Campbell Biology

Index V cardiovascular systems of. See Cardiovascular Visual communication, 1140f
systems Visual cortex, 1119f
Vaccination, 966f Visualizing Figures
Vaccines, 406–407 as chordates, 713, 717f–723f. See also Chordates
derived characters of, 720, 721f biogeochemical cycles, 1247f
for amphibians, 731 energy budgets for terrestrial, 890 DNA, 319f
Vacuolar sap, 776 evolution of, 676 gastrulation, 1048f
Vacuoles, 100f–101f, 108f evolution of backbones and diversity vs. disparity molecular machinery in cell, 122f
Vagina, 1024, 1025f, 1032 phylogenetic relationships, 554f
Vaginal pouch, 1036 in, 716f, 717 primary and secondary growth in plants, 765f
Valence, 36, 59f fossils and early evolution of, 722f–723f proteins, 79f
Valence electrons, 35–36 gamete production and delivery in, 1022 scale of geologic time, 530f
Valence shells, 35 gas exchange systems of. See Gas exchange Visual pigments, 1117f, 1120
Valine, 77f gnathostomes and development of jaws in, Visual Skills questions, 6f, 10f, 34f, 36, 45, 53f, 58, 62,
Valium, 1079
Valley of Whales, 523f 723f–727f, 728 64–65, 79f, 95f, 98f, 114f, 127f, 130f–133f,
Vampire bats, 989f, 990 hominins and humans, 746f–752f 137f, 139, 140f, 150, 167f, 171, 174, 177f,
van der Waals interactions, 39, 81f innate immunity in, 953f–955f, 956 184, 186, 198f, 216f, 227f–228f, 246f, 252,
van Leeuwenhoek, Antoni, 94, 591 kidneys in excretory systems of, 984f–985f, 257f–258f, 259, 280f–281f, 306, 320, 324f,
van Niel, C. B., 190 329, 340f–341f, 348f, 355f, 365f, 371f, 374f,
Varanus komodoensis, 1040 989f–991f. See also Excretory systems; Kidneys 399, 406, 421, 426, 441f, 449f, 451f, 455f, 472f,
Variable (V) region, light and heavy chain, 956f, 957 limb formation in, 1060, 1061f–1062f 474f, 478f, 480f, 492f, 502, 534f, 537f, 556,
Variables, 20–21, F–1–F–2, F–3 mammals, 739f–745f, 746 562f, 570, 574f, 577f, 581f, 596f, 601f, 608f,
mechanoreceptors for hearing and equilibrium in, 611f, 623f, 636f, 646f, 677, 681f, 720, 732f,
comparing two, 971 738, 744f, 768f, 770f, 772f, 784f, 789f, 791f,
identifying dependent and independent, 511 1110f–1114f. See also Sensory systems 805f, 813f–814f, 825f, 827f–828f, 851f, 858f,
Variation, genetic. See Genetic variation neuroendocrine signaling in, 1005f–1009f 904f, 908f, 924, 944f, 952f–953f, 960f, 965f,
Variegation, 311f organogenesis in, 1053f 994f, 1001f, 1013f, 1022f, 1032f, 1035f, 1070f,
Vasa recta, 985f origins of bone and teeth in, 723 1077f, 1094f–1095f, 1117f, 1124f, 1140f, 1145f,
Vascular bundles, 761, 768f phylogeny of, 680, 681f 1186, 1193f, 1222f, 1238f, 1240f, 1269f. See also
Vascular cambium, 764f, 770f–772f, 847 small intestine surface area in, 693f Draw It Questions
Vascular cylinder, 761 tetrapods and development of limbs in, 728f–731f Visual systems
Vascular plants, 620. See also Seedless vascular visual systems of, 1116f–1120f, 1121 color vision in, 1119, 1120f
Vertical layering, terrestrial biome, 1170 compound eyes in, 1115f, 1116
plants; Seed plants Vertical transmission, viral, 410 evolution of light detectors in, 1115f–1117f
origin and traits of, 626, 627f–629f Vervet monkeys, 1146f gene therapy for vision in, 1120f
phylogeny of, 621t Vesicles, 104 light-detecting organs in, 1115f
resource acquisition for, 782f–784f, 785 abiotically produced, as protocells, 525f, 526 sensory transduction in, 1118f
seedless. See Seedless vascular plants in endomembrane system, 104 single-lens eyes in, 1116f, 1117
transport in. See Transport in vascular plants in exocytosis and endocytosis, 139, 140f structure of human eyes in, 1116f–1117f
Vascular rays, 771f in plant cytokinesis, 241, 242f visual fields and focusing in, 1120f, 1121
