Latihan Kimia F5 ( DLP )

ii Redox equilibrium 1 1 Keseimbangan Redoks CHAPTER Smart Notes 1 1.1 Oxidation and Reduction 4 Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan 1.2 Standard Electrode Potential 4 Keupayaan Elektrod Piawai 1.3 Voltaic Cell 6 Sel Kimia 1.4 Electrolytic Cell 7 Sel Elektrolisis 1.5 Extraction of Metal from Its Ore 8 Pengekstrakan Logam daripada Bijihnya 1.6 Rusting 9 Pengaratan SPM Practice 1 10 Online Quick Quiz QR Code 21 PAK-21 Corner QR Code 21 Carbon Compound 22 2 Sebatian Karbon CHAPTER Smart Notes 22 2.1 Types of Carbon Compound 23 Jenis-jenis Sebatian Karbon 2.2 Homologous Series 23 Siri Homolog 2.3 Chemical Properties and Interconversion 25 of Compounds between Homologous Series Sifat Kimia dan Saling Pertukaran Sebatian antara Siri Homolog 2.4 Isomers and Naming based on IUPAC 28 Nomenclature Isomer dan Penamaan mengikut IUPAC SPM Practice 2 29 Online Quick Quiz QR Code 39 PAK-21 Corner QR Code 39 Thermochemistry 40 3 Termokimia CHAPTER Smart Notes 40 3.1 Heat Change in Reactions 41 Perubahan Haba dalam Tindak Balas 3.2 Heat of Reaction 41 Haba Tindak Balas 3.3 Application of Endothermic and 48 Exothermic Reactions in Daily Life Aplikasi Tindak Balas Endotermik dan Eksotermik dalam Kehidupan Harian SPM Practice 3 49 Online Quick Quiz QR Code 60 PAK-21 Corner QR Code 60 Polymer Chemistry 61 4 Kimia Polimer CHAPTER Smart Notes 61 4.1 Polymer 62 Polimer 4.2 Natural Rubber 63 Getah Asli 4.3 Synthetic Rubber 65 Getah Sintetik SPM Practice 4 66 Online Quick Quiz QR Code 75 PAK-21 Corner QR Code 75 Contents

iii Consumer and Industrial 76 Chemistry 5 Kimia Konsumer dan Industri CHAPTER Smart Notes 76 5.1 Oils and Fats 79 Minyak dan Lemak 5.2 Cleaning Agents 80 Bahan Pencuci 5.3 Food Additives 82 Bahan Tambah Makanan 5.4 Medicines and Cosmetics 83 Ubat-ubatan dan Bahan Kosmetik 5.5 Application of Nanotechnology 85 in Industry Aplikasi Nanoteknologi dalam Industri 5.6 Application of Green Technology in 85 Industrial Waste Management Aplikasi Teknologi Hijau dalam Pengurusan Sisa Industri SPM Practice 5 87 Online Quick Quiz QR Code 96 PAK-21 Corner QR Code 96 SPM Model Paper 97 Answers A1 – A19 Periodic Table of Elements A20 Jadual Berkala Unsur Lembaran PBD http://www.epelangi.com/Top/Chemistry/F5/ LembaranPBD.pdf Answers for Lembaran PBD http://www.epelangi.com/Top/Chemistry/F5/ AnswerLembaranPBD.pdf

iv Pupil’s name: ................................................................. Class: .............................................. Nama murid: Kelas: Chemistry Form 5 / Kimia Tingkatan 5 Rekod Pencapaian Pentaksiran Murid CHAPTER BAB PERFORMANCE LEVEL TAHAP PENGUASAAN DESCRIPTOR DESKRIPTOR ACHIEVEMENT PENCAPAIAN (✓) ACHIEVED MENGUASAI (✗) NOT YET ACHIEVED BELUM MENGUASAI 1 REDOX EQUILIBRIUM KESEIMBANGAN REDOKS 1 Recall knowledge and basic skills on oxidation and reduction concept. Mengingat kembali pengetahuan dan kemahiran asas mengenai konsep pengoksidaan dan penurunan. 2 Understand redox reaction and explain the understanding using examples. Memahami tindak balas redoks serta dapat menjelaskan kefahaman tersebut dengan contoh. 3 Apply knowledge on redox reaction to explain the natural occurrences or phenomena and be able to carry out simple tasks. Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan mengenai tindak balas redoks untuk menerangkan kejadian atau fenomena alam dan dapat melaksanakan tugasan mudah. 4 Analyse knowledge on redox reaction in the context of problem solving on the natural occurrences or phenomena. Menganalisis pengetahuan mengenai tindak balas redoks dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah mengenai kejadian atau fenomena alam. 5 Evaluate knowledge on redox reaction in the context of problem solving and decision-making to carry out a task. Menilai pengetahuan mengenai tindak balas redoks dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan untuk melaksanakan satu tugasan. 6 Invent creatively and innovatively by applying the knowledge on redox reaction in the context of problem solving and decision-making or in carrying out an activity/ task in new situations; giving due considerations to social/ economic/ cultural values of the community. Merekacipta menggunakan pengetahuan mengenai tindak balas redoks dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan atau dalam melaksanakan aktiviti/ tugasan dalam situasi baharu secara kreatif dan inovatif dengan mengambil kira nilai sosial/ ekonomi/ budaya masyarakat. 2 CARBON COMPOUND SEBATIAN KARBON 1 Recall knowledge and basic skills about carbon compound. Mengingat kembali pengetahuan dan kemahiran asas mengenai sebatian karbon. 2 Understand and explain carbon compound with examples. Memahami sebatian karbon serta dapat menjelaskan kefahaman tersebut dengan contoh. 3 Apply knowledge on carbon compounds to explain the natural occurrences and phenomena and be able to carry out simple tasks. Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan mengenai sebatian karbon untuk menerangkan kejadian atau fenomena alam dan dapat melaksanakan tugasan mudah.

v CHAPTER BAB PERFORMANCE LEVEL TAHAP PENGUASAAN DESCRIPTOR DESKRIPTOR ACHIEVEMENT PENCAPAIAN (✓) ACHIEVED MENGUASAI (✗) NOT YET ACHIEVED BELUM MENGUASAI 4 Analyse knowledge on carbon compound in the context of problem solving about natural occurrences and phenomena. Menganalisis pengetahuan mengenai sebatian karbon dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah mengenai kejadian atau fenomena alam. 5 Evaluate knowledge on carbon compound in the context of problem solving and decision-making to perform a task. Menilai pengetahuan mengenai sebatian karbon dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan untuk melaksanakan satu tugasan. 6 Invent creatively or innovatively by applying knowledge on carbon compound in the context of problem solving and decision-making or in carrying out an activity/ task in new situations; giving due considerations to the social/ economic/ cultural values of the community. Merekacipta menggunakan pengetahuan mengenai sebatian karbon dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan atau dalam melaksanakan aktiviti/ tugasan dalam situasi baharu secara kreatif dan inovatif dengan mengambil kira nilai sosial/ ekonomi/ budaya masyarakat. 3 THERMOCHEMISTRY TERMOKIMIA 1 Recall knowledge and basic skills about heat change. Mengingat kembali pengetahuan dan kemahiran asas mengenai perubahan haba. 2 Understand and explain heat of reaction with examples. Memahami haba tindak balas serta dapat menjelaskan kefahaman tersebut dengan contoh. 3 Apply knowledge on heat of reaction to explain the natural occurrences and phenomena and be able to carry out simple tasks. Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan mengenai haba tindak balas untuk menerangkan kejadian atau fenomena alam dan dapat melaksanakan tugasan mudah. 4 Analyse knowledge on heat of reaction in the context of problem solving about natural occurrences and phenomena. Menganalisis pengetahuan mengenai haba tindak balas dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah mengenai kejadian atau fenomena alam. 5 Evaluate knowledge on heat of reaction in the context of problem solving and decision-making to carry out a task. Menilai pengetahuan mengenai haba tindak balas dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan untuk melaksanakan satu tugasan. 6 Invent creatively or innovatively by applying knowledge on heat of reaction in the context of problem solving and decision-making or in carrying out an activity/ task in new situations; giving due considerations to social/ economic/ cultural values of the community. Merekacipta menggunakan pengetahuan mengenai haba tindak balas dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan atau dalam melaksanakan aktiviti/ tugasan dalam situasi baharu secara kreatif dan inovatif dengan mengambil kira nilai sosial/ ekonomi/ budaya masyarakat.

vi CHAPTER BAB PERFORMANCE LEVEL TAHAP PENGUASAAN DESCRIPTOR DESKRIPTOR ACHIEVEMENT PENCAPAIAN (✓) ACHIEVED MENGUASAI (✗) NOT YET ACHIEVED BELUM MENGUASAI 4 POLYMER CHEMISTRY KIMIA POLIMER 1 Recall basic knowledge and skills on polymer. Mengingat kembali pengetahuan dan kemahiran asas mengenai polimer. 2 Understand and explain polymer. Memahami polimer serta dapat menjelaskan kefahaman tersebut. 3 Apply knowledge on polymer to explain natural occurrences or phenomena and carry out a simple task. Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan mengenai polimer untuk menerangkan kejadian atau fenomena alam dan dapat melaksanakan tugasan mudah. 4 Analyse knowledge on polymer in the context of problem solving about natural occurrences or phenomena. Menganalisis pengetahuan mengenai polimer dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah mengenai kejadian atau fenomena alam. 5 Evaluate knowledge on polymer in the context of problem solving and decision-making to carry out a task. Menilai pengetahuan mengenai polimer dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan untuk melaksanakan satu tugasan. 6 Invent creatively and innovatively using knowledge on polymers in the context of problem solving and decisionmaking or in carrying out activities/ tasks in new situations; giving due considerations to social/ economic/ cultural values of the community. Merekacipta menggunakan pengetahuan mengenai polimer dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan atau dalam melaksanakan aktiviti/ tugasan dalam situasi baharu secara kreatif dan inovatif dengan mengambil kira nilai sosial/ ekonomi/ budaya masyarakat. 5 CONSUMER AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY KIMIA KONSUMER DAN INDUSTRI 1 Recall knowledge and basic skills on consumer and industrial chemistry. Mengingat kembali pengetahuan dan kemahiran asas mengenai kimia konsumer dan industri. 2 Understand and explain consumer and industrial chemistry. Memahami kimia konsumer dan industri serta dapat menjelaskan kefahaman tersebut. 3 Apply knowledge of consumer and industrial chemistry to explain the natural occurrences and phenomena and carry out a simple task. Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan mengenai kimia konsumer dan industri untuk menerangkan kejadian atau fenomena alam dan dapat melaksanakan tugasan mudah. 4 Analyse knowledge on consumer and industrial chemistry in the context of problem solving on the natural occurrences and phenomena. Menganalisis pengetahuan mengenai kimia konsumer dan industri dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah mengenai kejadian atau fenomena alam. 5 Evaluate knowledge on consumer and industrial chemistry in the context of problem solving and decision-making to perform a task. Menilai pengetahuan mengenai kimia konsumer dan industri dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan untuk melaksanakan satu tugasan. 6 Invent creatively and innovatively by applying knowledge on consumer and industrial chemistry in the context of problem solving and decision-making or in carrying out an activity/ task in new situations; giving due considerations to the social/ economic/ cultural values of a community. Merekacipta menggunakan pengetahuan mengenai kimia konsumer dan industri dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan atau dalam melaksanakan aktiviti/ tugasan dalam situasi baharu secara kreatif dan inovatif dengan mengambil kira nilai sosial/ ekonomi/ budaya masyarakat.

