MOH shuhn) an object’s change in position
que tiene una composición química característica, una relative to a reference point (365)
estructura interna ordenada y propiedades físicas y movimiento el cambio en la posición de un objeto re-
químicas características (748) specto a un punto de referencia (365)

mixture (MIKS chuhr) a combination of two or more sub- N
stances that are not chemically combined (48)
nebula (NEB yu luh) a large cloud of gas and dust in in-
mezcla una combinación de dos o más sustancias que terstellar space; a region in space where stars are born
no están combinadas químicamente (48) (673)
nebulosa una nube grande de gas y polvo en el espacio
molarity (moh LA ruh tee) a concentration unit of a solu- interestelar; una región en el espacio donde las estrellas
tion expressed as moles of solute dissolved per liter of nacen (673)
solution (280)
nebular hypothesis (NEB yu luhr hie PAHTH uh sis) a
molaridad una unidad de concentración de una solu- model for the formation of the solar system in which the
ción, expresada en moles de soluto disuelto por litro de sun and planets condense from a cloud (or nebula) of
solución (280) gas and dust (673)
teoría nebular un modelo de la formación del Sistema
mole (MOHL) the SI base unit used to measure the Solar en el que el Sol y los planetas se condensan a par-
amount of a substance whose number of particles is the tir de una nube (o nebulosa) de gas y polvo (673)
same as the number of atoms of carbon in exactly 12 g of
carbon-12 (125) neutralization reaction (noo truh li ZAY shuhn ree AK
shuhn) the reaction of the ions that characterize acids
mol la unidad fundamental del sistema internacional (hydronium ions) and the ions that characterize bases
de unidades que se usa para medir la cantidad de una (hydroxide ions) to form water molecules and a salt
sustancia cuyo número de partículas es el mismo que el (302)
número de átomos de carbono en exactamente 12 g de reacción de neutralización la reacción de los iones
carbono-12 (125) que caracterizan a los ácidos (iones hidronio) y de los
iones que caracterizan a las bases (iones hidróxido)
molecular formula (moh LEK yoo luhr FAWR myoo luh) para formar moléculas de agua y una sal (302)
a chemical formula that shows the number and kinds
of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the neutron (NOO trahn) a subatomic particle that has no
atoms (195) charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom
(119)
fórmula molecular una fórmula química que mues- neutrón una partícula subatómica que no tiene carga y
tra el número y los tipos de átomos que hay en una que está ubicada en el núcleo de un átomo (119)
molécula, pero que no muestra cómo están distribuidos
(195) noble gas (NOH buhl GAS) one of the elements of Group
18 of the periodic table (helium, neon, argon, krypton,
molecule (MAHL i kyool) a group of atoms that are held xenon, and radon); noble gases are unreactive (161)
together by chemical forces; a molecule is the smallest gas noble uno de los elementos del Grupo 18 de la
unit of matter that can exist by itself and retain all of a tabla periódica (helio, neón, argón, criptón, xenón y
substance’s chemical properties (47) radón); los gases nobles son no reactivos (161)

molécula un conjunto de átomos que se mantienen nonmetal (nahn MET’l) an element that conducts heat
unidos por acción de las fuerzas químicas; una and electricity poorly and that does not form positive
molécula es la unidad más pequeña de la materia capaz ions in an electrolytic solution (154)
de existir en forma independiente y conservar todas las no metal un elemento que es mal conductor del calor
propiedades químicas de una sustancia (47) y la electricidad y que no forma iones positivos en una
solución de electrolitos (154)
mole ratio (MOHL RAY shee oh) the relative number of
moles of the substances required to produce a given
amount of product in a chemical reaction (228)

razón molar el número relativo de moles de las sustan-
cias que se requieren para producir una cantidad deter-
minada de producto en una reacción química (228)

G l o s s a r Cy h•a Gp lt oe sr aTriitol e 909

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO nonpolar (nahn POH luhr) describes a molecule in which oxidation-reduction reaction (ahks i DAY shuhn
centers of positive and negative charge are not sepa- ri DUHK shuhn ree AK shuhn) any chemical change
rated (270) in which one species is oxidized (loses electrons) and
no polar término que describe una molécula en la que another species is reduced (gains electrons); also called
los centros de carga positiva y negativa no están separa- redox reaction (237)
dos (270)
reacción de óxido-reducción cualquier cambio
nonrenewable resource (nahn ri NOO uh buhl REE químico en el que una especie se oxida (pierde elec-
sawrs) a resource that forms at a rate that is much trones) y otra especie se reduce (gana electrones); tam-
slower than the rate at which the resource is consumed bién se denomina reacción redox (237)
(817)
recurso no renovable un recurso que se forma a una P
tasa que es mucho más lenta que la tasa a la que se con-
sume (817) parallel circuit (PAR uh lel SUHR kit) a circuit in which
the parts are joined in branches such that the potential
nuclear chain reaction (NOO klee uhr CHAYN ree AK difference across each part is the same (603)
shuhn) a continuous series of nuclear fission reactions
(340) circuito paralelo un circuito en el que las partes están
reacción nuclear en cadena una serie continua de unidas en ramas de manera tal que la diferencia de po-
reacciones nucleares de fisión (340) tencial entre cada parte es la misma (603)

nuclear radiation (NOO klee uhr ray dee AY shuhn) the pascal (pas KAL) the SI unit of pressure; equal to the force
particles that are released from the nucleus during radio- of 1 N exerted over an area of 1 m2 (symbol, Pa) (89)
active decay, such as neutrons, electrons, and photons
(327) pascal la unidad de presión del sistema internacional
radiación nuclear las partículas que el núcleo libera de unidades; es igual a la fuerza de 1 N ejercida sobre
durante la desintegración radiactiva, tales como neu- un área de 1 m2 (símbolo: Pa) (89)
trones, electrones y fotones (327)
period (PIR ee uhd) in chemistry, a horizontal row of
nucleus (NOO klee uhs) in physical science, an atom’s elements in the periodic table (150); in physics, the
central region, which is made up of protons and neu- time that it takes a complete cycle or wave oscillation to
trons (118) occur (516)
núcleo en ciencias físicas, la región central de un
átomo, la cual está constituida por protones y neutrones período en química, una hilera horizontal de elemen-
(118) tos en la tabla periódica (150); en física, el tiempo que se
requiere para completar un ciclo o la oscilación de una
O onda (516)

orbital (AWR buh tuhl) a region in an atom where there is periodic law (pir ee AHD ik LAW) the law that states that
a high probability of finding electrons (129) the repeating chemical and physical properties of el-
orbital una región en un átomo donde hay una alta ements change periodically with the atomic numbers of
probabilidad de encontrar electrones (129) the elements (147)

organic compound (awr GAN ik KAHM pownd) a cova- ley periódica la ley que establece que las propiedades
lently bonded compound that contains carbon, exclud- químicas y físicas repetitivas de un elemento cambian
ing carbonates and oxides (197) periódicamente en función del número atómico de los
compuesto orgánico un compuesto enlazado de elementos (147)
manera covalente que contiene carbono, excluyendo a
los carbonatos y óxidos (197) pH (PEE AYCH) a value that is used to express the acidity
or alkalinity (basicity) of a system; each whole number
on the scale indicates a tenfold change in acidity; a pH
of 7 is neutral, a pH of less than 7 is acidic, and a pH of
greater than 7 is basic (298)

pH un valor que expresa la acidez o la alcalinidad (ba-
sicidad) de un sistema; cada número entero de la escala
indica un cambio de 10 veces en la acidez; un pH de 7
es neutro, un pH de menos de 7 es ácido y un pH de más
de 7 es básico (298)

910 CGh laopstsear r Xy • G l o s a r i o

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

phase (FAYZ) in astronomy, the change in the illumi- polar (POH luhr) describes a molecule in which the posi- GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO
nated area of one celestial body as seen from another tive and negative charges are separated (267)
celestial body; phases of the moon are caused by the polar término que describe una molécula en la que las
changing positions of Earth, the sun, and the moon cargas positivas y negativas están separadas (267)
(657)
pollution (puh LOO shuhn) an undesirable change in the
fase en astronomía, el cambio en el área iluminada de natural environment that is caused by the introduction
un cuerpo celeste según se ve desde otro cuerpo celeste; of substances that are harmful to living organisms or by
las fases de la Luna se producen como resultado de los excessive wastes, heat, noise, or radiation (824)
cambios en la posición de la Tierra, el Sol y la Luna (657) contaminación un cambio indeseable en el ambiente
natural, producido por la introducción de sustan-
photon (FOH tahn) a unit or quantum of light; a particle cias que son dañinas para los organismos vivos o por
of electromagnetic radiation that has zero rest mass and desechos, calor, ruido o radiación excesivos (824)
carries a quantum of energy (131, 553)
polyatomic ion (pahl ee uh TAHM ik IE ahn) an ion
fotón una unidad o quantum de luz; una partícula made of two or more atoms (189)
de radiación electromagnética que tiene una masa de ion poliatómico un ion formado por dos o más átomos
reposo de cero y que lleva un quantum de energía (131, (189)
553)
polymer (PAHL uh muhr) a large molecule that is formed
physical change (FIZ i kuhl CHAYNJ) a change of matter by more than five monomers, or small units (201)
from one form to another without a change in chemical polímero una molécula grande que está formada por
properties (59) más de cinco monómeros, o unidades pequeñas (201)

