South Hill’s Natural Area - Ithaca College

Mayapple
Podophyllum peltatum
PHOTO: DREA KASIANCHUK

HISTORY

The mayapple was once called the witches umbrella because of its
poisonous content and unbrella shaped leaf. The mayapple also
resembles the European mandrake and is sometimes referred to as
this, but it is not the mandrake. It is native to and can still be found
in eastern North America, south to Texas. Early settlers compared
the taste of the mayapple fruit to that of a lemon or fig. Despite
the mayapple’s delicious fruit, this plant was mainly known for its
poisonous elements and its powerful purgative effect—a main reason

American Indians utilized the plant’s features.

WEB OF LIFE Mayapple Unbrella Leaves
Spring
The mayapple prefers hardwood forests with rich soil and a variety of
trees that allow sunlight to pass through. Mayapples occur in clusters

because of its connected system of rhizomes—underground roots. It

is commonly associated with oak, ash and hickory trees. It thrives in partial

sun to partial shade.

Bees help to pollinate the mayapple flowers by sucking the nectar or
collecting the pollen. Most animals avoid the foliage because of its toxicity
and bitter taste. The mayapple’s fruit is edible if it is fully ripe, and box
turtles, opossums, raccoons and skunks are known to consume this sweet-
tasting product. The seeds are distributed to new locations through animal Mayapple Fruit
feces. Once the seeds reach a new area, the mayapple germinates and can
out-compete other surrounding plants.

No serious insects or diseases threaten the mayapple. Post #6

PRODUCTS & USES

In the past, the American Indians used the root of the mayapple as a laxative to treat worms. They also
used it as a cure for warts and as an insecticide. American Indians were aware of its toxicity and would
sometimes eat the plant to commit suicide, with death occurring in just hours. The amount of a lethal
dose is unclear. Today, the root of the mayapple is used in cancer medications. People also eat the
mayapple’s fruit, which is ONLY edible when it is completely RIPE. It is completely ripe when it is quite
soft. Unfortunately, animal neighbors will often beat you to it. The fruit can be used to make jelly and
sweet relish.

DESCRIPTION

This white flower with a yellow center blooms in the mid- to late spring under two umbrella-
like leaves, and it produces a lemon-shaped fruit by late summer. NOTE: The fruit is edible and
delicious when ripe but poisonous if they are not completely ripe.

Height: 8-16”
Leaves: 9-16” wide and divided into four to nine large lobes. There are usually two

forked, glossy, light green, umbrella-like leaves, but sometimes only one.
Flower: 2” across with six to nine white, waxy petals and pale yellow strands in the

center. The leaves typically hide the flower. Only stems with two leaves produce
a flower.
Fruit: 1-3,” light dull yellow or brownish-yellow, tropical scent.
Skin: Smooth but tough and leathery.

Swamp White Oak

Quercus bicolor

HISTORY

Bicolor, part of the swamp white oak’s Latin name, means “two-colored” and is associated
with this tree’s leaves, which are green on the top and whitish beneath. This tree grows from
southwestern Maine, west to New York, southern Quebec and southern Ontario, to central
Michigan, northern Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota; south to Iowa and Missouri; east
to Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia and New Jersey. It is scattered in North Carolina and northern
Kansas. This tree is commonly seen in New York and Ohio, where it reaches its largest size.
The swamp white oak grows rapidly and can live 300 to 350 years.

WEB OF LIFE

The swamp white oak is typically found on low, wet and poorly drained soils, such as swamp
borders and river bottoms. The tree can be typically found with the silver maple, red maple,
eastern cottonwood, sycamore, red ash, black gum, American elm and basswood. It is not
typically found where the water table is continuously high.

Gamebirds, such as the red-necked pheasant, and songbirds, such as the blackbird, blue jay,
starling thrasher, red-eyed towhee and red-headed woodpecker, eat the acorns of the swamp
white oak. Larger mammals like the white-tailed deer eat the acorns. Small mammals such as
the red fox, muskrat, cottontail rabbit, raccoon, chipmunk, rats, gray squirrel, red squirrel and
flying squirrel consume the acorns as well.