1 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. SMART Notes Redox Equilibrium 1 Keseimbangan Redoks C HAPTER VIDEO Redox reactions Tindak balas redoks Reduction PenUrunan Oxidation PengOksidaan H2 e– O2 ON REDuction Palm Tangan PenUrunan H2 e– O2 ON OXidation Palm Tangan PengOKsidaan Loss of oxygen Kehilangan oksigen Gain of oxygen Penerimaan oksigen Gain of hydrogen Penerimaan hidrogen Loss of hydrogen Kehilangan hidrogen Receives electrons Menerima elektron Releases electrons Menderma elektron Decrease in oxidation number Penurunan nombor pengoksidaan Increase in oxidation number Penambahan nombor pengoksidaan • There are four standard conditions for standard electrode potential: Terdapat empat syarat piawai bagi keupayaan elektrod piawai: (a) Aqueous concentration of ions / Kepekatan akueus ion: 1.0 mol dm–3 (b) Temperature / Suhu: 25 o C / 298 K (c) Pressure / Tekanan: 1 atm / 101 kPa (d) Inert electrode / Elektrod lengai: Platinum • Three factors affecting the formation of products: Tiga faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan hasil tindak balas: (a) Eo value / Nilai Eo (b) Concentration of aqueous solution / Kepekatan larutan akueus (c) Type of electrode / Jenis elektrod • Industrial applications involving electrolytic cell Aplikasi industri yang melibatkan sel elektrolisis (a) Electroplating of metal / Penyaduran logam (b) Purification of metal / Penulenan logam (c) Extraction of reactive metals / Pengekstrakan logam aktif

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 2 Reactivity towards oxygen decreases Kereaktifan terhadap oksigen berkurangan Ag Cu H Pb Sn Fe Zn C Al Mg Ca Na K • Less reactive metals can be extracted by reduction of carbon: Logam yang kurang reaktif dapat diekstrak melalui penurunan karbon: 200°C 700°C 1600°C 2000°C Raw materials (coke, limestone) Bahan mentah (kok, batu kapur) Waste gases Gas buangan Waste gases Gas buangan Blasts of hot air Semburan udara panas Slag / Sanga Molten iron Leburan ferum Blasts of hot air Semburan udara panas Comparison between electrolytic cell and voltaic cell. Perbandingan antara sel elektrolisis dengan sel kimia. Labelled diagram Gambar rajah berlabel Electrolytic cell Sel elektrolisis Electrode A Elektrod A Voltaic cell Sel kimia V Electrode A Elektrod A Electrode B Elektrod B Electrodes Elektrod Carbon Karbon Two different metals Dua logam berbeza Negative terminal Terminal negatif Cathode Katod Anode Anod Positive terminal Terminal positif Anode Anod Cathode Katod Transfer of electrons Pemindahan elektron Anion releases electrons at the cathode. Anion membebaskan elektron di katod. Cation receives electrons at the anode. Kation menerima elektron di anod. From the anode to the cathode through external circuit. Daripada anod ke katod melalui litar luar. Energy conversion Pertukaran tenaga Electrical → Chemical Elektrik → Kimia Chemical → Electrical Kimia → Elektrik Oxidation process Proses pengoksidaan Anode Anode Reduction process Proses Penurunan Cathode Katod

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium 3 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. Rusting / Pengaratan Water droplet Titisan air O2 O2 Iron metal Logam besi Rust Karat e– 2 2 1 • Half equations in anode and cathode. Persamaan setengah di anod dan katod.  Anode: Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e– Anod: Fe(p) → Fe2+(ak) + 2e–  Cathode: 2H2 O(l) + O2 (g) + 4e– → 4OH– (aq) Katod: 2H2 O(ce) + O2 (g) + 4e– → 4OH– (ak) • Overall equation / Persamaan keseluruhan: 2Fe(s) + O2 (g) + 2H2 O(l) → 2Fe(OH)2 (s) 2Fe(p) + O2 (g) + 2H2 O(ce) → 2Fe(OH)2 (p) • 2Fe(OH)2 (s) O2 in air 2Fe2 O3 .xH2 O(s) Rust 2Fe(OH)2 (p) O2 dalam udara 2Fe2 O3 .xH2 O(p) Karat • Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution is a reagent used to detect the presence of Fe2+ ion. Larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III) ialah reagen yang digunakan untuk mengesan kehadiran ion Fe2+. • Phenolphthalein indicator is a reagent used to detect the presence of OH– ion. Penunjuk fenolftalein ialah reagen yang digunakan untuk mengesan kehadiran ion OH– . • Rate of rusting can be controlled: Kadar pengaratan boleh dikawal: (a) When iron is coiled with more electropositive metal, rate of rusting decreases. Apabila besi dililit dengan logam yang lebih elektropositif, kadar pengaratan berkurang. (b) When iron is coiled with less electropositive metal, rate of rusting increases. Apabila besi dililit dengan logam yang kurang elektropositif, kadar pengaratan meningkat. • Other methods to prevent rusting: Kaedah-kaedah lain untuk mencegah pengaratan: (a) Application of paint as protective layer. Penggunaan cat sebagai lapisan pelindung (b) Application of grease as a protective layer Penggunaan gris sebagai lapisan pelindung (c) Alloying Pengaloian (d) Coating with plastic Salutan dengan plastik

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 4 Oxidation and Reduction 1.1 Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan 1. Complete Table 1 with the correct answers. TP 1 Lengkapkan Jadual 1 dengan jawapan yang betul. Definition Definisi Oxidation Pengoksidaan Reduction Penurunan (a) Transfer of oxygen Pemindahan oksigen (b) Transfer of hydrogen Pemindahan hidrogen (c) Transfer of electron Pemindahan elektron (d) Change in oxidation number Perubahan nombor pengoksidaan Table 1 / Jadual 1 2. Calculate the oxidation number for the following underlined elements. TP 4 Hitungkan nombor pengoksidaan bagi unsur-unsur berikut. (a) NH4 + (b) CO3 2– (c) K2 Cr2 O7 (d) Na2 S2 O3 Standard Electrode Potential 1.2 Keupayaan Elektrod Piawai 1. Standard electrode potential (Eo ) is the measurement for the individual patential of at standard conditions. Keupayaan elektrod piawai (Eo ) ialah ukuran keupayaan setiap pada keadaan piawai. TP 1

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium 5 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 2. Complete Table 2 by calculating Eo cell. Lengkapkan Jadual 2 dengan menghitung Eo sel. TP 3 (a) Given that / Diberi bahawa: E° (Zn half cell) = –0.76 V E° (Zn setengah sel) = –0.76 V E° (Fe half cell) = –0.45 V E° (Fe setengah sel) = –0.45 V (b) Given that / Diberi bahawa: E° (Ag half cell) = +0.80 V E° (Ag setengah sel) = +0.80 V E° (Cu half cell) = +0.34 V E° (Cu setengah sel) = +0.34 V Calculate the E° cell value when zinc and iron are used as electrodes. Hitungkan nilai E° sel apabila zink dan ferum digunakan sebagai elektrod. Solution / Penyelesaian: E° cell = E° cathode – E° anode E° sel = E° katod – E° anod Calculate the E° cell value when silver and copper are used as electrodes. Hitungkan nilai E° sel apabila argentum dan kuprum digunakan sebagai elektrod. Solution / Penyelesaian: E° cell = E° cathode – E° anode E° sel = E° katod – E° anod (c) Given that / Diberi bahawa: E° (Mg half cell) = –2.37 V E° (Mg setengah sel) = –2.37 V E° (Zn half cell) = –0.76 V E° (Zn setengah sel) = –0.76 V Calculate the E° cell value when magnesium and zinc are used as electrodes. Hitungkan nilai E° sel apabila magnesium dan zink digunakan sebagai elektrod. Solution / Penyelesaian: E° cell = E° cathode – E° anode E° sel = E° katod – E° anod (d) Given that / Diberi bahawa: E° (Pb half cell) = –0.13 V E° (Pb setengah sel) = –0.13 V E° (Cu half cell) = +0.34 V E° (Cu setengah sel) = +0.34 V Calculate the E° cell value when lead and copper are used as electrodes. Hitungkan nilai E° sel apabila plumbum dan kuprum digunakan sebagai elektrod. Solution / Penyelesaian: E°cell = E° cathode – E° anode E° sel = E° katod – E° anod

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 6 Voltaic Cell 1.3 Sel Kimia 1. Voltaic cell is a device that can convert energy to energy. Sel kimia ialah alat yang boleh menukarkan tenaga kepada tenaga . TP 1 2. Diagram 1 shows a Daniell cell. Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebuah sel Daniell. TP 4 V Salt bridge: H2 SO4 Titian garam: H2 SO4 Copper electrode Elektrod kuprum Zinc electrode Elektrod zink CuSO4 (aq) CuSO4 (ak) ZnSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (ak) Diagram 1 / Rajah 1 (a) (i) Anode / Anod: (ii) Reason: is more electropositive than . Sebab: lebih elektropositif daripada . (b) (i) Cathode / Katod: (ii) Reason: is less electropositif than . Sebab: kurang elektropositif daripada . (c) Half equation / Persamaan setengah: (i) Anode / Anod: (ii) Cathode / Katod: (d) (i) Reducing agent / Agen penurunan: (ii) Oxidizing agent / Agen pengoksidaan: (e) Observation / Pemerhatian: (i) Anode / Anod: become thinner. / semakin nipis . (ii) Cathode / Katod: becomes thicker. / semakin tebal. (iii) Electrolyte / Elektrolit: copper(II) sulphate solution turns . Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat menjadi . (f) Inference for 4(e) / Inferens untuk 4(e): (i) Anode / Anod: dissolves in zinc sulphate solution forming . larut di dalam laruan zink sulfat membentuk .