Vascular tissue, 620, 783f self-replicating RNA in, 526 visual information processing in brain in, 1119f
Vascular tissue system, plant, 761f, 763f transport, 105, 106f, 107, 109f visual information processing in retina in,
Vascular transport, 534, 628 Vessel elements, 646, 763f 1118, 1119f
Vas deferens, 1023f Vessels, 763f Vital capacity, 943
Vasectomy, 1036f, 1037 Vessels, blood. See Blood vessels Vital statistics, population, 1191t, 1192f–1193f
Vasocongestion, 1031–1032 Vessels, lymph, 931f Vitamin A, deficiencies of, 836f
Vasoconstriction, 883, 929 Vestibular glands, 1025f Vitamin D, 1001, 1009f
Vasodilation, 883, 929, 999, 1024 Vestigial structures, 477 Vitamins, 158, 898
Vasopressin. See Antidiuretic hormone Viagra, 224, 999–1000, 1024, 1080 deficiencies of, 900
Vectors, zoonotic disease, 1233f Vibrio cholerae, 224, 582f, 587 effects of supplementation of, on neural tube
Vegetable oil, 49–50, 74 Vietnam, new species and deforestation in, 1258f–1259f defects in, 900f
Vegetal pole, 1046f Villi, 693f, 907f, 908 essential, 898t
Vegetarian diets, 897 Vinegar, 49–50 as lipid-soluble hormones, 1001
Vegetation, terrestrial biomes and, 1169, 1170f Viral envelopes, 398f, 399, 403f parathyroid hormone and, 1009f
Vegetative growth, 828 Viral integration, 392 Vitelline layer, 1043f
Vegetative propagation, 833, 847 Viral movement proteins, 800f Vitellogenin, 1001f
Vegetative reproduction, 831–832 Virchow, Rudolf, 234 Vitreous humor, 1116f
Veins, blood, 922f–924f, 927f–930f Virtual plants, computer-generated, 774 Viviparous organisms, 725
Veins, leaf, 189f, 759, 768, 847 Virulent phages, 400f Vocal cords, 940, 941f
Veldts, 1173f Viruses, 315, 396 Vocal folds, 940, 941f
Velvetleaf plants, 205 analyzing sequence-based phylogenetic trees to Vocalization, FOXP2 gene and, 459f, 460
Velvet worms, 687f Vogt, Walther, 1055, 1056f
Venae cavae, 924f, 928f understand evolution of, 409 Volcanic springs, 584f
Venom, snail, 1065f cancer-causing, 972f Volcanism, 634f
Venomous snakes, 735 in cancer development, 392 Volcanoes, 57–58, 524f, 538–539, 549
Venter, Craig, 441f cellular RNAi pathway and, 377–378 Voles, 1153f
Ventilation, 939. See also Breathing classes of animal, 404t Voltage-gated ion channels, 220f, 1070f–1075f
Ventral nerve cords climate change and, 410 Volume, 99, 1112
earthworm, 702f discovery of, 397f Volume-surface area relationships, 98f
planarian, 694f emerging, 407f–410f Voluntary contraception, population growth
Ventral side, 677 evolution of, 404, 406, 409 and, 1206
Ventral tegmental area (VTA), 1101f features of replicative cycles of, 399f, 400 Volutidae family, 536
Ventricles, brain, 1086f host range of, 399 Volvox, 595f, 607f
Ventricles, heart, 922f–925f importance of, 396f, 397 von Frisch, Karl, 1140
Venules, 922, 927f–928f infection of bacterial cells by, 315f–316f, 317 von Humboldt, Alexander, 1230
Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), 800, 817f, 860 influenza. See Influenza viruses Vulva, 1024, 1025f
Vernalization, 858 insect defense against, 952f
Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi), 744f latency of, 970 W
Vertebrates, 680, 716 mutations of, 412
action potential conduction speed in, 1074 as pathogens, 396f–398f, 399, 406, 407f–411f Wadi Hitan, 523f
adaptations of digestive systems of, 909f–912f. See rapid reproduction of, as source of genetic Waggle dance, honeybee, 1140f
Wagler’s pit viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri), 735f
also Digestive systems variation, 487 Waists, chromatid, 236
amniotes and development of terrestrially replicative cycles of animal, 402, 403f, Walking, 754, 1133
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 467f, 471, 1230
