Meyar 18 (July - December 2017)

100

269mÔ sZ Ô „áâ

15XmsZÔwYÕ:û%Ô oi†’Þ á]çm X23
gƒÑÔÃyZ`@*zyZÑ** ÿ}G3©EÅZÔ ämˆri …æ] Øñ^³ŠÚ гnϳv³i o³e] :y{Œæg X24

304mÔY1989

141mÔsZÔ àÊ^Ò ÐnÏvi (åPyHŠ X25
ÙCÍËZeÔû%Ô ä³ÃÖ^_³Ú Ôm]!o³fÖ^³q سnÛ³qÔ!˜ÔóC¾yZ-ŠLÔ„z%Z&œf1 X26

271X272mÔsZÔ„á â

101

cÑãZgZuZ

(zŠgQ)°e~eDÝZ8
Š*!WxsZ Ô;gE- òsZ ò Z¸ÑZ Î

(`Zc”gZ)WŠú”gZËZe

zŠgQ%ÔWz,6kZ
Š!*WxsZ Ô;gE- òsZ ò Z¸ÑZ Î

]â.}Å[ŠZgzZyÎ*0 -+igÔ^ð»gZ»-i+g

This article mainly consists of three parts:first is the evolution of radio,
the second is development of radio as Radio Pakistan, and the third one is
the services rendered by Radio Pakistan in the field of Urdu literature.
The Radio was an elementary media of mass communication in the
beginning of 20th century when there was no alternate electronic media
of communication in existence in the world.Thereafter radio was
established in the sub-continent which played a very important role in the
awakening of public. After independence, first radio station was
established in 1948 in Karachi. Before independence in Peshawar,
Lahore and Dhaka, radio stations were already established. Radio
Pakistan provided a strong platform for promotion of Urdu literature.
Radio Pakistan also introduced very legendary personalities of literature
known throughout the World. Z.A. Bukhari was one of such illuminated
personalities who led the Radio Pakistan in its early years.

ð•Z~ :W *Š ~g7žìtŠZ%Ð TXì `z% b˜Zq-Z Å sz Þ.‰À`W
Ä*cgŠ ÅyZÔ H ZŠZgZŠ™g7½äVzqÁ~äÑF,$dیРd$یà *ŠXì _ M d$ÛŒ
t??ZƒeùtgzZ ñY c*J,(‚Zg~ : M ~ *Š ~g7ž H{Šâ M ä ïZúÁÔðƒðY
]ZŠXZÅ KðWXLZ'× gzZ–ZgÔi˜!ÐgëgÅiZzW`WÍX ìgëZ¹]ÑZÎ
Tì c*Š™gëg!•Z"Ã−,Fä]ZŠXZ FB‚B‚Æ°WëÅkZÐy¯b!*ñgzZ
qÙCÔ,¸c*ƒ−F,Å´™ÔúY¯*cƒxìˆW$dŒÛ ð•ZÆ}uzŠ-qZ*Š)¯*!Æ

102

gzZ y¯i¸W î0G©$E»Ç0Z ]ªkZXì CY V,6 gî~g¯-JäÃ}uzŠÐ äÃq-ZÆ*Š
ÅÇ6Xå c*Š wZe ~ ]ª î0†gz à *Š ~g7 Ð ŠXZ KZ ä TX¯ „-+igˆ Æg*@
Cƒ~y MÆ~œ,ÞZ ÂÙC„ Z’Z ÅkZXì r‚gx£V*cúq-Z-+igÐ ~ ]ZŠXZ
Ñ äYa x»ÆxlZz qZâZ ZÐ „ Z’ZÆ~œ,ÐŠæ Å-+igÔì îŠ ð3Š

X {)z ~i‚‚fÔZ"z,6 Ô Câ¥Ô (Ô m¸}Ô

Ô,¸ªÃÍiZz M ÅiZgŠgzŠvßëÐTì*@Y¹ÃáWkZ~y!*iûx¬Ô-+ig
ÅLÃ-+igkZXhMÍÆy(~]gßCß)xZ¤/z,6»ÎâÌËc*_Ô)ZgeÔuñ
ÆÎâ m¸Ô,¸Ô]ÑìÆ´ ˜zxZ¸ZvŠÉ oÔº´LZsÜ:vßëЊæ
x¬~}g*! ÆÂÆ-i+g wq¾X npg fÅhe Ís™Ç*! gzZ ã‚ M/xZ/¤z6,
ÙCªpÆiZÍiZz M ÅiZgŠgzŠÐŠæÅT! M (ZÔ**à óóiZz MÆg*@%LL~¹~m,ôZ
Њæ ÅVzØ™ƒÐ ~zg ¹,'Ð(mºq-ZžŽ iZz M +Z ÅiZgŠgzŠ c*ÍX Dƒ

XÎäY¹-i+gÃá M kZÔnY‹ÐŠæÅá Mq-Z&iZz M àZzäƒwßñ

îSÐ áZjÆ xE³‚gzZ˜À~ˆÆ Dˆ Æ6U*> K¶ä xZ¸Z !fÝZgŠ
:L ÆVØz»gzZVèyZX3g7“Z*zہ6ŠðÃÌ~ä™x¬ÐZgzZHx»{Š*ci¹
~ ð;Š ŔŠ~œ,ÞZX'ä M ,6 x¬©©c*gŠ 5gzZÑ äƒ ]!*Š6 $-
™^Ð MŠXZ ¸XÑï&+ðeÃVzØFï¹,'ä sz mug¯¾~ hzŠ ÅV:*cgŠ
gëg ÅÝzg »æ M Å-i+g~h+].gzŠXðƒ"$*UÆzgÇŠæ nÆ-+iggzZ Yß(ÂgÎZ
VâZ0‚Æ´ ˜!fXZƒgZŠ%-+igˆÆᲄ}h𞎠Zƒ"$U*Ð7Ô**™x¥
ŠæÅVzg*@~Y1898X3g ~gYŸ»]ZŠXZ}vŠˆP ¯) *!Æœizg:³KZä
+Z ðÃaÆã‚gxž åwì »VâZ0‚ÝZgŠXå ŠHƒ qzÑwEZ »y¯8Ð
iwZg‚ŠgVzŠZgŽzZÆÅÄOZc*ygŠMÅÑ*!VXzãØ ð~*c+ibg äzg -kZZKÔ1Z™ÌÝiZzqMÃgÑzZ}k7,:Z ä]ãgzâgâÅð.gG-Í@*ºž±YyBZ0Ze‚™gŠñX**Z
~^z»gÅiZz M ÆxÂkZÔZƒ[x»~ä¯x»äàÆVzg*@%iZz M KZJ-

103

œgzZE q-Z kZXà 7bq Ì'gqðƒ C™'*! Ð y Mz hN Ñ*! z— Ô',zd
,6VzŠãCCgˆÐkZgzZä™x¬ÃxÂÆ-+ig™^Ð MXZƒk,+5 ŠXZ-i+gˆÆ^Ô