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium 7 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (ii) Cathode / Katod: is deposited on electrode. terenap pada elektrod . (iii) Electrolyte / Elektrolit: Concentration of copper(II) ion . Kepekatan ion kuprum(II) . (g) Electrons flow from to through the external circuit. Elektron mengalir dari ke melalui litar luar. (h) (i) is used to complete the circuit by allowing ions to flow from one beaker to another beaker. digunakan untuk melengkapkan litar dengan membenarkan ion-ion mengalir dari satu bikar ke bikar yang lain. (ii) Replacement solutions for salt bridge / Larutan gantian untuk titian garam: (iii) Overall ionic equation / Persamaan ion keseluruhan: Electrolytic Cell 1.4 Sel Elektrolisis 1. Electrolysis is the decomposition of an electrolyte in either or by passing direct through it to break the electrolyte into its constituent elements. Elektrolisis ialah penguraian suatu elektrolit dalam atau dengan membenarkan pengaliran terus melaluinya untuk memecahkan elektrolit kepada unsurunsur juzuknya. TP 1 2. Electrolyte is either an aqueous solution or molten substance that contains and undergoes change when electricity passes through it. Elektrolit ialah larutan akueus atau larutan yang mengandungi dan mengalami perubahan apabila elektrik mengalir melaluinya. TP 1 3. Non-electrolyte is either an aqueous solution or molten that only contains and does not allow electricity to pass through it. Bukan elektrolit ialah bahan larutan akueus atau larutan yang mengandungi sahaja dan tidak membenarkan elektrik mengalir melaluinya. TP 1 4. Electrolytic cell is a device that can convert energy to energy. Sel elektrolisis ialah peranti yang boleh menukarkan tenaga kepada tenaga . TP 1

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 8 5. Classify the following substances into electrolyte and non-electrolyte. Kelaskan bahan-bahan berikut kepada elektrolit dan bukan elektrolit. TP 3 Sucrose solution Larutan sukrosa Molten acetamide Leburan asetamida Potassium chloride solution Larutan kalium klorida Molten silver chloride Leburan argentum klorida Lead(II) bromide Plumbum(II) bromida Nitric acid Asid nitrik Electrolyte Elektrolit Non-electrolyte Bukan elektrolit Extraction of Metal from Its Ore 1.5 Pengesktrakan Logam daripada Bijihnya 1. Extraction of metal from its ore depends on the metal position in the reactivity series: Pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya bergantung kepada kedudukan logam dalam siri kereaktifan: TP 2 (a) Very reactive metals are extracted through electrolysis. Logam yang sangat reaktif diekstrak secara elektrolisis. • List three examples of reactive metals – , , Senaraikan tiga contoh logam reaktif – , , (b) Less reactive metals are extracted through chemical reduction using carbon. Logam yang kurang reaktif diekstrak melalui penurunan kimia menggunakan karbon. • Listthree examples of less reactive metals – , , Senaraikan tiga contoh logam kurang reaktif – , , 2. Carbon is easily obtained in the form of coal and is the main reducing agent in metal extraction because: Karbon mudah diperoleh dalam bentuk arang batu dan merupakan agen penurunan utama dalam pengekstrakan logam kerana: TP 3

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium 9 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 3. Extraction of metal causes environmental pollution. State three effects of extraction of aluminium from bauxite to the environment. TP 4 Pengekstrakan logam menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar. Nyatakan tiga kesan pengekstrakan aluminium daripada bauksit ke atas persekitaran. (i) (ii) (iii) Rusting 1.6 Pengaratan 1. Metal corrosion is a chemical process of metals that undergoes reaction through the of electrons to form metal ions. Kakisan logam ialah proses kimia apabila logam menjalani tindak balas melalui elektron untuk membentuk ion logam yang . TP 1 2. Rusting is metal corrosion occurs in and . Pengaratan ialah kakisan logam yang berlaku pada dan . TP 2 3. Rusting of iron occurs in the presence of and . Pengaratan besi berlaku dengan kehadiran dan . TP 2 4. More electropositive metal that is in contact with iron will the rusting of iron. An example of more electropositive metal is . Logam yang lebih elektropositif bersentuhan dengan besi akan pengaratan besi. Contoh logam yang lebih elektropositif ialah .. TP 3 5. Less electropositive metals that is in contact with iron will the rusting of iron. An example of less electropositive metal is . Logam yang kurang elektropositif bersentuhan dengan besi akan pengaratan besi. Contoh logam yang kurang elektropositif ialah . TP 3

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 10 Oxidation and Reduction Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan 1.1 1. Which of the following occurs during reduction reaction? Antara berikut, yang manakah berlaku tindak balas semasa tindak balas penurunan? A Gain of oxygen Menerima oksigen B Loss of hydrogen Kehilangan hidrogen C Gain electron Menerima elektron D Increase in oxidation number Penambahan nombor pengoksidaan 2. What is the oxidation number of nitrogen in NH4 Cl? Apakah nombor pengoksidaan nitrogen dalam NH4 Cl? A +1 C –1 B +3 D –3 3. Which of the following is true about the balanced chemical equation below? Antara berikut, yang manakah benar mengenai persamaan kimia seimbang di bawah? H2 S(g) + Cl2 (g) → S(s) + 2HCl(g) H2 S(g) + Cl2 (g) → S(p) + 2HCl(g) A Hydrogen sulphide undergoes oxidation by losing hydrogen forming sulphur. Hidrogen sulfida mengalami pengoksidaan dengan kehilangan hidrogen membentuk sulfur. SPM Practice 1 Paper 1 Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif B Chlorine gas undergoes reduction by gaining hydrogen forming hydrochloric acid. Gas klorin mengalami penurunan dengan penerimaan hidrogen membentuk asid hidroklorik. C Hydrogen sulphide is an oxidising agent. Hidrogen sulfida ialah agen pengoksidaan. D Chlorine gas is a reducing agent. Gas klorin ialah agen penurunan. 4. Which of the following is a redox reaction? Antara berikut, yang manakah ialah tindak balas redoks? A H2 SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2 SO4 + 2H2 O B 2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2 O C Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu D K2 CO3 + Ca(NO3 )2 → CaCO3 + 2KNO3 5. Which of the following substance can convert iron(III) ion, Fe3+ to iron(II) ion, Fe2+? Antara berikut, bahan yang manakah boleh menukarkan ion ferum(III), Fe3+ kepada ion ferum(II), Fe2+? A Bromine water Air bromin B Hydrogen sulphide Hidrogen sulfida C Chlorine water Air klorin D Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution Larutan kalium manganate(VII) berasid 6. The half equation for the reduction of acidifed potassium dichromate(VI) solution is shown as follows. Persamaan setengah bagi penurunan larutan kalium dikromat berasid(VI) ditunjukkan seperti berikut. Cr2 O7 2–(aq) + xH+(aq) + ye– → 2Cr3+(aq) + zH2 O(l) Cr2 O7 2–(ak) + xH+(ak) + ye– → 2Cr3+(ak) + zH2 O(ce) What are the values of x, y and z? Apakah nilai bagi x, y dan z? x y z A 12 7 6 B 12 6 7 C 14 7 6 D 14 6 7 7. The following ionic equation shows the reaction between bromine water and iron(II) sulphate solution. Persamaan ion berikut menunjukkan tindak balas antara air bromin dengan larutan ferum(II) sulfat. 2Fe2+(aq) + Br2 (aq) → 2Fe3+(aq) + 2Br– (aq) 2Fe2+(ak) + Br2 (ak) → 2Fe3+(ak) + 2Br– (ak)

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium 11 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. State the change in the oxidation number of bromine in the reaction. Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bromin dalam tindak balas tersebut. A 0 to +1 C 0 to –1 B 0 to +2 D 0 to –2 8. Which of the following reactions shows copper serves as a reducing agent? Antara tindak balas yang berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan kuprum bertindak sebagai agen penurunan? A Cu(NO3 )2 (aq) + K2 CO3 (aq) → CuCO3 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq) Cu(NO3 )2 (ak) + K2 CO3 (ak) → CuCO3 (p) + 2KNO3 (ak) B CuO(s) + 2HNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3 )2 (aq) + H2 O(l) CuO(p) + 2HNO3 (ak) → Cu(NO3 )2 (ak) + H2 O(ce) C Cu(s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3 )2 (aq) + 2Ag(s) Cu(p) + 2AgNO3 (ak) → Cu(NO3 )2 (ak) + 2Ag(p) 9. Which of the following are true about the displacement reaction of halogen from its halide solution? Antara berikut, yang manakah benar mengenai tindak balas penyesaran halogen daripada larutan halida? I Bromine water is able to displace chlorine from potassium chloride solution. Air bromin dapat menyesarkan klorin daripada larutan kalium klorida. II Chlorine water is able to displace iodine from potassium iodide solution. Air klorin dapat menyesarkan iodin daripada larutan kalium iodida. III Chlorine is a stronger reducing agent than iodine. Klorin ialah agen penurunan yang lebih kuat daripada iodin. IV Iodine forms a purple layer in 1,1,1- trichloromethane. Iodin membentuk lapisan ungu dalam 1,1,1-trikloromethana. A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV Standard Electrode Potential Keupayaan Elektrod Piawai 1.2 10. Which of the following are the standard conditions for half cells? Antara berikut, yang manakah syarat-syarat piawai bagi setengah sel? I Concentration of ions 0.1 mol dm–3 Kepekatan ion 0.1 mol dm-3 II Temperature 25 o C Suhu 25 o C III Pressure of 1 atm Tekanan pada 1 atm IV Carbon is used as an inert electrode Karbon digunakan sebagai elektrod lengai A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV 11. Which of the following are true for standard electrode potential (E°)? Antara berikut, yang manakah benar bagi keupayaan elektrod piawai (E°)? I The more positive the E° values, the weaker the oxidizing power of an oxidizing agent. Semakin positif nilai E°, semakin lemah kuasa pengoksidaan suatu agen pengoksidaan. II The more positive the E° values, the higher the ability of atoms to receive electrons. Semakin positif nilai E°, semakin tinggi keupayaan atom untuk menerima elektron. III The more negative the E° values, the weaker the reducing power of a reducing agent. Semakin negatif nilai E°, semakin lemah kuasa penurunan suatu agen penurunan. IV The more negative the E° values, the higher the ability of atoms to release electrons. Semakin negatif nilai E°, semakin tinggi keupayaan atom untuk membebaskan elektron. A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV 12. Calculate the E° cell value when magnesium and copper are used as electrodes. Hitungkan nilai E° sel apabila magnesium dan kuprum digunakan sebagai elektrod.

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 12 [Given that: E° (Mg half cell) = –2.37 V; E° (Cu half cell) = +0.34 V] [Diberi bahawa: E° (Mg setengah sel) = –2.37 V; E° (Cu setengah sel) = +0.34 V] A –2.03 V B +2.03 V C –2.71 V D +2.71 V Voltaic Cell Sel Kimia 1.3 13. Which of the following statements are true about voltaic cell? Antara berikut, yang manakah benar tentang sel kimia? I A device that can convert electrical energy to chemical energy. Suatu alat yang boleh menukarkan tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga kimia. II Oxidation occurs at the anode of voltaic cell while reduction occurs at the cathode. Pengoksidaan berlaku di anod sel kimia manakala penurunan berlaku di katod. III Lithium battery is an example of a nonrechargeable cell. Bateri litium ialah contoh sel yang tidak boleh dicas semula. IV Lead-acid accumulator is an example of rechargeable cell. Akumulator asid plumbum ialah contoh sel yang boleh dicas semula. A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV 14. In a simple voltaic cell, zinc and lead are immersed into dilute sodium chloride solution. Voltmeter reading recorded is 0.63 V. The voltmeter reading will increase if Dalam sel kimia ringkas, zink dan plumbum direndam di dalam larutan natrium klorida cair. Bacaan voltmeter yang dicatatkan ialah 0.63 V. Bacaan voltmeter akan meningkat sekiranya I the concentration of sodium chloride solution is increased. kepekatan larutan natrium klorida ditambah. II zinc is replaced with magnesium. zink digantikan dengan magnesium. III sodium chloride solution is replaced with potassium chloride solution. larutan natrium klorida digantikan dengan larutan kalium klorida. IV lead is replaced with silver. plumbum digantikan dengan argentum. A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV 15. Diagram 1 shows the simple voltaic cell. Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu sel kimia ringkas. Copper V electrode Elektrod kuprum Magnesium electrode Elektrod magnesium CuSO4 (aq) CuSO4 (ak) Diagram 1 / Rajah 1 Which of the following statements are true about voltaic cell? Antara berikut, yang manakah benar tentang sel kimia? I Copper acts as an the anode, magnesium acts as the cathode. Kuprum bertindak sebagai anod, magnesium bertindak sebagai katod. II Magnesium electrode becomes thinner. Elektrod magnesium semakin nipis. III Shiny grey solid is deposited on the copper electrode. Pepejal kelabu berkilau terenap pada elektrod kuprum. IV Blue copper(II) sulphate solution turns lighter blue. Larutan biru kuprum(II) sulfat menjadi biru muda. A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV 16. Table 1 shows the voltmeter readings of three voltaic cells. Jadual 1 menunjukkan bacaan voltmeter untuk tiga sel voltan. Metal pairs Pasangan logam Voltmeter reading (V) Bacaan voltmeter (V) Negative terminal Terminal negatif X  W 1.1 W X  Z 1.5 X Y  Z 0.8 Y Table 1 / Jadual 1 What is the voltmeter reading when W and Y are used as electrodes?

