/~ .. - ·~-~-- ~-:~£~ · .. ·.·. ·' - ~~~ ' .. . ' a i M.. . ,· . I . I . • ,fa·::z,.J . . . ·. . . . C\lstotne, . ·. . . · . '8 /d., ·/u,. o·:•. ·; · . . Ent~y and Warrant, - .:. -·· ~-' _ . ·_J ~- , Excise, .. ,,,, •:.__£3.. Z.::_7J . ' • • . . • • " 4?,, ~. ~ ghterage, L!nding, Wharr~ge, Laying to . . _: aug~, Gad~1ng, and Loading, · • , opermg, ' . • 1 se and Casjng, . . /~· f: ~ i---~-- - A--· . . ,,-,,,.1 ! .. •.- nt a-~ -· - - --- ·, 1·· , . A'"' ,· rtageandPorlers,~~~u, .. .:;,., ,. tn""t'.,Port~r•, St'.1k1ng, and Housing, ·. / mg7~--- -±;;,.d.;; /. t//4~/j~~~✓ //.· ~ . ~~ -· -j :.v-~:~·-/K . . . ~-- ... _ .. ~. :.· ' io, g a hogshead of Lisbon destined . ~-·_,--\:•~ ---~,.·., '; \'.i
Fortnum and Mason (1834), Sherry by Beachcroft and Calrow (1809) and Tenerife and Bronte by Jackson and Wilson of London (1826). Some of the letters accompanying the wine bills are also of interest. One states "The weather is now cooler have this day sent the above pipe of port wine, hope you receive it safe. The wine will be ready to bottle in three weeks or anytime after so it be done before the cold weather sets in" The archives also contain a wine price list dated 1823 from the wine merchants Jackson and Wilson of Tower Hill, London (figure 6.44). Having perused this list the college bought Bucellas. At present eight different seals are recorded for Trinity College. The largest and probably the second oldest was recovered as a detached seal form the college wall (top left, figure 6.45). Another detached seal AM 1986- 1908.Ml53 is probably earlier. Two late eighteenth century bottles are known, (figure 6.46). Figures 6.47 and 6.48 illustrate the other four which are early nineteenth century. Two of these can be tied to bills, TC, figure 6.48 matches a bill dated 1828 and Trin Coll, CR, figure 6.47 matches a bill (figure 6.40) dated 1822. 165
.. -~" r .ENT MONEY PRICES OF FINEST WINES AND SPIRITS. II . :tia. ia Pints ••••.••• -;. •• • ....... . .. ·• •••• •• •• • •• ••• •• •••••••• pe,Aam i;. .. • :- ~~,:-~~. , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • II ~ :-· _ . _•.• •••••••••••••••••••••••••• per Hhd. ~~~-~---~ . ................... . ... ~-- ft • ••••••••••••••••.•.•. .__.·. ' · :r:rsz ·o:r.:n XBLLOW S2'13.J:TS. ~ Brandy, Best Cognac •••••••••.•••••.•••••..••••••..•••• , £ Hollands, Best Rotterdam • ; ; ~ ...••• -..................... . Rum., Best Jamaica ••••.••••••••••.•••••••••...•••••••••. RIIDl Shrub, ............................................ .. GeaeY&, British •... , ••••.• , ••.••..••••••.•.••..•.•....••.• PerGalloa. za- / ,· .2)1'.- /P- /~ ., ., /cJ~ / JACKSO::\' & WILSON, i. conrr.n·s 1:ow. TOll'F.I? 1,r1r.. Figure 6.44 Wine price list sent to Trinity College, 1823. (Trinity College Archive) 166
TrinCo1\ L·R detached seal College Archive College Archive TC CR College Archive TC CR AM 1910.306 Figure 6.45 Trinity College Seals, xl. AM 1921.1092 Trin:Co1l: C-R College Archive T•C. College Archive AM 1896-1908.Ml53 167
X 1/3 xl X 1/3 AM 1921.1092 xl T.C. C.R. Trinity College Archive Figure 6.46 Two free blown bottles from Trinity College. 168
Trinity College Archive xl TC CR X 1/3 xl Figure 6.47 Two three part moulded bottles from Trinity College. 169 X 1/3
xl X 1/3 TC CR T•C. AM 1910.306 Figure 6.48 Two late three part moulded bottles from Trinity College. xl The top one was bought in 1828. The bottom one is probably later. 170 X 1/3
Wine Merchants Oxford Wine Merchants From about 1730 onwards wine merchants, as opposed to vintners, appeared in Oxford records. They were distinguished from the vintners at the taverns because initially they were meant only to sell wine wholesale and not to act as retailers. It became increasingly difficult to enforce this distinction while additionally coffee houses and inns also started to retail wine without licence. These wholesale wine merchants together with the owners of inns and coffee houses eventually broke the vintners' monopoly to retail wine so that by 1750 retail wine licences were abandoned as unworkable. The wine merchants discussed here however, still continued to be mainly wholesalers. Most of the well known wine merchants traded from a cluster of wine vaults at the top end of St Aldate's and from what had been the cellars of the King's Head tavern on the High Street. For the establishments on the east side of St Aldates it is often difficult to work out exactly which property various leases refer to as there appear to have been three or four different premises. The first of these was on the comer of the High Street and St Aldate's. Passing down St Aldate's the next was under what had been called the Castle Inn and the next two were described as vaults under the Town Hall. On the northwest side of St Aldates the wine vaults incorporated what had been the cellars of the Mermaid tavern but had also been extended. Cellars on the northeast side of St Aldates. There was a group of cellars used at varying times as wine vaults on the northeast side of St Aldate's. Already mentioned was the comer tenement at one time occupied by W .H. Butler. There were also the cellars underneath the Castle Inn and two vaults underneath the Town Hall. In 1734 James King, trading from a cellar opposite the Fleur de Luce under the dwelling of Simon Mayon, milliner was discommoned for selling wine without licence. It is not clear which of the cellars this was but it was probably one of the vaults which were later described as being under the Town Hall. In 1771a lease of the cellar under the Town Hall was granted to James Etty, (Salter, 1926). He must however have been trading from other premises prior to this date as he was recorded as supplying wine to Magdalen College in 1754. He was recorded as trading both wholesale and retail from another property on New Inn Hall Street so this may have been his original premises and probably his retail outlet. He probably acquired the cellars as additional space. In 1782 he appeared in an advertisement as a contact for obtaining cheap hay (J. 0. J.) He died in 1783 after a lingering illness aged about 60 (Davies, 1976). His widow continued the business being joined by her ?son Simeon who was granted his freedom as a wine merchant in 1800. The Ettys supplied Magdalen College from 17 54-1782 and Jesus College in 1771. In 1791 occupiers of the vaults underneath the Town Hall were given permission to make trap doors above their vaults presumably to aid the wholesale delivery of wine. The cellars occupied by the Ettys were taken over by other wine merchants Syms and Co. in 1835. A mallet bottle bearing the sole initial E (figure 6.49) is in the Ashmolean Museum and may have belonged to the Ettys. Later detached seals with the name Etty on them are quite frequently found but to date we have not seen a complete bottle bearing this seal, (figure 6.50). The Syms family traded as wine merchants from at least 1790 to 1850. From 1790-1798 the business was run by William