The swamp white oak is subject to similar diseases and pests as the white oak. Some of these
diseases include anthracnose, a fungi, which causes dead areas or blotches on leaves. It is
also susceptible to the oak wilt fungus (Ceratocystis fagacearum), which will kill the tree. See
“White Oak” for more information.

Severe fires can kill the top parts of mature trees, and fire-damaged swamp white oak trees
are susceptible to disease and insect attacks. Seedling and saplings are killed in fires, but
young trees can re-sprout following fires.

Post #15

PRODUCTS & USES

This tree is known for its high-quality wood, which was used by colonial craftsmen to create
furniture, such as cabinets. The wood’s fine, even texture makes it perfect for furniture and a
decorative finishes.

Today, the wood is used for furniture, paneling, professional and scientific instruments, handles
and toys. The bark is used to make “wild cherry” cough syrup. Jelly and wine are created with
the fruit. Its consistently delicious-tasting fruit makes it a great trailside nibble.

DESCRIPTION

The distinguishing features of this tree are its leaves with a
shiny, dark green top and a pale, hairy bottom. The edges of the
leaves are wavy-toothed, lobed and widest above the middle.
The acorns are on long stalks, and the lower branches of the
tree droop.

Height: 60-80’
Diameter: 2-3’
Leaves: 2-6” long and rounded-toothed edges with five to 10

curved lobes on each side, shiny and dark green
above, with a white and velvet-like texture below.
Leaves turn gold in the fall.
Bark: Thick, gray-brown, deeply fissured, with long, flat-
topped, scaly ridges with age.
Twigs: Wide and thick with light-colored pores. New shoots
are shiny green and turn red-brown or dark brown
with a whitish bloom.
Flowers: Bloom between May and June. Male flowers are
hairy catkins, and female flowers are hairy in few-
flowered spikes on hairy stalks.
Fruits: Acorn, maturing in autumn, usually in pairs. Its base
is bowl-shaped with loose scales, and its rim is slightly
fringed and enclosing a third nut—3/4-1 ¼” long,
oval, light brown, with hairs at the tip and a white
interior. Taste somewhat sweet.

RReefefreernecens ces

Book Introduction
Layton, Pauline. Personal interview. 10 Apr. 2011
Tall Goldenrod
Solidago altissima
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Shrub Honeysuckles
Marrow’s Honeysuckle: Lonicera morrowii
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Golden-Winged Warbler
Vermivora chrysoptera
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Red-Tailed Hawk
Buteo jamaicensis
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Wild Carrot
Daucus carota
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Eastern White Pine
Pinus strobus
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White Tailed Deer
Odocoileus virginianus

New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007. 26-36. Print.

White Tailed Deer
Odocoileus virginianus
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Red Oak
Quercus Rubra
DeGraaf, Richard M., and Paul E. Sendak. “Red Oak.” Native and Naturalized Trees of New

England and Adjacent Canada. Lebanon : University Press of New England, 2006. 138-
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White Tailed Deer
Odocoileus virginianus
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Red Oak
Quercus Rubra

Peattie, Donald Culross. “Eastern White Pine.” A Natural History of North American Trees.
New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007. 26-36. Print.

White Tailed Deer
Odocoileus virginianus
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Television , 2011. Web. 31 Mar. 2011.
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Red Oak
Quercus Rubra
DeGraaf, Richard M., and Paul E. Sendak. “Red Oak.” Native and Naturalized Trees of New

England and Adjacent Canada. Lebanon : University Press of New England, 2006. 138-
140. Print.
Grimm, William Carey. “Northern Red Oak.” The Illustrated Book of Trees. Mechanicsburg:
Stackpole Books, 2002. 283-286. Print.
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354. Print.
Little, Elbert L. “Northern Red Oak.” National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American
Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1980. 407-408. Print.
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European Buckthorn
Rhamnus cathartica

“Buckthorn.” Invasive terrestrial plants . Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2011.
Web. 15 Apr. 2011.
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Japanese Barberry
Berberis thunbergii
“Berberis thunbergii.” Plants for A Future. Plants for A Future, 2010. Web. 28 Apr. 2011.

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Working Group, 14 Sept. 2004. Web. 28 Apr. 2011.
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.

