The 11th FBEA Postgraduate Colloquium
18-19 November 2021 | Cisco Webex
The Antecedents of Privacy Concern on the Actual Disclosure Behaviour
towards the Usage of Mobile Apps on M-Commerce’s Platform among
consumers in Malaysia.
Nur Hikmah Masran
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the antecedents of privacy, privacy
concern and trust on consumers’ actual disclosure behaviour by focusing on the usage of mobile apps
in m-commerce’s platform in Malaysia. Data is collected from about 500 consumers around Malaysia
using convenience sampling method and will be analysed using both statistical tools of SmartPLS and
SPSS. Questionnaires are distributed around Malaysia using online platforms such as google forms that
involved the consumers aged 18 years and above. The expected results will indicate that consumers’
actual disclosure behaviour is influenced by the relationship between the antecedents of privacy, privacy
concern and trust. Consumers are expected to disclose their personal data based on their preferences of
paying method payments by using mobile apps on m-commerce’s platform. The current research
extends the literature by considering the mediating and moderating effect of privacy concern and trust
on consumers’ actual disclosure behaviour. The current study involves all consumers aged ranges from
18 years and above in Malaysia. The scope of study recommended in the future could be specified
respectively. The empirical findings can be used as guidelines for companies to undergo and
understanding the consumer preferences. Consumers can make well-informed decisions with regard to
their information disclosure.
Keywords: Privacy, Concern, Behaviour, Disclosure, Information, Mobile Apps,
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The 11th FBEA Postgraduate Colloquium
18-19 November 2021 | Cisco Webex
Literature Review of Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM)
Dall Ricardo Philip
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
Abstract
Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) has become an important concept for researchers because it has a
significant impact on consumer behavior, and for the past decade, this concept has received a lot of
attention from eWOM. However, despite the growing number of studies on this subject, the relevant
literature remains fragmented and may impact the long-term development of eWOM studies. The
fragmentation of this study is due to the lack of conceptualization of the term eWOM. Then, the purpose
of this study been conducted is to reviews the relevant literature, analysing the impact of eWOM in the
field of consumer behaviour. Data were collected by reviewing past studies that related to eWOM
and Consumer behaviour from the indexed Journal and Article.
Keywords: Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM), Consumer Behaviour,
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The 11th FBEA Postgraduate Colloquium
18-19 November 2021 | Cisco Webex
Drivers and Barriers for Purchasing Green Fast-Moving
Consumer Goods: A Study of Consumer Preferences in Malaysia
Asmey Ruddy
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Abstract
Many green items with contrasting attributes have entered the markets in Malaysia. Green items,
additionally called naturally benevolent or eco-friendly products are intended to protect the environment,
for instance, by diminishing resource utilization or negative ecological effects (Tseng and Hung, 2013).
Such products range from electric vehicles, biofuels or green force, and green textiles to a wide
assortment of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCGs). Every one of these items varies not just in how
regularly they are utilized and purchased, but also the act of consumption, the goal of buyers while
enacting their product choices, or the impacts that shoppers expect when purchasing these items (Di
Giulio et al., 2014). Although there have been a few examinations managing buyer parts of bio-based
items (Klein et al., 2020), there is an absence of studies identified with bio-based FMCGs that intended
to pick up bits of knowledge due to partially closing the attitude-behavior gap in this field. Therefore,
studies with other product groups are important to develop and expand the information on boundaries
and driver buying particularly for bio-based FMCGs. Likewise, it very well may be accepted that
probably a few customers have developed habitual or brand-loyal behaviors in this market. Thus, the
purpose of this study was to analyse consumers´ preferences for FMCGs green product attributes in
Malaysia. Additionally, the drivers and barriers which influence the purchasing behaviour of consumers
regarding such bio-based FMCGs were investigated. The findings of this study can support the
definition and fine-tuning of related marketing strategies for interested companies producing or retailing
such products or to support policy to reduce plastic packaging and derived wastes.The study in hand
will adopt quantitative research (survey) to collect data from consumers across malaysia to test the
hypotheses developed based on the research framework. The data will be analysed with statistical
softwares to genrate result to further discuss the output and provide practical implications to different
stakeholders.
Keywords: Green, FMCG
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The 11th FBEA Postgraduate Colloquium
18-19 November 2021 | Cisco Webex
Determinants That Influence the Actual Behaviour to Invest in Unit Trust
Funds: An Analysis Of The Attributes Of The Salesperson
Richard Albert Gontusan
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Abstract
There are many probable factors influencing a person’s decision to invest in unit trust funds. Using the
Theory of Planned Behaviour and Trait Theory, this study examined and identified those factors,
especially the role of the salesperson, which influenced the behaviour to invest in unit trust funds. Data
from 290 respondents were used for this study, which were collected through a questionnaire by way
of purposive sampling. The findings of this study showed that attitude, salesperson’s attributes and
perceived behavioural control are significantly correlated with behaviour to invest in unit trust funds,
with salesperson’s attributes showing the most significant correlation with the dependent variable.
Subjective norm showed an insignificant correlation with the dependent variable. Meanwhile, gender
and age showed insignificant moderating effects on the relationships between the independent variables
and the dependent variable. The contribution of this study to the existing body of knowledge is that the
combination of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Trait Theory can predict actual behaviour, in
this case, the actual behaviour to invest in unit trust funds. The independent variables in the current
study account for a third of the variance in the dependent variable, which means that other variables not
included in the model could account for the rest of the variance. Unit trust management companies can
be guided by the outcome of this study to promulgate selling practices, with emphasis on the relevant
attributes of a salesperson. Unit trust consultants can exercise the relevant attributes identified to help
future investors to understand unit trust investment and increase their probability of investing for a more
secure financial future.
Keywords: Unit trust funds, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Trait Theory
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The 11th FBEA Postgraduate Colloquium
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Traditional tools Vs. AR trend in marketing? Factors influencing the
acceptance of augmented reality in promoting program in higher
education: The role of augmented reality (AR) application at
Kolej Poly-Tech MARA Bangi.
Yuana Binti Iwan
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Abstract
As mobile and wearable devices that enable digital content to be displayed over physical surroundings
continue to develop, scholars are increasingly interested in these ‘augmented reality’ (AR) technologies.
While much of the focus has either been on the technological development of these devices and their
potential for changing user perception, there has been less attention paid to the stakeholders and
companies developing these technologies. This study examines developments in the industry itself,
where companies are finding resources and structuring their businesses, and how this has created a
momentum toward marketing and advertising. The intricate link between marketing and AR is one that
has implications for how the technology is developing, what experiences are possible through the
technology, and the future contexts in which AR is deployed. Augmented Reality is a technology that
superimposes a computer-generated image over users has been many other sectors. An understanding
of the users in education is one of the key foundations towards establishing better-designed AR systems
and applications that will result in more acceptance of this technology. This research investigated
differences in experiential marketing campaigns after the institution applied augmented reality to
experiential marketing strategies. This study used case studies to analyse traditional and augmented
reality experiential in promoting program at higher education institutions.
Keywords: Experiential marketing, Technology Acceptance, Augmented Reality
105
The 11th FBEA Postgraduate Colloquium
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Significance of Improving Social Media Marketing
Wang Zhao
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Abstract
To monitor the marketing progress, there is a wide variety of data analytics tools that help marketers
monitor their progress to know how well they are progressing. The paper, therefore, focuses on the
significance of improving social media marketing. Study design/methodology/approach: The study of
the significance of improving social media marketing will require a close analysis of several underlying
factors. Firstly, businesses need to keep pace with the growing technology to meet the demands of their
customers. Secondly, firms should strive to improve their online presence to connect with their
customers efficiently. The importance of these connections is to create brand loyalty among customers.
Therefore, there is needed for firms that need to put several interventions that will help improve social
media marketing.
Keywords: Marketization, new media, we media
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18-19 November 2021 | Cisco Webex
PLBs for Online Third-Party Marketplace: Buying Intention among
Malaysian Young Adults
Sawanah Mumin
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine purchase intention among Malaysian young adult consumers
towards PLBs for third-party marketplace. Study design/methodology/approach: Purposive sampling
technique is adopted and the questionnaires will be distributed among Malaysian young adult
consumers aged between 15-30 years old who are considered as heavy internet users. Private label
brands (PLBs) or the retailer brand is not a new retail strategy. However, advancement of technology
and the changes in consumers’ life style have led to the growth of online retailers such as the third-party
marketplace. Building on the theories of cue utilization, UTAUT2 and self-congruency, this study
examines characteristics related to individual, store, PLBs and online platform in influencing consumer
attitudes and purchase intention. PLB has become a recent trend among the third-party marketplace
such as Lazada, Shoppe, eBay and Taobao to explore the potential of PLBs. However, examination of
the online PLBs is lacking. The purpose of this study is to examine purchase intention among Malaysian
young adult consumers towards PLBs for third-party marketplace. Young adult consumers are found to
display different responses and behaviours toward marketing stimuli compared to the other generation
cohort. Despite the fact that PLB is less prominent in Asia, it could serve as an effective brand building
effort and attraction to young adult consumers.