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium 13 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. Berapakah bacaan voltmeter apabila W dan Y digunakan sebagai elektrod? A 0.4 V C 1.8 V B 0.7 V D 3.4 V Electrolytic Cell Sel Elektrolisis 1.4 17. Table 2 shows the electrical conductivity of substances P, Q and R. Jadual 2 menunjukkan kekonduksian elektrik bahan P, Q dan R. Substance Bahan Electrical conductivity Kekonduksian elektrik Solid Pepejal Molten Leburan P ✗ ✓ Q ✗ ✗ R ✓ ✓ Table 2 / Jadual 2 Identify substances P, Q and R. Kenal pasti bahan P, Q dan R. P Q R A B C D 18. Which of the following ions present in molten aluminium oxide? Antara berikut, ion-ion yang manakah hadir dalam leburan aluminium oksida? A Al2 O3 B Al3+, O2– C Al3+, H+, O2– D Al3+, H+, O2–, OH– 19. Which of the following solutions produce chlorine gas at the anode and hydrogen gas at the cathode when electricity is passed through it? Antara berikut, larutan yang manakah menghasilkan gas klorin pada anod dan gas hidrogen pada katod apabila elektrik mengalir melaluinya? I 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid Asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm–3 II 0.1 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid Asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm–3 III 0.5 mol dm–3 sodium chloride solution Larutan natrium klorida 0.5 mol dm–3 IV 0.5 mol dm–3 potassium nitrate solution Larutan kalium nitrat 0.5 mol dm–3 A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV 20. Electrolysis of concentrated copper(II) chloride solution using carbon electrodes. Which of the following is the half equation at the cathode?

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 14 Elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) klorida pekat menggunakan elektrod karbon. Antara berikut, yang manakah persamaan setengah pada katod? A 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e– B 4OH– → 2H2 O + O2 + 4e– C Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu D 2H+ + 2e– → H2 21. Which of the following metals can be extracted through electrolysis? Antara logam berikut, yang manakah dapat diekstrak secara elektrolisis? I Silver Argentum II Aluminium Aluminium III Sodium Natrium IV Copper Kuprum A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV 22. Diagram 2 shows handle P of iron spoons electroplated with copper through electrolysis. During the electroplating process, what is the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the cathode? Rajah 2 menunjukkan pemegang sudu besi yang disadurkan dengan kuprum secara elektrolisis. Semasa proses penyaduran, apakah persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di katod? P Diagram 2 / Rajah 2 A Fe2+ + 2e– → Fe B Fe → Fe2+ + 2e– C Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu D Cu → Cu2+ + 2e– Extraction of Metal from Its Ore Pengesktrakan Logam daripada Bijihnya 1.5 23. Which of the following metal cannot be extracted using carbon? Antara berikut, logam yang manakah tidak boleh diekstrak dengan menggunakan karbon? A Lead / Plumbum B Zinc / Zink C Iron / Besi D Magnesium / Magnesium 24. Diagram 3 shows a blast furnace used in the formation of metal P when haematite is added and reacted with carbon. Metal P is formed when haematite Rajah 3 menunjukkan relau bagas yang digunakan dalam pembentukan logam P apabila hematit ditambah dan bertindak balas dengan karbon. Logam P terbentuk apabila hematit 200° C P 700° C 1600° C 2000° C Diagram 3 / Rajah 3 A is oxidised by hot air. dioksidakan oleh udara panas. B is oxidised by carbon dioxide. dioksidakan oleh carbon dioksida. C is reduced by carbon. diturunkan oleh karbon. D is reduced by calcium carbonate. diturunkan oleh kalsium karbonat. Rusting Pengaratan 1.6 25. Which of the following metal will slow down rusting of iron? Antara berikut, logam yang manakah dapat memperlahankan pengaratan besi? A Lead / Plumbum B Copper / Kuprum C Silver / Argentum D Zinc / Zink 26. Diagram 4 shows a drop of water on the surface of an iron block. After a few days, a brown substance is observed. What is the chemical formula of the brown substance? Rajah 4 menunjukkan setitis air pada permukaan bongkah besi. Selepas beberapa hari, bahan berwarna perang diperhatikan. Apakah formula kimia bagi bahan berwarna perang tersebut? Water droplet Titisan air O2 O2 Iron block Bongkah besi Brown solid Pepejal perang Diagram 4 / Rajah 4 A Fe(OH)2 B Fe(OH)3 C Fe2 O3 D Fe2 O3 ·xH2 O

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium 15 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 27. Which of the following metals can speed up the formation of brown substance on the iron block? Antara berikut, logam yang manakah mempercepatkan pembentukan bahan berwarna perang pada bongkah besi? I Magnesium Magnesium II Lead Plumbum III Copper Kuprum IV Zinc Zink A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV 28. Diagram 5 shows a polished iron nail coiled with a brown pure metal in a test tube. It is added into agar gel with three drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution and three drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Rajah 5 menunjukkan paku besi yang telah digilap dililit dengan logam tulen berwarna perang. Paku tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam gel agar yang mengandungi tiga titis larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III) dan tiga titis penunjuk fenolftalein di dalam tabung uji. Polished iron nail Paku besi yang telah digosok Brown pure metal Logam tulen berwarna perang Agar gel + 3 drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) + 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator Gel agar + 3 titis larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III) + 3 titis penunjuk fenolftalein Diagram 5 / Rajah 5 Which of the following statements are true about Diagram 5 after a day? Antara berikut, pernyataan yang manakah benar mengenai Rajah 5 selepas sehari? I Dark blue spots are found around the iron nail. Tompok-tompok biru tua terdapat di sekitar paku besi. II Pink colouration is formed around the iron nail. Warna merah jambu terbentuk di sekitar paku besi. III Iron nail starts to rust. Paku besi mula berkarat. IV Iron nail does not rust. Paku besi tidak berkarat. A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV Paper 2 Subjective Questions / Soalan Subjektif Section A / Bahagian A 1. The E° values of four half cells are given below: Nilai E° bagi empat setengah sel diberikan seperti berikut: Ag+ + e– Ag +0.80 V Cl2 + 2e– 2Cl– +1.36 V Zn2+ + 2e– Zn –0.76 V Cu2+ + 2e– Cu +0.34 V (a) State three standard conditions for half cell. Nyatakan tiga syarat piawai bagi setengah sel. [3 marks / 3 markah]

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 16 (b) Arrange the following species in: Susun spesies-spesies berikut mengikut: (i) Descending order of strength as the oxidising agent. Tertib menurun kekuatan agen pengoksidaan. [1 mark / 1 markah] (ii) Ascending order of strength as the reducing agent. Tertib menaik kekuatan agen penurunan. [1 mark / 1 markah] (c) Calculate the E° cell value when zinc and copper are used as electrodes. Hitungkan nilai E° sel apabila zink dan kuprum digunakan sebagai elektrod. [2 marks / 2 markah] 2. Based on Diagram 2 on extraction of aluminium from bauxite, Al2 O3 , answer the following questions. Berdasarkan Rajah 2 tentang pengekstrakan aluminium daripada bauksit, Al2 O3 , jawab soalan-soalan berikut. Bauxite, Al2 O3 Bauksit, Al2 O3 Positive carbon anodes Anod karbon positif Aluminium / Aluminium Steel container Bekas besi + + + + + – Negative carbon cathode Katod karbon negatif Diagram 2 / Rajah 2 (a) Write the half equations for anode and cathode. Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi anod dan katod. Anode / Anod: [1 mark / 1 markah] Cathode / Katod: [1 mark / 1 markah]

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium 17 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (b) Explain redox reaction that occurs based on the electron transfer. Jelaskan tindak balas redoks yang berlaku berdasarkan pemindahan elektron. (i) Anode / Anod: [2 marks / 2 markah] (ii) Cathode / Katod: [2 marks / 2 markah] (c) Identify oxidising and reducing agent. Kenal pasti agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan. (i) Oxidising agent / Agen pengoksidaan: (ii) Reducing agent / Agen penurunan: [2 marks / 2 markah] 3. Diagram 3 shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the electrolysis process using dilute copper(II) sulphate solution and carbon electrodes. Gas X is produced. Rajah 3 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji proses elektrolisis menggunakan larutan kuprum sulfat(II) sulfat dan elektrod karbon. Gas X terbentuk. A Gas X Gas X Carbon electrodes Elektrod karbon Dilute copper(II) sulphate solution Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat cair Diagram 3 / Rajah 3 (a) Name gas X. Namakan gas X. (b) Based on anode, Berdasarkan anod, (i) Write the half equation. Tuliskan persamaan setengah. [2 marks / 2 markah]

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 18 (ii) Name the reducing agent. Namakan agen penurunan. [1 mark / 1 markah] (iii) Briefly describe a simple verification for the product formed. Huraikan secara ringkas pengesahan mudah untuk hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk. [2 marks / 2 markah] (c) Based on cathode, Berdasarkan katod, (i) Name the oxidising agent. Namakan agen pengoksidaan. [1 mark / 1 markah] (ii) Give one observation. Berikan satu pemerhatian. [1 mark / 1 markah] (iii) State an inference for the observation in 3(c)(ii). Nyatakan satu inferens bagi pemerhatian dalam 3(c)(ii). [1 mark / 1 markah] (d) Write the overall ionic equation for the above electrolysis. Tuliskan persamaan ion keseluruhan bagi elektrolisis di atas. [1 mark / 1 markah] 4. Diagram 4 shows a U-tube consisting iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution and acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2 Cr2 O7 solution. Rajah 4 menunjukkan tiub-U berisi larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 dan larutan kalium dikromat(VI), K2 Cr2 O7 . G Carbon electrodes Elektrod karbon Acidified K2 Cr2 O7 (aq) K2 Cr2 O7 (ak) berasid FeSO4 (aq) FeSO4 (ak) H2 SO4 (aq) H2 SO4 (ak) Diagram 4 / Rajah 4