Japanese Stiltgrass
Microstegium vimineum
“Japanese stiltgrass.” Invasive.Org. N.p., 4 May 2010. Web. 3 May 2011.

<http://www.invasive.org/‌browse/‌subinfo.cfm?sub=3051>.
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Pennsylvania, 2002. Print.
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Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group. Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant
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Ecotone
Smith, Robert Leo, and Thomas M. Smith. "Edges." Ecology & Field Biology. 6th ed. San

Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2001. 451-455. Print.

Red Maple
Acer rubrum
“Acer rubrum.” Rook.org. N.p., 4 Mar. 2006. Web. 28 Apr. 2011.

<http://www.rook.org/e‌ arl/b‌ wca/‌nature/‌trees/‌acerrub.html>.
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Workman Publishing Company, 1997. Print.
DeGraaf, Richard M., and Paul E. Sendak. “Red Maple.” Native and Naturalized Trees of New

England and Adjacent Canada. Lebanon: University Press of New England, 2006. 162-
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Northeast. [Ithaca]: Cornell University, 1996. 149-156. Print.
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Sensitive Fern
Onoclea sensibilis
Hilty, John. “Sensitive Fern.” Illinoise Wildflowers. Illinoise Wildflowers, 25 Sept. 2011. Web. 31

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Blue Sedge
Carex glaucodea
Hamilton, Jason. Personal interview. 12 May 2011.
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Perched Swamp White Oak Swamp
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“Wetlands - Wetland Types.” Water: Wetlands. EPA United States Environmental

Protection Agency, 29 Sept. 2011. Web. 10 Oct. 2011.
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Scots Pine
Pinus sylvestris
DeGraaf, Richard M., and Paul E. Sendak. “Scots Pine.” Native and Naturalized Trees of
New England and Adjacent Canada. Lebanon: University Press of New England ,
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<http://water.epa.gov/‌type/‌wetlands/‌types_index.cfm>.
Scots Pine
Pinus sylvestris
DeGraaf, Richard M., and Paul E. Sendak. “Scots Pine.” Native and Naturalized Trees of

New England and Adjacent Canada. Lebanon: University Press of New England ,
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Red Pine
Pinus resinosa

DeGraaf, Richard M. “Red Pine.” Native and Naturalized Trees of New England and Adjacent
Canada. Lebanon: University Press of New England, 2006. 29-31. Print.

Grimm, William Carey. “Red Pine.” The Illustrated Book of Trees. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole
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Northeast. [Ithaca]: Cornell University, 1996. 212-221. Print.

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“Pinus resinosa .” Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, The
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Tracking Box
Hamilton, Jason. Personal interview. 6 May 2011.
Healthy Forest Community
Hamilton, Jason. Personal interview. 29 Apr. 2011.



Blueberry
Vaccinium angustifolium
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2011. <http://www.blueberry.org/‌blueberries.htm>.
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Barred Owl
Strix varia
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<http://www.allaboutbirds.org/g‌ uide/B‌ arred_Owl/l‌ ifehistory>.
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Great Horned Owl
Bubo virginianus
“Great Horned Owl .” The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Cornell University, 2011. Web. 18 Apr.

2011. <http://www.allaboutbirds.org/‌guide/‌Great_Horned_Owl/‌lifehistory>.
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<http://www.hiltonpond.org/A‌ rticleOwlsSCMain.html>.

Great Horned Owl
Bubo virginianus
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2011. <http://www.allaboutbirds.org/g‌ uide/G‌ reat_Horned_Owl/‌lifehistory>.
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Apr. 2011. <http://www.owlpages.com/o‌ wls.php?genus=Bubo&species=virginianus>.
Sullivan, Janet. “Bubo virginianus.” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Rocky

Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory , 1995. Web. 18 Apr. 2011.
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Pileated Woodpecker
Dryocopus pileatus
Bull, E L, and J A Jackson. “Pileated Woodpecker .” The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Cornell

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Service Berry
Amelanchier arborea
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Black Cherry
Prunus serotina

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Black Cherry
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Shagbark Hickory
Carya ovata
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White Oak
Quercus alba
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Podophyllum peltatum
Mayapple
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Quercus bicolor
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