George Syms and his wife Harriet. Between 1818 and 1835 they traded under the name of Syms and Co. paying in 1835 2s 6d annual rent for the Town Hall vault. William must have died before 1827 as Harriet appeared as sole occupier on a lease of that date. The deaths of four Syms children were recorded in St Martins Parish, a baby in 1818 and three children aged 2,4 and 9 in 1825. The family lived in a house on the comer near the Turl called Barnet House. The company went through more name changes to R. Symes then Syms and Guy. No bottles bearing Symes seals have been recorded but they supplied bottles to Trinity College in 1831 and 1832. The 1831 bill gave the price of these bottles as 3s per dozen so they would have been unsealed ( figure 6 .51). The second cellar underneath the Town Hall was at one time occupied by Richard Finch. Very little is recorded about Richard Finch. He was first granted a lease of a vault beneath the Town Hall in 1785 but again, like Etty, must have been trading elsewhere from an earlier date as he supplied Magdalen College between 1772 and 1779. He supplied Christ Church between 1788 and 1791. The Magdalen records show that the college paid for bottles which were later returned to the wine merchant once they had been emptied. No examples of bottles bearing Finch's seal have however been recorded although it seems likely that they existed. 171
X 1/2 X 1 AM 1921.260 Figure 6.49 A mallet bottle bearing a seal with the letter E which may have belonged to the wine merchant James Etty. 172
Mermaid tavern cellars In 1700 the original cellars of the Mermaid tavern were enlarged by Richard Lynes the then occupier. He built two new cellars under the public street which measured 2l'xl8.5' and 26.5'xl2'. In 1709 the Mermaid was demolished above ground and the site incorporated into the butter market. The cellars however continued in existence. In 1713 the cellars were again extended by Bartholomew Peisley a freemason who built two new cellars to the south of the existing three. The first mention of these cellars being used as wine vaults was in 1734 when Daniel Bennett was discommoned by the University Court for selling wine from them without licence. The vaults were then leased to a variety of people and may have been sublet as wine vaults but the next positive occupation by a wine merchant was in 1826 when the lease was acquired by William Henry Butler. William Henry Butler was born in 1790. His wife, whom he married in about 1817 was called Elizabeth and they had nine children between 1818 and 1830. William first traded as a wine merchant from the southern part of the property which occupied the comer of High Street and St Aldates. He appeared on leases here in 1820 and 1825. In 1826 he acquired the lease of the ex-Mermaid cellars and occupied those until at least 1847 relinquishing his previous premises. His wife Elizabeth died aged 55 in 1844. His eldest son Edwin joined the business in 1852. William probably retired soon after this date as he became a Magistrate and Alderman in 1853. He died in 1865 aged 75. Edwin ran the business until at least 1868. A stoneware porter bottle bearing the impress of W .H. Butler is also recorded. To date neither of the Butlers have been encountered in any college accounts but several examples of detached bottle seals belonging to William were recovered from a building site near Folly Bridge in 1983 (figure 6.50). They were in a pit together with an amount of broken free blown glass bottles and several detached college seals. Other Merchants The other well recorded wine merchant family was the Latimers. They traded from at least 1814 to 1850 from what had been the King's Head tavern on the High Street (figure 5.1). Edward and Elizabeth Latimer were left this property in 1815 by Mary Jones an Oxford spinster (OCP). They may have been in occupation before this date as they were described as wine-merchants living on the High Street in 1814. In 1835 the northern half of the property was taken into the covered market and the remainder in 1875. Edward Latimer traded either under his own name or, in 1830 as Latimer and Scott. Frederick, the eighth of eleven children born between 1800 and 1817, was born in 1814 and joined his father in the family business. In 1875 however when the remainder of the property was sold to become part of the market it was his younger brother William who made the sale. At least two versions of seals belonging to the Latimers are known both probably from Frederick's era (figure 6.52. Apart from these main wine merchants several others are mentioned as supplying the colleges with wine at various times. John Ping appeared as a wine merchant in the 1783-84 trade directory and supplied Christ Church 1785-86. Edward Tawney had a lease of the vault under the town hall in 1792. In the polltax of 1667 an Edward Tawney lived with his wife in St Thomas' and may have been related. John Stout was described as a vintner in 1742 when he was granted a licence to hang out the sign "Stout's Vault". He also appeared in a list of wine sellers dated 1740, (University Archive). In this document it was stated that he kept a wine vault near Carfax for William Methold of London, gent. He has not been encountered in any other records. John Gale kept a wine vault in Commarket in the 1740 survey but has not been encountered in any other records. James Beardswell kept a wine vault under his house in Holywell in 1740. An undated document but probably contemporary with the survey of 17 40 stated that wine vaults supplied all the private houses in the area which was detrimental to the taverns. This document also criticised the inns for selling wine and buying it wholesale when they had other sources of income such as com, hay, beer, ale, cyder and eating and yet were not satisfied. A Mr Beardswell was recorded as supplying wine to Oriel College in 1760. Christopher Yeats was described as a wine merchant when he gained his freedom in 1774. (See the Three Gates) 173
AM 1893.193 detached seal AM 1937.274 detached seal Figure 6.50 Two detached seals from bottles which belonged to James Etty and a detached seal from a bottle which belonged to William Henry Butler. x I 174
175 ..... l£) \0 (l) ;... 5b ~
X 1/3 X 1 AM 1938.219 X 1/3 X 1 Figure 6.52 A Cylindrical wine bottle which belonged to Frederick Latimer, wine merchant and a later Latimer bottle 176
Thomas Ensworth was apprenticed to his father also Thomas Ensworth in June 1788. They were described as brandy and wine merchants but have not been encountered in any college records. Mr Strong supplied Christ Church from 1791-1797 but it is not known if he traded in Oxford or not. 177