: iZBg ~‡Z wDZ ËZe~}g*! ÆkZ ÔÅä ãÃgâ ÌÒÃz [Åeh x »

uÆ ãÃgâ ÌZ˜ » ä™wEZ ¬ Ð ƒ6,VzŠCã CgˆÃxÂÆ -i+g
(Fledgling Wireless Telegraph and Signal v{Š™ì‡ÅkZXì
(Lloyds of London)H ǬLZxCgˆªÐƒäCompany)
gzŠa¢³ 12 )gfÆeÃkgñò¸ZÑZ Î6,„ZpgŠ ÅvÝVZg i˜ -qZÃ
ãZzgzZ s™s§~uzŠxt Zƒ @*ƒÐ,6Vâ" ~,(KggzZ®Š Ôg«X5

1Xå0Ææ M Åi˜xtXc*Šð‹

Ã]*cíÅ-+igXåHŠƒk,+5 `Zzg„ÐbZzZÆ~œ,Â~M%ZwEZ»-+ig
‰ ñ¯ÃL Æb§Å9™ Â~Z’Z }X‰ ñ¯ ÆnZÌÃL -+igaÆgG
zŠzK-yZ0‚Ôˆ Cƒ¹F,yŠ/yŠQX‰$Ë Y ”™ Îy¯sk,Z]c*íЊæÅT
0Ì-+ig Ñ1z½Ð ]¸Å ðž ðƒ V- !x»~ kZ Ô ñY ðÑ ]].~-i+gžìg~
ÆV7ëQÂNƒqzÑ**ƒx¬]*cí-i+g#ZXˆ C M].]~-+igw2/w2XŠH
(International Frequency ÐZgzZ ðƒ úÅ}gZŠZ 6 q-Z n Æ i
}uzŠ ]c*íÅøZ-i+gq-Z ˞ åÑ»kZXHŠ c*Šx** » Registration Board)
Âσ Üq-Z ³rہÅøZzŠ ÌÐ ðä/ZžVYXVƒ: iZ+0Z 4Š ~ ]c*íÅø-+ig
])ÌÃ˞*@ñY¿gZ³rÛ ÅøZÙCZ®Ï}Š7ð‹s™]c*íÅVâzŠ
ÌÂfƒ í,6 Š a¢„ -qZ,6 ܉z „ q-Z ÐxZ¤/z,6 ÆV”zŠž ¶t Â~uzŠ X Vƒ:
HiÃVIz»g/yZÔ HŠ *cŠMK,F{gZŠZ Ñ!*zgqnÆiÆyZ ZåE<XÅì Y Mt‚X¸
ª» *ŠXì „ zux**» k%Z~ekZ ÎäYHwEZ,6VzŠãCCgˆ-+igXÎäY

:˜ ~Q@xÝ~KkZXZƒì‡~k%ZøZ-+ig

104

-i+g ª ~M%Z(Pittsburgh) v,' çE.H2GF4& ¬ Ð ƒ ~ *Šžì *@Y ¹
ãÃgâ~ÖZXHi¸ M »]*cíKZ6,gî{°‡*! ~ Y1920ä T Zƒ ì‡øZ
,Š™ qzÑ ]*cíÐ Y1920~gzہB23~(Chelmsford) eg¯çE,G-8Fä v

2Xg~gY-JxªÆv«» eZ',ß,'Ž‰

:ž˜~ iZ+0ZLZÌg©Š=~ekZ

(H.A. Eussender)yZ}ZXÝZ~M%ZxZ¤/z6,-+igªÐƒ ~*Š

Ð øZ C!*ŠLZ~(Brant RockMass){uZg$.,'ä¿-qZò**

(Lee ~ VñZ¤/z6,C!*ŠáZz äƒíˆÆkZ X Hí~ Y 1906ÃxáÅ…™
ÆgzN*ÿ¨EG$ ZÆkcäkZ~Tì ïá{ÙCbî[x»{z» De Forest)

ZÆcz™Z {·7 zça¢HG.2.gÆZ$E,R »u^gZc*zEÎ õ~0*~Y19(10Mäetr¿opoÏlitZaQn X¸ K ·]Ñ M ,6zZ
House)kƒ ;
Opera

3XH7xZ/¤z6,-i+g)gfÆkZ

-JyàZÔˆ Ug¯Æ]*!ŠyZÔˆ*Zy M ]*cíÐk%ZÔˆƒZ’ZÅ/Z¤/z6,-+ig

~Y1937»}gZŠZkZ{°‡!*1å[ M~¿xª»Ï!!~Y1922XZƒWz{,]ZŠ»^Cc*í
ä ôG-#Gg yYuÐ x**Æ(B.B.C) Ï! ! ~6¤',XŠHc*¯ w¾I],Ze ÃôG-#Gg yYu
~ [ KZ ~gg }ZX i+i~}g!*Æ ôG-#Gg yYuX¶~Š wZeŠãCo¢Å«»eZ',

:iZBg
! !ž¶àZeŠCãL+ZgzZ¶àZeŠãCÅÏ! !äôG-#GgyYuy¨KZ(-ŠkZ

Š!*Xñ M yZd~ŠOZÔIw$+‘ÓXe:h!²i ~ŠOZ c*YÔÏ( ðÃÃÏ

! !1ðƒ]‚',ÅVßÍÆÓ6,oÔ‰ƒgZŠ',„ŠÐª{ᐊ!*Ô‰%{á
4X;gk,(„‰ M OÄOѶ;»Ï

XZƒúzg§ZzZuzŠq-ZgzZÐzzkZX庻 `Z%‚ m,ôZ~yzu*0 R,'܉zkZ

105

x ä\g- Ð ]ßî0ÈM kZÔ~Š $e¾h+'× ÃÌZ Å-+ig äÆckZÔ Bk@¬å{z
R',ªº´º,ki LZ äÖZÐg±Z kZXHo1%ÿÆli‚gzZ,¸gzZ ã‚g
x¬Ã-+ig Ì~R',ä m,ôZ Ö#ÓXŒq ~gz¢ð•ZÃæ M Å-i+g Ì~y z u0*
-i+gR,'XxÎx»tÃôG-#GgyYw¾I],ZeÆÏ! ! aÆÛx¬wJÐZgzZä™

:˜ ~Q@xÝaÆóz,Fz¹F,Å
èEjF4)\9™ÆvãÃgâ™ápŠ CZf äw¾I],ZeÆÏ! ! ~Y1923Þâ
ð‚g-J *c&+Z ñZ·ZzgzZ H ãZzÃÌZgzZ]gz¢Å]*cí-i+g~yR',,6
Xg MX ÝZ ]¬jX*cŠ gzi ,6 i¸ M Æ ]*cí~ y*y Ð Ï! ! Æ™
VzgtgzZ m,zˆyZXÅyÒgZzõg*@~ óó«» eZ,'++&ZLL[ÂKZ äêß
yZÄÆóó*c+&Z yZ «»eZ',LL„g ö6,-qZÃY1925 agâ B27 ñƒ D™¿6,
B‚Æ_ZѼ ~ *c&+Zß,' ÃVzgZŠZ ˜#Ö Óž ŠH¹~ TˆÅ ~gYÐ