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium 19 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (a) (i) Identify anode and cathode. Kenal pasti anod dan katod. Anode: Anod: Cathode: Katod: [2 marks / 2 markah] (ii) Write a half equation to support your answer in 4(a)(i). Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk menyokong jawapan anda di 4(a)(i). Anode / Anod: [1 mark / 1 markah] Cathode / Katod: [2 marks / 2 markah] (b) Identify the oxidising agent and the reducing agent. Kenal pasti agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan. Oxidising agent / Agen pengoksidaan: Reducing agent / Agen penurunan: [2 marks / 2 markah] (c) State the direction of electron flow. Nyatakan arah pengaliran elektron. [2 marks / 2 markah] (d) Write the overall ionic equation. Tuliskan persamaan ion keseluruhan. [2 marks / 2 markah]

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 20 Section B / Bahagian B 5. Diagram 5 shows a water droplet covers a small area on the surface of an iron block. Brown solid is formed on the top of iron block surface after a few days. Knowing that rusting is an example of redox reaction. Rajah 5 menunjukkan setitis air menutupi satu kawasan kecil pada permukaan blok besi. Pepejal perang terbentuk di permukaan atas blok besi selepas beberapa hari. Diketahui bahawa pengaratan ialah contoh tindak balas redoks. Water droplet Titisan air Iron block Bongkah besi Brown solid Pepejal perang Diagram 5 / Rajah 5 (a) State two conditions for rusting. Nyatakan dua syarat pengaratan. [2 marks / 2 markah] (b) Identify anode and cathode. Explain the reaction that occurs in anode and cathode with electron transfer. Kenal pasti anod dan katod. Terangkan tindak balas yang berlaku di anod dan katod dengan pemindahan elektron. [8 marks / 8 markah] (c) Write the half equations for anode and cathode. Then, identify the oxidising agent and the reducing agent. Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi anod dan katod. Kemudian, kenal pasti agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan. [6 marks / 6 markah] (d) Suggest two methods to slow down rusting. For each method, give a reason. Cadangkan dua cara untuk memperlahankan pengaratan. Bagi setiap satu cara, berikan satu sebab. [4 marks / 4 markah] Section C / Bahagian C Diagram 6 / Rajah 6 6. (a) Diagram 6 shows an antique key that was inherited by Amirah’s grandmother. But, the key has rusted. Amirah wants to electroplate the key with silver. Based on the theory you have learnt, describe a laboratory activity that can help Amirah to achieve her wish. Rajah 6 menunjukkan kunci antik yang diwarisi oleh nenek Amirah. Namun, kunci tersebut telah berkarat. Amirah ingin menyadurkan kunci itu dengan argentum. Berdasarkan teori yang telah anda pelajari, terangkan aktiviti makmal yang dapat membantu Amirah untuk mencapai hasratnya itu.

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 1 Redox Equilibrium 21 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. In your description, include: Dalam keterangan anda, sertakan: • Suitable electrolyte and anode / Elektrolit dan anod yang sesuai • Procedure / Prosedur • Two observations / Dua pemerhatian [10 marks / 10 markah] (b) Metals of different electropositivities that are in contact with iron will affect the rate of rusting. Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of zinc strip, magnesium strip and copper strip towards the rusting of an iron nail. Logam berlainan keelektropositifan yang bersentuhan dengan besi akan mempengaruhi kadar pengaratan. Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat kesan jalur zink, jalur magnesium dan jalur kuprum terhadap pengaratan paku besi. In your description, include: Dalam keterangan anda, sertakan: • Materials and apparatus / Bahan dan radas • Procedure / Prosedur • Results / Keputusan [10 marks / 10 markah] HOTS Challenge Diagram above shows a rusted window grill from one of the classrooms in SMK Bukit Tinggi. The pupils in the classroom reported the broken part of the window grill to their teachers. State the conditions that cause the rusty window grill. Suggest the cheapest method to overcome this problem. Explain your suggestion. Rajah di atas menunjukkan jeriji tingkap berkarat dari salah satu bilik darjah di SMK Bukit Tinggi. Murid di dalam kelas melaporkan bahagian jeriji tingkap yang rosak kepada guru mereka. Nyatakan keadaan yang jeriji tingkap pemanggang berkarat. Cadangkan kaedah yang paling murah untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Terangkan cadangan anda. [4 marks / 4 markah] PAK-21 Quiz 1

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 22 SMART Notes Carbon Compound 21 Sebatian Karbon C HAPTER Homologous series Siri homolog Alkane Alkana Alkene Alkena Alkyne Alkuna Alcohol Alkohol Carboxylic acid Asid karboksilik Ester Ester General formula Formula am Cn H2n+2 Cn H2n Cn H2n–2 Cn H2n+1OH Cn H2n+1COOH Cn H2n+1COOCmH2m+1 Functional group Kumpulan berfungsi C–C C = C C  C –OH –COOH –COO • Interconversion between homologous series Pertukaran antara siri homolog Alkane Alkana Alkene Alkena Alcohol Alkohol Carboxylic acid Asid karboksilik Alkyne Alkuna Ester Ester Hydration Penghidratan Oxidation Pengoksidaan Esterification Esterifikasi Concentrated H2 SO4 (aq) H2 SO4 (ak) pekat Acidified KMnO4 (aq) / Acidified K2 Cr2 O7 (aq) KMnO4 (ak) berasid / K2 Cr2 O7 (ak) berasid 60 atm, 300 °C, H3 PO4 (aq/ak) Platinum Platinum Nickel Nikel 180 °C Hydrogenation Penghidrogenan Hydrogenation Penghidrogenan • Chemical properties of homologous series Sifat kimia siri homologus Alkane / Alkana Alkene / Alkena Alkyne / Alkuna Alcohol / Alkohol Carboxylic acid / Asid karboksilik • Combustion Pembakaran • Substitution Penggantian • Combustion Pembakaran • Addition Penambahan • Hydrogenation Penghidrogenan • Halogenation Penghalogenan • Hydration Penghidratan • Oxidation Pengoksidaan • Polymerisation Pempolimeran • Combustion Pembakaran • Addition Penambahan • Hydrogenation Penghidrogenan • Halogenation Penghalogenan • Hydration Penghidratan • Combustion Pembakaran • Oxidation Pengoksidaan • Dehydration Pendehidratan • Reacts with carboxylic acid to form ester Bertindak balas dengan asid karboksilik membentuk ester • Reacts with reactive metals Bertindak balas dengan logam reaktif • Reacts with alkali solution Bertindak balas dengan larutan alkali • Reacts with metal carbonates Bertindak balas dengan logam karbonat • Reacts with alcohol to form ester Bertindak balas dengan alkohol membentuk ester VIDEO Functional groups Kumpulan berfungsi

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound 23 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. Types of Carbon Compound 2.1 Jenis-jenis Sebatian Karbon 1. Carbon compound is a substance that contains . Sebatian karbon ialah bahan yang mengandungi . TP 1 2. (a) Organic carbon compounds are substance that contains atom and obtained from organisms. Sebatian karbon organik ialah bahan yang mengandungi atom dan diperoleh daripada organisma . TP 1 (b) Hydrocarbon is an example of carbon compound that can be classified into hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon. Hidrokarbon ialah contoh sebatian karbon yang boleh diklasifikasikan menjadi hidrokarbon dan hidrokarbon . TP 2 (c) Two main sources of hydrocarbon are and . Dua sumber utama hidrokarbon ialah dan . TP 2 3. Complete Table 1 for the differences between organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Lengkapkan Jadual 1 untuk perbezaan antara sebatian organik dan sebatian tak organik. TP 3 Organic compounds Sebatian organik Characteristics Ciri-ciri Inorganic compounds Sebatian tak organik Source Sumber Melting point boiling point Takat lebur takat didih Soluble in organic solvent Larut dalam pelarut organik Solubility Keterlarutan Soluble in inorganik solvent Larut dalam pelarut tak organik Glucose, fat Glukosa, lemak Examples Contoh Carbon dioxide, calcium carbonate Karbon dioksida, kalsium karbonat Table 1 / Jadual 1 Homologous Series 2.2 Siri Homolog 1. Complete Table 2 for the comparison between three hydrocarbons. Lengkapkan Jadual 2 untuk perbandingan antara tiga hidrokarbon. TP 3 Homologous series Siri homolog Alkane Alkana Alkene Alkena Alkyne Alkuna Example Contoh Ethane Etane Ethene Etena Ethyne Etuna General formula Formula am Functional group Kumpulan berfungsi Table 2 / Jadual 2

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 24 2. Name the following organic compounds. Namakan sebatian organik yang berikut. TP 3 (a) H H H H H & & & & & H!C!C!C!C!C!H & & & & & H H H H H (b) H H H & & & H!C!C!C!O!H & & & H H H (c) O H H H H H ' & & & & & H!O!C!C!C!C!C!C!H & & & & & H H H H H (d) H H & & H!C#C!C!C!H & & H H 3. Match the organic compounds with their physical properties. Padankan sebatian organik dengan sifat fizikal masing-masing. TP 2 Octane Oktana • • Odourless Tidak berbau Heptene Heptena • • Flammable Mudah terbakar Pentyne Pentuna • • Soury smell Berbau masam Ethanol Etanol • • Fragrant smell Berbau wangi Methanoic acid Asid metanoik • • Soluble in water Larut dalam air Ethyl butanoate Etil butanoat • • Very volatile Mudah meruap

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound 25 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. Chemical Properties and Interconversion of Compounds between Homologous Series 2.3 Sifat Kimia dan Saling Pertukaran Sebatian antara Siri Homolog 1. Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions. Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang untuk tindak balas berikut. TP 3 (a) Combustion of butane in excess oxygen gas. Pembakaran butana dalam gas oksigen berlebihan. (b) Combustion of propene in limited oxygen gas. Pembakaran propena dalam gas oksigen terhad. (c) Combustion of pentyne in excess oxygen gas. Pembakaran pentuna dalam gas oksigen yang berlebihan. (d) Combustion of propanol in limited oxygen gas. Pembakaran propanol dalam gas oksigen terhad. (e) Hydration of ethene gas at 180 o C in the presence of nickel powder. Penghidratan gas etena pada suhu 180 o C dengan kehadiran serbuk nikel.