cambio físico un cambio de materia de una forma potential difference (poh TEN shuhl DIF uhr uhns) the
a otra sin que ocurra un cambio en sus propiedades voltage difference in potential between two points in a
químicas (59) circuit (594)
diferencia de potencial la diferencia de voltaje en el
pitch (PICH) a measure of how high or low a sound is per- potencial entre dos puntos de un circuito (594)
ceived to be, depending on the frequency of the sound
wave (546) potential energy (poh TEN shuhl EN uhr jee) the energy
that an object has because of the position, shape, or
altura tonal una medida de qué tan agudo o grave se condition of the object (445)
percibe un sonido, dependiendo de la frecuencia de la energía potencial la energía que tiene un objeto de-
onda sonora (546) bido a su posición, forma o condición (445)

planet (PLAN it) a celestial body that orbits the sun, is power (POW uhr) a quantity that measures the rate at
round because of its own gravity, and has cleared the which work is done or energy is transformed (433)
neighborhood around its orbital path (653) potencia una cantidad que mide la tasa a la que se re-
aliza un trabajo o a la que se transforma la energía (433)
planeta un cuerpo celeste que orbita alrededor del Sol,
es redondo debido a su propia fuerza de gravedad y ha precipitation (pree sip uh TAY shuhn) any form of water
despejado los alrededores de su trayectoria orbital (653) that falls to Earth’s surface from the clouds; includes
rain, snow, sleet, and hail (782)
plasma (PLAZ muh) in physical science, a state of mat- precipitación cualquier forma de agua que cae de las
ter that consists of free-moving ions and electrons; a nubes a la superficie de la Tierra; incluye a la lluvia,
plasma’s properties differ from the properties of a solid, nieve, aguanieve y granizo (782)
liquid, or gas (79)
precision (pree SIZH uhn) the exactness of a measure-
plasma en ciencias físicas, un estado de la materia ment (26)
que consiste en iones y electrones que se mueven libre- precisión la exactitud de una medición (26)
mente; las propiedades de un plasma son distintas de
las propiedades de un sólido, de un líquido o de un gas pressure (PRESH uhr) the amount of force exerted per
(79) unit area of a surface (89)
presión la cantidad de fuerza ejercida en una superfi-
plate tectonics (PLAYT tek TAHN iks) the theory that ex- cie por unidad de área (89)
plains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates,
move and change shape (732)

tectónica de placas la teoría que explica cómo las
grandes partes de litosfera, denominadas placas, se
mueven y cambian de forma (732)

G l o s s a r Cy h•a Gp tl oe sr aTriitol e 911

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO prism (PRIZ uhm) in optics, a system that consists of two Q
or more plane surfaces of a transparent solid at an angle
with each other (570) quasar (KWAY zahr) quasi-stellar radio source; a very
luminous object that produces energy at a high rate;
prisma en óptica, un sistema formado por dos o más quasars are thought to be the most distant objects in the
superficies planas de un sólido transparente ubicadas universe (707)
en un ángulo unas respecto a otras (570) cuasar fuente de radio cuasi-estelar; un objeto muy
luminoso que produce energía a una gran velocidad; se
product (PRAHD uhkt) a substance that forms in a chemi- piensa que los cuasares son los objetos más distantes
cal reaction (220) del universo (707)

producto una sustancia que se forma en una reacción R
química (220)
radar (RAY dahr) radio detection and ranging, a system
projectile motion (proh JEK tuhl MOH shuhn) the that uses reflected radio waves to determine the velocity
curved path that an object follows when thrown, and location of objects (556)
launched, or otherwise projected near the surface of radar detección y exploración a gran distancia por
Earth; the motion of objects that are moving in two di- medio de ondas de radio; un sistema que usa ondas
mensions under the influence of gravity (408) de radio reflejadas para determinar la velocidad y ubi-
cación de los objetos (556)
movimiento proyectil la trayectoria curva que sigue
un objeto cuando es aventado, lanzado o proyectado radiation (ray dee AY shuhn) the energy that is trans-
de cualquier otra manera cerca de la superficie de la ferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light
Tierra; el movimiento de objetos que se mueven en dos and infrared waves (482)
dimensiones bajo la influencia de la gravedad (408) radiación la energía que se transfiere en forma de
ondas electromagnéticas, tales como las ondas de luz y
protein (PROH teen) an organic compound that is made las infrarrojas (482)
of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a prin-
cipal component of all cells (203) radioactive decay (ray dee oh AK tiv dee KAY) the dis-
integration of an unstable atomic nucleus into one or
proteína un compuesto orgánico que está hecho de more different nuclides, accompanied by the emission
una o más cadenas de aminoácidos y que es el principal of radiation, the nuclear capture or ejection of electrons,
componente de todas las células (203) or fission (327)
desintegración radiactiva la desintegración de un
proton (PROH tahn) a subatomic particle that has a posi- núcleo atómico inestable para formar uno o más nuclei-
tive charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom; dos diferentes, lo cual va acompañado de la emisión de
the number of protons in the nucleus is the atomic radiación, la captura o expulsión nuclear de electrones,
number, which determines the identity of an element o fisión (327)
(119)
radioactive tracer (ray dee oh AK tiv TRAYS uhr) a radio-
protón una partícula subatómica que tiene una carga active material that is added to a substance so that its
positiva y que está ubicada en el núcleo de un átomo; el distribution can be detected later (346)
número de protones que hay en el núcleo es el número trazador radiactivo un material radiactivo que se
atómico, y éste determina la identidad del elemento añade a una sustancia de modo que su distribución
(119) pueda ser detectada posteriormente (346)

pure substance (PYOOR SUHB stuhns) a sample of mat-
ter, either a single element or a single compound, that
has definite chemical and physical properties (48)

sustancia pura una muestra de materia, ya sea un solo
elemento o un solo compuesto, que tiene propiedades
químicas y físicas definidas (48)

912 CGh laopstsear r Xy • G l o s a r i o

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

reactant (ree AK tuhnt) a substance or molecule that par- renewable resource (ri NOO uh buhl REE sawrs) a GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO
ticipates in a chemical reaction (220) natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at
reactivo una sustancia o molécula que participa en which the resource is consumed (818)
una reacción química (220) recurso renovable un recurso natural que puede re-
emplazarse a la misma tasa a la que se consume (818)
reactivity (ree ak TIV uh tee) the capacity of a substance
to combine chemically with another substance (56) resistance (ri ZIS tuhns) in physical science, the opposi-
reactividad la capacidad de una sustancia de combi- tion presented to the current by a material or device
narse químicamente con otra sustancia (56) (596)
resistencia en ciencias físicas, la oposición que un ma-
real image (REE uhl IM ij) an image that is formed by the terial o aparato presenta a la corriente (596)
intersection of light rays; a real image can be projected
on a screen (563) resonance (REZ uh nuhns) a phenomenon that occurs
imagen real una imagen que se forma por la intersec- when two objects naturally vibrate at the same fre-
ción de rayos de luz; una imagen real se puede proyec- quency; the sound produced by one object causes the
tar en una pantalla (563) other object to vibrate (548)
resonancia un fenómeno que ocurre cuando dos
recycling (ree SIE kling) the process of recovering valu- objetos vibran naturalmente a la misma frecuencia; el
able or useful materials from waste or scrap; the process sonido producido por un objeto hace que el otro objeto
of reusing some items (831) vibre (548)
reciclar el proceso de recuperar materiales valiosos o
útiles de los desechos o de la basura; el proceso de re- Richter scale (RIK tuhr SKAYL) a scale that expresses the
utilizar algunas cosas (831) magnitude of an earthquake (742)
escala de Richter una escala que expresa la magnitud
red giant (RED JIE uhnt) a large, reddish star late in its de un terremoto (742)
life cycle (699)
gigante roja una estrella grande de color rojizo que se S
encuentra en una etapa avanzada de su vida (699)
salt (SAWLT) an ionic compound that forms when a metal
reflection (ri FLEK shuhn) the bouncing back of a ray of atom or a positive radical replaces the hydrogen of an
light, sound, or heat when the ray hits a surface that it acid (303)
does not go through (524) sal un compuesto iónico que se forma cuando el
reflexión el rebote de un rayo de luz, sonido o calor átomo de un metal o un radical positivo reemplaza el
cuando el rayo golpea una superficie pero no la atra- hidrógeno de un ácido (303)
viesa (524)
satellite (SAT’l iet) a natural or artificial body that re-
refraction (ri FRAK shuhn) the bending of a wavefront as volves around a celestial body that is greater in mass
the wavefront passes between two substances in which (656)
the speed of the wave differs (526) satélite un cuerpo natural o artificial que gira
refracción el curvamiento de un frente de ondas a me- alrededor de un cuerpo celeste que tiene mayor masa
dida que el frente pasa entre dos sustancias en las que la (656)
velocidad de las ondas difiere (526)
saturated solution (SACH uh rayt id suh LOO shuhn) a
rem (REM) the quantity of ionizing radiation that does as solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the
much damage to human tissue as 1 roentgen of high- given conditions (278)
voltage X rays does (345) solución saturada una solución que no puede disolver
rem la cantidad de radiación ionizante que produce el más soluto bajo las condiciones dadas (278)
mismo daño a los tejidos humanos que 1 roentgen de
rayos X de alto voltaje (345)