5XÏ}™~gY(Licence)ªó**]iYZÆä™]c*í

]gz¢Åi¢a÷Z,RgzZ-i+g ä vãÃgâ ÔÂ1Àä '-+ig #Z ~y z u0*R,'
LÃÆ-i+g~ º´kZ Â@*Y H·a¢÷ZR,~ º´Tžt {z Hx»gzZ -qZ,6 äJ,(
ƒ ¯) !*Æ4z.]gzZVØz»yZXáY_gzZƒq=Å-+igž*@DYG„~j
Ì~kZgægzZ ›~w‚{Ò M XHi¸ M »]*c íä'-+ig~®~Y1923¬Ð
›ÆkZÔZƒ{@çq-ZÃY1926agâB26yHÆ*!XZƒi¸ M »]c*íÐ ‰ÂÆVÔ-i+g
Ôc*M ~ ¿xª »™v«» eZ',+&+ZgzZ ZƒgŠ™ê » xªÆ øZ-+ig ~®gzZ

XŠH*cŠ™eZgÆl Z+&+ZÃY1926agâB31&

VŒÔH cgs§Ågz?žÓÎgzZ-qZÃvãÃgâ6,i¸ MÆ^Cc*íÆ®gzZ ›
ZãŠZÃ…gâLL],iYZZ{yz´ZÆXìçHG.2.~gZ$gER,z6,¢!ðx•»ZÅ)]»c*iíZzžM Å¿\gtMo-JÑgVzZ™*cŠD~gzjZVâÌòa¢ž ¹÷ÐZ,RäÖ#óÓóvÅ

106

~gg }ZX+ii ~ KkZ XÐ NYá :Zza¢÷ZR,CZ ë~ ]gß~uzŠ NY G
:žiZBg

kÆ)ŠÐç»HG.i2.ZagzZ$ER,My~…LgvZÂ6J-,6XðVЃV;!™zNgxzDZY㞻~á¹g/Ðz™?ŠV{Ö#kzZ çXZHG.ÃÓð2.g?MÅZ$ER,¤/]uCZuz!*Z™ëgg/zzÖ#ZZŠq-X*c»ŠòZ™j~·ÑrítâߊâçXÆ:HG.ì2.ggzZ$EVR,b~ß»gŠz}Z^¢z ãŠZ¹zÃx³gZŠâ

»VÍßXZƒi¸ M »]*cí-+ig~gz?àÆyÎ0*ˆÆ›gzZ®Æy*zyV-
-+igÐ [fXHŠ`*@ƒ,Fo¢Ð o¢-+igÔ‰ − Dƒw=xZ/¤z6,ÔHŠ k,(yDg
o¢ÃÏ!!äôG-#GgyYuX3g~gY^CZäkZ™VyÎ*0 ˆÆkZgzZyzu0*R,'
«» eZ,'—gVŒgzZ Oÿò**yì¡ÑaÆR',ˆÆä™ Z9,6VzŠCã
ŠŽz!*Æäƒm,ôZXå: ÑZzä M ~ƒ*!ŠÆËÔå´ â » ~ŠZgZ]¸z[¡Zo¢{zÔ5
Ï!!w¾I,]ZeôG-#GgyYuXð M:}h MÆkZØ?HðÃ~wŽéÐVlÆVŒ
)fx-qZŽ »X–ˆÆœ»zG vŠ~âq-Z‰ ‘ÃY1935~ZB13LZ LL: ä
k,Š ~gv**ƒW,'{Ç6,i§{Ð~gZŠ)f kZ ǃkˆZ»G»kZì ˆ{Î~gZŠ

7óXó ƒMh™?ŽY™7x»{znÆy*zyÌñZ·Zzž ©¿ðÃXì~

kZ Ì{zågZØŠ¹B‚ÆVÍßgzZ‘´bZ Ì{z**™qzÑx» *q-ZnÆyì
ƒ OÆVÍßäyìXeƒ: "$U*xZ²Z ðÃë*@‰ ñÎÌxZ²Zq-Z F,6kZž~ªq
/gzZ /‡dÔÎÅä™x» Ξ HlˆÃm¾Z,ZžV- ¼ {z C,'oôZ¹ ~
ð2y!*izŠgZÃVz,môZž å*cŠ úä6¤,'Ö#Ó{gZŠZ-qZ,6VŒX’e ãƒA¢&
Éâ¹ZÔ¸ìg}ŠxZux»t~ggZg3Zzf6,V;zå~HíŠ »}gZŠZkZÔñY
~“¦/u[ KZ ~gg X }ZX+iiÐáZjkZXN M ~ «» eZ,'\ Mž c*Z™

:˜

107

T 5g@*q-ZÐ s§Å#r™yZ å ;g™À,F »[Â Ë ´~ íŠ ~ yŠ -qZ
{)zŠ‹ZÔKZ~YzZkZgzZá‹ŠÃðюB25?žìéZpÅyìž å–~
wZe ~ iZgŠ Åög*@gzZ S7,wjшÆkZ J 7,û%q-Z zŠg*@ä ~XzŠ ŸÐZ
ÆkZ 5âq-Z »#r™yZ=ˆ yŠ zŠÆkZXHŠƒsz^~x» LZ™
XŠH{g{Ši]ª~™|7,â»yìXå–ÃyZäyìŽ ås“Ìâ{zB‚

8X¶CƒV*cú,[fY„e$.-qZÐÂCÙ ÆâkZ

{ÙCb»Tì *@ƒg»gŠ/._¸ nÆäJ(,Ð M~iZ0+ZµÃ}gZŠZ6 ÌË
eZ,' à ~ggX}ZX+ii Z®Xå ~gz¢”Z **ƒ » VzŠCã o¢Å «» eZ',ž H ä yì
{ᐣZ) ~gg kB ð¸ }(,Æ yZ ÔŠHc*ÑÐ V@à CZf Åyì~ˆÆ «»
s§ÅÖ#Ó[º7Z¸g¼~gƒÑ~ggkBÝZgŠXHŠ c*Ñ~ˆkZ ÌÃ(~gg
gzuŠ={z´Æ yZ Ô ‰ ØŠ¯ «» eZ',°zN~ ˆ gzZ å ŠH5~ w-zÚZ Ð
Xå»i-z*z^Zz³X20 çHG.2.gZ$E,R »kZXXZƒŠHic*¸Ñ~M {°ˆ‡!*»køZÌZÃ-si+gÑ‹Z¸ŠÃMYgz19Zi3W6/~gZ†gZuJZÔ~i*
~gz?ˆÆ]c*í{°‡!*Å-i+g‹ŠXŠH*c¯~ƒÆñZ™q-ZÆezgg7ZX18øZt
„Zg {Z,'»Tì øZuZz »yz u0*R',øZgz?X7à{Ð pŠ Ìxª »øZ-+ig
~ eÆ~gUŠpgzZ ~ŠZiWÅR,' ~ ð;Š ~ŠÅ ~œ,Xì áCÐ ãÃgâ m
Å•Ñ~ ÷лöwÍ Ìä xéZ†{Zñ™Æuu/ßÂðƒ cлöwÍ~ yß
]‡5 kZX¶ðƒ ÌÐ ãÃgâ].ñÆ-+ig ]‡5 ÅyZ~ yßXH^ »yßÐ n¾
Å/ßB‚B‚Æä‹®Æ~gŠ·ÅVzimYÆuu/ß~xkB «äV,Z~