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 26 (f) Oxidation of ethanol in acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution. Pengoksidaan etanol dalam larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid. (g) Reaction between ethanol and butanoic acid in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. Tindak balas antara etanol dan asid butanoik dengan kehadiran asid sulfurik pekat. 2. Complete Table 3 by naming the products formed. Lengkapkan Jadual 3 dengan menamakan hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk. TP 3 Reactants Bahan tindak balas Product Hasil tindak balas Ethene + H2 O Etena + H2 O (a) Propene + Br2 Propena + Br2 (b) Ethyne + H2 Etuna + H2 (c) Table 3 / Jadual 3 3. Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid that can react with the following chemical substances. Write an ionic equation for each reaction and state an observation. Asid etanoik ialah cecair tak berwarna yang boleh bertindak balas dengan bahan kimia berikut. Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi setiap tindak balas dan nyatakan satu pemerhatian. TP 3 (a) Magnesium powder / Serbuk magnesium Ionic equation / Persamaan ion:

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound 27 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. Observation / Pemerhatian: (b) Marble chips / Ketulan marmar. Ionic equation / Persamaan ion: Observation / Pemerhatian: (c) Sodium hydroxide solution / Larutan natrium hidroksida. Ionic equation / Persamaan ion: Observation / Pemerhatian: 4. Methanol and ethanoic acid react through a chemical process to form an ester. A catalyst is used in this process. Metanol dan asid etanoik bertindak balas melalui suatu proses kimia untuk membentuk ester. Suatu mangkin digunakan dalam proses ini. (a) Name the process. Namakan proses ini. TP 1 (b) Name the catalyst used. Namakan mangkin yang digunakan. TP 1 ] (c) Name the ester formed. Namakan ester yang terhasil. TP 2 (d) State three physical properties of the ester formed. Nyatakan tiga sifat fizik ester yang terhasil. TP 3 – Produces smell Menghasilkan bau – Has melting point and boiling point Mempunyai takat lebur dan takat didih yang – in water dalam air

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 28 Isomers and Naming Based on IUPAC Nomenclature 2.4 Isomer dan Penamaan mengikut IUPAC 1. Isomerism is the phenomenon in which more than one compounds have the same but different . Isomerisme ialah fenomena apabila lebih daripada satu sebatian mempunyai yang sama tetapi yang berbeza. TP 1 2. Compound P is having a general formula of Cn H2n–2, n=4. Sebatian P mempunyai formula am Cn H2n–2, n=4. (a) Name compound P. Namakan sebatian P. TP 2 (b) Draw two isomers of compound P. Then, name the isomers according to the IUPAC nomenclature. Lukiskan dua isomer bagi sebatian P. Kemudian, namakan isomer-isomer tersebut mengikut sistem penamaan IUPAC. TP 3 3. Table 4 shows two structural formulae of ester. Name each ester. Then, identify the carboxylic acid and alcohol used to prepare the ester. Jadual 4 menunjukkan dua formula struktur ester. Namakan setiap ester. Kemudian, kenal pasti asid karboksilik dan alkohol yang digunakan untuk menyediakan ester tersebut. TP 3 (a) H H H & & & H!C!C!C!C & & & H H H H H & & O!C!C!H & & H H & ' O (i) Name / Nama: (ii) Carboxylic acid / Asid karboksilik: (iii) Alcohol / Alkohol: (b) H H & & H!C!C!C & & H H H & O!C!H & H & ' O (i) Name / Nama: (ii) Carboxylic acid / Asid karboksilik: (iii) Alcohol / Alkohol: Table 4 / Jadual 4

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound 29 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. SPM Practice 2 Paper 1 Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif Types of Carbon Compound Jenis-jenis Sebatian Karbon 2.1 1. Which of the following is true about saturated hydrocarbon? Antara berikut, yang manakah benar tentang hidrokarbon tepu? I A compound that contains hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms only. Sebatian yang mengandungi atom hidrogen dan atom karbon sahaja. II A compound that contains hydrogen atoms, carbon atoms and other non-metal atoms. Sebatian yang mengandungi atom hidrogen, atom karbon dan atom bukan logam yang lain. III A compound that contains only carboncarbon single bonds. Sebatian yang hanya mengandungi ikatan karbon tunggal. IV A compound that contains carbon-carbon double bonds. Sebatian yang mengandungi ikatan karbon ganda dua. A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV 2. Which of the following are the examples of unsaturated hydrocarbon? Antara berikut, yang manakah contoh hidrokarbon tak tepu? I II III IV A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV Homologous Series Siri Homolog 2.2 3. Diagram 1 shows the structural formula of compound P. Rajah 1 menunjukkan formula struktur sebatian P. H H H H & & & & H!C!C!C!C!H & & & & H H H H Diagram 1 / Rajah 1 What is the percentage of carbon by mass in compound P? Berapakah peratusan karbon mengikut jisim dalam sebatian P? A 80.00% B 82.76% C 85.71% D 88.89% 4. One mole of alkane is completely burnt in excess oxygen gas. Which alkane produces carbon dioxide gas and water in the mole ratio of 3:4? Satu mol alkana terbakar dengan lengkap dalam gas oksigen yang berlebihan. Alkana yang manakah menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida dan air dalam nisbah mol 3:4? A Methane Metana B Propane Propana C Ethane Etana D Butane Butana 5. Diagram 2 shows the structural formulae of two organic compounds, X and Y. Rajah 2 menunjukkan formula struktur dua sebatian organik, X dan Y. H H H & & & H!C"C!C!C!H & & & H H H X

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 30 H H H & & & H!C"C!C!C!C!H & & & & & H H H H H Y Diagram 2 / Rajah 2 Which property belongs to both compounds? Sifat yang manakah dimiliki oleh kedua-dua sebatian itu? A Boiling point Takat didih B Relative molecular mass Jisim molekul relatif C Number of isomers Bilangan isomer D Solubility in water Keterlarutan di dalam air 6. Which of the following is an unsaturated hydrocarbon? Antara berikut, yang manakah hidrokarbon tak tepu? A CH2 CHC(CH3 )3 B CH3 (CH2 )3 CH3 C CH3 CHCH3 CH2 CH3 D CH3 C(CH3 )2 CH2 CH3 7. Diagram 3 shows the structural formulae of four compounds, P, Q, R and S. Rajah 3 menunjukkan formula struktur empat sebatian, P, Q, R dan S. H H H H & & & & H!C!C!C!C!H & & & & H H H H P H H H H & & & & H!C!C!C"C & & & H H H Q H H & & H!C#C!C!C!H & & H H R H H H H & & & & H!C!C!C!C!OH & & & & H H H H S Diagram 3 / Rajah 3 Which compound produces the most soot? Sebatian yang manakah menghasilkan paling banyak jelaga? A P B Q C R D S 8. Which of the following are the physical properties of C2 H5 OH? Antara berikut, yang manakah sifat-sifat fizik C2 H5 OH? I High melting point and boiling point Takat lebur dan takat didih yang tinggi II Colourless liquid with sharp smell Cecair tak berwarna yang berbau tajam III Insoluble in water Tidak larut di dalam air IV Highly flammable Mudah terbakar A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV 9. Myra is given two reagent bottles labelled with ethanol and butanol. Which of the following statements is true about both compounds? Myra diberi dua botol reagen yang dilabel sebagai etanol dan butanol. Pernyataan yang manakah benar mengenai kedua-dua sebatian tersebut? A Both compounds have high melting point and boiling point. Kedua-dua sebatian mempunyai takat lebur dan takat didih yang tinggi. B Both compounds have the same functional group. Kedua-dua sebatian mempunyai kumpulan berfungsi yang sama. C Both compounds have different general formulae. Kedua-dua sebatian mempunyai formula am yang berbeza. D Both compounds are non-flammable. Kedua-dua sebatian tidak murdah terbakar. 10. Colourless compound Q is having a general formula Cn H2n+1COOH. It is normally found in vinegar. What is the name of compound Q? Sebatian Q yang tak berwarna mempunyai formula am Cn H2n+1COOH. Sebatian ini kebiasaannya dijumpai di dalam cuka. Apakah nama sebatian Q? A Formic acid Asid formik B Ethanoic acid Asid etanoik C Methanoic acid Asid metanoik 11. Which of the following is the physical property of a compound with the general formula Cn H2n+1COOCmH2m+1? Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan sifat fizik bagi sebatian yang memiliki formula am Cn H2n+1COOCmH2m+1?

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound 31 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. A High density Ketumpatan yang tinggi B Very soluble in water Sangat larut air C High boiling point Takat didih yang tinggi D Has sweet odour Mempunyai bau yang wangi 12. Which of the following properties is correctly matched with its homologous series? Antara berikut, sifat yang manakah dipadankan dengan betul dengan siri homolognya? A Ethanol – Colourless liquid with pungent smell Etanol – Cecair tak berwarna yang berbau sengit B Butyne – Colourless gas in room condition Butuna – Gas tak berwarna pada keadaan bilik C Ethanoic acid – Colourless liquid that is used to preserve fruits Asid etanoik – Cecair tak berwarna yang digunakan untuk mengawet buahbuahan D Ethyl butanoate – Colourless gas that produces pineapple smell Etil butanoat – Gas tak berwarna yang menghasilkan bau nanas Chemical Properties and Interconversion of Compounds between Homologous Series Sifat Kimia dan Saling Pertukaran Sebatian antara Siri Homolog 2.3 13. Diagram 4 shows the molecular formulae of three different hydrocarbons. Rajah 4 menunjukkan formula molekul bagi tiga hidrokarbon yang berbeza. C2 H6 C2 H4 C2 H2 P Q R Diagram 4 / Rajah 4 Which of the following statement is true about the three hydrocarbons? Antara berikut, pernyataan yang manakah benar tentang ketiga-tiga hidrokarbon? A P, Q and R are unsaturated hydrocarbons. P, Q dan R merupakan hidrokarbon tak tepu. B P is unsaturated hydrocarbon, Q and R are saturated hydrocarbons. P ialah hidrokarbon tak tepu, Q dan R ialah hidrokarbon tepu. C P can turn brown bromine water to colourless but Q and R cannot. P boleh menukarkan warna perang air bromin kepada tak berwarna tetapi Q dan R tidak boleh. D Q and R can turn brown bromine water to colourless but P cannot. Q dan R boleh menukarkan warna perang air bromin kepada tak berwarna tetapi P tidak boleh. 14. Which of the following are produced when butene and butyne are burnt in excess oxygen gas? Antara berikut, yang manakah dihasilkan apabila butena dan butuna terbakar dalam gas oksigen yang berlebihan? I Carbon dioxide Karbon dioksida II Carbon monoxide Karbon monoksida III Carbon Karbon IV Water vapour Wap air A I and III C II and III I dan III II dan III B I and IV D II and IV I dan IV II dan IV 15. Compound P with a molecular formula of C3 H4 is added with a few drops of brown bromine water. Name the product formed. Sebatian P dengan formula molekul C3 H4 ditambahkan dengan beberapa titis air bromin perang. Namakan hasil tindak balas tersebut. A 1,2-dibromoprop-1-ene 1,2-dibromoprop-1-ena B 1,2-dibromoprop-2-ene 1,2-dibromoprop-2-ena C 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoprop -1-ene 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoprop-1-ena D 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoprop -2-ene 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoprop-2- ena 16. Equation below shows the conversion of butene to butanol through process Q. Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan penukaran butena kepada butanol melalui proses Q. H3 PO4 CH3 CH " CHCH3 + H2 O !!!!!: CH3 CHCH2 CH3 300 °C, 60 atm & OH