Glass Merchants Marsh Thomas Marsh was an Oxford Glass Man and supplied Magdalen College with bottles in 1729. He was the son of Aaron Marsh who was also a Glass Man admitted as a freeman in 1704. Thomas was on the Council between 1727 and 1738, became Chamberlain from 1739 to 1741, bailiff between 1742 and 1752. He was elected to receive £25 of Sir Thomas White's benefaction in 1774. He seems to have lived in St Mary Magdalen parish but where he traded is not known. He was succeeded by his nephew also Thomas Marsh who appears in records between 1781 and 1835. A bill to New College dated 1741 is for china and glass but contains no bottles (figure 6.53). Charlwood John Charlwood, glassman was admitted as a freeman in December 1759. He has not been encountered in any other records. Williams James Williams, glassman was admitted as a freeman in 1761. He has not been encountered in any other records. Crump William Crump supplied bottles to Oriel College in 1794 but little is known about him other than that he died in 1796. A William Crump of Great Haseley married Eliza Cole in All Saints. He appeared in a trade directory dated 1790-1798. Strange The name most frequently encountered as a bottle supplier to the colleges is that of Strange. William Strange was first admitted as a freeman 1753. He joined the council in 1757, became a chamberlain in 17 67 and a senior bailiff in 1771. He married Mary Hope at Holywell and St Cross in 1771. The Strange family traded as China, glass and earthenware merchants. William died in 1783. A bill head for supplies to Trinity College during 1782 was from Mary Strange (figure 6.54) and was probably sent to the college after William's death. This bill is for china and glasses not for bottles and at that date Mary was trading in the High Street. William and Mary had a son also called William born in 1772 and the only one of their six children to survive early childhood. He was only eleven when his father died but later joined his mother in the trade. In 1796 he took over Samuel Sutton as an apprentice from William Crump presumably upon Crump's death but he himself died in 1800 at which date the Strange's appear to have ceased trading. It is a great pity that no trading accounts have survived from the Strange's business. They supplied All Souls College between 1768 and 1776, Jesus College in 1772, Magdalen between 1766 and 1786 and Oriel College in 1760, 1784 and 1800. No records exist to show where these bottles were manufactured. Sutton As already mentioned Samuel Sutton was originally apprenticed t<;> William Crump and upon his death in 1796 he transferred to William Strange. Samuel was one of the principal bottle suppliers in Oxford between approximately 1800 and 1850. In 1811 he was trading as Sutton and Brown and in 1830 as Samuel Sutton. Figures 6.55 and 6.56 are two invoices to Trinity College for china and glassware but do not include bottles. He would have completed his apprenticeship in 1799 and in 1800 married Ann Cosier in St Michael's. Later as a widower he married Mary Cosier, a widow. He traded at 48 Cornmarket Street. William Sutton traded as a Glass Man in St Clements holding leases between 1802 and 1830. A Sutton, glass merchant supplied bottles to Oriel College in 1809 and Magdalen College between 1803 and 1848 but which of these he was is not recorded. Cork Cutters The two main families of cork cutters in Oxford during this period were the Lees and the Croziers. Sarah and Benjamin Lee traded in the early part of the nineteenth century and were succeeded by their daughter Elizabeth. They traded at 14 Queen Street. The Croziers also traded on Queen Street. They supplied Trinity College. 178
___________ ..., ----- -------. - - Figure 6.53 Bill dated 1741 from Thomas Marsh, glassman for china and glass supplied to New College. (New College Archive 11380, part) 179
' . . . __ ::i • Figure 6.54 Bill to Trinity College from Mary Strange for glass and china supplied in 1782 (Trinity College Archive) 180
Figure 6.55 Bill from Sutton and Brown dated 1811 for china and glass supplied toTrinity College. (Trinity College Archive) 181
I-' 00 N r ' 1:,... : Iii I ! ' i ~ I,. 1 -11· . ·.a_·~~·~ ' · ;;::-:e.,;7 ~P v-,WW. . . / <. cQ;J· C~)~i<.. (_ C\~[r1,,,.-. ··-. ... '-- .... , (Gii~~~-~~ O• -::::-✓. (. ( • ~,. . . ·{, . .•·· .. ,: • ' . -,, / _5]; - J ~~~- Yµ_c~. 1/'. '), · . · . · .· · . t< h<-91 :A.~.r-(57-'//JJ I , . v' /_,. ·• C/~ --✓;. C, -- / ...d.7~. CL,,____'·\· Figure 6.56 Bill from Samuel Sutton for china and g(Trinity College Archive)
,d;I ,VJ~/ ················, W ff.::11vl. U.,'i:lt,(2. ;· _ Af.11? · J) <. /J c P <r?%.t<~~~t,2<2~<}11t ~},~~~ tJ ,~ ~2} . 1 . . .. ..._,___ - , . OB_ IN~W~JlEBOUSE~ : ~ . - /~ (j(_) \ \ 1.~ <.::::;_,/ ~ (_/ n- : - ~ -- . \ I..J ~, _, . c:-~ .... ;(______ ---·---J J' ' . L -----·-· ./7. / -r/,,_--.,,.,/-- -;;~ /7,,/6. ... -- - /-.f, - ~ C- .. -· --- Z - _. ;J., - I'- • T.z.JJ· J j -~~-:• . / I •. lass supplied to Trinity College in 1830.
References Ashurst D. 1987 Excavations at the 17th-18th century Glasshouse at Bolsterstone and the 18th century Bolsterstone Pothouse, Stocksbridge, Yorkshire. Post Medieval Archaeology, vol. 21 pp 147-226, London Beresford J. Ed. 1924-1931 5 vols. The Diary of a Country Parson, 1758-1802, by James Woodforde Boswell P.G.H.1918 A memoir on British resources of sands and rocks used in glass-making, Longmans, Green & Co., London Bott A 1981 Baptisms and marriages at Merton College Clark A. 1889 Wood's History of the city of Oxford, OHS Clark A. 1891-1900 The life and times of Anthony Wood vols. 1-5, OHS Davies E.C. 1967 A chronological synopsis and index to Oxfordshire items in Jackson's Oxford Journal vols 1-6 (1753-1780 Davies E.C. 1976 A chronological synopsis and index to Oxfordshire items in Jackson's Oxford Journal vols 1-6 (1781-1790 Doble C.E. 1884-1888 Heame's Collections vols. 1- 111, OHS Dumbrell R. 1983 Antique Wine Bottles, Antique Collector's Club Elrington C.R. (Ed.) 1965 The Victoria History of the Counties of England : A History of Oxfordshire, Vol. LV Foster J (no date) Alumni Oxoniensis, The members of the University of Oxford 1500-1714 4 vols Parker & Co., Oxford Foster J (no date) Alumni Oxoniensis, The members of the University of Oxford 1715-1886 4 vols. Parker & Co., Oxford Francis A.D. 1972 The Wine Trade, Adam & Charles Black, London Haslam J. 1969 Oxford Taverns and the cellars of All Souls in the 17th and 18th centuries. Oxoniensia vol. xxxiv pp 45-76 Haslam J. 1970 Sealed Bottles from All Souls College, Oxoniensia vol. Xxxx pp27-33 Hinton D.A. 1967 A Glass Bottle Seal from Oxford. Oxoniensia vol.xxxii pp 10-12 Hobson M.G. & Salter H.E. 1932 Oxford Council Acts (1626-66) OHS Hobson M.G. 1938 Oxford Council Acts (1666-1701) OHS Hobson M.G. 1947-8 Oxford Council Acts (1701- 1752) OHS Hobson M.G. 1962 Oxford Council Acts (1752-17) OHS Johnson H. 1989 The Story of Wine, Mitchell Beazeley, London. Jones J. 1988 Balliol College, A History. 