:ÂHÌ™f »Ï0+?gzZ$"¾

X H{°z » ä™ì‡øZ-i+g~uu/ßgzZ ñƒ ,WO¹Ð VÂ*! ÅyZ ãÃgâ
gzZ *cŠ™ dZ „ IÐ Y1936~g†J ªxªÆøZ-i+g ‹Š {°z CZ ä ãÃgâ

ãÃgâ B÷  ÆçHG.2.gZ$ER,Xc*ŠZ{gz?108¾g çHG.2.gZ$ER,q-Z » ^Zz ³ñŠ M
guHuI/ß],,3ZgeÍøƉÜZ¬zkÆZÃkY19Z "35aÅgâBZ·6gXzØZH Šb}¶ŠZ~» çH.-G-oZ$ER,ÌkLÃZ ä-ôi+G-g¢/¤EŠ°³30Zgäu

9Xñƒ

øZ*ŠÐƒ ~yÎ0*gzZZƒIÌÐøZÆ‹Ši¸ M »-i+g~gz?ž *cÍ
¿xª»V°Z-+ig9~yzu*0 R',}vŠˆPQXì *@YÃgz?-+ig ÌiZ³Z »

X¸ïá ©gzZž JeÔà7âc~F,ÔkZgæÔgƒÑ~XÔc*M~

éZpÅkZÐáZjÆkZì Lg~ƒ *!ŠgŠT~]Ñqz]5çÆÏ0+iyK¨Z
ÃAç kZ X,™ëZÛ ]ägzZ yjÂf Ž Vƒ,Z ]ϼ k*0 Æ kZžì Cƒ
ÆVñZ/¤z6,m¸X¯=gf »bZہÅyjgzZô¸]äaÆVÍßgzZHi!lä-i+g
{)z ]*!æÔ]ÓkÔ uñÔ)Zge ~ yZ „g Œ,6 ]âiZßXe$ÒZ ÅVñZ¤/z6,~ e
tXì „g Ì{²xž!ŠZq-Z àZzä*0 q=~xZú{z´ÆVñZ¤/z,6yZX¸ïá
ã*!i Å4Z ~²áÅyZ6,-+iggzZ ñY H ‰Z: VYÃxZ™YZĞ eÎä ~gg}ZX+ii
àZzäWVâŠyZõg*@Å]ÃzÅ rZŠ]|szczgž åt·Zq-ZXñYðà-JxZú
~ŠŠ rZŠ]|Æ™nzÈ»}²xyŠÆÏ',: VYà õg@*kZž *cW¸wìZåE<XŶ

:ñY Hi¸W»iZ+0Z6 q-ZÆ™úæÃVzŠ¤/áxÓÆ

à rZŠÈZŠ/¤áxÓvŠgzZ ãGé5kÒ$lŽ ]|Ô[j]|Ô²á ]|Ôbâ]|
Xǃ{²x~Š*c Å rZŠ]|gzZNÑp=‹Š õg*@V#ž‰Çó**]úŠ
rZŠ ñƒ äâ Æy*zy xÓQgzZ + å›iÅZ yWŒÛ »Š6]|gzZ b‚]|
tXσ"L:gzZ ðƒ7"ÐwŠJ-[ZŠc*ÅkZž ){²x{zX²á Š¤/á Æ

10Xå{²xª»-+ig

ô¸)gfÆkZ ä VzgzÆ-+igpÔå **àô¸J-VÍßÑ »-+igÝZgŠ

109

%ÆVZigZgzZy‚ M âZ Ìô¸XKíaÆ}Ñç{)z}ûgzZ,¸ÔMšF,z½Ô
ú3‡É 7ÅÎâV7 ÌÎô¸ÔñYVã‚ M/VƒÌ6,V˜Æ]YZyZ Ë
g±ZÆô¸gzZÃYÇgŠc*-JVYžGíxZ¤/z,6g‚á ,ZFXñY Mxyâ‚m¸

Xì !x» ~(,ð•Z Å-i+gt Ð

ózF,Å[ŠZgzZ-+ig

@*ƒx¥Â,™g¨¼ s§ÅpÆršZZ# Xì ~sfÆ]#šZ „ŠŽz»-+ig
z¹F,Å[ŠZgzZy!*i-i+g ÂñY¬Š~øÚkZXXãçÆ**àÔ**;Ô**™ Vì
X„gì‡å-á ÅiZz MgzZÈÔy*!iÐ$AðƒZ’ZÅ-i+gÐ#ZXì¦ZŠ Z,(» ózF,
ñY ¬Š ~ sfÆuñX ì Cƒ kCgz¢¡ Å-áÅ[ŠZz y!*i~ xZ¤/z,6 q-ZCÙ
Ì)ZgeXÐ ~Vpá +,FëZ Å[ŠZ ~Äƒ{)z ;zŠÔwçÄsÜ~žkZ Â
ÔzVyƒ!*i,k~g»ždXìÙC c*ÍHXxV»ƒZg-‚z¹ÚZ c*Väƒ-Æ+ig{ÌöG-~G4}EB\IÔƒózb,FZ'×ÅÔóVƒZgxe XZ/¤ìz6,ð!»Š ZZÔ+VƒF,ë}Zž™„Zè[IèŠ Z
aÆ[ŠZXì Å~gz,6[ŠZÐáZjkZä-i+g Z®Xì @*7,**ñ6,xŠxŠðZŠ »[ŠZ
YK¶ZÈ»kZƒí¼ŽÐ-i+gLL:ëgzuxÐáZjkZ ]â}.H HÅ-i+g
xgZ ~ yZXDYÇg ^ÝZÆÈ~-i+g cZ™a kZ Xce **ƒ„gŠÐ pÒÆ