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 32 Name process Q. Namakan proses Q. A Oxidation Pengoksidaan B Dehydration Pendehidratan C Hydration Penghidratan D Esterification Pengesteran 17. Nicol is given two beakers with colourless solutions. Knowing that the two colorless solutions are ethanol and ethanoic acid. Which of the following chemicals can effectively differentiate ethanol from ethanoic acid? I Zinc powder Serbuk zink II Copper powder Serbuk kuprum III Blue litmus paper Kertas litmus biru IV Red litmus paper Kertas litmus merah A I and III I dan III B I and IV I dan IV C II and III II dan III D II and IV II dan IV 18. Diagram 5 shows the vinegar and aluminium foil. Knowing that, vinegar contains ethanoic acid. When aluminium foil is added to vinegar, colourless bubbles are observed. Gas P presents in the colorless bubbles. Name gas P. Rajah 5 menunjukkan cuka dan kerajang aluminium. Diketahui bahawa cuka mengandungi asid etanoik. Apabila kerajang aluminium ditambahkan ke dalam cuka, gelembung tak berwarna diperhatikan. Gas P hadir di dalam gelembung yang tak berwarna tersebut. Namakan gas P. Diagram 5 / Rajah 5 A Hydrogen chloride gas Gas hidrogen klorida B Hydrogen gas Gas hidrogen C Oxygen gas Gas oksigen D Carbon dioxide gas Gas karbon dioksida 19. Diagram 6 shows the structural formula of compound R. Rajah 6 menunjukkan formula struktur sebatian R. H & H!C!C & H H & O!C!H & H & ' O Diagram 6 / Rajah 6 Name the reactants used to form compound R. Namakan bahan tindak balas yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan sebatian R. A Ethanol + ethanoic acid Etanol + asid etanoik B Ethanol + methanoic acid Etanol + asid metanoik C Methanol + ethanoic acid Metanol + asid etanoik D Methanol + methanoic acid Metanol + asid metanoik 20. Diagram 7 shows the apparatus set-up for a reaction. Rajah 7 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi suatu tindak balas. Glass wool soaked with ethanol Wul kaca direndam di dalam etanol Porcelain chips Serpihan porselin Heat Panaskan Ethene Etena Water Air Diagram 7 / Rajah 7 Name this reaction. Namakan tindak balas ini. A Oxidation C Decomposition Pengoksidaan Penguraian B Hydrogenation D Dehydration Penghidrogenan Pendehidratan

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound 33 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 24. Diagram 9 shows the structural formula of compound Q. Rajah 9 menunjukkan formula struktur sebatian Q. H H & & H!C!C#C!C!H & & H H Diagram 9 / Rajah 9 Name compound Q. Namakan sebatian Q. A Butane Butana B Butene Butena C Butyne Butuna D Butanol Butanol 25. Which of the following are not the isomers for hydrocarbon with the molecular formula of C5 H10? Antara berikut, yang manakah bukan isomer bagi hidrokarbon dengan formula molekul C5 H10? A Pent-2-ene Pent-2-ena B 2-methylbut-2-ene 2-metilbut-2-ena C Pent-3-ene Pent-3-ena D 3-methylbut-1-ene 3-metilbut-1-ena 26. Compound M has a general formula of Cn H2n+1OH. Name compound M when n = 4. Sebatian M mempunyai formula umum Cn H2n+1OH. Namakan sebatian M apabila n = 4. A Ethanol Etanol B Propanol Propanol C Butanol Butanol 21. Diagram 8 shows the apparatus set-up to convert ethanol to ethanoic acid. Rajah 8 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menukarkan etanol kepada asid etanoik. Ethanol Etanol + Potassium manganate(VII) solution Larutan kalium manganat(VII) + Dilute sulphuric acid Asid sulfurik cair Heat Panaskan Cold water Air sejuk Distillate (ethanoic acid) Hasil sulingan (asid etanoik) Diagram 8 / Rajah 8 Name another reagent that can replace potassium manganate(VII) solution. Namakan reagen lain yang boleh menggantikan larutan kalium manganat(VII). A Potassium dichromate(VI) solution Larutan kalium dikromat(VI) B Potassium chromate(VI) solution Larutan kalium kromat(VI) C Phosphoric acid Asid fosforik D Iron(II) sulphate solution Larutan ferum(II) sulfat Isomer and Naming Based on IUPAC Nomenclature Isomer dan Penamaan mengikut IUPAC 2.4 22. What are isomers? Apakah isomer? A Compounds that have the same molecular formula and structural formula. Sebatian-sebatian yang mempunyai formula molekul dan formula struktur yang sama. B Compounds that have different molecular formulae but the same structural formula. Sebatian-sebatian yang mempunyai formula molekul berbeza tetapi formula struktur yang sama. C Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. Sebatian-sebatian yang mempunyai formula molekul yang sama tetapi formula struktur yang berbeza. D Compounds that have the same general formula and structural formula. Sebatian-sebatian yang mempunyai formula am dan formula struktur yang sama. 23. How many isomers are there in butane? Berapakah bilangan isomer dalam butana? A 1 C 3 B 2 D 4

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 34 27. Which of the following is the correct structural formula of propanoic acid? Antara berikut, yang manakah formula struktur asid propanoik yang betul? A && O ' C H OH B H & H!C!C & H OH ' & O C H H & & H!C!C!C & & H H O!H ' & O D H H H & & & H!C!C!C!C & & & H H H O!H ' & O 28. Diagram 10 shows the structural formula of ester R. This ester produces apple smell. Name ester R. Rajah 10 menunjukkan formula struktur ester R. Ester ini menghasilkan bau epal. Namakan ester R. H H H H!C & & & O!C!C!C!H & & & H H H ' & O Diagram 10 / Rajah 10 A Methyl ethanoate Metil etanoat B Propyl methanoate Propil metanoat C Ethyl methanoate Etil metanoat D Methyl propanoate Metil propanoat Paper 2 Subjective Questions / Soalan Subjektif Section A / Bahagian A 1. Table 1 shows the structural formulae of three hydrocarbons, X, Y and Z. Jadual 1 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi tiga hidrokarbon, X, Y dan Z. H H H & & & H!C!C!C!H & & & H H H H H & & C"C!C!H & & & H H H H & H!C!C#C!H & H X Y Z Table 1 / Jadual 1 (a) State the general formula for each hydrocarbon X, Y and Z. Nyataka n formula am bagi setiap hidrokarbon X, Y dan Z. X: Y: Z: [3 marks / 3 markah] (b) State the name for each hydrocarbon X, Y and Z. Nyatakan nama bagi setiap hidrokarbon X, Y dan Z. X: Y: Z: [3 marks / 3 markah]

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound 35 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (c) 4 g of propyne is burnt in excess oxygen gas at room condition. [Relative atomic mass: H1, C12, O16; 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition] 4 g propuna terbakar dalam gas oksigen yang berlebihan pada keadaan bilik. [Jisim relatif atom: H1, C12, O16; 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik] (i) Write a balanced chemical equation to show the complete combustion of propyne. Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang untuk menunjukkan pembakaran propuna yang lengkap. [2 marks / 2 markah] (ii) Calculate the maximum volume of the gas formed as a product. Hitungkan isi padu maksimum gas yang terbentuk sebagai hasil tindak balas. [3 marks / 3 markah] (iii) Then, name the gas. Kemudian, namakan gas tersebut. [1 mark / 1 markah] 2. Diagram 2 shows a conversion reaction of compound P, C2 H4 into compound Q by process I. Compound Q is then heated in the presence of acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution to produce compound R through process II. Rajah 2 menunjukkan tindak balas penukaran sebatian P, C2 H4 menjadi sebatian Q melalui proses I. Sebatian Q kemudian dipanaskan dengan kehadiran larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid untuk menghasilkan sebatian R melalui proses II. H2 O (H3 PO4 , 300o C, 60 atm) Compound P, C2 H4 Sebatian P, C2 H4 Compound Q Sebatian Q Compound R Sebatian R Process I Proses I Process II Proses II Diagram 2 / Rajah 2 (a) Name compound P, Q and R. Namakan sebatian P, Q dan R. P: Q: R: [3 marks / 3 markah]

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 36 (b) Name process I and II. Namakan proses I dan II. [2 marks / 2 markah] (c) A few drops of bromine water is added into a test tube containing compound P. The mixture is shaken vigorously. Beberapa titis air bromin ditambahkan ke dalam tabung uji yang berisi sebatian P. Campuran digoncang dengan kuat. (i) Write one observation. Tulis satu pemerhatian. [2 marks / 2 markah] (ii) Give your reason. Berikan alasan anda. [2 marks / 2 markah] (d) Based on process II, Berdasarkan proses II, (i) What is the colour change of acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution? Apakah perubahan warna pada larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid? [1 mark / 1 markah] (ii) Write a balanced chemical equation to show the conversion in process II. Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang untuk menunjukkan penukaran dalam proses II. [2 marks / 2 markah] 3. Diagram 3 shows the structural formula for aspirin. Aspirin, a derivative of salicylic acid, is an example of analgesic that is used as a painkiller. Rajah 3 menunjukkan formula struktur aspirin. Aspirin, terbitan asid salisilik, ialah contoh analgesik yang digunakan sebagai ubat tahan sakit. H & C O ' C C & C C ' C C & H OH H H O!C!C!H H & ' & O H Diagram 3 / Rajah 3

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound 37 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (a) (i) Identify all elements that present in aspirin. Kenal pasti semua unsur yang hadir dalam aspirin. [2 marks / 2 markah] (ii) State the molecular formula and empirical formula of aspirin. Nyatakan formula molekul dan formula empirik aspirin. [2 marks / 2 markah] (iii) Calculate the molar mass of aspirin. [Relative atomic mass: H1, C12, O16] Hitungkan jisim molar aspirin. [Jisim atom relatif: H1, C12, O16] [1 mark / 1 markah] (b) Two tablets of aspirin are added into a glass of warm water and stirred until they are completely dissolved. Then, a spatula of crushed eggshells is added into the mixture. Dua tablet aspirin ditambahkan ke dalam segelas air suam dan dikacau sehingga larut sepenuhnya. Kemudian, satu spatula kulit telur yang dihancurkan ditambahkan ke dalam campuran tersebut. (i) State one observation. Nyatakan satu pemerhatian. [2 marks / 2 markah] (ii) Explain your observation. Terangkan pemerhatian anda. [2 marks / 2 markah]

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 38 Section B / Bahagian B 4. (a) Diagram 4 shows the conversion process of butene with hydrogen gas through a hydrogenation reaction. During hydrogenation reaction, catalyst X is added and the mixture is heated to y o C to form compound Z. Rajah 4 menunjukkan proses penukaran butena dengan gas hidrogen melalui tindak balas penghidrogenan. Semasa tindak balas penghidrogenan, mangkin X ditambahkan dan campuran dipanaskan sehingga y o C untuk membentuk sebatian Z. Butene + H2 Butena Compound Z Sebatian Z Catalyst X / Mangkin X y o C Diagram 4 / Rajah 4 (i) Draw the structural formula of butene and write the balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of butene in excess oxygen. Lukiskan formula struktur butena dan tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang untuk pembakaran butena dalam oksigen berlebihan. [3 marks / 3 markah] (ii) Identify catalyst X, temperature y and compound Z. Kenal pasti mangkin X, suhu y dan sebatian Z. [3 marks / 3 markah] (ii) Draw all isomers of compound Z and name them according to the IUPAC nomenclature. Lukiskan semua isomer sebatian Z dan namakan semua isomer tersebut mengikut sistem penamaan IUPAC. [4 marks / 4 markah] (b) Butyne, butene, butanol and butanoic acid are four organic compounds with the same number of carbon atoms per molecule but from different homologous series. Construct a table to compare their homologous series, general formulae and functional groups. Butuna, butena, butanol dan asid butanoik ialah empat sebatian organik dengan bilangan atom karbon per molekul yang sama bagi setiap molekul tetapi daripada siri homolog berbeza. Bina satu jadual untuk membandingkan siri homolog, formula am dan kumpulan berfungsi. [10 marks / 10 markah] Section C / Bahagian C 5. (a) Given that the compositions by mass of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen are 52.3%, 13.3%, 34.4% respectively and the molar mass of compound M is 46 g mol–1. [Relative atomic mass: H1, C12, O16] Diberi komposisi dengan jisim bagi karbon, hidrogen, oksigen masing-masing ialah 52.3%, 13.3%, 34.4% dan jisim molar sebatian M ialah 46 g mol–1. [Jisim atom relatif: H1, C12, O16] (i) Determine empirical formula and molecular formula of compound M. Tentukan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi sebatian M. (ii) Write the general formula and homologous series of compound M. Tuliskan formula am dan siri homolog sebatian M. (ii) Draw the structural formula of compound M. Then, name compound M according to the IUPAC nomenclature. Lukiskan formula struktur sebatian M. Kemudian, namakan sebatian M mengikut sistem penamaan IUPAC. [9 marks / 9 markah]