G l o s s a r Cy h•a Gp tl oe sr aTriitol e 913

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO schematic diagram (skee MAT ik DIE uh gram) a graphi- series circuit (SIR eez SUHR kit) a circuit in which the
cal representation of a circuit that uses lines to represent parts are joined one after another such that the current
wires and different symbols to represent components in each part is the same (603)
(601)
circuito en serie un circuito en el que las partes están
diagrama esquemático una representación gráfica de unidas una después de la otra de manera tal que la cor-
un circuito, la cual usa líneas para representar cables y riente en cada parte es la misma (603)
diferentes símbolos para representar los componentes
(601) significant figure (sig NIF uh kuhnt FIG yuhr) a pre-
scribed decimal place that determines the amount of
science (SIE uhns) the knowledge obtained by observing rounding off to be done based on the precision of the
natural events and conditions in order to discover facts measurement (26)
and formulate laws or principles that can be verified or
tested (7) cifra significativa un lugar decimal prescrito que de-
termina la cantidad de redondeo que se hará con base
ciencia el conocimiento que se obtiene por medio de la en la precisión de la medición (26)
observación natural de acontecimientos y condiciones
con el fin de descubrir hechos y formular leyes o prin- simple machine (SIM puhl muh SHEEN) one of the six
cipios que puedan ser verificados o probados (7) basic types of machines, which are the basis for all other
forms of machines (438)
scientific methods (sie uhn TIF ik METH uhdz) a series
of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting máquina simple uno de los seis tipos fundamentales
data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, de máquinas, las cuales son la base de todas las demás
and stating conclusions (15) formas de máquinas (438)

métodos científicos una serie de pasos que se siguen single-displacement reaction (SING guhl dis PLAYS
para solucionar problemas, los cuales incluyen recopi- muhnt ree AK shuhn) a reaction in which one element
lar información, formular una hipótesis, comprobar la or radical takes the place of another element or radical
hipótesis y sacar conclusiones (15) in a compound (233)

scientific notation (sie uhn TIF ik noh TAY shuhn) a reacción de sustitución simple una reacción en la
method of expressing a quantity as a number multiplied que un elemento o radical toma el lugar de otro
by 10 to the appropriate power (24) elemento o radical en el compuesto (233)

notación científica un método para expresar una can- soap (SOHP) a substance that is used as a cleaner and
tidad en forma de un número multiplicado por 10 a la that dissolves in water (307)
potencia adecuada (24)
jabón una sustancia que se usa como limpiador y que
sedimentary rock (sed uh MEN tuhr ee RAHK) a rock se disuelve en el agua (307)
that forms from compressed or cemented layers of sedi-
ment (750) solar system (SOH luhr SIS tuhm) the sun and all of the
planets and other bodies that travel around it (655)
roca sedimentaria una roca que se forma a partir de
capas comprimidas o cementadas de sedimento (750) Sistema Sola el Sol y todos los planetas y otros cuerpos
que se desplazan alrededor de él (655)
seismology (siez MAHL uh jee) the study of earthquakes,
including their origin, propagation, energy, and predic- solenoid (SOH luh noyd) a coil of wire with an electric
tion (740) current in it (627)

sismología el estudio de los terremotos, incluyendo su solenoide una bobina de alambre que tiene una cor-
origen, propagación, energía y predicción (740) riente eléctrica (627)

semiconductor (sem i kuhn DUK tuhr) an element or solubility (sahl yoo BIL uh tee) the ability of one sub-
compound that conducts electric current better than an stance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and
insulator does but not as well as a conductor does (154) pressure; expressed in terms of the amount of solute
that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent to pro-
semiconductor un elemento o compuesto que con- duce a saturated solution (276)
duce la corriente eléctrica mejor que un aislante, pero
no tan bien como un conductor (154) solubilidad la capacidad de una sustancia de disol-
verse en otra a una temperatura y presión dadas; se
expresa en términos de la cantidad de soluto que se
disolverá en una cantidad determinada de solvente para
producir una solución saturada (276)

914 CGh laopstsear r Xy • G l o s a r i o

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

solute (SAHL yoot) in a solution, the substance that dis- static friction (STAT ik FRIK shuhn) the force that resists GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO
solves in the solvent (263) the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces
soluto en una solución, la sustancia que se disuelve en that are in contact and at rest (383)
el solvente (263)
fricción estática la fuerza que se opone a que se inicie
solution (suh LOO shuhn) a homogeneous mixture el movimiento de deslizamiento entre dos superficies
throughout which two or more substances are uniformly que están en contacto y en reposo (383)
dispersed (263)
solución una mezcla homogénea en la cual dos o más stratosphere (STRAT uh sfir) the layer of the atmosphere
sustancias se dispersan de manera uniforme (263) that lies between the troposphere and the mesosphere
and in which temperature increases as altitude in-
solvent (SAHL vuhnt) in a solution, the substance in creases; contains the ozone layer (775)
which the solute dissolves (263)
solvente en una solución, la sustancia en la que se dis- estratosfera la capa de la atmósfera que se encuentra
uelve el soluto (263) entre la troposfera y la mesosfera y en la cual la tem-
peratura aumenta al aumentar la altitud; contiene la
sonar (SOH nahr) sound navigation and ranging, a sys- capa de ozono (775)
tem that uses acoustic signals and returned echoes to
determine the location of objects or to communicate subduction (suhb DUHK shuhn) the process by which
(551) one lithospheric plate moves beneath another plate as a
sonar navegación y exploración por medio del sonido; result of tectonic forces (735)
un sistema que usa señales acústicas y ondas de eco que
regresan para determinar la ubicación de los objetos o subducción el proceso por medio del cual una placa de
para comunicarse (551) la litosfera se mueve debajo de otra como resultado de
las fuerzas tectónicas (735)
sound wave (SOWND WAYV) a longitudinal wave that is
caused by vibrations and that travels through a material sublimation (suhb luh MAY shuhn) the process in which
medium (543) a solid changes directly into a gas (the term is some-
onda sonora una onda longitudinal que se origina times also used for the reverse process) (85)
debido a vibraciones y que se desplaza a través de un
medio material (543) sublimación el proceso por medio del cual un sólido
se transforma directamente en un gas (en ocasiones,
specific heat (spuh SIF ik HEET) the quantity of heat re- este término también se usa para describir el proceso
quired to raise a unit mass of homogeneous material 1 K inverso) (85)
or 1 °C in a specified way given constant pressure and
volume (485) substrate (SUHB strayt) a part, substance, or element
calor específico la cantidad de calor que se requiere that lies beneath and supports another part, substance,
para aumentar una unidad de masa de un material ho- or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by en-
mogéneo 1 K ó 1 °C de una manera especificada, dados zymes (241)
un volumen y una presión constantes (485)
sustrato una parte, sustancia o elemento que se en-
speed (SPEED) the distance traveled divided by the time cuentra debajo de otra parte, sustancia o elemento y lo
interval during which the motion occurred (367) sostiene; el reactivo en reacciones que son catalizadas
rapidez la distancia que un objeto se desplaza dividida por enzimas (241)
entre el intervalo de tiempo durante el cual ocurrió el
movimiento (367) succession (suhk SESH uhn) the replacement of one type
of community by another at a single location over a
standing wave (STAN ding WAYV) a pattern of vibration period of time (811)
that simulates a wave that is standing still (529)
onda estacionaria un patrón de vibración que simula sucesión el reemplazo de un tipo de comunidad por
una onda que está parada (529) otro en un mismo lugar a lo largo de un período de
tiempo (811)
star (STAHR) a large celestial body that is composed of
gas and that emits light; the sun is a typical star (693) supernova (soo puhr NOH vuh) a gigantic explosion in
estrella un cuerpo celeste grande que está compuesto which a massive star collapses and throws its outer
de gas y emite luz; el Sol es una estrella típica (693) layers into space (699)

supernova una explosión gigantesca en la que una es-
trella masiva se colapsa y lanza sus capas externas hacia
el espacio (699)