1263-1939, OUP, Oxford Jones O.R. 1986 Cylindrical English wine and beer bottles 1735-1850, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Environment Canada- Parks, Ottawa, Canada Leeds E.T. 1938 Glass Vessels of the XVI Century and Later, Oxoniensia vol. Lll pp 153-161 Leeds E.T. 1941 17th and 18th Century Wine Bottles of Oxford Taverns, Oxoniensia vol. vi pp 44-55 Leeds E.T. 1949 Glass Bottles of the Crown tavern, Oxford, Oxoniensia vol. xiv pp 87-89 Madon F. (Ed) 1888 A Century of the Phoenix Common Room (Brasenose College, Oxford) 1786- 1886. Oxford. Mendelsohn O.A. 1963 Drinking with Pepys, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London Potter J. 1994 Tennis and Oxford, Oxford Unicom Press Pugh R.B. (Ed.) 1965 The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of Oxfordshire, Vol. lll Rannie D.W. 1897-1918 Heame's Collections vols. lVXl, OHS Ruggles-Brise S. 1949 Sealed Bottles, Country Life Ltd., London Salter H.E. 1913 Balliol Oxford Deeds, OHS Salter H.E. 1914-1916 A Cartulary of the Hospital of St John the Baptist vols. 1-3, OHS Salter H.E. 1920 Surveys and Tokens, OHS Salter H.E. 1925 Oxford City Properties, OHS Salter H.E. 1960 Survey of Oxford, vol. 1 OHS Salter H.E. 1969 Survey of Oxford, vol. 2 OHS Shadwell C.L and Salter H.E.. 1926 Oriel Records, OHS vol. xxxv pp Simon A. ( 1906-09) 3 vols. History of the wine trade. Simon A. 1926 Bottlescrew Days, Duckworth, London Taylor S. R. & McLennan S. M. 1985 The Continental Crust: its composition and evolution, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford Woodfield D.B. 1976 The Parish registers of Tysoe, Warwickshire 183
Archive References: All Souls College Wine Books 1750-1775, MS DD E330-E334 Balliol College MISC 167-173 MISC 167 - Wine Book 1790-1801 MISC 168 - Wine Book 1792-1796 MISC 169 - Wine Account 1794-1835 MISC 170 - Common Room Accounts 1811-1888 MISC 171 - Common Room Cellar Accounts 1831- 1861 MISC 173 - Cellar Book 1840-1879 Brasenose College Brasenose 1 "Hurst Bursarial : Tradesmen's Bills" Christ Church Disbursement Books, Audit House accounts. Exeter College Wine accounts B 11-1 Jesus College Common Room Accounts CR.AC.2 Magdalen College Bursar's Day Books 1729 DBJ/19 1736 1743 1746 DBJ/20 DBJ/23 DBJ/24 1751 DBJ/27 11369 11370 11372 11377 11380 Oriel College Summary Common Room Accounts 1744-1910 (Sll M32) St John's College Wine Day Books 4 vols. 1773-1774 1802-1813 1818-1827 11871-1872 Brewing Books 1791 - Wine Bills 1786 - Common Room Accounts 1736-1779 Trinity College Bundle ofTrademen's Bills 1800-1836 University Archives WP b 15 (7) Proceedings accusing Will Dawson of selling wine without licence, 1732. WP b 15 (7) No.15., 1740 List of places retailing wine. WP b 15 (8) Argument between the city and the University about who can grant wine licences, 1674 refers to William Stirke. WP b 15 (9) 1661 The names of such as keep Taverns, Inn and Ale Houses in ye city of Oxford. Oxon PyxF20 Matriculation of Richard Walker Wine Accounts 1763-1880 Parish Registers New College Information has been extracted from transcibed registers now in the Centre for Oxfordshire Studies. Tradesmen's Bills 11366 All Saints 11368 St Mary the Virgin, 184 /
St Mary Magdalen St Michael's St Martin's St Aid.ates' Holywell & St Cross St Giles' St Peter's in the East College Registers Information has been extracted from transcibed registers now in the Centre for Oxfordshire Studies. Merton College Christ Church Oriel College New College Registers, Oxfordshire family history society Magdalen College Register, Oxfordshire family history society 185
Appendix 1 REE chemistry of Archaeological glass The original inspiration for this study came from an interest in the possibility of relating glass to different geological sand sources. It soon became clear that this would be no easy thing to do, especially for bottle glass, since so many other thing besides the sand are used in the manufacturing process. A map of the main glass producing regions in England and Wales and part of Scotland is shown in figure Al.I (after Boswell, 1918). It was decided to carry out a pilot study analysing glass samples for rare earths to see if this would be a useful analytical tool. Here too problems again arose. The analytical process is destructive so obtaining archaeological glass samples was difficult. It proved impossible to find samples of known provenance. Samples however were kindly provided by Neil Wilcox and Colin Savage but these were of a random nature. The analyses were carried out by Lois Armstrong and interpreted by Dr. Mike Fowler, both of Oxford Brookes University. Eleven samples of bottle glass were analysed. These were as follows: 1. The neck of an early shaft and globe bottle of black glass. . . 2. The neck of an onion bottle c. 1700 of hght ohve green glass. 3. The neck of an onion bottle c. 1685 of dark emerald to olive green glass. 4. The neck of a nineteenth century bottle of aqua coloured glass. 5. The neck of a shaft and globe/ onion bottle of olive green glass. . 6. The kick-up of a bottle, date unknown but pont1lled of aqua coloured glass. 7. The neck of an early nineteenth century wine bottle of olive green glass. 8. Part of the body of an aqua coloured bottle, date unknown. 9-11 pieces from three All Souls College bottles ranging inagefromc 1750toc.1830. Results A selection of glass samples has been analysed for rare earth elements (REE) by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. These elements (atomic number 57-71) form a coherent group with regularly varying physical and chemical properties. As_ a res~lt, they have become uniquely useful in petrogenetlc studies since the analytical techniques evolved that are capable of measuring them reliably at the parts per million level. Conventionally, REE data are plotted as patterns in atomic number order for individual samples, normalised to chondritic meteorites on a logarithmic scale. The logarithmic scale is capable of displaying tens of hundreds of parts per million (ppm) Ce, for example and tenths to hundredths of a ppm for Lu in the same sample. Normalisation to chondrites (by simply dividing the observed concentration in the sample by that found in this class of meteorites) has two purposes. First, it removes the spikiness which would result from plotting the raw data since even ~tomic n_umber elemen~s have higher abundance than ne1ghbounng odd atomic number elements and thus facilitates comparison of patterns. Second, it is thought that the primitive mantle of the earth had near-to chondritic composition so a genetic significance may be derived from the deviation of the sample from that composition. For present purposes, the diagram acts as a simple tool to compose the glass data. These are listed in table Al. 1, and presented as figure Al.2. All the data show a ge?tle trend of increasing values to the left - known as hght REE enrichment, with La/Yb ratios of 13 to 23 (ic'.16.5). The heavy REEs (Dy to Lu) are relatively flat and there are consistent small negative Eu anomalies. These are caused by reduction of Eu3+. This shape is common to all of the glass samples and is characteristic of continental