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compound 39 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (b) Compound M is then converted to unsaturated compound N through dehydration reaction. Sebatian M kemudian ditukarkan menjadi sebatian tak tepu N melalui tindak balas pendehidratan. (i) Briefly describe how you carry out dehydration reaction. Huraikan secara ringkas bagaimana anda menjalankan tindak balas pendehidratan. (ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the dehydration reaction and name compound N formed. Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas pendehidratan tersebut dan namakan sebatian N yang terbentuk. (iii) Briefly describe two chemical tests to confirm compound N formed is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Huraikan secara ringkas dua ujian kimia untuk mengesahkan sebatian N yang terbentuk ialah hidrokarbon tak tepu. (iv) State two physical properties of compound N. Nyatakan dua sifat fizik sebatian N. [11 marks / 11 markah] HOTS Challenge Diagram below shows two types of fuel at Vell petrol station. Knowing that the chemical formula for diesel is C12H24, whereas the chemical formula for RON 95 petrol is C8 H20. Discuss which fuel releases more soot to the environment. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua jenis bahan api di stesen minyak Vell. Diketahui bahawa formula kimia bagi diesel ialah C12H24, manakala formula kimia bagi petrol RON 95 ialah C8 H20. Bincangkan bahan api yang manakah membebaskan lebih banyak jelaga ke persekitaran. PAK-21 Quiz 2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 40 SMART Notes Thermochemistry 31 Termokimia C HAPTER • All chemical reactions involve energy changes. Semua tindak balas kimia melibatkan perubahan tenaga. Exothermic reaction Tindak balas eksotermik • Releases heat to the surroundings. Membebaskan haba ke persekitaran. • Final thermometer reading is higher than the initial thermometer reading. Bacaan termometer akhir lebih tinggi daripada bacaan termometer awal. • Energy contents of the reactants is higher than the products. Kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas lebih tinggi berbanding hasil tindak balas. Energy Tenaga Reactants Bahan tindak balas ΔH = –x kJ mol–1 Products Hasil tindak balas Endothermic reaction Tindak balas endotermik • Absorbs heat from the surroundings. Menyerap haba dari persekitaran. • Final thermometer reading is lower than the initial thermometer reading. Bacaan termometer akhir lebih rendah daripada bacaan termometer awal. • Energy contents of reactants is lower than the products. Kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas lebih rendah berbanding hasil tindak balas. Energy Tenaga Reactants Bahan tindak balas ΔH = +x kJ mol–1 Products Hasil tindak balas Chemical reactions Heat of reation Haba tindak balas Heat of precipitation / Haba pemendakan Heat change when 1 mole of precipitate is formed from the reaction of its solutions. Perubahan haba apabila 1 mol mendakan terbentuk daripada tindak balas larutannya. Heat of displacement / Haba penyesaran Heat change when 1 mole or metal is displaced from its solution by a more electropositive metal. Perubahan haba apabila 1 mol logam disesarkan daripada larutannya oleh logam yang lebih elektropositif. Heat of neutralisation / Haba peneutralan Head change when 1 mole of water is formed from the neutralisation between acid and alkali solution. Perubahan haba apabila 1 mol air terbentuk daripada peneutralan antara larutan asid dan larutan alkali. Heat of combustion / Haba pembakaran Heat change when 1 mole of fuel is burnt completely in excess oxygen gas. Perubahan haba apabila 1 mol bahan api terbakar dengan lengkap dalam gas oksigen yang berlebihan.

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 3 Thermochemistry 41 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. Heat Change in Reactions 3.1 Perubahan Haba dalam Tindak Balas 1. Fill in the blanks to complete the following statements. Isikan tempat kosong untuk melengkapkan pernyataan-pernyataan berikut. (a) All chemical reactions involve . TP 1 Semua tindak balas kimia melibatkan . (b) Thermochemistry is a branch of chemistry studying the during chemical reactions. TP 1 Termokimia ialah cabang kimia yang mengkaji semasa tindak balas kimia. (c) There are two types of chemical reactions which involve energy changes: TP 1 Terdapat dua jenis tindak balas kimia yang melibatkan perubahan tenaga: (i) reaction – chemical reaction that releases heat energy. Tindak balas – tindak balas kimia yang membebaskan tenaga haba. (ii) reaction – chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy. Tindak balas – tindak balas kimia yang menyerap tenaga haba. (d) Heat of reaction (∆H) refers to heat energy or heat energy in a chemical reaction. TP 1 Haba tindak balas (ΔH) merujuk kepada tenaga haba yang atau tenaga haba yang dalam tindak balas kimia. Heat of Reaction 3.2 Haba Tindak Balas 1. Fill in the blanks with correct answers. Isikan tempat kosong dengan jawapan yang betul. TP 1 (a) Precipitate is formed through a chemical reaction known as or . Mendakan terbentuk melalui tindak balas kimia yang dikenali sebagai atau . (b) Heat of precipitation is the heat change when . Haba pemendakan ialah perubahan haba apabila . 2. Arthur and Ahmad carried out an experiment to investigate the heat of precipitation between 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 silver nitrate solution and 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 potassium chloride solution. The initial temperature of silver nitrate solution was 28 o C while potassium chloride solution was 29 o C. After the two solutions were mixed together, the highest temperature achieved was 37.5 o C. [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g–1 o C–1; Density of water = 1.0 g cm–3] Arthur dan Ahmad telah menjalankan eksperimen untuk mengkaji haba pemendakan antara 50 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 0.5 mol dm–3 dengan 50 cm3 larutan kalium klorida 0.5 mol dm–3. Suhu awal larutan argentum nitrat ialah 28 o C manakala larutan kalium klorida ialah 29 o C. Setelah kedua-dua larutan itu dicampurkan, suhu tertinggi yang dicapai ialah 37.5 o C. [Muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 J g–1 o C–1; Ketumpatan air = 1.0 g cm–3]

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 3 Thermochemistry © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 42 (a) Write a balanced chemical equation. Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang. TP 2 (b) Write a balanced ionic equation. Tuliskan persamaan ion yang seimbang. TP 2 (c) Calculate the number of moles for both solutions. Hitungkan bilangan mol bagi kedua-dua larutan. TP 2 (d) Calculate the temperature change. Hitungkan perubahan suhu. TP 3 (e) Calculate the heat change for the precipitation reaction. Hitungkan perubahan haba bagi tindak balas pemendakan tersebut. TP 3 (f) Calculate the heat of precipitation of the reaction. Hitungkan haba pemendakan bagi tindak balas tersebut. TP 3

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 3 Thermochemistry 43 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (g) Draw the energy level diagram for the heat of precipitation. Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi haba pemendakan tersebut. TP 3 (h) Potassium chloride solution is replaced with sodium chloride solution of the same concentration and volume. Predict and explain the new results obtained. Larutan kalium klorida digantikan dengan larutan natrium klorida yang mempunyai kepekatan dan isi padu yang sama. Ramalkan dan terangkan keputusan baharu yang diperoleh. TP 4 – obtained is the same, which is –151.2 kJ mol–1. yang sama diperoleh iaitu –151.2 kJ mol–1. – The same precipitate is formed, which is . Mendakan yang sama terbentuk, iaitu . – The same of precipitate formed. mendakan yang terbentuk adalah sama. 3. Fill in the blanks with correct answers. Isikan tempat kosong dengan jawapan yang betul. TP 1 (a) Displacement reaction occurs when a electropositive metal is added to a solution that contains a electropositive metal ion. Tindak balas penyesaran berlaku apabila logam yang elektropositif ditambahkan ke dalam larutan yang mengandungi ion logam yang elektropositif. (b) Heat of displacement is the heat change when . Haba penyesaran ialah perubahan haba apabila .. 4. Ramesh and Shawn carried out an experiment to investigate the heat of displacement when zinc powder was added into 200 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 lead(II) nitrate solution until excess. The initial temperature of lead(II) nitrate solution was 28.0 o C and the highest temperature achieved was 54.7 o C. [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g–1 o C–1; Density of water = 1.0 g cm–3] Ramesh dan Shawn telah menjalankan eksperimen untuk mengkaji haba pemendakan apabila serbuk zink dimasukkan ke dalam 200 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat 1.0 mol dm–3. Suhu awal larutan plumbum(II) nitrat ialah 28.0 o C dan suhu tertinggi yang dicapai ialah 54.7 o C. [Muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 J g–1 o C–1; Ketumpatan air = 1.0 g cm–3] (a) Write a balanced chemical equation. Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang. TP 2

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 3 Thermochemistry © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 44 (b) Write a balanced ionic equation. Tuliskan persamaan ion yang seimbang. TP 2 (c) Calculate the number of moles of lead(II) nitrate solution. Hitungkan bilangan mol bagi larutan plumbum(II) nitrat. TP 2 (d) Calculate the heat change for the displacement reaction. Hitungkan perubahan haba bagi tindak balas penyesaran tersebut. TP 3 (e) Calculate the heat of displacement of the reaction. Hitungkan haba penyesaran bagi tindak balas tersebut. TP 3 (f) Draw the energy level diagram for the heat of precipitation. Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi haba pemendakan tersebut. TP 3

Chemistry Form 5 Chapter 3 Thermochemistry 45 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 5. Fill in the blanks with correct answers. Isikan tempat kosong dengan jawapan yang betul. TP 1 (a) Neutralisation is a reaction when an acid reacts with an or to form and . Peneutralan ialah tindak balas antara asid dengan atau untuk membentuk dan . (b) Heat of neutralisation is the heat change . Haba peneutralan ialah perubahan haba . 6. Rhea and Nicole carried out an experiment to investigate the heat of neutralisation between 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide solution. The initial temperature of hydrochloric acid was 28.0 o C while potassium hydroxide solution was 29.0 o C. After the two solutions were mixed together, the temperature increased by 6.5 o C. [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g–1 o C–1; Density of water = 1.0 g cm–3] Rhea dan Nicole telah menjalankan eksperimen untuk mengkaji haba peneutralan antara 100 cm3 hidroklorik asid 1.0 mol dm-3 dengan 100 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm–3. Suhu awal asid hidroklorik ialah 28.0 o C manakala larutan kalium hidroksida ialah 29.0 o C. Setelah kedua-dua larutan itu dicampurkan, suhu meningkat sebanyak 6.5 o C. [Muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 J g–1 o C–1; Ketumpatan air = 1.0 g cm–3] (a) Write a balanced chemical equation. Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang. TP 2 (b) Write a balanced ionic equation. Tuliskan persamaan ion yang seimbang. TP 2 (c) Calculate the number of moles for both solutions. Hitungkan bilangan mol bagi kedua-dua larutan. TP 2