Keywords: Private label brands, Young adult, Malaysia
107
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Analysis of Cultural IP in Fashion Industry: Cultural Collaboration
between Museums and Fashion Brands
Zhang Liufang
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to identify if fashion brands could use cultural IP collaboration of
museums as a marketing strategy to influence the purchase behavior. This research is to figure out
whether consumers could have purchase intention when fashion brands use cultural elements of
museum as part of their products or brands marketing strategy. Study design/methodology/approach:
This research bases on quantitative research with collecting data through questionnaires. Regression
will be conducted to analyze the relationship between cultural elements and consumer purchase
intention with consumer behavior as a mediator.
Keywords: Cultural IP, Purchase behavior, Fashion
108
The 11th FBEA Postgraduate Colloquium
18-19 November 2021 | Cisco Webex
The Influence of Promotional Strategies on the Sales Performance among
Luosifen Instant Food Industry in China
Jiani Tang
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of promotional strategies on the sales
performance among Luosifen instant food industry in China under the environment of COVID-19.
Descriptive research design was used that present data using frequencies, percentages, means and
standard deviation to summarize the data. The study was a census study where the study analyze all the
40 Luosifen companies operating in Liuhzou City.The study relied on both primary data and secondary
data sources. Questionnaires were data collection instruments. Secondary data was gathered from
library material, business journals and reports, media publications and internet search engines. The
respondents of the study were selected from marketing department of the 40 Luosifen companies
operating in Liuzhou City, China. Descriptive statistics was used to determine measures of central
tendency such as mean scores and measures of dispersion such as variance and standard deviation.
Regression and Pearson correlation analysis method was done to relate the independent and dependent
variable. The data collected and analyzed was presented in the form of tables, frequencies and
percentages. The study established that Luosifen instant food industry in China were striving and
willing to adopt advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and public relations strategies to achieve
competitive edge. Regression analysis method was used to determine the relationship between the
variables. The study concluded that there was a positive relationship between independent variables
(advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and direct marketing) and dependent
variable (Sales Performance of Luosifen Indstant Food Industry in China). The findings would
contribute new knowledge in the critical area of promotional mix and the sales performance customers.
Researchers would find this study useful as the findings of this research can enhance the knowledge
about advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and public relation that influence sales performance
in Chinese instant food market. The study would also act as a source of reference for future scholars in
directing their studies as an empirical source besides suggesting areas for further research. In addition,
it lays the foundation for external researchers to study China’s market.
Keywords: Promotional Strategies, Sales Performance, China
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An Empirical Study on the Determinants of Customer Participation in
Shared Economy Services
Wu Xiao
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Abstract
E-commerce is an important partial industry and is expected to be the most advanced sector in China's
world. In China, the economic form is the 'curve road overtaking industry'. The curved road overtaking
industry means that it is an industry that can overtake advanced countries at a time when the industrial
paradigm shifts. With the Internet's economy shifting from PC-based to mobile-based, the significance
becomes clear when it sees China ahead. In the field of e-commerce, the potential for a shared economy
has recently been highly anticipated. Amid the global economic recession, the "Sharing Economy,"
which people share with others rather than own things, is rapidly emerging as a new paradigm for the
global economy. In the traditional capitalist system, sharing and access have become more important
than ownership as it has changed to a shared economy. This study attempts to find out whether customer
motivation in sharing economy services develops into a relationship with customer perceived value and
is linked to customer participation. In order to conduct statistical processing on the data guaranteed,
IBM SPSS Statistics 22 statistical package was used for analysis through data coding and cleaning
process, and the statistical analysis method was applied as follows. First, in order to analyze the general
characteristics and demographic characteristics of the specimen, Vienna Frequency analysis. Second,
to verify the validity of the measurement tool, an exploratory factor analysis was used. Third, in order
to test the internal consistency reliability of all the refined measurement items constituting the concept,
Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to confirm the reliability of the measurement tool. Fourthly, the
proposed research model confirms the correlation between the technical statistical characteristics and
the constituent concepts. Fifthly, the causal relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables
proposed in the research model was analyzed through multiple regression analysis, and the process of
verifying research hypotheses was implemented. Sixth, the influence of the relationship between the
individual variables and the number of variables on the adjustment is tested by regression analysis in
order to understand the corporate social responsibility and the understanding of the quality level of
environmental protection products and the influence of high-end price payment on the intention.
Keywords: Shared Economy Services
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International Students’ Recruitment during the Covid – 19 Pandemic at
Malaysian Higher Learning Institutions: A Case Study of China Students
Hasbullah bin Awang
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the initiatives and practical adjustments employed by the education agents
to build an effective communication channel with the students during the COVID-19 crisis. The
reflection of education agent is one of the method for gauging these perspective. Study
design/methodology/approach: A qualitative research design using case study regarding China
international students in the perspective of education agent is applied. Semi structure online interview
was used to gather information from these respondents. As for the data interpretation, reflective
approaches on thematic analysis will be applied. This study demonstrates the experience of educations
agents to provide suggestion and develop their plans for post-covid teaching and student support for
Malaysia higher education institution during the pandemic crisis. This study contributes to Malaysia
higher institution further understanding of role education agents as well as future international students’
needs and concern during the Covid-19 crisis. This study provides a better view for the higher learning
institutions in Malaysia that education agents are not only focusing on recruiting international students
but also responsible in giving counselling, information regarding countries, institutions, Visa processing
services and wide accessibility for the students. This study is anticipated to develop strategic
internationalization policy that can enhance competitiveness and increment of international students’
enrolment in our educational institutions.
Keywords: China international students, Covid-19 pandemic, Malaysia higher learning
institutions
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Live Streaming: The Determinants of Purchase Intention In Hospitality
Industry Through Live Streaming Platforms
Vui Pang
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak brings about unprecedented times especially tourism industry where the
pandemic continues to create significant challenges and disrupt the way business works. Brands,
retailers including hospitality sector worldwide have taken ways to re-evaluate their business practices
and do what is best to connect with shoppers who were not able to visit physical stores in order to
sustain amid tough times. Social media provide low-cost and efficient management of online
information exchange and relationships, including social networking. Live Streaming became one of
the most effective tools to drive sales that we can now buy not just clothes but also extended to
hospitality sectors. Through social media, companies have more opportunities to reach customers and
sell products. Live streaming allows viewers to engage with you on a new level. An undeniable thrill
exists when giving responses to your audience in real time via tweets or comments. That sense of
excitement amplifies when you get a live response to your questions or comments. Live streaming gives
a face and voice to the content, items that are lacking in written forms of marketing. Also, pandemic
has accelerated the pace of behavioural changes around the world and this extends to consumption
patterns in every category. Many hotels and resorts operations turned to the latest popular online
entertainment trends to attract hotel consumers, from food cooking in the kitchen, hotel room tours, to
even wedding exhibitions held in banquet halls. Popular live-streaming platforms offering information
for travellers, and carrying consumer generated content about products, brands, services, and issues and
thus enable the hotel to create online communities and generate meaningful discussions in its product
offerings and attract more hotel guests. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships among
customers' perceived value of live streaming, engagement and purchase intention. To offer live
promotions through live streaming platforms in hospitality industry as a key marketing strategies to
introduce the hotel or resort offerings and latest discounts. The findings of this study provides
information on the determinants of purchase intention in hospitality sector on live streaming platforms.
Recognizes the importance of hospitality sector create online communities and generate meaningful
discussions in its product offerings and attract more hotel guests. The paper concentrates on the effects
of the challenges of new normal in hospitality industry. This paper provides information on how the
hospitality industry turned to the latest popular online entertainment trends and describes how hotels
and resorts use social media platforms as a opportunities to reach more customers and sell products.
Keywords: Live Streaming, Purchase Intention, Customer Engagement.
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Determinants of Food Waste Matters
Tan Sharon @ Rebecca
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
Abstract
This study will investigate food waste management at a hospitality level in Sabah as it is a grave
challenge in developing countries that are battling rising population numbers, urbanization, and low
incomes. Quantitative, non-probability (purposive sampling), survey using 300 samples/Data analysis
using SmartPLS 3.0 (SEM-PLS). It is expected that as a result of significant food lost, financial
performance is affected. Information on food waste management can be financial or non-financial.
Therefore, this study will contribute to the knowledge of the food waste management and improving
performance. Food waste is a complex and multi-faceted issue that cannot be attributed to single
variables; this also calls for a stronger integration of different disciplinary perspectives. Currently, few
governments regulate or mandate measures to monitor sustainability claims and waste management
practices in the hospitality industry. Public will understand the importance of good waste management
practices especially in hospitality industry.