materials, especially those derived from the upper continental crust. For comparison, estimates ~f upper crust, lower crust and total crust are shown m figure Al.3 (after Taylor and McLennan, 1985). However, there are significant groups within the array glass data. Samples 6 and 8 are at the lower end o~ the range, with Ce ,v 1 Ox chondrites and Yb 1vlx chondrites. Sample 1 is at the top of the range, with Ce > 1 00x chondrites and Yb _, 20 x chondrites. Samples 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 and 11 are all mid-range. These s;s~e:n~tic differences are large and presumably relate to the relative proportions of raw materials used. Quartz sand, when pure, carries very little REE, but the heavy mineral suite often associated potentially contains REErich phases ( e.g. zircon, monazite, thorite, xenotime, apatite, etc.). The purity of the fluxes used is unkno~ and it is possible that some additives also contam significant REE concentrations. If reliable samples of these materials could be obtained from different sites, it is likely that the REE chemistry of the glasses might be used as a powerful tracer of glass origin, especially at the extremities of the range. 186
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 La 56.5 17.8 15.2 9.9 11. Ce 106 29 25 15 19 Pr 12.4 3.2 2.9 0.0 o.oNd 59.9 18.1 18.4 0.0 o.oSm 8.8 2.1 2.2 1.4 1.6Eu 1.93 0.44 0.49 0.28 0,3Gd 9.40 2.07 2.28 1.46 l. Dy 7.66 1. 87 1.95 1.19 1.2Er 5.33 1.40 1. 36 o.oo 0.0Yb 4.14 1.05 1.00 0.60 0.6..... Lu 0.71 0.20 0.17 0.12 0.100 ....J Table Al.1 REE analyses for samples 1 to 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 0 5.5 13.3 4.3 15.0 14.5 15.0 9 24 7 27 25 26 o 0.0 o.o 0.0 3.3 3.1 3.2 o 0.0 10.8 3.9 15.7 14.8 15.4 6 0.9 2.2 0.5 2.8 2.5 2.6 34 0.19 0.55 0.13 0.67 0.60 0.63 25 0.90 1. 83 0.70 2.68 2.28 2.44 26 0.60 1.84 0.44 2.07 1. 75 1.83 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.10 0.98 1.02 63 0.24 0.86 0.21 1.14 0.94 1.00 13 0.07 0.16 0.05 0.17 0.14 0.15
52 51 2 I 0 I 2 56 ENGLAND AND WALES . .&.,,!!!r.-.. ;. • ii • - - 55 [) 7-~~~~~~~~IM I 5 ~ G/o.~-ma.ki"!J areas. C=::l Coa.lFiekl.s. 4, liitn..~ 6/a.u-.sancl produc/ng area.s. - Fel.spar (Roche t!ec.) 3 0 Th, d,pl,l,of cmur ,n the glua-,,,.J,;119 a,-ea.s yieida u ittdi~A/Hn of t.lt• aho.rllld.er of' ,Joe glt,.u w.de, IJte ,-St d.,,U, of edo,,,r ,..,.,...,.ntin, tJ,e oom-..t frm oF ghtM- wai,re. · /n c1,e _,,. ....,,, Ute HJtdproducirrg CIING4 are t111tMI in~ .,..;u, Ute HIit/produced; tlie peJe.r. <»lour tMrln"!I C. ltigl,.sC flltl)iCy _,.;aJ. _ Hailway..111 red- ,ttie.,,--_y.s &CanaJ.s in blue. Figure Al.1 British glass making areas (Boswell, 1918) 188
1000 100 U) Q.) :t: ~ "C ...... C 00 0 10 I.O .c u -- ~ u 0 0:: 1 . 1 La Ce Pr Nd Sm EFigure Al.2 REE analyses for samples 1 t
u Gd Dy Er Yb Lu to 11
1000 . 1111 1-I I 1- ■ 100 en (1) +-' 'i:: "C lower crust C 10 0 .c u ..._ ::it. - (.) 1.0 0 0 cc 1 . 1 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd DFigure Al.3 REE distributions for Upper, Lower and total crus
Sample Tcr LCr UCr . La 16.0 11. 0 30.0 Ce 33 23 64 Pr 3.9 2.8 7.1 Nd 16.0 12.7 26.0 Sm 3.5 3.2 4.5 Eu 1.10 1.17 0.88 Gd 3.30 3.13 3.80 Dy 3.70 3.60 3.50 Er 2.20 2.20 2.30 Yb 2.20 2.20 2.20 Lu 0.30 0.29 0.32 Dy Er Yb Lu t
Appendix 2 Summaries of Wills Most wills were made when death was imminent or when illness suggested that it might be so. Rarely were the wills made much in advance of the maker's demise. The wills were useful, not only in showing the relative wealth of the people dying but also in piecing together family relationships. With the latter however, care needs to be taken as in those days people referred to sisters, brother, mothers etc. generally without distinction as to whether they were so by blood or by marriage. Since disease was rife and death in childbed common people often married two or even three times. All the wills examined start with a more or less standard preamble whereby the person commends his/her soul to God and leaves instructions for burial. The following extracts summarise the disposition of worldly goods. In some instances the wills are also accompanied by inventories of goods for probate. These make interesting reading where they have survived. The inventory of the goods of Judith Bodicott of the Three Tuns tavern is the only one to mention wine. At her death in 1666 the wine in the Three Tuns cellar was valued at £191.14s 00d. The wills of people who died in Oxford are lodged in one of three places. If they were freemen or the family of freemen and held property only in Oxfordshire the wills are lodged at the County Record Office. If they were privileged persons and held property only in Oxfordshire their wills are in the University archive in the Bodleian Library. If people held property in more than one county the wills are lodged at the Public Record Office in London. Wills relating to the Three Tuns Judith Bodicott (nee Potter) Died 1666, The disposition of worldly goods To the poor To my nephew John Potter To my niece Judith Bowman To my niece Rebecca To my nephew Leonard Bowman To my nephew Edward Bowman I forgive my nephew Robert Bowman the he owes me. To my brother Leonard Bowman To his wife To my son in law John Cross To his wife To my daughter Judith Bodicott To my brother William Flexen To his wife To? Lamplugh For my funeral To my maid servant Ellinor Lattifer To my kinswoman Frances Willan To Ellinor Tompson To Ann Tompson To my man William Ford To Richard Ham My son in law John Cross to be executor. Total bequests were Inventory of the goods of Judith Bodicott Apparel Ready Money A third part of the tenement belonging to University College Debts owing ? and rings 3 trunks of linen Goods in the closets Four beds in various chambers £16 £68 £250 £146 £ 16 £ 36 £ 1 £ 10 15s lls 5s 4s 18s Will lodged in Oxford County Record Office. Pewter, brass and iron in the She was the second wife and widow of Humphrey pantry Bodicott. She had four step daughters and one natural Furniture and hangings daughter. She was the daughter of a vintner and ran the Three Tuns after Humphrey's death. 191 Outside timber and board Wine in the cellar Total £ 12 £ 23 £ 2 6s £191 14s £774 13s £ 10 £300 £100 £ 60 £ 30 £ 30 £ 30 £ 10 £ 10 £ 20 £ 20 £ 20 £ 5 £ 5 £ 10 £100 40s 20s 20s 20s 20s 10s £766 10s 3d 4d 0d 4d 0d 0d 0d lid