G l o s s a r Cy h•a Gp tl oe sr aTriitol e 915

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO supersaturated solution (soo puhr SACH uh rayt id terminal velocity (TUHR muh nuhl vuh LAHS uh tee) the
suh LOO shuhn) a solution that holds more dissolved constant velocity of a falling object when the force of air
solute than is required to reach equilibrium at a given resistance is equal in magnitude and opposite in direc-
temperature (279) tion to the force of gravity (407)
solución sobresaturada una solución que contiene velocidad terminal la velocidad constante de un ob-
más soluto disuelto que el que se requiere para llegar al jeto en caída cuando la fuerza de resistencia del aire es
equilibro a una temperatura dada (279) igual en magnitud y opuesta en dirección a la fuerza de
gravedad (407)
surface wave (SUHR fis WAYV) in geology, a seismic
wave that travels along the surface of a medium and that terrestrial planet (tuh RES tree uhl PLAN it) one of the
has a stronger effect near the surface of the medium highly dense planets nearest to the sun; Mercury, Venus,
than it has in the interior (740) Mars, and Earth (661)
onda superficial en geología, una onda sísmica que planeta terrestre uno de los planetas muy densos
se desplaza a lo largo de la superficie de un medio, cuyo que se encuentran más cerca del Sol; Mercurio, Venus,
efecto es más fuerte cerca de la superficie del medio que Marte y la Tierra (661)
en el interior de éste (740)
theory (THEE uh ree) a system of ideas that explains
suspension (suh SPEN shuhn) a mixture in which par- many related observations and is supported by a large
ticles of a material are more or less evenly dispersed body of evidence acquired through scientific investiga-
throughout a liquid or gas (260) tion (9)
suspensión una mezcla en la que las partículas de teoría un sistema de ideas que explica muchas obser-
un material se encuentran dispersas de manera más o vaciones relacionadas y que está respaldado por una
menos uniforme a través de un líquido o de un gas (260) gran cantidad de pruebas obtenidas mediante la inves-
tigación científica (9)
synthesis reaction (SIN thuh sis ree AK shuhn) a reac-
tion in which two or more substances combine to form a thermal conduction (THUHR muhl kuhn DUHK shuhn)
new compound (231) the transfer of energy as heat through a material (481)
reacción de síntesis una reacción en la que dos o más conducción térmica la transferencia de energía en
sustancias se combinan para formar un compuesto forma de calor a través de un material (481)
nuevo (231)
thermal energy (THUHR muhl EN uhr jee) the total ki-
T netic energy of a substance’s atoms (81)
energía térmica la energía cinética total de los átomos
technology (tek NAHL uh jee) the application of science de una sustancia (81)
for practical purposes; the use of tools, machines, ma-
terials, and processes to meet human needs (8) thermometer (thuhr MAHM uht uhr) an instrument that
tecnología la aplicación de la ciencia con fines prác- measures and indicates temperature (474)
ticos; el uso de herramientas, máquinas, materiales y termómetro un instrumento que mide e indica la tem-
procesos para satisfacer las necesidades de los seres peratura (474)
humanos (8)
thermosphere (THUHR moh sfir) the uppermost layer
temperature (TEM puhr uh chuhr) a measure of how hot of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as
(or cold) something is; specifically, a measure of the altitude increases; includes the ionosphere (776)
average kinetic energy of the particles in an object (80, termosfera la capa más alta de la atmósfera, en la cual
473) la temperatura aumenta a medida que la altitud au-
temperatura una medida de qué tan caliente (o frío) menta; incluye la ionosfera (776)
está algo; específicamente, una medida de la energía ci-
nética promedio de las partículas de un objeto (80, 473) topography (tuh PAHG ruh fee) the size and shape of
the land surface features of a region, including its relief
(795)
topografía el tamaño y la forma de las características
de una superficie de terreno, incluyendo su relieve (795)

916 CGh laopstsear r Xy • G l o s a r i o

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

transformer (trans FAWRM uhr) a device that increases universe (YOON uh vuhrs) the sum of all space, matter, GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO
or decreases the voltage of alternating current (638) and energy that exist, that have existed in the past, and
transformador un aparato que aumenta o disminuye that will exist in the future (708)
el voltaje de la corriente alterna (638) universo la suma de todo el espacio, materia y energía
que existen, que han existido en el pasado y que ex-
transition metal (tran ZISH uhn MET’l) one of the metals istirán en el futuro (708)
that can use the inner shell before using the outer shell
to bond (159) unsaturated solution (uhn SACH uh rayt id suh LOO
metal de transición uno de los metales que tienen la shuhn) a solution that contains less solute than a
capacidad de usar su orbital interno antes de usar su saturated solution does and that is able to dissolve ad-
orbital externo para formar un enlace (159) ditional solute (278)
solución no saturada una solución que contiene
transpiration (tran spuh RAY shuhn) the process by menos soluto que una solución saturada, y que tiene la
which plants release water vapor into the air through capacidad de disolver más soluto (278)
stomata; also the release of water vapor into the air by
other organisms (782) V
transpiración el proceso por medio del cual las plantas
liberan vapor de agua al aire por medio de los estomas; valence electron (VAY luhns ee LEK trahn) an electron
también, la liberación de vapor de agua al aire por otros that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that
organismos (782) determines the atom’s chemical properties (130)
electrón de valencia un electrón que se encuentra en
transverse wave (TRANS vuhrs WAYV) a wave in which la capa más externa de un átomo y que determina las
the particles of the medium move perpendicularly to propiedades químicas del átomo (130)
the direction the wave is traveling (511)
onda transversal una onda en la que las partículas del variable (VER ee uh buhl) a factor that changes in an ex-
medio se mueven perpendicularmente respecto a la di- periment in order to test a hypothesis (15)
rección en la que se desplaza la onda (511) variable un factor que se modifica en un experimento
con el fin de probar una hipótesis (15)
troposphere (TROH poh sfir) the lowest layer of the
atmosphere, in which temperature drops at a constant velocity (vuh LAHS uh tee) the speed of an object in a
rate as altitude increases; the part of the atmosphere particular direction (367)
where weather conditions exist (774) velocidad la rapidez de un objeto en una dirección
troposfera la capa inferior de la atmósfera, en la que la dada (367)
temperatura disminuye a una tasa constante a medida
que la altitud aumenta; la parte de la atmósfera donde vent (VENT) an opening at the surface of the Earth
se dan las condiciones del tiempo (774) through which volcanic material passes (743)
chimenea una abertura en la superficie de la Tierra a
trough (TRAWF) the lowest point of a wave (512) través de la cual pasa material volcánico (743)
seno el punto más bajo de una onda (512)
virtual image (VUHR choo uhl IM ij) an image from
U which light rays appear to diverge, even though they are
not actually focused there; a virtual image cannot be
ultrasound (UHL truh sownd) any sound wave with fre- projected on a screen (562)
quencies higher than 20,000 Hz (546) imagen virtual una imagen de la que los rayos de
ultrasonido cualquier onda de sonido que tenga fre- luz parecen divergir, aunque no están enfocados allí
cuencias superiores a los 20,000 Hz (546) realmente; una imagen virtual no se puede proyectar en
una pantalla (562)
unified atomic mass unit (YOON uh fied uh TAHM ik
MAS YOON it) a unit of mass that describes the mass of viscosity (vis KAHS uh tee) the resistance of a gas or
an atom or molecule; it is exactly 1/12 of the mass of a liquid to flow (94)
carbon atom with mass number 12 (symbol, u) (124) viscosidad la resistencia de un gas o un líquido a fluir
unidad de masa atómica unificada una unidad de (94)
masa que describe la masa de un átomo o molécula; es
exactamente 1/12 de la masa de un átomo de carbono volume (VAHL yoom) a measure of the size of a body or
con número de masa de 12 (símbolo: u) (124) region in three-dimensional space (21)
volumen una medida del tamaño de un cuerpo o
región en un espacio de tres dimensiones (21)

G l o s s a r Cy h•a Gp tl oe sr aTriitol e 917

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

W weight (WAYT) a measure of the gravitational force ex-
erted on an object; its value can change with the loca-
water cycle (WAWT uhr SIE kuhl) the continuous move- tion of the object in the universe (21, 403)
ment of water between the atmosphere, the land, and
the oceans (781) peso una medida de la fuerza gravitacional ejercida
sobre un objeto; su valor puede cambiar en función de
ciclo del agua el movimiento continuo del agua entre la ubicación del objeto en el universo (21, 403)
la atmósfera, la tierra y los océanos (781)
white dwarf (WIET DWAWRF) a small, hot, dim star that
wavelength (WAYV lengkth) the distance from any is the leftover center of an old star (699)
point on a wave to an identical point on the next wave
(515) enana blanca una estrella pequeña, caliente y tenue
que es el centro sobrante de una estrella vieja (699)
longitud de onda la distancia entre cualquier punto
de una onda y un punto idéntico en la onda siguiente work (WUHRK) the transfer of energy to a body by the
(515) application of a force that causes the body to move in
the direction of the force; it is equal to the product of the
weathering (WETH uhr ing) the natural process by which magnitude of the component of a force along the direc-
atmospheric and environmental agents, such as wind, tion of displacement and the magnitude of the displace-
rain, and temperature changes, disintegrate and de- ment (431)
compose rocks (750)
trabajo la transferencia de energía a un cuerpo por
meteorización el proceso natural por medio del cual medio de la aplicación de una fuerza que hace que el
los agentes atmosféricos o ambientales, como el viento, cuerpo se mueva en la dirección de la fuerza; es igual al
la lluvia y los cambios de temperatura, desintegran y producto de la magnitud del componente de una fuerza
descomponen las rocas (750) aplicada en la dirección del desplazamiento por la mag-
nitud del desplazamiento (431)