Keywords: Food Waste, Performance, SEM-PLS
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Factors Determining the Intention To Visit Dark Tourism Sites in Sabah
Kimberly Justin
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
Abstract
Dark tourism has been the longest element of tourism than other forms of tourism supply (Seaton 1996;
Sharpley and Sundaram 2005), yet not many studies on it were done in the SEA (Tan & Lim, 2018). In
the Malaysian tourism industry, dark tourism is considered as a niche market (Zahari et al., 2016) and
is still untapped (Suhaini and Chai, 2008; Masanti, 2016). Since there is a lacking of dark tourism
studies in SEA, it is an opportunity to conduct this research. Moreover, in Twelfth Malaysia Plan, it
was anticipated that in 2025, RM73 billion receipts will be generated by the arrivals of 24.3
million foreign tourists and RM100 billion in revenue will be generated by 212 million
domestic visitors for the tourism industry. The purpose of this paper is to study on how social media
would affect visitors’ demand in the creation of intention to visit dark tourism sites in Sabah, hence
assisting tourism boards and travel agencies in creating awareness of dark tourism and promoting it,
especially on social media platforms. The purpose of this paper is to study on how social media
marketing would affect visitors’ demand in the creation of intention to visit dark tourism sites in Sabah.
Findings will be derived from the analysis of both primary and secondary data. Academic articles and
journals, thesis, reports and press will be analyzed. Questionnaires will be distributed using Google
Forms to youngsters as they are especially attracted to dark tourism, seeking fear and thrill to increase
their pleasure and enjoyment levels during their tourism experiences (Mura, 2010). Data collection is
to recognize how social media marketing would affect visitors’ demand through motives, needs,
personal factors, information sources and time in order to create intention to visit dark tourism sites in
Sabah. Since there is a lacking of dark tourism studies in SEA, it is an opportunity to conduct this
research. Sharma & Nayak (2019) has researched the uniqueness of value in dark tourism from the
perception of tourists, thus significantly adding the literature and practice of dark tourism. Furthermore,
dark tourism sites can bring educational value to visitors (Tinson et. al., 2015). When touring at dark
tourism sites, the ability and need to identify the victims in the atrocity offers educational value (Biran
and Poria 2012; Seaton 2009; Sharpley 2009). The lack of dark tourism studies in SEA results in
insufficient existing literature (Tan & Lim, 2018). The main practical implication of this study is to
potentially assists tourism boards and travel agencies in creating awareness of dark tourism and
promoting it, especially on social media platforms. In Tinson et. al. (2015)’s research, respondents
emphasize that their encounters with dark tourism sites as either an individual or a social event. The
respondents also said that dark tourism provides them the opportunity to reaffirm their own values. In
Polus et. al. (2016)’s paper, it was highlighted that on-site interpretation of the tourist experience at a
dark tourism site enhances didactic and emotional value.
Keywords: Dark tourism
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DETERMINANTS OF UNDEREMPLOYMENT IN SABAH
CHIN YEE TING
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between underemployment, demographic
factors, and socio-economic factors in Sabah, given the government’s continuous effort and policies to
encourage greater utilization of labour force according to their skill, abilities, and educational
backgrounds. This study was carried out in Sabah, focusing on three major cities, namely Kota
Kinabalu, Sandakan, and Tawau. To obtain primary data, a field survey was carried out. Logistic
regression analysis is employed in testing for the relationship between the independent variables and
the dependent variable. The results showed that single, less experience, older and higher education
individuals are more underemployed in Sabah. The evidence of underemployment issue is still limited.
Thus, the paper concentrates in Sabah with primary data and it was giving preliminary thoughts. This
paper provides the understanding of underemployment and study the determinants of underemployment
in Sabah.
Keywords: Underemployment, education, high-skilled job, logistic regression, Sabah.
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STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OF HEALTH
HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE POST EPIDEMIC ERA - EVIDENCE
FROM THE SYNERGY BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN
CHINA
SUN DUNZHEN
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes the relevant data of human resources in the field of urban and rural
health care since the founding of new China in 1949, summarizes the experience and lessons, and then
constructs a scientific, reasonable and urban-rural coordinated health human resources development
mechanism. This study uses time series research method and spatial econometric method to establish a
spatial econometric model to make an empirical study on China's health human resources. The findings
show that China's health human resources development has made great progress. The lack of Urban-
Rural Coordination in health human resources development constitutes a potential public health risk,
which threatens people's life safety and affects economic development. The innovation of this paper
mainly lies in the application of interdisciplinary tools. In the construction of mechanism model, human
resource economics is the main body, and the interdisciplinary tools such as health management, health
statistics and evidence-based medicine are integrated. This study is rooted in the field of urban and rural
medical and health human resources in China. It has distinct Chinese characteristics and may not be
applicable to other countries. It can provide theoretical reference for international social health
undertakings. This study is conducive to the development of health human resources, optimize the
allocation of health human resources, and provide scientific suggestions for the construction of health
team. Scientific health human resources development mechanism is conducive to ensuring people's life
safety and promoting economic development.
Keywords: Post epidemic era, urban and rural overall planning, health human resources
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THE STUDY OF HOW LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES EXPLOIT HUMAN RESOURCES FOR ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
SUN QI
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The aim of this research is to find and summary the solutions made by the local governments in
developing countries to meet the demands for human resources. This paper will firstly collect the
policies executed by the local governments in developing countries for human resource exploitation
from official websites, newspapers, existing research, etc. Through analyzing the economic indicators
and how these policies work, the influences of these polices will be evaluated. This paper claims that
how much human capital contributing to economic development is much more than other factors
together. This research will focus on not only the effects or the relationships between the economic
indicators but also what specific policies the local governments execute. Furthermore, this study would
try to summary some experience of the investment and exploitation in human capital by the local
governments. Firstly, Research results are fragmented and not in-depth enough. Moreover, it also has
some limitation for application in practice since there is only theoretical research in this paper. There
are very few similar studies, so the data available is limited and the research needs to be further
developed. Local governments can promote the rational allocation and use of human resources through
the reform of management systems and institutions, to promote the sustainable development of the local
economy.
Keywords: Economic, Human-resources, Government.
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CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF COVID-19 EFFECT ON SELF-
EMPLOYMENT
SITI NORAAIN M.HAMDAN,
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic Coronavirus outbreak has an overwhelming impact on the Malaysian economy.
The effect is not only from internal factors because of Movement Control Order (MCO) but also from
external factors that are demand shocks and global supply. The situation will unreasonably influence
small businesses and vulnerable groups including the self-employed. As for now, the Covid-19
pandemic would have a high destructive effect on both the Malaysian economic well-being as well as
economic security of the society. This conceptual paper is to study the effects of this pandemic on self-
employed people based on previous literature reviews. In the case of the business scenario in Malaysia,
COVID-19 has impacted most of the small businesses significantly. The findings from this study could
enhance the understanding of small business owners about the effect of Pandemic Covid-19 on their
business and identify factors that may benefit them in reducing the massive effect of the pandemic
COVID-19 outbreak and future challenges.
Keywords: COVID-19, Self-employment, Small and Medium Enterprises, Movement Control Order
(MCO)
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THE IMPACT OF INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY ON LABOUR
PRODUCTIVITY OF FEMALE AND MALE-MANAGED FIRMS: A
STUDY ON PRIVATE SECTOR IN MALAYSIA
MOHD FARHANUL QADRI BIN ZAMZURI
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
According to human capital theory, investments in innovation and technology will boost firms' and
organizations’ productivity, but workers will be replaced by automation and technology. Inadequate
investment in innovation and technology in the private sector for small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) firms and organizations results in low productivity, which has a negative effect on firm and
organization performance. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of innovation and
technological development on labour productivity in Malaysian private enterprises, as well as the effect
of managerial differences (gender) on productivity in Malaysia by utilizing the World Bank Enterprise
Survey 2017 (Malaysia). The Correlation, Multiple regression (with interaction term), Dominance
analysis and Decomposition analysis (Blinder-Oaxaca) method will be applied to answer the research
objectives. This study will contribute to the body of knowledge especially to studies related to
productivity. Besides, it will be an additional reference to industry players and policy makers in
Malaysia.
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FAKTOR-FAKTOR PRODUKTIVITI BERDASARKAN DATA
PERINGKAT FIRMA: KAJIAN EMPIRIKAL TERHADAP SEKTOR
PEMBUATAN DAN PERKHIDMATAN DI MALAYSIA
JOHAMIR BIN JOHARI
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
ABSTRAK
Peningkatan dalam pembangunan infrastruktur di Malaysia membantu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
pelbagai sektor ekonomi terutama sektor pembuatan dan perkhidmatan. Namun pada masa yang sama,
ia meningkatkan persaingan dalam pasaran. Oleh yang demikian, firma baharu dan sedia ada dalam
industri perlu meningkatkan produktiviti perusahaan mereka bagi memastikan perusahaan mereka kekal
bertahan dalam industri. Terdapat dua objektif utama kajian ini, iaitu ingin mengetahui apakah faktor-
faktor yang mampu meningkatkan produktiviti di peringkat firma dan objektif kedua ialah
mengenalpasti faktor yang paling dominan dalam mempengaruhi produktiviti sesebuah firma. Kajian
ini akan mengaplikasi kaedah korelasi, regrasi pelbagai, dan ‘dominance analysis’ dengan
menggunakan data The World Bank Enterprise Survey 2017 (Malaysia) bagi menjawab objektif kajian.