adapted eggs in, 732f–738f. See also 404t, 405f Walrus, 882f
Amniotes replicative cycles of phages as, 400f–402f Warming, global. See Climate change
anatomical homologies in embryos of, 477f, 478 structure and function of, 412
brains of, 1089f–1094f, 1097f. See also Nervous structure of, 397, 398f, 399
systems viral movement proteins of plant, 800
Visceral mass, 697f
Visible light, 192f

I-51 INDEX

Warren, Robin, 906 genome sequencing of, 442 Worldwide adaptive radiations, 540, 541f Index
WAS, 228–229 model of DNA replication by, 320, 321f Worms, 1131f
Washington, Earl, 435f Wavelengths, electromagnetic, 192f–194f
Wasps, 670, 710f, 867f, 1143f Wawona Sequoia, 772f X
Waste, toxic. See Toxic waste WD40 domains, 443f, 444
Wastes, nitrogenous. See Nitrogenous wastes Weak acids, 51 Xanthomonas, 334
Water Weather X chromosomes, 256f–257f, 298f–300f, 378–379,
climate change and, 11
acidic and basic conditions of, and living population fluctuations and, 1202f, 1203. See also 1028, 1037
organisms, 51, 52f, 53 Xenarthra, 742f–743f
Climate Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), 328
acidification as threat to quality of, 53f, 54 Weathering, rock, 627 Xerophytes, 796, 797f
albatross drinking of salty, 975f Web of life, 568f X-linked genes, 299f–300f
biomanipulation and quality of, 1225f Weddell seals, 947f X-O sex determination system, 298f
in blood plasma, 932f Weeds, transgene escape and, 837 X-ray crystallography, 83f, 220, 317, 318f
cellular regulation of, 142 Weevils, 710f X-rays
cohesion of molecules of, 45, 46f Weight, mass vs., 29n
conduction of, in plant cells, 763f Welch, Allison, 498f cancer and, 386
conservation of, by kidneys, 987, 988f–990f Welwitschia, 640f mutations from, 360
covalent bonding of, 37f, 45f Wernicke, Karl, 1096 Xylem, 628, 761, 783
evolution of life on planets with, 50f Wernicke’s area, 1096f primary growth and, 767f
floating of ice on liquid, 47, 48f Westemeier, Ronald, 1265f resource acquisition and, 783f
forms of, and importance of, to life on Earth, 44 Western garter snakes, 1153, 1154f transport of water and minerals from roots to
fruit and seed dispersal by, 830f West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), 570, 1217f
gain and loss of, 996 West Nile virus, 399, 407 shoots via, 790, 791f–793f, 794
hydrogen bonds and, 39f, 40 Wetlands, 1177f, 1260 vascular plant, 628
imbibition of, by seeds, 827 in vascular tissue systems, 761
ions in, 38 restoration of, 1252f water-conducting cells of, 763f
irrigation with, 806 Whales, 88f, 479f–480f, 523f, 555f, 708, 717, Xylem sap, 790, 791f–793f, 794
latitudinal gradients and evapotranspiration X-Y sex determination system, 298f, 313
1109f, 1263
of, 1230f Wheat (Triticum aestivum), 512–513, 522, 593, 649, Y
as limiting factor on human population
1202f Yamanaka, Shinya, 430f
size, 1209 Whisk ferns, 629, 630f, 631 Yangtze River dolphin, 1260f
maximizing body surface area and uptake White-band disease, 1232 Yarrow (Achillea lanulosa), 1187
White blood cells. See Leukocytes Y chromosomes, 256f–257f, 298f, 299, 313,
of, 693f White-crowned sparrows, 1145
moderation of temperature by, 46, 47f White matter, 1086f 997f, 1028
molecular shape of, 39f White rhinoceros, 1197f Yeast cells, 100f
molluscs and pollution of, 700–701 White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 1269 Yeast infections, 668
photosynthesis and compromise with loss of, 785 Whole-genome shotgun approach, DNA sequencing, Yeasts, 653
plant adaptations for reducing evaporative loss of,
441f, 442, 445, 446f, 450 alcohol fermentation by, 180f
796, 797f Whooping cough, 218f asexual reproduction in, 657f