GLOSSARY • GLOSARIO

918 CGh laopstsear r Xy • G l o s a r i o

INDEX

Note: Page references followed by f refer air conditioners, 489, 490 chemical energy for, 449 INDEX
to illustrative material, such as figures air masses, 789, 790, 790f gravitational force on, 404, 404f
and tables. air pollution, 824, 825–827, 825f, 826f anions. See also ions
formation of, 153, 153f
A lab on, 827 names of, 190, 190f, 192, 192f
ozone in, 236, 827 polyatomic, 189–190, 189f, 190f
absolute zero, 476 temperature inversion and, 774, 774f anode, of vacuum tube, 115, 115f
acceleration, 372–377 airport security, 629 antacids, 310, 311, 311f
air pressure, 784–785, 784f, 785f. See lab on, 312
in automobile accidents, 378–379 antinodes, 529, 529f
average, 374, 374f, 375 also pressure of guitar string, 547
calculation of, 374–375, 374f, 377 antioxidants, 312, 312f
centripetal, 373, 373f air resistance apparent weightlessness, 408, 408f
as change in velocity, 372–373, 372f, in free fall, 407, 407f Archimedes’ principle, 90, 90f
mechanical energy lost to, 455, 456 architect, career as, 426
373f perpetual motion and, 460 area. See also surface area
constant, 376–377, 377f in projectile motion, 409 of geometric shapes, 864, 864f
force and, 381, 382, 400–402, 400f, of rectangle, 10, 18, 864f
alcohols, 200, 200f units of, 18f
402f algal blooms, 828, 828f Aristotle, 672
graphing of, 376–377, 377f algebraic rearrangements, 865. See also arm, of lever, 439, 440, 443
negative, 374–375, 376, 377f arson investigator, career as, 214
accelerators, particle, 17 equations ash, volcanic
accelerometers, 379 alien life, 706 impact on humans, 747
accident investigators, 378–379 alkali metals, 157, 157f on ocean floor, 746
accretion, 673 venting of, 743, 743f, 744, 745
accuracy, 27, 27f, 29 single-displacement reactions of, asteroids, 666, 666f, 675
acid-base reactions, 302–304, 302f, 303f 234, 234f impacts on moon, 678
with antacids, 311 meteorites derived from, 676, 677
labs on, 312, 314–315 alkaline-earth metals, 158, 158f origin of, 674f
acid precipitation, 301, 758, 758f, 826, alkanes, 198–199, 198f, 199f asthenosphere, 733, 734
alkenes, 200, 200f astronauts
826f alloys, 266, 266f apparent weightlessness of, 408, 408f
marble and, 751, 758 alpha decay, 328, 330, 331 career as, 688
acid rain. See acid precipitation alpha particles, 328, 328f in empty space, 710, 710f
acids, 293–295. See also pH on moon, 403, 403f, 404, 659
amino acids, 203, 203f, 204, 243 penetration of matter by, 328, 329f, astronomical units (AU), 662
common examples of, 295f 348 astronomy. See also planets; solar sys-
as electrolytes, 294, 294f
in household products, 310–313 in Rutherford’s experiment, 117, 117f tem; stars; universe
lab on, 296 in smoke detectors, 346 early history of, 671–673, 671f, 672f
properties of, 293 alternating current, 634, 636, 636f atmosphere, 663, 773–780. See also air
safe handling of, 295 transformer and, 638, 638f
in sour fruits, 293, 293f altocumulus clouds, 783f, 784 pollution; air resistance; clouds;
strong, 294, 294f, 295, 295f altostratus clouds, 783f, 784
uses of, 295, 295f amalgam, 264 greenhouse effect; weather;
weak, 294, 294f, 295, 295f amino acids, 203, 203f, 204, 243
weathering of minerals by, 757, 757f, ammeters, 630 wind
of early Earth, 663, 777–778, 777f
758, 758f ammonia gases in, 50, 663, 773, 775, 775f, 776
action forces, 412–413, 412f, 413f as base, 297, 310 lab on, 796–797
in household cleaners, 310, 310f layers of, 773–777, 773f, 776f
conservation of momentum and, 417 manufacture of, 246–247, 247f oxygen–carbon dioxide cycle and,
lab on, 414 in nitrogen cycle, 246
active site, of enzyme, 241, 241f products made from, 246, 246f, 247 778, 778f
additive primary colors, 565, 565f ozone layer of, 236, 558, 773f, 775,
aerobic organisms, 778 amperes (A), 595
aerogel, 53 amplitude, 514, 514f, 515 778
air. See atmosphere anabolic reactions, 242–243 refraction of light in, 567, 567f
air bags, 399 analogies, 112, 584 water in, 774, 781–784, 781f, 783f
AND operator, 874 word origin of, 772
aneroid barometers, 785, 785f
angle of incidence, 561, 561f
angle of reflection, 561, 561f
angles, bond, 178, 178f
animals. See also ecosystems

bioluminescence of, 223

I n d e x 919

INDEX

INDEX atmospheric pressure, 784–785, 784f, seat belts, 398 bicycles, 435, 443, 443f
785f solar, 461, 461f big bang, 710, 712–713, 715
average acceleration, 374, 374f, 375 biochemical compounds, 202–205
atomic mass, 124 average atomic mass, 124, 124f, 125, 126
average, 124, 124f, 125, 126 average speed, 368, 368f carbohydrates, 202, 202f
Mendeleev’s periodic table and, 145, Avogadro, Amedeo, 125 DNA, 8, 8f, 202, 204–205, 204f
146, 147 Avogadro’s number, 125 in human body, 243
in radioactive decay, 330, 330f, 331 proteins, 202, 203, 203f, 204, 262
unit of, 124 B biochemistry, 8
biology, 7f, 8
atomic mass units (amu), 124 background radiation, 344, 344f, 345, bioluminescence, 223
atomic number, 121, 121f 345f black holes, 411
at center of galaxy, 411, 704
periodic table and, 147, 151 baking powder, 313, 313f as possible dark matter, 716
in radioactive decay, 330–331 balance, triple-beam, 878 of quasars, 707
in symbol of isotope, 124, 124f balanced chemical equations, 226–229, as supernova remnants, 411, 700
atomic radius, lab on, 166–167 bleach, 310
atoms. See also chemical bonds; 226f, 228f block and tackle, 440
bar graphs, 23, 23f, 871 blood pressure, 405
elements blood substitutes, 274–275
Bohr model of, 128–129, 128f of mechanical energy, 455 blue shift, 710, 710f
Dalton’s theory of, 114, 114f of star colors, 720 Bohr, Niels, 128, 129
of different elements, 46–47, 47f, 114, barometers, 784, 784f, 785, 785f Bohr model, 128–129, 128f
barometric pressure, 784–785, 784f, boiling, 85
120, 121 lab on, 102–103
earliest theories of, 113 785f boiling points, 52, 85
electric force and, 120 basalt, 749 lab on, 86
energy levels of, 128, 128f, 130–131, bases, 295–297. See also pH of solutions, 273
structures of compounds and, 180,
130f, 131f in acid-base reactions, 302–304, 302f,
energy level transitions, 131–132, 303f, 311 180f, 181, 182f
bonds, chemical. See chemical bonds
132f antacids, 310, 311, 311f, 312 booklet (FoldNote), 542
kinetic energy of, 448 common examples of, 297f
labs on, 111, 114, 122, 131, 134–135 as electrolytes, 296 instructions for, 848
magnetic properties of, 621, 628 in household products, 310, 310f, books, numbering systems for, 875
mass number of, 121–122, 121f, 124, Boolean operators, 874
311, 311f, 313, 313f Boolean search, 874
124f labs on, 296, 312, 314–315 botany, 8
modern models of, 11, 128–129, 128f, properties of, 295 Boyle’s law, 97–98, 97f
safe handling of, 297 brakes, 383, 398
129f strong, 296, 297, 297f brass, 266, 266f
in molecules, 47, 47f, 48, 48f uses of, 297f
motion of, 77, 448 weak, 297, 297f brightness
particles in, 119–120, 119f, 120f basilar membrane, 549, 549f of light, 555, 555f
properties of everyday things and, batteries, 594–595, 594f of stars, 695, 700–701, 701f
in circuits, 600, 601f, 602f
113, 113f environmental impact of, 830 bromthymol blue, 304, 304f
rearranged in chemical reactions, lab on, 595 brown dwarfs, 716
beats, 528, 528f brushes, of motor, 631, 631f
220 bends, 279 buckminsterfullerene, 163
Rutherford’s experiment on, 117– Bernoulli’s principle, 94, 94f buoyant force, 90–91, 90f
beta decay, 329, 330, 330f
118, 117f beta particles, 328, 328f, 329 lab on, 91
Rutherford’s model of, 117–118, 118f penetration of matter by, 329, 329f, on submarine, 95
Thomson’s model of, 115, 115f, 117 burning. See also combustion reac-
aurora australis, 777 348
aurora borealis, 79, 79f, 777, 777f bias tions; fire
chemical energy released by, 451
automobiles on Internet, 834 flammability and, 56
accident reconstruction, 378–379 in science, 16
air bags, 399
brakes, 383, 398
car seats, 398, 398f
catalytic converters, 240, 240f
engines, 492–493, 492f, 493f
friction acting on, 378–379, 382,
383–385, 385f