11óXó ¸x**ëZ~ÛiÒgzZÔ~©

yÎ0*Ã-i+gž¸qéZpgzZ¸ñƒd$ŠZÆñ*0 dZq-ZŠp~ggZg3Zzf¦
xÓKZäV,ZnÆ!x»ÅéZpkZX ñY*cZ™sg”,6gîÆ}gZŠZgZŠ™!*-qZ~
-+igXXëZہ,ŠCã ÃR',Ð áZjÆ ]c*Zzg yZgzZ ,Š $,ÎÃyÎ0*-+ig &&
Ãuñ}XÏñ MÃVZzŠ VZzg Gé5OE" Å[ŠZ Ô B” **ÃÌðà »VñZ/¤z,6ÆcZ™yÎ0*
ÅxlZzqZâZÔ~²á s0ZZÔ ~²áÅn+4ÔgiìÔ}+0i‚ÔØÍgñ**,Z BŠ
ÂBÃ}²xXì C M Ã9Å bÛ z k¸q-Z *cÍÔ V/Zg ÔwìÔVc*™ÔvZg Ô uñ

110

-i+g ÂBÃóZgeX‰ƒ qzÑ}²x„Ð izg¬Æ^ C*cíÆcZ™yÎ0*-i+g
gó)Zge 6 gzZ äZ6,Ð ¹ XñƒðóZgeg‚áG íóZgegÜ ä cZ™yÎ*0
ØŠKM,FxZ/¤z6,FF6,bZ'× z9X~ŠxZuÖ#}.~,(¹q-Z™ àJ-VÍßÃ]&ÅVz
ÆyZX‰ GgZ/¦lÍÆ¥‚~iZ+0Zﯙ ¯ qçñÃb) CÑç~XÔ‰
»V”Ð kZXìg DYØŠKM ,FxZ/¤z,6 µ Z µ ZaÆ&ZpgzZ VâZŽâÔ V”{z´
aÆ äJm yZz,6 à ƒ Î !ŠZ Ì~ ui** žgzZ Ì[ŠZ » VâZŽâÔZƒ ðÌ[ŠZ

XìgDYbŠKM ,FxZ/¤z,6

Ég ŽÃVÍßB‚Æô¸ž *cŠKMF,b§kZÃ/Z/¤z6,îSäyÎ0*-+ig
ÃVÍßLL:ì wì»gzux~KkZXñY~Š ózF,Ã[ŠZÔ]ªÜZ „B‚gzZ ñYðÑŠ
~ kZž ñY ~Š b§kZ ô¸ž ˆ¿g oôZ -qZ ~ kZ ÔIÅ ½ Ì,q Å ô¸
b§kZ XHŠ c*Š rzہÃwDZ x¯gzZ BçÅYZÄiZXñ(,Ìg£»xZúgzZƒ ÌmZ
ä cZ™-+igÐ áZjÆ Ö#}.Å[Š ZgzZÐ g±ZÆ ô¸(27) ó óX ˆ~Š mZÃVÍß
T,ZXc*Š™%ZÆ™í~ iZ+0ZÆ_ðâZgeÃVE¹FF6,|Ô}ØŠ xZuó**g» F
Æš¡óƒó õÆkƒ ;V$ÑLL)Zge»y{vZ¾Xˆïw]g@*qñƒíóZgeŠZi
ãÃÑgzZgÇŠ*c P Æ yÎ0*-i+g)ZgetXHŠ HíÃY1955 ~g†B23Ž å)Zge ª »e

:å-qZÐ~VñZge

~yÎ0*gZŠ™VâzŠ {zgzZ¸gZŠ™zŠsÜ~kZž¶t]*!m{ÅóZge kZ
.‚-qZÆyÎ 0*-+igX¸K ZŠ Z ä ~gg Zg3Zzf [» ã*! Æ]c*í-+ig
)Zget»#$+−ZÒu-ez6,+,Fw=ÐáZjÆóZge-i+ggzZI],ZeøZ

12XìpôÌ~egkgÆàŠ-+ig*c+&Zw M

Ì~VÍßgzZ å÷g£»VñZ¤/z,6gzZVñZgeÆ܉zkZžì *@Yƒ{iZ0+ZÐkZ
Æ™~szw~¯]â.}ÅcZ™yÎ*0 -+ig~äJmyZz,6ÃuñX¸w=V7

111

VŒ »äZF,ò¸ÆyÎ0*{z ð M ~{ÆcZ™-+ig Ö#}.xgzZq-Z6,VŒXëÑ
Xì**ƒ egkg~i-e:ZÆ

cZ™ÆyÎ*0 -i+gÔ:Z,Fò¸»yÎ*0 žìõ¯) *!]!*tnÆyÎ*0 -+ig
yZyÆuñÌ` MŽ XŠHH egkg~VziZz M ÅVzg2„ LZ~i-e:Z
Žì„z:Z,Fò¸ÑZzäƒ†» eZ',Ì` MÐyÎ0*-i+gXìX*UZ»-i+g~

13XåZƒegkg~i-e:ZÆ-i+g

{z´ÆkZXK±ŸZ Fä-i+g Ì~[Z1ZÆuñußgzZ o`¯ÔåÑÔh+.]
Bzò¸‰Ü zÆBkÅY1965gzZ]c*í„Zg {Z',Å@D+ÅWZZ+‡]â}.ÅcZ™-+ig¤/Z
yÎ*0 -+ig,6 Xñ M 7gŠ,Z iZ%-qZ FÌˆÆ kZ X ïᐠÌ]*cíÅV]

XHZŠZgZŠZ™ CZb§Åå~AçÆ]â}.òZúäcZ™

]Y!ZjzÙZj
ŠZià:cZ™ óó]â.}!ŠZgzZd!‚kÅcZ™yÎ0*-i+gLLÔËZeÔ~‡Zy{wDZ· X1

13mX Y 2011D

59mXY2010òOZ%:cZ™ óóJ-~ggÐãÃgâ]c*íñ*!!*LLÔ~Q@xÝ X2

14mXykÔy!*iò¸{gÇ:Š*!WxsZóÄó ôðc*+igLLÔg©Š= X3

144mXykÔiD¨¸:gƒÑóó“/¦uLLÔ~ggX}ZXi+i X4

66móóJ-~ggÐãÃgâ]c*íñ*!*!LLÔ~Q@xÝ X5

39mó“ó ¦/uLLÔ~ggX}ZXi+i X6

49móó]â}.!ŠZgzZd!‚kÅcZ™yÎ*0 -+igLLÔËZeÔ~‡Zy{wDZ· X7

25móó“ ¦/uLLÔ~ggX}ZXi+i X8

60móó]â.}!ŠZgzZd!‚kÅcZ™yÎ*0 -i+gÔËZeÔ~‡Zy{wDZ· X9

112

128mó“ó /¦uLLÔ~ggX}ZX+ii X10
([ž¢)Y2010ðюB24:cZ™(·,))ó-ó zÚZLLÔgzux X11
269móó]â.}!ŠZgzZd!‚kÅcZ™yÎ*0 -i+gLLÔËZeÔ~‡Zy{wDZ· X12

173móóJ-~ggÐãÃgâ]*cíñ*!!*LLÔ~Q@xÝ X13

113

a:Äg
zŠgZ£ÔWz6,kZ
Š !*WßÔ;gE- ^z ÏY

xÂä´»”Zg

Noon Meem Rashid is the gigantic personality of the modern Urdu poem

in the 20th century. He enervates the Urdu poem with many new facts.

