CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM

POWER SYSTEM
DET30053

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO):

Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:

CLO1 : Apply the concepts of eco-friendly electrical power generation
resources, to improve an environmentally conscious of a quality
power generation, transmission and distribution system and its
efficiency ( C3 , PLO 1 )
CLO2 : Perform the practical works on electrical power generation,
transmission and distribution system using an appropriate energy-
efficient equipment. ( P4 , PLO 5 )
CLO3 : Demonstrate the awareness toward the sustainable energy
generation and environmental friendly methodes of transmission and
distribution system.
( A3 , PLO 7 )

TOPIC 1
INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM

LEARNING OUTCOME :

At the end of lessons, students should be able to ;

1.1 Remember the concept of power system

1.2 understand the concept of renewable
energy

1.3 understand the concept of non-renewable
energy

1.4 understand the usage of renewable energy

WHAT IS POWER SYSTEM?

Introduction
An Electric Power System is a network of
electrical components used to supply, transmit
and distribution electric power to the user.
Power system and can be broadly divided into
1. Generation System.
2. Transmission system.
3. Distribution system.

POWER SYSTEM

The Main Factors Influencing The
Generation of Electrical Power

 It can be generated in large quantities at comparable cost with other
types of energy.

 It can be conveniently transmitted over long distances.

 Electrical energy is much cheaper than other energy. Thus it is overall
economical to use for domestic, commercial & industrial purpose.

 Electrical energy is cleanliness not associated with smoke, fumes or
poisonous gases.

 Electricity, unlike gas & water cannot be store and supplier has small
control over the load at any time.

 There is a continuous increase in the demand for power (industrial).

Types of Power Generation
Plant

a. Hydro power generation
b. Thermal power generation
c. Wind Turbine power generation
d. Solar power generation

Types of Power Plant in Malaysia



Operational block diagram of power plant

 a. Hydro Power Plant

Significant of eco-friendly power generation,
transmission and distribution of power system.

 Definition :Eco-friendly literally means earth-friendly or
not harmful to the environment. This term most commonly
refers to products that contribute to green living or
practices that help conserve resources like water and
energy. Eco-friendly products also prevent contributions to
air, water and land pollution.

Significant of eco-friendly power
generation, transmission and distribution

Disadvantages of Solar Energy System
1. Initial expenses are high.
2. Require large area for bulk production.
3. Solar electricity generation system is

weather dependent.
4. Solar energy storage (battery) is costly.

Introduction to Renewable energy

 Renewable energy are key to creating a clean energy
future for not only the nation, but the world.

 The currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas
for its energy. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable, that is,
they draw on finite resources that will eventually
dwindle, becoming too expensive or too
environmentally damaging to retrieve.

 In contrast, renewable energy resources such as wind
and solar energy are constantly replenished and will
never run out.

Renewable or Nonrenewable Energy

 The concept of renewable versus nonrenewable
resources provides the sustainability.

 Renewable resources are replaced by natural processes
over time, but even these must be conserved so that
they are not used up faster than nature can replace
them.

 Conversely, nonrenewable resources such as oil or
minerals are formed in the Earth over millions of years.

Earth can replenish nonrenewable resources, but
this occurs over the millions of years needed to
transform organic matter into fossil fuels.

Do people have any real chance to affect the
entire planet and preserve its natural wealth?
Environmentalists think everyone can indeed make
a difference in building sustainability by following
the three reduce, reuse, and recycle.

Types of Renewable Energy

Solar energy
Wind energy
Hydro energy
Geothermal energy
Biomass energy
Biofuel energy

Solar Energy
The sun is the primary source for most forms of

energy found on earth.

Solar energy is clean, widespread,renewable and
great potential to benefit our nation.

They can diversify our energy supply, reduce our
dependence on import fuels, improve the quality
of the air, offset greenhouse gas emission.

Stimulate our economy by creating job in the
manufacturing and installating of solar energy
systems.

Solar energy has created the greatest level of
interest of all alternative energies for serving
homes and other buildings.

Photovaltaics Cell

 Conversion of solar energy to electrical energy depends
on a device called the photovoltaic cell, also called a solar
cell.

 Photovoltaic cells work by capturing the energy in
the Sun’s radiation, called photons; the photons then
dislodge electrons from a material inside the cell and the
flow of electrons produce an electric current.

 Semiconductor materials such as silicon act as the best
substance for this conversion of photon energy to electric
current.

The Photoelectric Effect

The photoelectric effect relies on the principle
that whenever ligh strikes the surface of certain
metals electron are release.

In the p-n junction the n - type wafer treated with
phosphorous has extra electrons which flow into
the holes in the p - type layer that has been
treated with boron.

Connected by external circuit electrons flow from
the n-side to create electricity and end up in the
p- side.

Sunlight is the catalyst of reaction. The output
current of this reaction is DC and the amount of
energy produced is directly proportional to the
amount of sunlight put in.