Kajian ini akan menjadi rujukan tambahan kepada kajian masa akan datang serta diharapkan dapat
dijadikan sebagai salah satu sumber rujukan kepada pemain industri terutama industri pembuatan dan
perkhidmatan, juga kepada penggubal polisi di Malaysia bagi meningkatkan produktiviti seterusnya
ekonomi Negara
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THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN LABOR AND LOCAL LABOR ON
ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SABAH
UJIN BIN MATJIN
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
This study aims to determine whether the state of Sabah is more depending on foreign labour or local
labour and investigate the impact on Sabah Economic Growth. The theory of production was used as
the underlying theory. All variables (GDP, local labour, foreign labour, capital, and technology) were
converted into total factor productivity. A quantitative approach was adopted. It will begin with a
descriptive analysis where the mean, median, standard deviation and the normality of the data was
tested. ADF and PP test were adopted to further investigate at what level were the data stationary. It is
maybe will be confirmed the data were stationary at 1st difference. The ARDL test will be used
determine the long run relationship and the causality effect between the variables. The analysis will be
ended with diagnostic test for serial LM correlation, heteroskedasticity, normality and multicollinearity.
The findings will be able and expected to determine whether the economy of Sabah in particular sectors
is depending on foreign labour or local labour. The results also expected to see the impact of both labour
on Sabah economic growth. The result may can suggest the Sabah government to design labour policies
in accordance without disrupting the economic growth of Sabah. The originality of the study in more
on fill in the research gap in identified the difference impact between foreign labour and local labour.
Most of the study on foreign labour in Sabah just focusing on foreign labour as a single factor. There is
very limited study on comparison between foreign and local labour in Sabah as a whole. There are few
limitations of study such as the number availability of the data, number of observations and also limited
on number of research. The findings in the study will be practically used by the private sector as well
as the government. The private sector will use the information on how to make its production process
more cost effective and gain competitive advantage with the implementation new policy in the future
specially if it related with foreign labour. Moreover, the government can help to identify sectors who
are more depending on foreign labour to design a subsidy program that can help them move towards
development or improve in their governance in employing foreign labour.
Keywords: Economic growth, foreign labour, Local labour, Sabah
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERGENERATIONAL CASH
TRANSFERS, FINANCIAL STATUS AND LABOUR FORCE
PARTICIPATION OF OLDER MEN AND OLDER WOMEN IN
MALAYSIA
CHANG FOO CHUNG
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
Ageing process will take its course naturally and no one can obstruct the process. In this 21st century,
ageing population is a common economic problem faced by every country. Population ageing
commonly happened in industrialised countries but in recent years, developing countries also
experience a shift in the age distribution towards the older ages, and Malaysia is going to hit ‘aged
nation’ within 10 years which is faster than any developed economies. Due to higher life expectancy,
older men and older women in Malaysia may require more financial resources to finance their additional
years of life after retirement. This prompt them to participate in the labour force. This study aims to
investigate how financial status and intergenerational cash support exchange affect the labour force
participation status of older men and women in Malaysia. Multiple logistic regression models were
employed in this study to predict the likelihood of older men and older women to participate in the
labour force in regards to the demographic, financial status and intergenerational cash support
characteristics of the older men and older women. A cross-sectional research design is selected for this
study as it allows examination into the universality of labour force participation among older people at
one point in time and the observation of patterns of association between intergenerational cash transfers
and financial status on the one hand and labour force participation of older males and older females on
the other.
Keywords: Labour force participation, older people, multiple logistic regression (include up to 3
keywords)
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UNEMPLOYMENT AND VACANCY IN MALAYSIA: EMPHASIZE ON
SABAH AND SARAWAK
MARCILLA ELMY GIRL MALASIUS
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
Unemployment is one of macroeconomic issues faces by many countries especially in developing
countries such as Malaysia. Whereby, unemployment shows the inefficient use of the capital resources
in the labour market Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between
macroeconomic factors and unemployment rate in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. This study
also will evaluate the relationship between unemployment rate and vacancy rate based on the theory of
Beveridge curve in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. A series of time series data of
macroeconomic factors (economic growth, government spending, labour force participation and
inflation), job vacancy and unemployment is construct from year 1982 until 2017. Secondary data will
be analyzed by using the cointegration approach to find out the relationship between variables. The
following gaps are observed; most study did not mention specifically on type of sector and the time
period of the study did not extended until the current period. Besides, the movement and shift of
Beveridge Curve in Malaysia, specifically in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak did not been
mention in previous study. Thus, this study tend to fill these gap.
Keywords: Unemployment, job vacancy, economic growth, labour Force Participation, government
spending, inflation, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTICES
AND SUSTAINABILITY PERFORMANCE IN SABAH PALM OIL
INDUSTRY: THE ROLE OF EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT TOWARDS
MSPO AS A MEDIATOR
MARK A. MARTIN
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
In promoting sustainable palm oil, independent organization such as Roundtable on Sustainable Palm
Oil (RSPO) and Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) was established to minimize the negative
impacts of palm oil cultivation through their certification system. However, obtaining the certification
would require additional expenses and some also argued that it is a scheme to protect the palm oil
industry player. As such, this research intends to examine the relationship between human resource
practices among organizations in the palm oil industry in Sabah and its influence on sustainability
performance of the organization. The role of employee engagement towards MSPO as a mediating will
also be looked at. Quantitative study based on questionnaires. Target participant will be employees
(staff and executive level) currently working with palm oil company in Sabah.
Keywords: Human resource practices, sustainability performance, employee engagement towards
Malaysia Sustainable Palm Oil
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YOUNG WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AMONG POLITICAL LEADERS:
A CASE STUDY IN SABAH POLITICS
NORSABRINA BINTI JAPAR
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to explore the young women empowerment in politics specifically in Sabah.
We have seen large roles being played by women especially in the political landscape either as a
campaigner, a voter and also candidate. These women's participation gives contribution and impacts on
current political perspective. However, the percentage of women in important ranking in politics
especially in legislative areas is still at its lowest compared to men and did not give proper view as
enough representation on their rights and needs. This issue raised is very important, especially the
awareness of more young women to be involved as early as possible to achieve the equality of rights of
the gender representatives. This study will be conducted in a qualitative method and the target groups
will be women political leaders in Sabah as the informants. The study will be conducted in a qualitative
method and the target groups will be the young women leaders in all parties that are involved in Sabah
politics. The approach of the study will be conducted in the form of open interviews to the informants.
This is to ensure the flexibility and enrich of data that not limited and biased interpretations. This study
is purely to study the participation of women leaders in politics especially in Sabah. The originality is
the study covers based on pure background of Sabah political landscape and hence it mostly involved
in rural areas. This study is limited to qualitative study; hence it is to study throughly on experience of
empowerment young women leaders in Sabah politics. The flexibility of the study not restricted to
open-ended questions hence the study can perceive wide range of elements in women empowerment in
Sabah. This study also limited to the demographic background and socioeconomic in Sabah. Hence,
some demographic background such as culture, languages and norms can be different to the other
research on other country and state. This study contributed to the improvement and understanding on
the laws and policymaker practice especially on the issues of gender equality and women representation
in politics. Besides, this will enhance more participation from young women to be nurtured and involved
in political arenas especially on the high-ranking positions in their political parties. Social construction
on balance and equal treatment will be perceived among the individual and communities. Reduced the
issues of stereotyping and discrimination among women in involving politics professions. The
community will communicate way better and move forward to achieve harmony and stable
development.
Keywords: Young Women Leaders, Economic Political, Empowerment, Gender Equality, Political
Economy
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THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND
PRODUCTIVITY IN FOOD MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY AT
NINGXIA, CHINA
ZHANG XINYU
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The novel coronavirus or COVID-19 has changed the world of work. Transition from normal 8 to 5 or
9 to 5 work in an office has now changed to emphasizing on outcome-based rather than process.
Adapting to new normal has required most employers to strategize their workforce working
arrangement to avoid debilitating their productivity and operations. Some of this new norm also effected
the motivation to work of employee and at the end will influence their motivation and work productivity.