His poems have a beautiful blend of thought and matchless art. The

greatness of Rashid's poetry draws upon his distinct, novel and exquisite

use of lexis with stylistic variations. Rashid has used these artistic

attributes in his poetry in his own peculiar manner. His poetry, definitely,

is an amalgam of both art and creativity. His poetry transmits meaning

elaborately and succinctly. This research article will explain the symbolic

aspects of Rashid's poetry.

ªz$+ÅTì Ûe~(mºq-Z™ƒéÐ Vzq Z{g0*®!ÌðÃ
ì‚rgÃ7ÃVzqƒyZðÈZgzŠ‚f ¹Üq-ZXìCƒ¹ÃWgzZµgŠµe$sÅkZ
ÅtzfÆkZM,HzKM F,ÅqÌËXì CƒF,V*cúe$ŠZÐZÅð&x¯ÆkZÐT
Cƒ]gß[pÐzzÅs™zZZÌ~²á ÂñY¬Š~øÚkZXì Cƒ~gZŠsW

XÌxÂQgzZDƒÌì´ziñgÆkZs™zZtXì

±ŸZh+'× ~g…ÆpȘÆkZgzZìrÅÃe$sÅ}g*0 ®!ÌËÖ#´
Xì CWÃ~ iZ0+Z ZV; ÆVz²á Z~gó#Ö ´~ ~²ázŠgZXì Žk)¯*! »
tV;Æ;Ô~©:Æ:‚ZyÆY Z÷XQ~øÚòsZ]â´V;ÆwDZ
Æ”ZgXì ïq »ÎâZq-ZxÂä´ »”ZggzZì C™~/¤]gßÅ[zZ]â´

XñYà™Ýq„Ç WЍ¢zãçÆ#Ö ´žì~gz¢IÐä™W,6xÂä´

ÆÖ#´Xì @*Wg…~KzÄÐkZXì !pVìgŠgzZëZq-ZÅ[ŠZ óó#Ö ´LL
ŠZ%Ð#Ö ´XYÈ7ÌÐÒÃgZÙD$dŠZq-Z,6gîx¬Žì$Ë Y½Ì]*!{z)gf

XNYaŠZ%p}uzŠÆTñY½]!*+Z

114

:ìI» ºZÐËZe
uIzŠ #â Å¿!Å Tì hZ z Ð ¿gZuZ æF%NkZÆ ‚f ~i‚ Ö#´
YYc*ŠgZÛŒzb-qZ » ÿ®NWzÆ¿!ÐQV;X $Ë YÅ7#sZÜ~[|Z
Å ðZ {Š*cit ~¨£Æ{g7Zpì CWÃËxÐ {g7Z Ö#´ÙC„ Xì
[]¨»XˆÅ]%=Š¼ÌÅÖ#´#âÅ ãZŽ[ZpXìCƒïq
 (Z aÆ ƒgzZ ô=Åg¦Ô]¡Ô¿ÔXŠq Ô·¸z ÔªÔ/._žì t

1Xn™ZŠZh»ÏÒúÅ]:S]ÅkZŽ **™wEZ

:ë J.A. Cuddon

The word symbol derives from the Greek verb symballein, 'to throw

together', and its noun symbolon, 'mark', 'emblem', 'token' or 'sign'.

It is an object, animate or inanimate, which represents or 'stands

for' something else. As Coleridge put it, a symbol is characterized

by a translucence of the special[i.e. the species] in the individual'. A

symbol differs from an allegorical sign in that it has a real
existence, whereas an allegorical sign is arbitrary.2

:ì HyÒ ~ pÖZ yZÃÖ#´ä tËZ /Z ËZe

ŠZ%pµ Z¼gzZ{Šc*i¼ÐkZñY¹Ž=gfÆTìyÒ{zŠZ%ÐÖ#´
!pÅkZgzZìC™vs§ÅVE FÅ ãçÂf}gøÖ#´XNYa

3Xñ*0 gZŒÛ VziñaÆòÙCÐ~yZtžì¸

wq‹gßt Xì e$s5-qZ ~ Tì Š*!Wy˜ -qZ» ~góÖ#´V; Æ”Zg
ŠÛXì ïq »]¬çñÆ~œ,ÄzŠgZh+].žVYXì ~øÚÆÄzŠgZh+.]ÝZgŠ
¿%Ì,6 ~²á ]Z,WZÆ~œkZ ïq Å]¬çñvŠgzZ:âi‹ZpÔ]Zf§O_Z ÔðËÅ

X c*Š =~ {ÇÄKZÐZgzZK>]¬çñÐ kZ ä”ZgX ñƒ

HwEZÐ 4Š ,-e /~g7 ä kQ qX ]Ý ZÅVá´V; Æ”Zg
˞tn«Xì H„~V”zŠÃxÂä´ŠŽñ~”Zgį¡a+µ~ekZXì

115

ЮƔZgwEZ~Ä~g7»#Ö ´q-ZËn~uzŠgzZwEZ»Vá´Z~Ä-qZ
:—{zXì]oèEG4EO&»„Ç W

«Xì YYH„~V”zŠ¹ZX}gá ZgzZ‘´Ž~V¸Å”Zg
²XD™wEZ}gá ZgzZ‘´Z~Ä-qZ Ë”Zg~Tì {zn
Æ VñiˆZªXì ¹~ Ä~g7 Ž ì ÅÖ#´ëZ +Z -qZ n~uzŠ
4XìCYY,6Ä~g7{zžJ-VŒÔDY−D;Ã#Ö ´-qZ”Zg)gf

gzZ óŠóz!LLÔ óóVÑgzZ òLL~ ~²á Å”ZgX +×'Ð ]â´z/5 » ”Zg į
‘´ »n)ëÅðyÑ]|Žìà-qZ »^óóòLLXì Ð õg@*m» óó]oÎLL
6XìHgDWÃV!¤~gEZä”Zg~óó]oÎLžL Z# Ô#Ö ´ÅgEZ óŠóz!LL( Xì

Xì0ÐVèZõg*@tXìÐõg*@m»Vá´VÐyZž ŠH¹¬ž

Xì *@',Ð ]Òä”Zg&ì ÌóóvWLLÖ#´+,FëZq-ZÐ ~”Zg‹â´
khZXZz¸ÐBkZ{ggz7ZvZW»gïŠGG3kG©G3ÒZCE~+ÃGv~W²”á ZgÅX yQXDì™ðZaƒwuE’~Z Ö#gÅ´ÑtR~ÆVúyùK¨xÓZ]ÆâiyˆQ
§2+Ã\WLZgzZ HÉaLZÐZä”ZgaÏZh+áXì Ì#Ö ´ÅsËt{z´Æ