Relations of Judith Bodicott Brother Leonard Bowman married Judith's sister Elizabeth Potter Jan 12 1623. She died in May 1636. Leonard remarried twice Jane who died in May 1641 and Frances who died in May 1644. The children of Leonard and Elizabeth Bowman were baptised in St Mary the Virgin as follows: Jane 1623, Thomas and William twin boys Sept 1624 (both died within three days), Robert 1627, Leonard 1629, Elizabeth 1631, Rebecca 1635. The birth of Edward, mentioned in Judith's will was not recorded in the same register. Elizabeth and Jane are not mentioned in the will so may have died by 1666. John Cross married Anne Bodicott daughter of Humphrey and his first wife Anne. John Potter nephew may be the son of William Potter, Apothecary ( see Salter, 1926). Culpepper Tomlinson Died 1712 Will lodged in the University Archive He was drawer at the Three Tuns then the second husband of Ann Walker. To my dear mother Joan Allen £200 and £15 a year during the natural life of my mother. To my brother in law Rob Allen £5, aunt Doyly £5, Aunt Mullett £5 and £5 to her daughter Elizabeth. To Samuel Doyly £5, James ? Grafts £10 my servant Elizabeth £5. All the rest of my worldly goods to my wife Ann Tomlinson, her to be executor. Ann Tomlinson of the University of Oxford, widow, (nee Walker) Died May 1717 Will Lodged in the University Archive. She was the sister of Richard Walker of the King's Head and the aunt of John Freeman. She married William Taylor in 1693 and Culpepper Tomlinson in 1699. 192 To my sister Mrs Jane Ricketts £500. Two houses or tenements one held on a forty year lease from University College the other recently bought from Mr Michael Moore, surgeon. I leave to my sister Ricketts the said tenement and the remainder of the forty year lease on the University College tenement for her life and after her death to my goddaughter Ann Freeman. To my goddaughter Anne Freeman £500, to Richard Walker Freeman £200, Fielder Freeman, Dorothy and Margaret Freeman each £100. To my nephew John Freeman and his wife £5 apiece for mourning. To my kinswoman Susanna ?Sallheads £40, Mary Boxley £20, my goddaughter Jane Boxley £20. To my servants: James Yates £20, Margaret Alapton £40, Sarah ? £10, Edward Tomlins £10, John Gough £10, Ric Smith £5, Will Ellitt £5. £10 to the poor of St Martin's, £10 to the poor of St Michael's and £10 to the poor of Tysoe parish in the county of Warwickshire principally for poor widows living in the parishes. Having recently purchased lands and tenements in St Clement's parish in the city of Oxford I give them to my sister Ricketts for her life and then to my nephew John Freeman and his heirs forever. I give and bequeath to my said nephew all my books and accounts with all debts due to me. All my goods, plate, linen to my sister. The rest of my estate to be shared by my sister and nephew, them to be executors. Will of Richard Bradgate Died April 1729 Will lodged in the University Archive. The will is extremely long and tedious he seems obsessed with making sure that he is leaving his goods only to his wife and any children begotten by him on her. Whether there was any question that some of the children were not his is not known but an entry in Hearne's collections (Rannie, 1897) suggests that Elizabeth had stopped loving him and treated him badly. This states, "Yesterday morning, at 5 Clock, died suddenly Mr. Bradgate, keeper of the Three Tunns tavern in High St., Oxford, a man of about 37 years of age, who hath had that Tavern about 10 years, and hath been married about as many. He had been at his Friend one Mr. Whitehead's, an Attorney, behind that
Tavern, on Tuesday night, Jan. 7, and came home at one in the morning, seemingly very well, at least as well as he hath been a great while, and not disordered in liquor to all appearance. He bid the servant that opened the door lock it, and so went directly to bed to his wife, who after he had been in bed some time, perceiving his throat to ruttle, got up for his assistance, but 'twas too late. The neck of his Cravat being tied to close to his neck, 'tis supposed was the immediate cause of his Death. He was by trade an apothecary, but leaving off that business, he took the said Tavern, having married one Mrs. Elizabeth Matthews, who is now about 30 years of age, the daughter of one widow Matthews, afterwards the widow Badcock, who hath been dead several years, that kept one of the Oxford wagons to London: which Mrs. Eliz. Matthews, wife of the said Bradgate, is a fine, stately, beautifal large young woman, but very proud and empty of sense, as her husband also was, and a great Company Keeper, particularly she is very familiar with one Mr. Moseley, M A., a deformed rich gentleman, Fellow of Merton College. It hath been observed that she had very little affection for her husband, who was a very hard drinker, & yet she had very good reason to make much of him, he having brought her a very good stock, having a good estate & a good fortune, whereas she had very little. She hath had a child every year since she was married to Bradgate, and there are four of them now living. He was buried Friday night, Jan 10, in St. Marie's church, Oxon." The will specifically mentions estate at Bladon which is to be left half to his wife Elizabeth and the other half to be divided between the children. At the time of the will he was living in St Peter in the East. Wills relating to the Crown Tavern Elizabeth Turton Died 1671, born 1640. Daughter of Ann Morrell Being sick in the house of Mr William Morrell I bequeath to my sister Grace all the goods that I have. Witnessed by Ann Morrell Property valued at £106. 193 When she died Wood recorded in his diary, "Today died the beautiful daughter of Thomas Turton at the Crown". William Morrell Died July 1679 (Will made 1677) Second husband of Ann Morrell. He had no children of his own. To each one of my five sisters £20. To the daughters of my sister Coghill, that she had by her first husband Thomas Hinde, £20 divided amongst them. To the children of my sister Parker £20, to the children of my sister Alice Crosse £20 and £20 to the children of my sister Frances Wild and £20 to the children of my sister Hannah. To my cousin Joseph Hinde £10. To my wife's grandchildren Elizabeth Wilson £20. Anne C ... ? £50 to be paid on her marriage day, Anne Skinner £20. To my dear wife all my estates and property in Birmingham and the inheritance of the advowson at Hampton Poyle. All the rest of my goods and residual estate I leave to my wife Anne desiring her at the time of her death to share it amongst her children as she sees fit. Ann's son Humphrey was rector of Hampton Poyle, a living William appears to have bought for him. Humphrey died before William, the advowson was sold and a codicil added to the will deleting it. In the codicil Ann was left the wine licence. Ann Morrell Died 1696 (Win made 1692) Will lodged in the Public Record Office. To my son Richard Turton my messuages, houses, cottages, lands, tenements and hereditaments situate lying and being in Birmingham in the county of Warwick. After his death these to Mary his wife then to their son Thomas Turton. My eldest son William being lately dead, leaving one son and five daughters I make his wife Joan my executrix and being satisfied that she will prove a kind and tender mother I leave to her all my property and goods in Oxford for the benefit of my grandchildren, (Three named trustees). And I leave the wine licence that I have and hold during the life of Mr Charles Holloway (University licence) of London to Joan Turton.