920 I n d e x

INDEX

C cause-and-effect relationships, 396, ionic, 183, 184–185, 184f, 185f, 189 INDEX
618 lengths of, 178, 178f, 179
calculus, 374 metallic, 188, 188f
caloric theory, 10 cell phones, 559 triple, 187, 187f, 198
Calorie, 451 cells (atmospheric), 787 chemical changes, 61–62, 61f, 62f. See
carbohydrates, 202, 202f. See also cells (biological), 268
cells (electrochemical), 594 also chemical reactions
photosynthesis compounds and, 61, 63, 64, 64f
carbon, 163, 163f lab on, 595 conservation of mass and energy in,
carbon-14 cellular respiration, 243, 815
Celsius-Fahrenheit conversion, 475 87–88, 88f
dating materials with, 336, 336f chemical energy, 449, 449f, 451
decay curve of, 333, 333f Celsius-Kelvin conversion equation,
nuclear decay process in, 330, 330f 476 converted to other energy forms,
carbon dioxide 456, 456f
in carbonated drinks, 244–245, 244f Celsius temperature scale, 475, 476,
from cellular respiration, 815 476f, 477 in heat engine, 492
in early atmosphere, 663, 777 in reactions, 221, 222, 222f
from fossil fuels, 817, 825, 826 centripetal acceleration, 373, 373f chemical equations, 225–229
as greenhouse gas, 779–780, 779f, Ceres, 666 balanced, 226–229, 226f, 228f
chain-of-events chart (Graphic Orga- lab on, 228
795, 826, 826f mass calculations with, 228f, 229, 250
in oxygen–carbon dioxide cycle, 778, nizer), 652 mole ratios derived from, 228–229,
instructions for, 854
778f chain reaction, nuclear, 337, 340–341, 250
in rainwater, 757, 758 reading, 218, 226, 226f
carbonic acid, 757, 757f, 758, 758f 340f as summaries of reactions, 225, 225f
carbon monoxide, 232, 825, 825f changes of state, 84–87, 84f, 85f, 86f chemical equilibrium, 245, 246–247
carburetors, 493 chemical formulas, 48, 48f, 208. See also
careers using chemistry, 214–215 conservation of mass and energy
careers using Earth science, 688–689 in, 87 chemical equations
cars empirical, 194–196, 195f
accident reconstruction, 378–379 constant temperature during, 87, 87f, for ionic compounds, 192, 193
air bags, 399 487, 487f molecular, 195, 195f
brakes, 383, 398 structural, 178, 199, 199f
catalytic converters, 240, 240f graphs of, 87f, 104 chemical properties, 56–58, 56f
engines, 492–493, 492f, 493f labs on, 86, 102–103 compared with physical properties,
friction acting on, 378–379, 382,
charge, electric 58, 58f
383–385, 385f basic properties of, 585–586, 585f, of groups in periodic table, 151
seat belts, 398 586f identifying substances by, 57
solar, 461, 461f in charging by contact, 589, 589f lab on, 58
car seats, 398, 398f in charging by friction, 589 chemical reactions. See also chemical
catabolic reactions, 242–243 conservation of, 585
catalog, library, 875 force between objects and, 591 changes; chemical equations;
catalysts, 240–241, 240f Franklin’s experiments on, 587
enzymes, 241, 241f, 242 induced, 588, 588f, 590, 590f combustion reactions
catalytic converter, 240, 240f on ions, 153, 153f, 208 acid-base, 302–304, 302f, 303f, 311,
catapults, 418–419 lab on, 590
cathode, 115, 115f moving, magnetism and, 450, 626, 312, 314–315
cathode-ray tube, 5–6, 5f 628 conservation of energy in, 88, 88f,
of television, 116 of subatomic particles, 119, 119f, 120
Thomson’s experiment, 115, 115f transfer of, 588–590, 588f, 589f, 590f 221
cations. See also ions conservation of mass in, 88, 220, 226
formation of, 153, 153f charged particles definition of, 219
names of, 191, 191f, 192, 192f and electric fields, 450, 450f, 591–592, electrons in, 235, 237
polyatomic, 189, 189f 591f, 592f endothermic, 222, 222f, 224, 224f
cause-and-effect map (Graphic Orga- subatomic, 119–120, 119f energy changes in, 220–222, 221f,

nizer), 292 Charles’s law, 100, 100f 224, 449, 449f
instructions for, 855 chef, career as, 215 equilibrium in, 245, 246–247
chemical bonds, 177–179, 178f, 179f exothermic, 222, 222f
in human body, 242–243
angles of, 178, 178f labs on, 222, 235, 239, 241, 248–249
in chemical reactions, 220–221, 222, neutralization, 302–304, 302f, 303f,

449 311, 312, 314–315
covalent, 183, 186–187, 186f, 187f, 189 radioisotopes in, 346
double, 187, 187f, 198, 200
explanation for, 183
hydrogen bonds, 182, 182f, 269, 269f

I n d e x 921

INDEX

INDEX chemical reactions (continued) international symbols for, 882 as pure substances, 48
rates of, 238–241, 238f, 239f, 245, lightning and, 791 structures and properties of, 180–
248–249 over mountains, 795
rearrangement of atoms in, 220 clusters, galactic, 703, 703f, 719f 182, 180f, 181f, 182f
types of, 230–237, 231f, 233f, 234f coefficient of friction, 378–379 compressions, of wave medium, 512,
visible signs of, 219, 219f coefficients, in chemical equations, 226
cold fronts, 789, 789f, 790, 790f 512f
chemical structure, 178–179, 178f. See collisions, 416–417, 417f compression stroke, 492, 493, 493f
also chemical bonds kinetic energy in, 448 computer chips, 165
colloids, 261–262, 261f, 262f computer models, 11–12, 12f
properties and, 180–182, 180f, 181f, colors, 564–565, 564f, 565f. See also computers, 8, 8f, 604
182f concave mirrors, 563
spectrum concentrated solution, 277, 280
chemical symbols, 208 of fireworks, 133
chemical weathering, 750, 757–758, frequencies of light and, 521, 521f concentration
lab on, 564 equilibrium and, 245, 246f
757f, 758f of light emitted by atoms, 132, 132f reaction rates and, 238, 239–240
chemistry, 8, 45 of rainbow, 571, 571f of solutions, 277, 280
separated by prism, 570, 570f
careers using, 214–215 in starlight, 695, 696, 696f concept map (Graphic Organizer), 430,
historical development of, 113 combustion reactions, 232 728
chlorofluorocarbons, 778 air pollution caused by, 825, 825f,
cinder cones, 744, 744f instructions for, 852
circuit breakers, 606, 607, 607f 826, 827 condensation, 84f, 86, 86f, 781f, 782–783
circuits, electric, 600–607 in engine, 492 condensation point, 86
basic features of, 600, 600f as exothermic reactions, 222 condensed structural formulas, 199,
fuses and circuit breakers in, 606– fire extinguishers and, 232
incomplete, 232, 236 199f
607, 606f, 607f as redox reactions, 237 conduction, thermal, 480–481, 480f,
lab on, 608–609 comets, 675–676, 675f, 676f
miniaturization of, 604 impacts with moon, 678 481f
parallel, 603, 603f impact with Earth, 677 conductors (electricity), 588, 588f
power consumed in, 605–606, 605f Stardust mission to, 53
schematic diagrams of, 601–602, communities, 808, 808f, 811 acid solutions, 293, 294, 294f
commutator, 631, 631f basic solutions, 296, 297
601f, 602f ionic compounds, 185, 185f
series, 603, 603f comparisons lab on, 598
short, 606, 607 with analogies, 112, 584 living things, 589
switches in, 601, 601f, 602, 602f, 603 signaling words for, 326 metals, 188, 188f, 597, 599
in periodic table, 154, 155f
circular motion comparison table (Note Taking), 76, 472 resistance of, 596–599, 603
acceleration in, 373, 373f instructions for, 843 in schematic diagrams, 602f
in orbit, 410 conductors (heat), 484–485
compass, 622, 622f, 623 labs on, 66-67, 484, 494–495
cirrostratus clouds, 783f, 784, 790, 790f gyrocompass, 621 in periodic table, 154, 155f
cirrus clouds, 783, 783f, 790, 790f lab on, 623 cones, cinder, 744, 744f
classification, 4, 292, 504 near current-carrying wire, 626, 626f, cones (eye), 569, 569f
clay, 179 627 conglomerate rock, 750, 750f
cleaning products, 307–310 conservation of charge, 585
composite volcanoes, 743, 744f
ammonia in, 310, 310f compound machines, 443, 443f conservation of energy
bleach, 310 compounds, 45, 47–48, 47f. See also bio- in chemical reactions, 88, 88f, 221
detergents, 309, 310, 311 electromagnetic induction and, 633
lab on, 309 chemical compounds; covalent hydroelectric power and, 458
soaps, 307–309, 307f, 311 lab on, 457
climate, 794–795, 795f compounds; ionic compounds; law of, 87, 88, 456–457, 490, 491
ecosystem changes caused by, 812
global changes in, 16, 780, 780f, 795, molecular compounds; network conservation of mass
in chemical reactions, 88, 220, 226
826 structures; organic compounds law of, 87–88
closed circuits, 600, 600f, 601, 601f chemical changes in, 61, 63, 64, 64f
closed systems, 457 Dalton’s atomic theory and, 114, 114f conservation of momentum, 416–417
clouds, 781f, 783–784, 783f. See also definition of, 47 lab on, 418–419
models of, 178, 178f with rockets, 416
precipitation molar masses of, 127, 127f
fronts and, 789, 790, 790f nonpolar, 270, 270f conservator, career as, 215
funnel cloud, 791, 791f constant acceleration, 376–377, 377f.
of hurricane, 792, 792f
See also free fall