Motivation is always used to engage employees in the work. This study aims to investigate the effect
of Covid-19 on employee motivation and productivity in Food Manufacturing Industry at Ningxia,
China. This study used a quantitative approach and a structured questionnaire as an instrument. The
sampling will be focus on food manufacturing industry at Ningxia, China. However, for the purpose of
this paper, the result only will focus on result from literature review or discuss the conceptual
perspective. This study expected there are positive relationship between employee motivation and
productivity. Covid-19 will affect the employee motivation directly and indirectly and employee
productivity in China. The research area is in China, and the research results may not be applicable to
other countries. Regional differences lead to different perspective and motivation. This study may help
employer to deal with the employees’ perceptions of various motivational methods and how they can
improve productivity during Covid-19. Perhaps, industry and employees work together to increase
productivity and promote better economic development.
Keywords: Covid-19, Employee motivation, Productivity, China
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB DEMAND, JOB
SATISFACTION AND PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT: A
STUDY OF FEMALE MILLENNIALS IN SABAH, MALAYSIA
STEPHANIE KUNG
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
Earlier research (Dall'Ora et al., 2015; Karantzas det al., 2012; McGilton et al., 2013; Miller, 2008;
Weale et al., 2018) explored the correlation between job satisfaction and other factors such as workload,
job burnout, and turnover. According to a poll conducted by Vase among 1,042 Malaysians, 43 percent
of respondents were dissatisfied with their jobs (Lim, 2020). Employees should have hybrid skills,
which are a blend of hard and soft talents, in order to help firms, transition smoothly towards a digital
way of working, according to the 2019 Emerging Jobs in Malaysia study (Sani, 2019). Despite the
popularity and substantial attention in the literature on job satisfaction, there is a gap in the literature on
job satisfaction among female millennials in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, with only a few studies that have
included perceived organisational support as the mediating variable and validity in terms of time gap as
well as differences where Malaysia is still in the process of digital transformation. Working female
millennials in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia will be the study's target participants, using a
quantitative method. Identifying negative job demand influences may result in lower hiring,
replacement, training, productivity, and efficiency expenses, both financial and non-financial.
Furthermore, management may explore improving employee well-being, engagement, and realignment
with the organization's objective.
Keywords: Job Demand, Job Satisfaction, Perceived Organizational Support, Female, Millennials
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FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN MALAYSIA: ECONOMETRIC AND
BIG DATA ANALYSIS
WONG VUI KEN, SAIZAL BIN PINJAMAN
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
This study aims to determine the impact of fundamentals factor on financial performance in Malaysia.
Besides that, this study aims to determine the impact of news factor on financial performance in
Malaysia. Apart from this, this study aims to evaluate the accuracy of forecasted financial performance
movement. A quantitative method of research design will be used in this study. Panel cointegration
method will be used to determine the impact of fundamental indicators on share price. Big data analysis
will be performed to extract the relevant textual data, and combine the data for regression analysis by
using econometric method. Last but not least, big data analysis of machine learning will be employed
to forecast financial movement and evaluate the accuracy. The research is still in the proposal stage.
Utilizing the scarcely combined analyses of big data with panel cointegration in investigating the impact
on financial performance in Malaysia. This study could benefit for investors in their investment
decision-making. Besides that, this study contributes a new method to measure for the textual data and
to evaluate the share prices’ movement accuracy.
Keywords: Financial Performance, Panel Data Analysis, Big Data Analysis
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AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON FACTORS INFLUENCING EPF
CONTRIBUTION AS A PREFERRED OPTION OF RETIREMENT
SAVINGS SCHEME FOR STATUTORY BODIES AND LOCAL
AUTHORITIES EMPLOYEES IN SABAH.
AIDARINA JAKARIA
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstracts
Increased life expectancies had put retirement planning in limelight. Adequacy of savings whether in
terms of cash, near cash or assets that can be liquidated for use upon retirement is the core issue in the
planning of savings for retirement. In Malaysia, civil servants are numerated and placed under the
government pension schemes. On the other hand, fixed income workers in the Malaysian private sectors
have no choice but contribute to the retirement saving plans provided by the Employee Provident Fund
(EPF). In 1975, the government standardized salary structures of both the Statutory Body and Local
Authority employees to be similar to that of other civil servants. In addition, they were also given the
choice to join the government pension scheme as recommended by the Harun Salary Commission.
However, the government had also given them the option to remain contributing to the EPF scheme if
they so wish. If they do, the government will contribute 10 per cent of the employers’ share of the EPF
contributions, including accrued dividend - a 100 per cent more than the statutory rate of EPF
contribution of 5 percent at that time. The majority opted to join the government pension scheme rather
than remaining with the EPF. The situation remains the same for almost fifty (50) years which begs
serious examinations. This study seeks to determine why those given the option (the statutory bodies
and local authority employees), chose the government pension scheme instead of various retirement
plans offered by EPF. This occurred despite serious efforts by EPF to offer many attractive retirement
savings plans and the government announcing that future civil servants will be employed on contract
basis and may no longer be recruited and placed under the pension scheme. In short, it is necessary to
identify why they viewed the EPF’s existing plans as an inferior plan compared to that of the
government’s pension scheme. In addition, with the government facing increasing burden to fund its
retirement scheme, and the EPF allowing limited drawdowns to ease financial hardships faced by its
contributors due the Covid-19 pandemic, a proper Research must be conducted to shed some light on
the impacts of the pandemic on financial drawbacks post-employment. This research will be carried out
as a quantitative study. It will adopt the Theory of Planned Behavior as its theoretical framework. Data
will be collected through survey questionnaires and supplemented by structured face-to-face interviews.
Fourteen (14) Hypothesis will be tested to understand and explain how knowledge, attitudes and
perceptions influenced savings behavior and finally determined the choice of a retirement plan. Age
and gender will be used as moderators. 450 respondents will be randomly selected from the 92 statutory
bodies and local authorities identified in Sabah.
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A COMPARISON OF MARKET EXCHANGE VOLATILITY
BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL STOCK MARKET AND ISLAMIC
STOCK MARKET
WONG VUI KIONG
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
This study aims to identify the causal relations between stock market price on exchange rate, to examine
the dynamic relationship between stock market returns and exchange rate volatility, and to determine
whether the conventional stock market outperform than Islamic stock market or vice versa. The
quantitative research design of time series and panel data analyses will be applied in this study. For time
series analysis, a Continuous Wavelet Transforms approach was used to identify the causal relations
between SP and EXR. For panel data analyses, the panel Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) and
Dynamic Common Correlated Effects (DCCE) model were used to examine the relation between stock
return and exchange rate volatility. The comparison between conventional and Islamic stock markets
will be based on the visual and numerical outputs. The wavelet results indicate a negative relationship
between stock price (conventional and Islamic) and exchange rate for ASEAN-5 and OECD countries.
In terms of causal relations, most countries follow the portfolio balance approach (unidirectional causal
relation from stock price to exchange rate). Interestingly, the interaction between stock price and the
exchange rate is relatively weak for Eurozone countries, probably due to the common-monetary policy
imposed by Europe. This study utilizes the scarcity of the CWT and DCCE approach in examining the
interaction between stock market and exchange rate, focus on ASEAN-5 and OECD conventional and
Islamic stock market which receive less attention, compare conventional and Islamic stock market based
on visualize and numerical outputs rather than empirically. Investor, portfolio advisors, and related
parties may consider the various frequency bands and causal effect between SP and EXR to formulate
sound policies measures to prevent financial risk. This paper provides a basic understanding on the
interactions between stock market and exchange rate.
Keywords: Conventional and Islamic Stock Market, Exchange Rate Volatility, Continuous Wavelet
Transforms, Panel ARDL, DCCE
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FINANCIAL WELL BEING TOWARDS DIFFERENCE LEVEL OF
HOUSEHOLD INCOMES IN EAST MALAYSIA
EVALEENA VIONA PATRICK
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to highlight on the major problem that might affect people surrounded since
most of the people today have to deal with surrounding economic. Majority of our people especially in
East Malaysia are very triggered of not having a good financial stability due to financial difficulty since
they are the one who faced the highest of low income as compared to West Malaysia, highest price of
property development, and highest rate of unemployment. Sabah and Sarawak are way far behind in
terms of financial well-being. Therefore, it is important to know the subjective financial well-being with
different kind of income as it had been set as one of the priorities of overall satisfaction towards financial
status. Qualitative research is the most suitable to be employed as the researcher will be using a multiple
case of study of people with different income especially in East Malaysia. Quantitative as the second
research method where the questionnaire will be distributed.
Keywords: Financial well-being, East-Malaysia, income
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HOUSE PRICES AND MACROECONOMIC FACTORS IN ASEAN-5
AND BRICS
AISYAH BINTI ZULKIFLI
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the house price and its macroeconomic factors in ASEAN-5
and BRICS which include Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Brazil, Russia, India,
China and South Africa. This study is to determine the association between the macroeconomics factors,
i.e. GDP, inflation rate, exchange rate, base lending rate and unemployment rate, with the house prices
in ASEAN-5 and BRICS. This study aims to identify the relationship between house prices in ASEAN-
5 and BRICS with macroeconomic factors, i.e. GDP, inflation rate, exchange rate, base lending rate and
unemployment rate. This study will apply time series econometric analyses. The data is gathered in the
time range from the 1st quarter of 1991 to the 4th quarter of 2020 (120 quarters/observations over 30
years). The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used to investigate the effects of long-
run and short-run relationship.