in plant composition, 807 Whorled phyllotaxy, 784 cell division in, 244f
plant response to submergence in, 862 Widow’s peak pedigree analysis case, 284f, 285 cell signaling in, 213f, 215
plant transport of, 45, 46f Wieschaus, Eric, 384 chromatin condensation in, 378f
properties of, 45 Wildebeest, 1139f expressing cloned eukaryotic genes in, 420–421
regulation of transpiration and plant loss of, 794, Wildfires, 1170 fungi as, 653, 668
human uses of, 668–669
795f–797f insect outbreaks and, 1242f model organism. See Saccharomyces cerevisiae
root architecture and acquisition of, 785 Wild mustard, artificial selection and, 473f Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), 727f
roots interaction with, 10f–11 Wild tobacco plants, 867f Yellow jackets, 1216f, 1217
seed dispersal by, 643f Wild types, 296f Yellowstone National Park, 439, 1268
as solvent of life, 49f, 50, 55 Wilkins, Maurice, 317–318, 320 extreme thermophiles in, 584f, 585
species distributions and availability of, Wilson, E. O., 1158, 1230, 1231f, 1260f, 1261 forest fire disturbance of, 1227f
Wilting, 788, 796, 802, 850, 861 grizzly bear population in, 1266f, 1267, 1271
1183–1184 Wind Taq polymerase from bacterium in, 1261
splitting of, in photosynthesis, 190f Y-linked genes, 299
transport of, across plant plasma membranes, 786, climate change and, 11 Yolk, 91, 1046f, 1047
dispersal of mosses by, 625 Yolk sac, 733f, 1051f
787f–789f flower pollination by, 822f Yucca, 822f
transport of, from roots to shoots via xylem, 790, fruit and seed dispersal by, 830f
global patterns of, 1164f Z
791f–793f, 794 seed dispersal by, 643f
Water balance Windpipes, 13f Zambia, elephant poaching in, 1263f
Winged fruits and seeds, 830f Zea mays (corn). See Corn
effects of osmosis on, 133f–135f Wings Zeatin, 848
hormonal regulation of, 992f–994f bat, as evolutionary adaptation, 15f Zebra finches, 1150f–1151f
in insects, 983f, 984 bird, 736f, 737 Zebrafish as model organism, 22
nitrogenous wastes and, 980 evolution of, 677 Zebra mussels, 1262
osmoregulation of, 976f–980f flight muscles and, 1134 Zero population growth, 1206, 1209
Water bears, 687f insect, 708, 709f–710f Zika virus, 407f
Water bodies, climate and, 1166f–1167f muscle contraction and insect, 1130 Zona pellucida, 1045f
Water bugs, 1021f pterosaur, 734 Zonation, aquatic, 1175f–1176f
Water conservation seed, 643f Zoned reserves, 1271f–1272f
kidney adaptations for, 989f–990f Wireframe models, 79f Zone of cell division, 766f
kidney role in, 987, 988f–990f Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), 228–229 Zone of differentiation, 766f
Water cycle, 1248f, 1257 Witchweed, 853 Zone of elongation, 766f
Water cycling, in ecosystems, 1246f–1250f, 1251 WNT4 gene, 299 Zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), 1060f–1061f
Water fleas (Daphnia pulex), 446t, 1019, 1197f Wobble, 349 Zoonotic pathogens, 1233f
Water lily, 648f, 651 Wöhler, Friedrich, 57 Zooplankton, in biomass pyramids, 1245f, 1246
“Watermelon snow,” 211f Wollemi pine, 641f Zoospores, 601f, 660f
Water potential, 786, 787f–789f Wolves, 1202f, 1203, 1255f, 1268 zur Hausen, Harald, 870f, 972
Water scorpions, 706 Wood, 118, 649, 781 Z-W sex determination system, 298f
Water snakes, 494, 495f Wood ants, 28f Zygentoma (silverfish), 710f
Water-soluble hormones, 1000f–1001f Woolly mammoths, 413f, 419 Zygomycetes, 659f, 660f, 661f
Water-soluble vitamins, 898t Work, cellular, 150f–153f Zygosporangium, 661f
Water vapor, 44 World Trade Center attack, 435 Zygotes, 257f, 258, 1018, 1032f
Water vascular system, 711, 712f
Watson, James
discovery of DNA molecular structure by, 5, 23–24,

314f, 317, 318f–320f

INDEX I-52

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