922 I n d e x

INDEX

constants, 865 cumulonimbus clouds, 783f, 784, 790, significant figures and, 868 INDEX
constant speed, 368, 371 790f decimals, 862
constellations, 654, 654f, 697 decomposition reactions, 231, 231f
constructive interference, 527, 527f cumulus clouds, 783, 783f
Curie, Marie, 332 in human body, 242
of light, 528, 528f, 552f Curie, Pierre, 332 definite proportions, law of, 114, 114f,
of sound, 528, 528f current, electric
standing waves and, 529, 529f 228
contact, charging by, 589, 589f in acid solutions, 293, 294, 294f deforestation, 761, 761f
contact forces, 381 alternating, 634, 636, 636f, 638, 638f deltas, 759, 759f
continental drift, 731–733, 731f, 733f in basic solutions, 296, 297 Democritus, 113, 114
controlled experiment, 15, 876 in closed circuit, 600, 600f, 601 density, 54–55, 55f
convection, 480, 480f, 483 conventional, 595
plate tectonics and, 733 definition of, 595 floating and, 91, 91f
in stars, 694 direct, 595, 602f of gases, 96
convection currents, 480, 480f, 482 induced by magnetic field, 632–634, labs on, 43, 55, 66-67
in air and ocean, 483, 486 submarines and, 95, 95f
in homes, 488 632f, 634f, 636, 636f units of, 54, 68
conventional current, 595 in ionic compounds, 185, 185f of various materials, 881
convergent plate boundaries, 735–736, magnetism from, 626–629, 626f, 627f, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 8, 8f, 202,

735f, 736f, 745 630, 631f 204–205, 204f
converging lens, 568, 568f measurement of, 630, 630f dependent variable, 23, 869, 877
conversion factors, 19, 19f, 68 in metals, 188, 597, 599 deposition, 759, 759f
convex mirrors, 563, 563f in overloaded circuit, 606, 607 derived units, 18, 880
cooling systems, 488–489, 490 in parallel circuit, 603 destructive interference, 527, 527f
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 672 in plasma, 79, 82
core, 729f, 730, 730f power and, 605, 606 of light, 528, 528f, 552f
resistance and, 596–599 of sound, 528, 528f
seismic waves and, 741, 741f in series circuit, 603 standing waves and, 529, 529f
Coriolis effect, 786, 786f in superconductor, 599 detergents, 309, 310, 311
cornea, 569, 569f currents, convection, 480, 480f, 482 deuterons, 694
cosmic background radiation, 712, 712f in air and ocean, 483, 486 Dewey decimal system, 875
coulombs (C), 586 in homes, 488 dew point, 783
counterfeit money, 572–573 currents, ocean, 483, 654 diffraction, 525, 525f, 552f
covalent bonds, 183, 186–187, 186f, 187f cyclones, 792 diffuse reflection, 561, 561f
cylinder, graduated, 877 diffusion, 268, 272
nonpolar, 186f, 187 digestion, 242
polar, 187, 187f D dilute solution, 277, 280
in polyatomic ions, 189 dinosaurs, 677
covalent compounds, 183, 183f, 186– Dalton, John, 114 dioxin, 829
damped harmonic motion, 509 direct current, 595, 602f
187, 186f, 187f. See also molecular dams, 458, 813, 820, 820f
dark matter, 716, 716f direction of motion
compounds data. See also graphs; measurements change in, 373, 373f, 375
naming, 194, 194f displacement and, 366, 370
collection of, 15, 15f, 16, 16f, 17 momentum and, 414
craters reporting of, 14, 22, 879 reference points for, 365, 367
on Earth, 677, 677f daughter isotope, 754 work and, 431
on moon, 678 da Vinci, Leonardo, 13
dead spots (sound), 527 direct relationship, 101
creep, 761 decanting, 261 disaster preparedness, 793
crests, 512, 512f, 513 decay, exponential, 335, 335f. See also disc brakes, 383
disinfectants, 310
amplitude and, 514, 514f radioactive decay dispersion, 570–571, 570f, 571f
frequency and, 516, 516f decay curve, 335, 335f displacement, 366, 366f, 370
wavelength and, 515, 515f decibels, 545, 545f displacement reactions, 233–234, 233f,
critical mass, 341 decimal point
critical temperature, of superconduc- 234f
in scientific notation, 866 dissociation, 296
tor, 599 dissolving. See also solubility; solutions
critical thinking, 14–15, 14f
crust, 729, 729f, 730f, 732 forces between particles and, 268,
271, 277
at convergent boundaries, 735
minerals in, 748 heating and, 272, 273f, 279

I n d e x 923

INDEX

INDEX dissolving (continued) tems; gravity; plate tectonics; from hydroelectric plant, 458, 637,
of ionic compounds by water, 267– 820, 820f
268, 268f weather
lab on, 270 daily cycles on, 654, 654f of lightning, 450, 450f, 791
like dissolves like, 270 in early astronomy, 672, 672f from nuclear reactor, 341, 343, 349–
of molecular compounds by water, gravitational forces acting on, 405,
269, 269f 351, 349f, 818, 822
of nonpolar compounds, 270, 270f 405f, 413, 413f power and, 605–606
as physical change, 60, 60f hydrosphere of, 663 transmission from power plants, 639
process of, 271 impact craters on, 677, 677f from wind, 788, 819, 819f, 822
stirring or shaking and, 272, 272f, interior of, 729–730, 729f, 730f, 741, electrical ground, 598
273f electrical meter, 605, 605f
surface area and, 271, 271f 741f electrical potential energy, 593–595,
map of, 884–885
distance, 365–366, 366f. See also height; as open system, 457 593f, 594f
length orbit of, 655, 655f, 656, 661, 661f electrical resistance, 596–599, 603, 605
planetary characteristics of, 663, 663f
gravitational potential energy and, radioactivity in interior of, 333, 730 calculation of, 597
445 rotation of, 654, 786, 786f insulators and, 598
tilted axis of, 794, 794f, 795 lab on, 598
sonar measurement of, 551 view from, 653–654, 653f, 654f in parallel circuits, 603
speed and, 367, 367f, 368–369, 371, earthquakes, 738–743 in schematic diagrams, 602f
labs on, 739, 762–763 superconductors and, 599
371f magnitudes of, 742, 742f electric charge. See also charged
third-class lever and, 439, 439f plate boundaries and, 738–739, 738f
work done by force and, 431–432, prediction of, 743 particles
transform fault boundaries and, 737 basic properties of, 585–586, 585f,
434, 436–437, 437f waves of, 506, 515, 518, 739–741, 740f,
distance vs. time graph, 367, 367f, 370– 586f
741f in charging by contact, 589, 589f
371, 371f, 388 Earth science, 7, 7f, 8 in charging by friction, 589
acceleration and, 377, 377f conservation of, 585
distillation, 264, 265 careers using, 688–689 force between objects and, 591
divergent plate boundaries, 734, 734f, Earth’s magnetic field, 622–623, 623f, Franklin’s experiments on, 587
induced, 588, 588f, 590, 590f
745 624, 624f on ions, 153, 153f, 208
diverging lens, 568, 568f animal navigation and, 624, 624f lab on, 590
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 8, 8f, 202, auroras and, 777, 777f moving, magnetism and, 450, 626,
bacterial orientation and, 637
204–205, 204f reversals of, 625, 732, 732f 628
DNA fingerprinting, 205 eclipses, 658, 658f of subatomic particles, 119, 119f, 120
domains, Internet, 168, 316, 610 ecology, 8 transfer of, 588–590, 588f, 589f, 590f
domains, magnetic, 621 ecosystems, 807–814 electric circuits, 600–607
Doppler effect adaptation of organisms to, 808 basic features of, 600, 600f
changes in, 811–814, 811f, 813f fuses and circuit breakers in, 606–
in Doppler radar, 523f definition of, 807
with light, 710, 710f divisions of, 808, 808f 607, 606f, 607f
with sound, 522–523, 522f elements of, 807–808, 807f lab on, 608–609
dosimeters, 348, 348f sizes of, 808 miniaturization of, 604
double bonds, 187, 187f, 198, 200 stability in, 809–811, 809f, 810f parallel, 603, 603f
double-displacement reactions, 234 efficiency, 459–461, 459f power consumed in, 605–606, 605f
double-door fold (FoldNote), 618 Einstein, Albert, 339, 340, 717 schematic diagrams of, 601–602,
instructions for, 849 elastic potential energy, 445, 455
double helix, 204, 204f of mass-spring system, 508, 508f, 509 601f, 602f
drum brakes, 383 electrical energy. See also energy series, 603, 603f
dual nature, of light, 554 short, 606, 607
dwarf planet, 666, 670, 670f resources switches in, 601, 601f, 602, 602f, 603
from coal-fired power plant, 821,
E electric current
821f, 822 in acid solutions, 293, 294, 294f
ear, 549, 549f electric fields and, 450, 450f alternating, 634, 636, 636f, 638, 638f
Earth. See also atmosphere; climate; from generator, 634, 634f, 636–637, in basic solutions, 296, 297
in closed circuit, 600, 600f, 601
Earth’s magnetic field; ecosys- 636f conventional, 595
definition of, 595
direct, 595, 602f