Keywords: House price, Macroeconomic factors, ARDL, ASEAN-5, BRICS
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CORRELATION OF PALM OIL AND REAL-TIME
MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES DURING PANDEMIC OF COVID-
19 IN MALAYSIA
NURFILZAH ARHAM
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
Energy prices have been hit the worst by the pandemic. Energy prices have begun to rebound after
plummeting in March and April, owing to a modest recovery in crude oil prices for world commodity
group. However, fears about additional COVID-19 infections and their impact on oil consumption have
slowed the recovery recently and confirmed the stagnant economy faced by certain countries including
India, China, Pakistan and other countries. Apart from that, Malaysia bravely explained that COVID-
19 pandemic will have no damage on the country's oil palm business, which is still powered by domestic
and international demand, downstream product commercialization, market exploration, and
government activities. Therefore, this study investigated the dynamic of commodity prices during
COVID-19 pandemic and its determinants on the price trend. This paper studied the dynamic of
commodity prices by using crude palm oil as dependent variable and real-time macroeconomic
variables as regressors by using 2 years of Malaysia’s monthly data to show the survival marvel of
commodity price during pandemic through the analysis of time series data. As a result, it was found that
the real-time macroeconomic variables during pandemic have significant impact on the price uptrend
of crude palm oil. This paper extended the previous study of determinants of crude palm oil as
commodity price by introducing the proxy of COVID-19 to show how the pandemic can influence the
findings. This study provides new insights on the stand-up behavior of crude palm oil price trend during
pandemic and to inform theory of these new findings.
Keywords: Macroeconomics, crude palm oil, Malaysia (include up to 3 keywords)
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JEVONS’ PARADOX IN ASIAN COAL-DEPENDENT ECONOMIES
TANG CHUNG SIONG
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
This study will analyze historical data on energy efficiency to identify the rebound effect in the power
sector in coal-dependent Asian economies, namely Malaysia, Indonesia, India and China from 1980 to
2019. To provide empirical support that Jevons’ paradox may exist in the power sector of the countries
mentioned. Cobb-Douglas production function and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI)
decomposition model will be employed to first analyze the technological progress rate of each country,
follows by the search of rebound effect of coal consumption in the power sector. Energy efficiency is
often touted as an effective mean of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. For many countries, improving
efficiency is mentioned as a critical component in energy conservation policy. However, William
Jevons in his book “The Coal Question” says, in fact, the very contrary is the truth. In other words,
energy efficiency causes more energy consumption, not less and this is known as the Jevons’ paradox
or rebound effect. The world did certainly become more efficient at shipping, mining and building but
some of the gains from energy efficiency are lost because of the low price induced by technological
change. Today, appetite for coal is growing tremendously in developing countries, especially in Asia,
as it is the most economical fuel for electricity generation. However, will sustainability result in the
future if technological innovation has not reduced aggregate coal demand in the past? Help to structure
environmental policy proposals and develop new policy ideas.
Keywords: Rebound, Coal, Energy Efficiency
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ECONOMETRIC MODELLING ON FUTURES CRUDE PALM OIL:
THE OPEN GAP
IZAAN AZYAN BIN ABDUL JAMIL
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
This study aims to investigate factors behind the open gap that occurs almost everyday in Futures Crude
Palm Oil (FCPO) market. Investigating factors behind the open gap is crucial as it directly impact to
the profit and loss in market participant’s portfolio. This study explored from both causality and
volatility perspective in order to discover this daily phenomenon. Autoregression Distributed Lags
(ARDL) model was employed in investigating the causality between closing price of Soybean Oil
Futures (SBOF), Brent Crude Oil Futures (Brent), spot price of MYR against USD (EXR), and Kuala
Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) with the opening price of FCPO. This study then examined volatility
spillovers by employing Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity in Mean
(GARCH-M) model in order to investigate spillovers from SBOF, Brent, EXR, and KLCI to FCPO
markets. Daily data used spanning from 3rd January 2006 until 29th May 2020 and divided into five
samples, which were full sample, The Food Crisis 2006-2008, Global Financial Crisis, Oil Crashed
2014-2016, and Trade Wars between USA and China. Results from ARDL shows closing prices of
SBOF, Brent, and KLCI are statistically significance and caused changes on the opening prices of
FCPO. Meanwhile for GARCH-M, intraday activities from SBOF are spilled and caused negative
influence on the opening price of FCPO. Findings in this study is a major discovery of this study in
explaining factors behind the open gap that occurred almost everyday in FCPO market. In addition, this
study also managed to discover the information extracted from the opening price and the importance of
differences in time zone trading especially on how intraday activities from foreign markets can give
negative influence to the opening price of domestic markets. Thus, the discovery of this study will put
open gap in FCPO market under the spotlight especially in assisting market participant’s portfolio, and
suggestions to the Bursa Malaysia Derivatives (BMD) in improving their greatest product.
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EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON THE CORRELATION, PERIODICITY
AND RISK CONDUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF ASEAN+4 AND
USA STOCK MARKETS
ZHANG JINGHUA
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
By studying stock market integration, as part of financial integration in the region, will provide insights
into how far they have come and what could be done to strengthen the linkages across these economies.
Even though the stock markets in these ASEAN countries have become investment icons for
international investors as emerging financial markets, few empirical studies have examined these
ASEAN economies. This research attempts to examine the underlining characteristics of ASEAN stock
markets through the empirical analysis. Investigating ASEAN countries, which are small developing
and export-oriented economies, on the concerning issues differentiates this study from others.
Moreover, the resolutions of this study are likely to have policy implications for other small emerging
economies. The results of this study will deepen the knowledge of investing in stock markets between
ASEAN, USA, China, Japan, South Korea and India and their major trading partners in order to achieve
international portfolio diversification. Although the study of co-movements and stock market
integration has been well documented in the literature with respect to developed markets, emerging
markets such as some of ASEAN stock markets and India stock market has received less attention.
ASEAN+4 stock markets provide a unique perspective for analyzing co-movements and stock market
integration because of their burgeoning economy and its subsequent linkages to other economies.
Furthermore, ASEAN+4 markets present an interesting exploration of stock market returns and
macroeconomic phenomenon. There are several other aspects need to be examined as part of this
general issue. One considers what the appropriate econometric technique for examining the correlations
should be. A second addresses the time period to examine, and whether there have been changes over
time such as convergence of markets or structural breaks or shifts in relationships (such as those related
to liberalization of equity markets or to financial crises). A third whether the ASEAN markets are
influenced by the U.S. market, or the China, Japan, and South Korea markets, or more of them. This
study intends to use copula method to handle the fat-tail problem in financial crisis time, because of
some advantages of copula method over traditional methods: one is that copulas allow modeling
nonlinear dependence structure; secondly, no assumption required regarding the marginal distributions;
lastly, we can also use copulas to model tail events, which is often a paramount concern in financial
risk management.
Keywords: Globalisation, cointegration, ASEAN+4 and USA
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IMPACTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS (FTAS) ON FOOD
IMPORT IN MALAYSIA: A GRAVITY MODEL APPROACH
RYAN REN ANAK NAHAR
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
To investigate the effects of Free Trade Agreements on Malaysia’s food import. To analyse the
relationship between selected macroeconomic variables and food production in Malaysia. Using a
quantitative data which is secondary data. Implement gravity model approach to investigate the factors
that affect Malaysia’s food import. Time period is 25 years (1995-2020). Analyse by using panel data.
Research implication, this study can be refer by policy makers especially government to address food
security issue through food import in Malaysia.
Keywords: Food import, Food Security, Free trade agreement, Malaysia
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PUBLIC DEBT DYNAMICS IN EMERGING MARKETS: THE CASE
OF MALAYSIA
SHARIFF UMAR BIN SHARIFF ABD. KADIR
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the impact of macroeconomic shocks on public debt dynamics in
Malaysia. Time-series macroeconomic data spanning from 1980Q1-2020Q3 used in this study. The
dynamic relationships are examined through impulse response functions (IRFs). The SVAR modelling
approach is employed as it can capture the key characteristics of a small open economy. The results
show that the government debt ratio decreases following a budget surplus shock, indicating a Ricardian
regime. Domestic inflation triggered the government debt ratio to decline. Similarly, a reduction in the
debt ratio as a result of a domestic output shock. The response of government debt to trade openness
follows a similar pattern. In contrast, interest rate shock increased government debt. This study
contributes to the literature by analyzing the public debt dynamic using the open-economy SVAR
model. To be specific, this study considers the role of foreign variables in examining the relationship
between government debt and macroeconomic variables. As Malaysia practices an open economy
policy, the influence of foreign variables is relevant in modelling a small-open economy SVAR. This
study contributes to the implementation of government policy. In the context of government policy
implementation, this study can provide information to policymakers in identifying the response of
government debt to shocks of macroeconomic variables. High government debt affects the
implementation of monetary policy. Thus, policymakers must construct effective strategies to reduce
government debt. This study can contribute to the search for such strategies. In addition, this study can
provide information to policymakers typically concerning threats to economic sustainability if fiscal
policy sustainability is not satisfied.