Codicil added Jan 1694 Richard Turton shall have £6 a year from my Oxford estate unless the Crown tavern be destroyed by fire. Joan Turton, Died May 1706 Will lodged in the University Archive She was the wife of William Turton who was the eldest son of Ann Morrell. He pre-deceased both his wife and mother. I give to my three daughters Joan, Mary and Grace £300 each and to my son William Turton one of the fellows of Magdalen College £300. To my three daughters mourning for my funeral and all my linen to be equally divided between them except six pairs of sheets and six pillow cases which I leave to my son Will and to him my diamond ring. All the rest of my goods and chattels I give to my said son William and he to be a diamond ring now coming from London. Also the pictures of her own relations and all her jewellery. I give to my nephew John Freeman and to his heirs all that my messuage or tenement with the appurtenances wheresoever I now live and also all my other messuages, lands and hereditaments whatsoever. I give to my sister Ricketts £250 of lawful English money and to my brother and sister Tomlinson the like sum of £250. I give to my said sisters and brother and to my mother Wildgoose and to my brother Thomas Wildgoose and his wife £5 apiece to buy them mourning. To my sister Ricketts £ 100 to be disposed of among my poor relations in Warwickshire as she shall think fit and £5 0 to my sister Tomlinson to be disposed of among my poor relations in Oxford at her discretion. My wife shall have the apartment in my house which she now enjoys and I give to my servant Thomas Woodbridge £20 and to my apprentices and maid executor. There are several small bequests to other servant £5 apiece. All the rest of my estate whatsoever people. (Two of the daughters mentioned in Ann Morrell' s will after my debts and funeral expenses have been paid I give to my nephew John Freeman he also to be executor. must have died between 1696 and 1706) Epitaph to Richard Walker in St. Michael's Church. Wills relating to the King's Head "Here, near the remains of his father lies Richard Richard Walker, Died November 1704 Will lodged in the University Archive He married twice both his wives being called Elizabeth. He had no children but adopted his nephew John Freeman, treating him as a son. Being sick in body he requests that his body be buried in St Michael's Church. Deposition of worldly goods: To my dear wife Elizabeth Walker £2,000 to be paid to her within a year of my death this being part of my marriage settlement. I further give to my dear wife £500 to be paid within two years all this money to be at her own disposal and I give to my said wife all the old gold which is within the little trunk and all her rings and 194 Walker a noted vintner of this city, whose exceptional kindness to his guests, liberal generosity to the poor, exceeding goodwill toward his friends, high sense of duty towards kin and dutiful respect to both the University and the Church was the affection of all. He deserved well of all to whom he was known and especially of John Freeman, the son of one of his sisters, whom, being childless though married twice, in his life he treated as his son and at death left as heir. He died November 10th 1704 in the 52nd year of his age. The aforesaid heir, mindful of the benefits received, had this monument erected. "
Appendix 3 Magdalen College Bursar's Account 1743 (DBJ/23) Extracts and summaries from the Bursar's Day Books at Magdalen College 1736-1746. £ s d Paid Barnett for wine and Magdalen College Bursar's Account 1736 (DBJ/20) tobacco 6 4 paid for a barrel of beer 1 18 2 £ s d paid for corks 3s 9d and for tobacco 1 s 8d 5 5 Bill for wine 4 6 paid Barnett for lib of tobacco 1 8 The vintner's bill 18 6 paid Dr Goods for qt of oil 2 6 Mr Daniel for two barrels of paid for a hogshead of wine, strong beer and two barrels carriage and corks 18 13 3 of small beer. 4 2 0 paid the late Bursars For tobacco 3s and for corks 6s 9 for 40 doz. bottles 3 0 0 paid Richard Arthur for wine his paid Richard Barnett bill ending 17th April 3 8 0 for wine 7 16 10 Mr president for three dozen and paid Mr Winchester for 3 large six quarts of white wine 2 9 0 decanters 2 doz. and half small paid for a gross of bottles glasses at 2112d a doz. £1 7s and for 24 glasses l ls 1 18 0 and two and a half doz. large paid for tobacco and for glasses at 8d and carriage 2s 4d 15 4 Thos Marsh carriage by ye Gave man for bringing haslet 1 0 hands of Dr Andrews 0 19 2 gave poor man from Quainton 1 6 Butterman's for Dr Andrews Mr Tyrrell for china 2 6 bringing in wine 2 6 oranges for the table 6 for tobacco etc. 4 6 Richard Kennington's bill 10 14 11 Richard Arthur for wine 22 0 0 43 19 11 195
Magdalen College Bursar's Account 1746 (DBJ/24) £ s d Dr Payne for 25 and a half doz. quart bottles 1 18 3 for five and a half doz. pint bottles 5 6 for decanters and glasses 1 2 6 Marten of Isley for a cask of strong beer 2 16 0 for a letter 4 at the Cross inn 2 6 at the Cross inn 4 6 paid Rich Kennington 15 18 4 Mr Tyrell's servant 2 6 the man that brought the Quainton rents 2 6 Mr Marsh the glassman 2 5 6 for a letter 5 Mr Peisley's son 1 Mr Crop for a Pipe of wine 36 0 0 a letter 3 for corks 19 3 for carriage of a pipe of wine 2 9 0 Richard Kennington 4 10 6 68 18 4 196
Appendix 4 Magdalen College Archive extract - Wine Accounts 1763 -- Articles Agreed upon by the Members of the Fellows Common Room relative to the wine scheme July 1763 1. John Hart to be the Upper -servant, and to enter on his place at Michaelmas next. 2. To be allowed out of the profits of the wine £28 per annum besides £12 per ann by the members of the Common Room as Common Room servant, and the advantage of selling spiritous liquours and white wine. 3. The Under servant to be allowed by the Upper servant £6 per ann besides his meat, drink, washing and lodging. 4. Mr Cropp of Southampton and Mr Chalie of Mincing Lane, London to be the wine merchants. 5. Charge of the wine vaults and the wine accounts to be committed successively to the members of the Common Room and to be continued in the same hands for one year only. 6. The wine to be sold at the rate of ls 9d per bottle. 7. The Upper servant to be answerable for the wine when delivered to him in bottles. 8. . ........ ? to account to the treasurer every month. 9. The sale of the wine to be extended to the whole college, but non to be sold out of the college. 10. Ready money to be always paid for the wine immediately upon its delivery. 11. Three pence to be deposited in the Upper servant's hands for every quart bottle and two pence for every pint, 'till returned. 197