924 I n d e x

INDEX

induced by magnetic field, 632–634, electromagnetic radiation, 451, 482, molecules of, 47, 47f INDEX
632f, 634f, 636, 636f 482f, 557. See also electromag- neutrons in, 121–122, 121f, 122f
origin of, 350, 714
in ionic compounds, 185, 185f netic waves protons in, 120, 121, 121f
magnetism from, 626–629, 626f, 627f, electromagnetic spectrum, 521, 521f, as pure substances, 48
radioactive, 160, 160f
630, 631f 556–558, 556–557f, 880 in sea water, 162
measurement of, 630, 630f electromagnetic waves, 506, 506f, 637, spectral analysis of, 132, 696, 696f
in metals, 188, 597, 599 symbols for, 124, 124f, 208
in overloaded circuit, 606, 607 637f. See also gamma rays; in- synthetic, 160, 160f
in parallel circuit, 603 wavelengths emitted by, 132, 132f
in plasma, 79, 82 frared light; light; radio waves; empirical formulas, 194–196, 195f
power and, 605, 606 emulsions, 262, 262f
resistance and, 596–599 ultraviolet light lab on, 262
in series circuit, 603 cosmic background radiation, 712, soap and, 307, 307f, 308
in superconductor, 599 endothermic reactions, 222, 222f, 224,
electric field lines, 591–592, 591f, 592f 712f
energy of, 452, 452f, 482, 482f, 554, 224f
electric fields energy, 444–452. See also chemical
of charged particles, 591–592, 591f, 554f
592f fields of, 452, 506, 511, 637, 637f energy; conservation of energy;
charged particles in, 450, 450f, 591 frequencies of, 521, 554, 554f
in conductor, 597 speed of, 521 electrical energy; heat; kinetic
of electromagnetic waves, 452, 506, from stars, 693, 694, 695–696, 696f
511, 637, 637f as transverse waves, 511, 637, 637f energy; potential energy; ther-
energy in, 450, 450f, 452 vibrating charges and, 508
potential energy associated with, electromagnets, 628 mal energy; work
593, 594 labs on, 628, 640–641 changes of state and, 84–87, 84f, 87f
electrons, 115, 119, 119f, 120, 120f. See chemical reactions and, 220–222,
electric force, 590–592
holding atoms together, 120 also orbitals; valence electrons 221f, 224, 449, 449f
potential energy associated with, atomic number and, 121 definitions of, 80, 444
593, 594 as beta particles, 328f, 329, 330 electromagnetic, 637
in chemical reactions, 235, 237 of electromagnetic waves, 452, 452f,
electric guitars, 635 electric charge of, 115, 586
electric motors, 450, 630, 630f, 631, 631f electric current composed of, 595 482, 482f, 554, 554f
electric potential, 450 in electric field, 450 in fields, 450, 450f, 452
electric power, 605–606. See also elec- energy levels of, 128, 128f, 130–131, mass equivalent to, 339–340, 450
mechanical, 449, 455, 455f, 456, 492
trical energy 130f, 131f of nuclei, 339–340
electrochemical cell, 594 in Rutherford’s atomic model, 118, to raise temperature, 485–486, 485f,

lab on, 595 118f 496
electrodes, 594 shared, in covalent bonding, 186– of sound waves, 543, 545
electrolysis, 229, 229f, 231 temperature difference and, 478–
187, 186f, 187f
electrolytes Thomson’s discovery of, 115 479, 479f, 490, 491
acids as, 294, 294f transferred between materials, transformations of, 453–455, 454f,
bases as, 296, 297
in electrochemical cells, 594 588–590, 589f 455f, 456, 456f
transferred in ionic bonding, 184, units of, 444
electromagnetic energy, 637 usable, 491
electromagnetic force, 380, 381, 637 184f wasted, 491, 821–822, 822f, 828
electromagnetic induction, 632–637, transitions between energy levels, of waves, 505, 507, 509, 511, 515
energy levels, 128, 128f, 130–131, 130f,
632f 131–132, 132f
conservation of energy and, 633 as waves, 129 131f
electric guitars and, 635 word origin of, 112 lab on, 131
Faraday’s Law of, 632 electron spin, 628 transitions between, 131–132, 132f
generators and, 634, 634f, 636–637, elements, 45–47, 46f. See also isotopes; energy resources, 815–820. See also

636f periodic table electrical energy; fossil fuels;
lab on, 633 atoms of, 46–47, 47f, 114, 120, 121
magnetic force and, 633–634, 634f classification of, 154, 154f, 155f, 156, specific alternative sources
in transformers, 638 alternative, 818–820, 818f, 819f, 820f,
156f
families of, 156, 156f 830
formation of compounds from, 177, conservation of, 831
lab on, 832–833
177f solar origins of, 815, 816, 817
in human body, 46, 46f
inert, 161
labs on, 158, 166–167

I n d e x 925

INDEX

INDEX energy resources (continued) Fahrenheit-Celsius conversion tri-fold, 364, 584, 692, 851
United States map of, 886 equations, 475 two-panel flip chart, 851
uses of, 815, 815f forced vibrations, 548
wasted, 821–822, 822f Fahrenheit temperature scale, 475, forces. See also friction; gravity
476f, 477 acceleration caused by, 381, 382,
engines, 492–493, 492f, 493f
entropy, 491, 491f falling objects. See free fall 400–402, 400f, 402f
environmental engineer, career as, 689 families of elements, 156, 156f action and reaction, 412–414, 412f,
enzymes, 241, 241f, 242 Faraday, Michael, 632
epicenter, 739, 739f, 741, 741f, 742 Faraday’s law, 632 413f, 417
faults, 737, 737f, 739. See also earth- balanced, 382
lab on, 762–763 buoyant, 90–91, 90f, 95
equations. See also chemical equations quakes change in momentum caused by,
Fermi, Enrico, 337
fractions in, 576 fertilizers, 827, 828 415, 415f
of laws and theories, 10, 76 field forces, 381. See also electric fields; contact forces, 381
for nuclear decay, 330–331 definition of, 380
rearranging, 420, 865 gravity; magnetic fields direction of, 382, 434, 435
symbols in, 208 filament, 596, 596f electric, 120, 590–592, 593, 594
equilibrium systems, 244–247, 244f, 246f file extensions, 168 electromagnetic, 380, 381, 637
equivalence point, of titration, 304 file names, 168 field forces, 381
Eris, 670 fire. See also burning; combustion fundamental, 380–381, 380f
erosion, 759–761, 759f, 760f, 761f inertia and, 398
ethnobotanist, career as, 214 reactions machines and, 434–437, 434f, 437f
eutrophication, 828 started with friction, 490, 490f magnetic, 381, 620, 633–634
evaporation, 84f, 85, 781–783 fire extinguishers, 232 multiplying, 434, 435, 436, 440
from oceans and continents, 781– fireworks, 133, 133f, 456, 456f net, 381–382, 397, 400, 402
first law of thermodynamics, 456, 490 nuclear, 337–338, 338f, 380, 381
782, 781f fish, mercury compounds in, 147 in solution, 268, 271, 277
temperature and, 782–783, 783f fission, nuclear, 339–341, 339f, 340f, 450 unbalanced, 381f, 382, 400
event data recorders, 379 chain reaction in, 337, 340–341, 340f units of, 401
examples, signal words in, 44, 258 electric power from, 341, 343, 349– work and, 431–432
excited state, 131
exhaust stroke, 492, 493f 350, 349f, 818, 822 forensics
exoplanets, 679 historical background of, 337, 337f of automobile accidents, 378–379
exosphere, 776 lab on, 341 in counterfeit detection, 572-573
exothermic reactions, 222, 222f flammability, 56 DNA fingerprinting, 205
experiments, 5–6, 5f, 8. See also Fleming, Alexander, 6 in substance identification, 57
floating, 90–91, 90f, 91f
data; graphs; hypothesis; flow chart (Graphic Organizer), 472 forensic scientists, 57
measurements instructions for, 853 formulas, chemical, 48, 48f, 208. See
conducting, 877 fluids, 79, 89–94. See also convection
controlled, 15, 876 also chemical equations
laws and theories based on, 9, 10, 76 currents; gases; liquids empirical, 194–196, 195f
planning, 14, 876 buoyant force of, 90–91, 90f, 95 for ionic compounds, 192, 193
variables in, 15, 16, 877 motion of, 93–94, 93f, 94f molecular, 195, 195f
exponential decay, 335, 335f Pascal’s principle for, 92–93 structural, 178, 199, 199f
exponents, 863 pressure of, 89, 89f, 90 formula unit, 185, 185f
in order of operations, 864 fluoride ions, 153, 153f fossil fuels, 816–817, 816f, 817f. See also
powers of ten, 24–25, 866 in drinking water, 281
rules for, 863f focal point, 568 gasoline
extraterrestrial intelligence, 706 focus, of earthquake, 739, 739f, 740, 741, acid precipitation and, 758
extrusive igneous rock, 749, 749f air pollution from, 825, 825f, 826, 827
eye, 569, 569f 742 distillation of petroleum, 264, 265
FoldNotes global warming and, 780
F power plants using, 821–822, 821f
booklet, 542, 848
fab technician, career as, 426 double-door fold, 618, 849 fossils
facts, 728 four-corner fold, 326, 849 Pangaea and, 731, 731f
instructions for, 848–851 in sedimentary rocks, 750, 750f, 751,
key-term fold, 76, 258, 396, 806, 848 753
layered book, 176, 850
pyramid, 112, 850 four-corner fold (FoldNote), 326
table fold, 218, 850 instructions for, 849
three-panel flip chart, 772, 851
fractions, 576, 862, 862f

926 I n d e x