Keywords: Public debt, Fiscal policy, Malaysia
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MODELLING TOURISM DEMAND IN MALAYSIA
HERNIZA ROXANNE MARCUS
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to find the most significant factors that determine the tourism demand in
Malaysia. Even before the pandemic began in the end of 2019, Malaysia had shown a slight decrease
in its tourist arrival data. Of course, it become worse after the pandemic hit. This study analyses the
impact based on 3 countries and 3 states in Malaysia. Findings will be derived from the analysis of
secondary data of time series from 1980-2020. The availability of the data, uncertainty of tourism
situations. This study concerns on tourist arrival of Malaysia. This paper provides information on how
the tourism industry in Malaysia can bounced back better than before by looking at the most significant
factors that can influence the tourists’ demand. Besides it will help the government to create policy and
has an idea on how to shield our tourism industry if event like this happen again in the future.
Keywords: Tourism economic, Demand, Malaysia (include up to 3 keywords)
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THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE PREPARATION TOWARDS
RETIREMENT
LOGANANTHINY KUMARAGURU
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence the preparation towards retirement
among Gen Y in Selangor, Malaysia. In particular, this research investigated the relationship between
demographic variables, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, individual differences,
and preparation towards retirement. This study used a purposive sampling method and involved Gen Y
who are aged between 24 and 41 years old. Questionnaires were used as an instrument in this study. All
the data was gathered from 384 respondents through an online survey. The structural equation model
predicts that attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and individual differences are positively correlated
with preparation towards retirement among Gen Y, while demographic variables and subjective norms
have no positive correlation. This study uses the TPB as its main overarching theory, as well as life
cycle hypothesis, symbolic interaction theory and prospect theory to frame its exploratory conceptual
framework that explains the retirement preparation. Similar study should be conducted in other
generation cohorts such as baby boomers or Generation X to compare the findings with current research.
This research will benefit future researchers, government, insurance industries, and investment
companies in gaining a better understanding of the factors that influence the preparation towards
retirement. This study helps the government to improve their policies to educate young the generation
to prepare towards retirement with good financial planning.
Keywords: Preparation towards retirement, Demographic Factors, Attitudes, Subjective Norms,
Perceived Behavioral Control, Individual Differences, Gen Y.
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KEBERKESANAN KESAN AGIHAN ZAKAT KUALITI HIDUP
TERHADAP ASNAF FAKIR DAN MISKIN: KAJIAN DI BAHAGIAN
ZAKAT DAN FITRAH-MAJLIS UGAMA ISLAM SABAH
NOR AZILAWATI BINTI AHMAD
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstrak
Kajian ini adalah untuk melihat sejauh mana bantuan agihan zakat di BZF tersebut mampu meringankan
beban taraf hidup dan meningkatkan kualiti hidup asnaf fakir dan miskin. Seterusnya ,apakah faktor-
faktor yang mempengaruhi keberkesanan pengurusan agihan zakat. Kajian ini menggunakan
pendekatan kaedah campuran di mana kaedah kualitatif di gunakan dalam pengumpulan data melalui
sumber dokumentasi, temubual dan pemerhatian tidak langsung. Manalaka data soal selidik diperolehi
pengedaran soal selidik kepada penerima zakat menerusi teknik kuantitatif. Kajian ini perlu di lakukan
bagi menambah sumber kajian berkaitan zakat terutama di negeri Sabah. Kurang kajian berkaitan
agihan zakat terhadap asnaf fakir dan miskin secara terperinci dan mendalam. Namun dari segi kutipan
di BZF setiap tahun dilihat semakin meningkat. Menerusi kajian ini, penyelidik ingin melihat sejauh
mana agihan zakat yang di terima mampu meningkatkan kualiti hidup berdasarkan hirarki keperluan
Maslow dan juga melalui petunjuk Maqasid Syariah. Kajian ini mampu memberi kesedaran kepada
masyarakat khususnya di negeri Sabah untuk meningkatkan pemberian zakat bukan hanya tertumpu
pada zakat fitrah sahaja namun di perluaskan kepada kutipan zakat pendapatan dan perniagaan agar
jumlah kutipan meningkat seterusnya memberi impak kepada jumlah pengagihan.
Keywords: Agihan, Asnaf, Bahagian Zakat Fitrah (MUIS)
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The 11th FBEA Postgraduate Colloquium
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MODERN FORECASTING TECHNIQUES FOR RENEWABLE POWER
GENERATION PREDICTION IN INDONESIA: A POLICY FOCUSED
APPROACH
UMME HUMAYARA MANNI
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to showcase modern forecasting methodologies for predicting the path of
renewable energy-based electricity generation for Indonesia to attain the Sustainable Development
Goals by 2030. For this forecasting technique, the study uses forty (40) years of annual previous data
from secondary data sources. It is critical for policymakers to understand how to apply historical data
with time series and machine learning approaches to different industries in Indonesia. In this study,
robust HoltWinters forecasting techniques and decision tree regression were used. The results show that
forecasting of renewable energy generation in Indonesia is generally moderate, and that more renewable
energy-based power production is required to meet SDG 07. The findings of this study can be used to
anticipate renewable energy capacity and generation in particular, as well as other factors such as CO2
emissions, fossil fuel reserves, and other energy-related variables in general. The main contribution of
this research is twofold: first, it introduces the process of applying conventional and machine learning
techniques for projections of time series data, and second, where most previous studies in this type of
research use descriptive discussion, this study utilize empirical approach to pinpoint the accuracy of
prediction technique. The absence of daily data on renewable energy-based electricity production in
Indonesia, which could be used to increase the accuracy of these models, is a drawback of this study.
Other ASEAN countries can use the same forecasting technique for renewable energy generation.
Keywords: Renewable Energy, Forecasting, Indonesia
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PERSONAL INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE IN MALAYSIA
ONG YIH TAT
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The general objective of the current study is to examine the personal tax compliance’s level during the
Self-Assessment System implementation among Malaysians. Specifically, this includes the significant
of traditional, economic, and social contribute to tax revenue and tax filing compliance in Malaysia.
The study was carried out between year 2002 to 2017. This period is before the Self Assessment System
for individuals and many more changes in the income tax administration system in Malaysia. To obtain
a valid result delegate in Malaysia perspectives, the researcher used secondary data spanning the years
from 2002-2017. It is a lengthy period that is ideal for conducting tax research; in fact, the strategic
assessment includes the expected operational environment over the next 5 to 15 years (IMF, 2021). The
findings show that the age group for 15 to 64 years is the most effectiveness and effectiveness to income
tax revenue compliance in Malaysia. An increase of 1 percent of the age group from 15 to 64 years will
increase income tax revenue compliance by 621.04 percent, with other conditions remaining the same.
The use of secondary data in this research is one of the unique methods compared to previous studies
that make questionnaires in the field of tax research in Malaysia. The limitations of the data from
Government Department in Malaysia. Therefore, data innovation is important to measure all the
independent and dependent variables. Several theoretical and practical indications of the study for
Malaysian Government and future research.
Keywords: Personal Income Tax, Compliance, Malaysia
143
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EKONOMI KEBAHAGIAAN: KAREKTERISTIK TEMPAT KERJA
DAN PRODUKTIVITI PEKERJA ANGGOTA DBKK
WELIN MUKIL
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa kesan penghargaan terhadap produktiviti kerja anggota DBKK.
Objektif kajian ini ialah menganalisa pengaruh langsung motivasi, komitmen, latihan, gaya
kepemimpinan dan pengaruh tidak langsung motivasi, komitmen, latihan dan gaya kepemimpinan
terhadap produktiviti kerja melalui penghargaan. Faktor-faktor pemboleh ubah tidak bersandar terdiri
daripada motivasi bekerja, komitmen pekerja, latihan berkaitan dengan tugas rasmi, gaya
kepemimpinan dan pemboleh ubah penengah ialah penghargaan terhadap pemboleh ubah bersandar
iaitu produktiviti kerja. Kaedah penyelidikan ialah menggunakan campuran kuaantitatif dan kualitatif.