Xc*ŠgZŒÛ ]ñs™Ãj§kZgzZŒƒ o{Šc*i**™>W§+2ñOÆä™u{
h+.]»ÄzŠgZ+h.]gzZˆá*gðHG34)G'™ÆyßV¤V¤Ã”ZgŽ ¶„æÅvWtgzZ

:*c Š™¹~ v WÃ\WLZ ä ÄgZ/¦Š ãCgzZ +,F

x **» ~ŠŠ Ô» ~ŠZiWv W

x** »öZÛ‚ZÔ»öZavW

yözbÔ¯Ô‡*c Ô,ë~VßYÆvW

x**»öâi Ô»öZgWv W

{HkƒÐ T D Y RŠ Ôö¼{z v W

116

x™ (ZuZ#âÆ÷‚«ÅVâK¨ZvW

![ZŽ °»7»TÌwîuZ »/

ƒ:/¤ îÑZVc**0 "»VîÕt

ƒÐ}N Wò~tŠzÛkZ

!Åg×zg Z‡Ã î ÑZ kZ

ÔîÑZì{+0ižƒ]gtKÃõZ è-rg)
5!7CW-J\eÅV-ƒ

{c-qZ äV,ZÃÏ0+i‰XŠŽñÌ‘´vŠ¼B‚B‚ÆvWV;Æ”Zg
:ì „g™ÇZ VºŠ ãZ,6 ~ V-~ àq)$e.Žì c*ŠgZÛŒ(]gúSh1) yi

!yi {c uZ Ï+0i____

!VºŠãZ,6‘zizg~VaËìC™ ¦

yi {çÐ ç: Z-Š Ô0Z §Ô!
‚cÔ õÑG5!M-$ZŠ Ô})w*!

6!0-qg*@ÔVZ™a**gzZ **Îq-Z »VRŠ

„]gúq-Z ñOÆŠ%Ì~ÄkZXì ~â*UwÅ]gú~}Ñçk‚ZŠ%
XìHŠ HðgZŠ™»

:ë.k„Ü**ËZe
„z ä}ÑçŠ%ÔB‚Æ]gúX ì ~Š(,6 õG/Id q LZxk!*ä`Ã]gú
,mÁgÅ@]ÆgúX]3¡g ZzÅgB]‚gúÆ{zª@XŐgz]Z VñÕäG5ݽhIG$YÔVñ]õZgä¦VF,Â¸gÆÇ+MŽìZ²gHzZu~g|zi
{zÝZgŠ**™ ¦VºŠX{GZiÆ]¶F,ÅV¸~œ/%Å `ñOÆäƒ
Ýq]ZfgÅÐZž@*ì ŠH3gg6Ã]gú6,ðZŠZÅXԐwdZ ÌŠZgzZ à©

117

gzZ ÌŠZÐZž7/wðÃg¹Ð kZ »pgxzøÐ ]ZfgÅÊÛ ÌËXƒ:
7XñY*cŠÎ,6x»H

/¤{žB‚Æ[@*z [W}g7 Ì#Ö ´Å ósó WLL b§ÅVá´vŠ ~”Zg į
§{~ $esÅkZÆ™wEZ ~ iZ+0Z q-Z Ç*! Ãx|z pÆsWä ”Zg ~ kZ Xì
b§ÅWNWq-Z ÌwŠž ë ~ óó~g¬Ð¸z fsWLLÄKZ {zXì *cŠ™†ŸZ {Zp
ósó WLLV;Æ”ZgpXì ~Š}ŠÝz+h×'ÐZ™}ŠUÐwŠÃWNWXì *@ƒsË

XìZƒwEZ,6gîÆ#Ö ´~:‚Z-qZ

ÃwŠV;Æ5ßXì ´ÅsËKZŽì 1,6gîÆ#Ö ´+Zq-ZÃsWä”Zg
Ã#Ö ´ÅNWWä”Zg VŒ Xì YY H{iZ0+Z »]Ý ÅwŠÐ Tì ŠH*cŠgZŒÛ sW
ãZk,Z kQáZj~:‚ZtV;Æ”Zg Xì *cZë;ß »®LZÆ™yÒ~ñZcZq-Z

Xì ÝqÌZ ~ŠãCq-Z V; Æ”Zg& ñW~ KÆ]°_
Ô~g¬Ð¸z ø8LsW

?ù N ¯ bëÊ1**ÆkQ

ì?izgz‘}7…b«

?ùN3ŠsWÃsWÁŠ
ԐDzgë?g»" ëJLzÅsWÁŠ

xzøÐ%ì {!ž ðz +Z
8!xzøÐ ðE$Nì3gâÿL¯

Z}.ä”ZgXìŠH16,gîÆ#Ö ´-qZÌà óZ}.BL ‚B‚Æ]â´vŠV;Æ”Zg
Ð áZjÆ[fgzZ tæ]ZŠ§t Xì gD » óó]ZŠ§LLŽ ì*c3Š ~(,Z -qZÃ
ÃZ}.{z´ÆkZXì ZuzŠ ðÃZ}.»[fžZ# ìgzZ ðÃZ}.»tæ-qŠ4,Æ”ZgX

Xpw»ÑgzZì™»íŽìHŠ 1Ì,6gîÆÖ#´Åu’

118

ä”Zgp슎ñÂ,z~$eZzgÅ~²ázŠgZ **ƒ¥•¯§~iZ+0Zt9ÐZ.}
Xì HÉwì›Zc *-qZÐáZjkZ

žì@*Y Hwì¸ Â¬Ð ƒ 6,gîx¬,6kZXì wì*@gZq-Z **3Š {i»» Z.}
yÒ¬ž 6Xì¨Ïx¬q-Ztp`Yu yŠÆTìgEZŠZ%Ð Z.}VŒ
: ïŠ ÀÃ]ÑZÎÐ ¹ ]Zg¦ZÆZ.}ÐáZjÆtægzZ [fžì [Y H

Ð ]*cÃ]Gé5šG3E4ŒÅZˆâ mºyZÃyK¨Z¡9ŠHH6,g¦ÆZ.}V; Æ”Zg
~ðŠâÆè™ ¯ê»V1ZyÆs¦ÐZäV2ålz»ÅäYáÐW
z˜Æ]Ñ» „gZËÃ~gZËÅ~ŠpTV;Æy¨KZ äwDZXåc*Š™sp
”ZgX¶ˆƒ¢Ð ]zŒ -Ju ËñO ÅŠ¿Z ~Šp„z V; Æ”Zg Ôå c*ZI
bŠ\zg »ŠÛ,Zq-ZÐQÔÆ™´ÛWi*!ÅV6&sÅyK¨Zb§ÅwDZÌ
VzgŠ,k5+xZ%ZgzZ}hñs§Å¹WgzZðZÔb#ZgJŠ» ãK¨Zõg@*Ž¸Te