Electricity can be difficult to store, batteries store small amounts but
cannot yet store the large amounts needed by electric utility companies.



A Cell become a Module
 A solar cell is the basic building block of a PV system. A

typical cell produces 0.5 to 1 volt of electricity. Solar
cells a combined together to become moduler or if
large enough, known as an array.
 A structure to poin the modules toword the sun is
necessary, as well as electricity converters, which
convert DC power to AC.
 All this components allow the system to power a weter
pump, appliances, commercial sites, or even a whole
community.



Advantages and disadvantages solar energy
 Expensive to produce because of the high cost of semi

conductor metarial, which could be avoided by reducing
manufacturing costs.
 Solar energy contributes positivety to nation’s energy
security because it is produced domestically, reducing
reliance on energy import
 The industrial is still relatively new and extremely hi – tech
allowing for the creation of more job in the market.
 The government has many incentives program which vary
from state to state, but they exit to encourage investment
in forms of alternative energy.



Wind Energy
Introduction

Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the
earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.

Energy generated from the power of wind, the
system works by the force of wind and does not
need any added energy.

Electricity generation Wind power

The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe
the process by which the wind is used to generate
mechanical power or electricity.

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the
wind into mechanical power.

The generator can convert this mechanical power
into electricity to power homes, businesses,
schools

Wind Turbines

Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn
in the moving air and power an electric generator
that supplies an electric current.

 Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of a
fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like
a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity.

The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft,
which connects to a generator and makes
electricity.

Turbine Components
1. Blade or rotor, which converts the energy
in the wind to rotational shaft energy;
2. A drive train, usually including a gearbox
and a generator;
3. A tower that supports the rotor and drive
train
4. Other equipment, including controls,
electrical cables, ground support equipment,
and interconnection equipment.





Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind-Generated
Electricity

 Wind energy is a free.
 Wind energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting.
 Unlike conventional power plants, wind plants emit no air

pollutants or greenhouse gases.

 Wind costs are more competitive with other generating because
there is
no fuel to purchase and minimal operating expenses.

 Wind power plants have little impact on the environment compare
to fossil fuel power plants.

 Wind does not always blow when electricity is needed.
 Wind cannot be stored (if batteries are used).

Geothermal Energy

 Geothermal energy is the heat from the earth.
 This heat can be from several sources;

i. hot water
ii. steam reservoirs deep in the earth that
are accessed by drilling.

 Geothermal reservoirs located near the earth's surface.

A utility can use the hot water and steam from
reservoirs to drive generators and produce
electricity for its customers.

Other applications apply the heat produced from
geothermal directly to various uses in buildings,
roads, agriculture, and industrial plants.



Geothermal Electricity Production

Geothermal power plants use steam produced
from reservoirs of hot water found a few miles or
more below the Earth's surface to produce
electricity. The steam rotates a turbine that
activates a generator, which produces electricity.



Figure : The geothermal power plant generates electricity

Biomass Energy

 Biomass energy: the energy from plants materials,
since people began burning wood to cook food
and keep warm.

 Wood is still the largest biomass energy resource
today, but other sources of biomass can also be
used.

 These include food crops, grassy and woody plants
from agriculture or forestry, oil-rich algae, and
the organic component and industrial wastes.



Penjanakuasa hampas kelapa sawit biomas di
Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia

Penjanakuasa pelepah ayam Belanda



Benefits of Using Biomass
 Biomass can be used for fuels, power production
 Biomass can provide of benefits.

For example:
i. Biomass energy has the potential to reduce greenhouse

gas emissions.
ii. Biomass can reduce dependence on foreign oil because biofuels

are the only renewable liquid transportation fuels available.

ii. Biomass, on the other hand, releases carbon

dioxide that is largely balanced by the
carbon dioxide captured in its own growth
(depending how much energy was used to
grow, harvest, and process the fuel).

Biopower

 Biopower, or biomass power, is the use of biomass to
generate electricity.

 Most biopower plants use direct-fired systems. They burn
bioenergy feedstocks directly to produce steam. This
steam drives a turbine, which turns a generator that
converts the power into electricity.

 In some biomass industries, the spent steam from the
power plant is also used for manufacturing processes or
to heat buildings.

Biofuels

 Biofuel, any fuel that is derived from biomass that is, plant or algae
material or animal waste. Since such feedstock material can be
replenished readily, biofuel is considered to be a source of renewable
energy, unlike fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

 Biofuel is commonly advocated as a cost-effective and environmentally
benign alternative to petroleum and other fossil fuels, particularly within
the context of rising petroleum prices and increased concern over the
contributions made by fossil fuels to global warming.

Types of biofuel

such as wood, can be used directly as a raw material that is burned to
produce heat. The heat, in turn, can be used to run generators in a power
plant to produce electricity. A number of existing power facilities burn grass,
wood, or other kinds of biomass.e synthesis gas, or "syngas," can then be
chemically converted into ethanol and other fuels.