Data dipungut dengan menggunakan borang soal selidik yang telah di uji alpha cronbach (Cronbach ≥
0.7). Responden dipilih secara rawak iaitu daripada populasi 1590 sebanyak 310 sampel adalah
menggunakan komputer yang dipanggil randomizer. Data dimasukkan kedalam komputer dengan
menggunakan perisian IBM SPSS Statistic 23 dan keputusan kajian diproses dengan menggunakan
Partial Least Square (PLS). Sebelum menerima keputusan kajian, model kerangka konsep yang
diasaskan oleh Zainab Aman dan Khairunnisa Abd Shukor dalam teori faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi prestasi bekerja di uji melalui pengesahan model (Cornfirmation Factor Analysis) iaitu
convergent validity dan discriminant validity. Kesan penghargaan boleh diperolehi dengan cara
mengetahui perbezaan kesan pemboleh ubah tidak bersandar secara tidak langsung dan kesan pemboleh
ubah tidak bersandar secara langsung terhadap produktiviti kerja.
Kata Kunci: Kebahagiaan, karakteristik, tempat kerja, produktiviti dan anggota DBKK Bandaraya
Kota Kinabalu.
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ECONOMICS OF HAPPINESS: THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
WORKPLACE AND PRODUCTIVITY AMONG DBKK EMPLOYEES
WELIN BINTI MUKIL
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to analyse the effects of acknowledgement towards the work
productivity among DBKK employees. The objective of the current study was to investigate both direct
and indirect motivation, commitment, practices, as well as leadership approach towards work
productivity through acknowledgement. Independent variable factors consists of work motivation, work
commitment, official duty trainings, as well as leadership tactics. Meanwhile, mediator variable
comprises acknowledgement which hovered through dependent variable of work productivity. Mixed
method were applied for the current study. In addition, data were collected via survey form with the
Cronbach Alpha (Cronbach ≥ 0.7) assessment. 310 respondents were randomly selected from the
populations of 1590 people. On the other hand, sampling method was done through Randomizer. Data
were inserted into IBM SPSS Statistic 23, while the results of the study were operated by Partial Least
Square (PLS). Framework concept model constructed by Zainab Aman and Khairunnisa Abd Shukor
in the theory of factors that influence work performance was evaluated by Confirmation Factor Analysis;
namely convergent validity and discriminant validity. To summarise, the repercussions of
acknowledgement obtained from perceive of both direct and indirect independent variables towards
work productivity.
Keywords: Characteristics, DBKK employees, Happiness, Productivity, Workplace
145
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18-19 November 2021 | Cisco Webex
FDI, MAJOR ECONOMIC ENGINES: PROVIDENCE FROM
PROVINCE DATA IN CHINA
MA YUANPENG
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
For last 20 years. China is one of the most fast developing country in cross Asia and entire world. More
and more researchers come to study cases in china and as one of the significant of Socialist country,
China plays the a good roll world wild which show the International society the advantages of socialism.
To analysis the FDI benefit on each province GDP. Find the different province FDI preference and how
FDI effects on provinces GDP. Prepare all 32 province 20 years panel data of variables and control
variable. (Data resource China Statics Bureau. Input panel data into EVIEWS and act Random effect
modeling (REM) and fixed effect modeling (FEM) calculation test. Output the result and do the analysis
Cobb-Douglas: Where Y is output, K is capital, L is labour, E is externality. The FDI benefit costal
province economics more than inland province. The FDI benefit their province government has more
government investment. The FDI not benefit the province which with lower education or lower
population. Government should adjust the governance and investment to increase the FDI effects on
province.
Keywords: FDI, CHINA, GDP
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18-19 November 2021 | Cisco Webex
THE IMPACT OF ELDER LABOUR FORCE, LABOUR MARKET
FLEXIBILITY AND GOVERNANCE QUALITY ON YOUTH
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE OF MALAYSIA
ENG KENG SENG
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of elder labour force, labour market flexibility
and governance quality towards the youth unemployment rate in Malaysia, from the period of year 2000
until 2019. The data to be collected for this study is secondary data, while research will collect published
data regarding the variables used in this study. The data collected will be time-series data, from the
period of year 2000 until 2019. Data on elder labour force participation rate and youth unemployment
rate will be collected from Department of Statistics Malaysia; labour market regulation index (which
measure labour market flexibility) will be collected based on data from Economic Freedom of the World,
published by Fraser Institute; while data on governance quality will be collected from World Bank
website, on the worldwide governance indicators. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression method
will be used to investigate the relationship between variables in the study.
Keywords: Elder labour force, labour market flexibility, governance quality
147
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18-19 November 2021 | Cisco Webex
DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN LABOR DEMAND IN SABAH
NURUL HAZIERAH AHMAD
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
Sabah has demonstrated significant growth and transformation in recent years, particularly on the
economic front. This growth, however, has attracted not only foreign companies to invest and build
businesses in Sabah, but also people from less developed countries looking for work in the state. The
number of foreign workers in Malaysia has been steadily increasing. Plantations, construction, logging,
export-oriented manufacturing, and the maid sector are among the industries that rely heavily on foreign
labor. Many industries, including construction, manufacturing, and services, are experiencing labor
shortages. The 3D's occupations, namely 'dirty, dangerous, and difficult' jobs, are not adequately filled
by local employees due to employers' reluctance to increase salaries and improve working conditions
in order to reduce company costs. Instead, to fill the gap and meet market demand, companies prefer to
hire foreign workers. The purpose of this research is to look into the factors that influence the demand
for foreign labor in Sabah. Economic development is frequently reliant on foreign labor, particularly in
developing countries like Malaysia. Several economic factors, such as the unemployment rate, Gross
Domestic Product (GDP), foreign exchange rate, and industrial productivity index, all have an impact
on this situation. These factors will also be examined to see how much of an impact they have on the
foreign workforce in Sabah. The Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM) in Sabah gathered the data
from 2011 to 2018. Data is tested and analysed using descriptive, correlation, and multiple linear
regression analysis after it is collected. The findings show that foreign labor forces have a positive
relationship with the GDP, FOREX, IPI, and UNEMP. In Sabah, however, only GDP and IPI have
significant relationships with foreign labor forces. The implications of this discovery are expected to
add to the body of knowledge about foreign labor, which may be useful to policymakers and business
firms in developing strategies for dealing with foreign labor in Sabah and Malaysia as a whole. The
discovery will also add to the existing literature by providing more information and references.
Keywords: Economic Determinants, Foreign labor, Regression, Sabah
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MALAYSIA TRADE PERFORMANCE AND TRADE EFFICIENCY:
APPLICATION OF STOCHASTIC FRONTIER GRAVITY MODEL
YEO SOON JIAN
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstract
Examining the international trade flow is essential to assist the policymakers in recognizing the current
trade market and trader and increasing the trade market integration. This study investigates the factors
influencing Malaysia’s trade performance and efficiency with its trading partners from 1990 to 2019.
The positivism research philosophy with a deductive approach would employ in this quantitative study.
The related panel data was collected from the related agency web side such as World Integrated Trade
Solution (WITS), World Bank, Heritage Foundation, Ministry of International Trade, etc. This study
would initially employ network analysis in a complex network model to examine the trade flow between
countries for a different period. After that, the conventional gravity model would use to determine
Malaysia’s trade performance. However, the conventional gravity model estimation would be biased
due to omitting variables issues and insufficient trade efficiency estimation. Thus, this study introduces
the stochastic frontier gravity model to solve those econometric problems by incorporating the
stochastic frontier production model with the conventional gravity model. Additionally, to estimate and
determine the trade efficiency between Malaysia and its trading partners. The new empirical finding
would give new insight as a valuable material and guide all policymakers, traders, and researchers to
deal with uncertainty in the intranational trade market.
Keywords: International Trade, Gravity Model, Stochastic Frontier Model
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SKIM PINJAMAN DANA NELAYAN PANTAI : KEBERKESANAN KE
ATAS PENDAPATAN NELAYAN DI SABAH
SALIAH MUDIN
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Abstrak
Kajian ini dijalankan bagi mengkaji keberkesenan Skim Pinjaman Dana Nelayan Pantai terhadap
pendapatan masyarakat nelayan di Sabah. Tujuan Skim ini disediakan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan
dan produktivti tangkapan melalui pembelian peralatan seperti enjin sangkut dan bot. Pada tahun 2002
hingga kini, LKIM telah memperuntukkan RM15,767,635.00 pinjaman melibatkan 517 nelayan dan 15
Persatuan Nelayan di Sabah. Pengumpulan analisa data serta persampelan akan dibuat. Soal selidik
akan diedarkan kepada 200 nelayan terlibat. Bayaran balik kurang 50% disebabkan oleh sikap, peralatan
tangkapan hilang dan rosak sehingga menjejaskan produktiviti tangkapan. Kelemahan dalam sistem
pengurusan pinjaman juga berlaku selain ketidakcekapan dalam pengurusan hutang. Skim Pinjaman
Dana ini bukanlah program baru, pelbagai program seumpamanya telah disediakan oleh pihak kerajaan
dan swasta antaranya oleh Agrobank dan TEKUN. Kajian ini akan mengkaji Garis Panduan
pelaksanaan skim sediada, dan akan menjenama semula supaya membawa impilkasi yang terkesan
kepada peminjam dana.
150
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