Appendix 5 CATALOGUE OF WINE BOTTLES AND DETACHED SEALS FROM OXFORD IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM 199
CrAccession Number Name Seal Date AM1874.45 CROWN AKR Crown c1720 MTAM1896-1908.M70 CROWN 1AM cipher Crown 1680 1680 seAM1910.308 CROWN WM cipher + Crown 75 1675 SGAM1913.925 CROWN WAM Crown c1670 SGAM1913.927 CROWN 1AM cipher 1701 1701 ONAM1915.8 CROWN Morrell cipher, crown + (16) 74 seAM1916.19 CROWN AM cipher 1685 1685 ONAM1919.6 CROWN WAMCrown c1670 SGAM1921.144 CROWN Crown+ WAM seAM1934.199 CROWN morrell cipher+ 1687 + 1687 seAM1934.200 CROWN Morrell cipher, crown + 1701 seAM1934.201 CROWN IAKR + Crown seAM1937.268 CROWN WAM seaAM1937.270 CROWN 1AM Cipher 1688 1688 seaAM1937.278 CROWN WM cipher7 1675 sea~ 0 AM1937.279 CROWN 1AM cipher 168- 168- seaAM1937.280 CROWN ~T seaAM1937.555 CROWN WM cipher Crown 7 4 1674 seaAM1937.975 CROWN WAM Crown seaAM1938.139 CROWN morrell cipher + 1686 + 1686 seaAM1940.17 CROWN IAKR Crown c1725 MTAM1940.223 CROWN Crown+ AKR seaAM1948.137 CROWN Crown+ AKR + 1706 1706 seaAM1949.141 CROWN Crown+ OXON 1707 ONAM1951.414 CROWN Crown+ WAM sea
rown Tavern Type Ref Licencee Date of tenenc, Heiaht T 1/13 Alexander & Katherine Richmon 1706-1726 NO NECK eal only G 1/15, 1/1 William & Anne Morrell 1660-1679 no neck G 2/24, William & Anne Morrell 1660-1679 20 N 1/5 Joan Turton 1696-1706 13 eal only William and Anne Morrell N 1/12 Anne Morrell 1679-1696 17.5 G 2/21 William & Anne Morrell 1660-1679 19.5 al only Morrell al only Anne Morrell 1679-1706 al only Joan Turton 1687-1706 al only A & K Richmond 1706-1726 al only William & Anne Morrell 1660-1679 al only Anne Morrell 1679-1696 al only William & Anne Morrell 1660-1679 al only Anne Morrell 1679-1696 al only al only William & Anne Morrell 1660-1679 al only William & Anne Morrell 1660-1679 al only Anne Morrell 1679-1706 T 4/13 Alexander & Katherine Richmon ?-1730+ (1715+ 14 al only A & K Richmond 1706-1726 al only A & K Richmond 1706-1726 N none Alexander & Katherine Richmon ?-1730+ (1715+ al only W & A Morrell 1660-1679
N 0 ,-... Accession Number AM1873.255 AM1896-1908.M66 AM1910.313 AM1913.926 AM1927.271 AM1928.502 AM1937.267 AM1938.138 AM1951.18 AM1994.70 Accession Number AM1874.46 AM1874.52 AM1882.145 AM1896-1908.M72 AM1914.453 AM1915.7 AM1924.512 AM1924.53 AM1932.62 AM1968.67 Name Seal KING'S HEAD IMF King's Head KING'S HEAD REW King's Head 1699 KING'S HEAD 1699 + king's head KING'S HEAD REW King's Head KING'S HEAD IMF 1713 KING'S HEAD 1699 King's Head KING'S HEAD RW King's Head 1693 KING'S HEAD RW King's Head 1697 KING'S HEAD King's Head JMF KING'S HEAD RW 1687 Name Seal MERMAID DAP Mermaid MERMAID /Anthony Hall in Oxford MERMAID AH Mermaid MERMAID Anthony Hall in Oxford MERMAID Mermaid MERMAID Mermaid MERMAID ~H Mermaid 1682 MERMAID Mermaid MERMAID Mermaid MERMAID REL Mermaid King's HDate TypC 1705 ON 1699 ON 1699 Onion1699 ON 1713 ? 1699 ON 1693 seal O1697 Seal O1705 seal o1687 ON MermaDate Tyc.1692 ON c.1686 seal oSG 1685 seal oSG Seal O1682 SG-ONc1695 seal Oseal Oseal o
ead Tavern pe Ref Licencee Date of tenenc, Heiaht 3/11A & 2 John & Margaret Freeman 1704-1724 12.5 Richard & Elizabeth Walker 1687-1704 no neck n Leeds 41 ?Richard & Elizabeth Walker 1687-1704 2/13a, 2/ Richard & Elizabeth Walker 1687-1704 John & Margaret Freeman 1704-1724 Richard & Elizabeth Walker 1687-1704 13 Only Leeds 41 Richard Walker 1687-? Only Leeds 41 Richard Walker 1687 -? only John and Margaret Freeman 1704-1724 3/20A Richard & Elizabeth Walker 1687-1704 17 aid Tavern pe Ref Licencee Date of tenenc, Height 2/14, 2/1 Daniel & Anne Prince 1691-?1696 15 only Anthony Hall Jnr 1675-1691 2119A Anthony Hall Senior 1660-1675 19.5 only Anthony Hall Jnr 1675-1691 ? Anthony Hall Senior 1660-1675 Only Anthony Hall Senior 1660-1675 N 2/20A,2/4 Anthony Hall Junior 1675-1691 17.5 Only Daniel & Anne Prince 1691-?1696 Only Anthony Hall Senior 1660-1675 nly Richard & Elizabeth Lynes 1696?-1709
Three TuAccession Number Name Seal Date TypAM1874.44 THREE TUNS HB 3 Tuns SG AM1874.47 THREE TUNS GIB and 3 Tuns ON (boAM1896-1908.M63 THREE TUNS REP 3 Tuns ON AM1896-1908.M64 THREE TUNS lA.T 3 Tuns 1715 ON AM1896-1908.M65 THREE TUNS lA.T 1713 oxon 3 Tuns 1713 ON-MTAM1896-1908.M74 THREE TUNS REP 3 Tuns Seal OAM1896-1908.M78 THREE TUNS WAT 3 Tuns c1695 AM1913.928 THREE TUNS CAT 3 Tuns 1709 1709 ON AM1915.4 THREE TUNS REP 3 Tuns SG AM1915.5 THREE TUNS REP 3 Tuns SG AM1915.6 THREE TUNS CAT 3 Tuns ON AM1937.272 THREE TUNS HB 3 Tuns seal onAM1937.536 THREE TUNS REP 3 Tuns Seal OAM1937.556 THREE TUNS REP 3 Tuns seal onN B SalutatioAccession Number I Name I Seal Date I TypeAM1896-1908.M68 !SALUTATION ITW + Tennis pl~er c1660 ISG
ns Tavern e Ref Licencee Date of tenenc1 Heiaht 4124A & 5 Humphrey Bodicot 1639-1660 22 ody) George and Joane Browne Richard & Elizabeth Pont 1666-1671 16 2/17 Anne Tomlinson 1712-1719 14 T 3/7A Anne Tomlinson 1712-1719 13.5 Only Leeds 41 Richard & Elizabeth Pont 1666-1671 William & Anne Taylor 1693-1695 2/15 Culpepper & Anne Tomlinson 1695-1712 15.5 1/11,1/2 Richard & Elizabeth Pont 1666-1671 18.5 Leeds 41 Richard & Elizabeth Pont 1666-1671 1/3, 1/18 Culpepper & Anne Tomlinson 1695-1712 13 nly Humphrey Bodicott 1639-1660 nly Leeds 41 Richard & Elizabeth Pont 1666-1671 nly Richard & Elizabeth Pont 1679-1685? n Tavern e Ref I Licencee Date of tenenc ht 2/16, 2/5 !Thomas Wood 1647-1663
N 0 t..,.) Accession Number AM1874.47 AM1882.144 AM1896-1908.M67 AM1896-1908.M77 AM1915.2 AM1937.269 AM1937.271 AM1937.273 AM1937.992 AM1968.1525 Accession Number AM1893.193 AM1921.1100 AM1921.1101 AM1921.260 AM1937.274 AM1937.275 AM1938.219 0/T 0/T 0/T 0/T 0/T 0/T 0/T 0/T 0/T 0/T WM WM WM WM WM WM WM Name Seal RIF Bear Billingsly, Richard EH (Bell) Three Gates TH TH Thomas Swift Oxon Bell RT Swift, Thomas, Oxon IH at the King's Armes, Name Seal Etty Frederick Latimer, Win Etty E Etty Etty Frederick Latimer, Win Other TDate Typc1675 SG SG c1660 SG seal onSG seal onseal onseal onc1690 ON seal onWine MDate Typseal onTC F SQ MALLEseal onseal on