9X}™Š%Åy˜ 6 q-ZÐ

"LÃZ}.6,VŒXì H H7ÐbzZiZq-ZÃ#Ö ´Å Z}.ä”Zg~ÄgzZq-Z
ÆkZXì ïqÅ$esµgŠµtÂñY¬ŠÃ$esÅ ó~g»"LkZXì *cŠgZŒÛ Z}.gó »
žìYƒakZÔì_ƒ»sz^Å Z}.ˆÆä™ð]Ñ»žMhƒtÂpq-Z
Ã}.~ÄÏZX_ƒ»]5z^,FxÓÅkZ ªXì ;g ~gZ/¦yŠÆóó~g»"LLZ.}[Z

:ì gD »k#ZŽì ŠHc*5 ÌÐ ,xñ5-qZ

ì ÌŠ*c ¼Ò ñ‚Ægf ÏZ

#â Å Z}.gZ LZ

~ ä{V.q-g@*Ëì 6zZ

,x} ÕäO$ZƒZgâ»k#Zq-Z

kZŠQ____$e*q-Z

119

VK¶»ªf Åw‚Î&
10!ðà ZzZæ »T7žªf +Z

Å Z}.g»" X Å»]§5ñƒ npggZŒÛ ,' Ãm"Z LZ ä ”Zg ÌVŒ
:ìHŠ @*',~iZ0+ZîZzg)ÃIF,

:ìI»yZ%» ãŒÐáZjÆÄkZ

)-qZ~}g*! ÆZ}.~ kZžì Ôg¨a kZ Ät ÐáZjÆy¨KZgzZ Z}.
ÅqâkZ~wjâ~„}gøXìˆÅwEZ(#âÅ Z.}g»"LZ)I,FîZzg
g»Ðg°Z 8g- Æ~œ,ƒgVZÃZ.}g»" ä”ZgXì 7iZŽ ðà »I,F
ì *@g/¦wìgzZì Cƒ eÌ#sŸz Å¿ÙCÆ1uZzÆÄb§ÏZgzZì 1
wq‹gßKZ »:ßZ§¦8g- gzZì {Šgz,6 »wjâ dgzZ (ÆÝzg 5¿tž

11Xì*@™V*cúÃW"gzZ~gzŠÎâÆZ}.gzZy¨KZñƒD™t:Z6,

ä V,Z Xì HwEZÐ Cgzp ~,( ÌÃ óóÏ0+iLL#Ö ´ m{ q-Z KZ ä ”Zg
ÆÏ+0iäV,ZXìÌ3pž.Þ ì{0+gŠsÜ:Žì~ŠUÐbƒ,Zq-ZÃÏ+0i
¼¹äV,ZÐ koÅVÍßÔ]5çÆVÍßÔbzgÆVÍßX¸AŠiZہzÝ

XHkCu+pgzZ-7 ˜âZÃÏ+0i{zakZX5

a}÷Ï+0i
12;7ÁÐbƒ3p-qZ

HgÑ~ ]â´ +,F *ŠÅ *ŠÐZ Xì CY ªÖ#´ Å:‚ZgzZ ]ÒŠZ ógó«LL
V'*ŠtXÏNY¬t',6ZÅkZ ÂñYHg¨,6x|zpÆg«Xì YY
LZtÔì Ì#Ö ´Å ðZt XË$Y ű5]ÝgzZ +ZÅkZXì ŠŽñ~

:ì@*,'ÐCgzp~,(Ã#Ö ´kZä”ZgXì8©ÈÌÃVzqϹg0+Z

Ôg«}Z

120

,iZzWÔŸÔ‘(è
Û*@Q@*hzŠ~VÍg
Dg/¦Ð6,Vzß

‰ ïŠVZfZ§{ųg
V.~ V½gŠ D%Ô~gzZ

____;g7ù
B;uSZ%~V½gŠyS

ì?JgÆCgåL<X’
ì ~ {gWàuZ ÔZuzŠ

____{Zg}*cŽ
ÏñY~+&Z õ&M ÅzigW~TÔà

13 !ÇñY|-8gÐ Ï0+i
ì H{gá Zs§Å]!*kZ ä”Zg~Tì ÄÅ `Z×'Zq-Z Å”Zgóó]oÎLL
6,gîÆ`Z%‚6 q-ZÃzyDYDY{zpXì Îäƒ=ZÐR',» `Z%‚žÛ ž

X쬊,6gîÆÖ#´Ã óó]oÎLLä”Zg~øÚkZXì;gZ™sg”
™rÅ…Ð}u6
Ôh]oÎÒiÛ

~âç&01
____VZçì~u{ î0ÏEC9LZ

:ì øÎ{z
Ô» kS ä ~ å *Nßv – ãZŽ ~½L L

121

B; Z%1
14Ôåe7|,(6,x—zgÅkZ

ÇÂñY™hgdY,ZˆLZ {zž å LetgzZì ;gƒ»gZMZ » `Z%‚žÛ
Æ`Z%‚6 à (·(,Å]oÎ) ]oÎ ÒiÛä”ZgX,™ ZŠZ h» òY ÅyZ~ Vs

Xì *c3Š6,gî

:iZ§¶go·ì

g»Ä¤/u~ä¯dYCZÃ`Z%‚³,'6 -qZ~y*zy`Z%‚žÛZƒ¬î
ä™7™ ¯~6,ïÅ~ŠZiWÊZëZ-ŠÆ ïGG3E4)6X',ó8-ہZlzÛ {Š',pL VOXì
#6,V-œÄXì {g7ZZ,(» `Z%‚6 kZ ·(,Å]oÎXì VáÃ~
*-qZÃB¿kZžÛ XìCÑ~¾¯~iZ+0ZðâZge}(,ÃB¿›zyðƒ

15Xì sz^~ ¶Š \zg ~)

XhMYAŠä%йÆkZ~”ZgįÔì#Ö ´ÅVâZŠ·Å-qюe$g
B‚ÆVzgZ-Š $egì Ð W

B‚ÆVziZzgŠ}g‚

ì ûg6,VWÅVAZ cu

ì (ÄÐ VY9šš

Y u¥____$eg

B™Mö

ÐVêÆl*@}¯

B™ÈÃVâizgÔVzigŠ

$eg
16!Yu¥





































140

b§kZ._Æ~Öeegx WÃTXÐäB~gó|ÂHqzÑ**™gDW)gf
:ŠHHyÒ

"A way of seeing, accepting and dealing with situations as they
really are without being influenced by your emotions or false hopes.
There was a new mood of realism among the leaders at the peace
talks.(of novels, paintings, films/movies, etc) the quality of being
very like real life the gritty realism of the new drama serial(also
Realism) a style in art or literature that shows things and people as

they are in real life compare idealism, romanticism."(1)

zŠŽì b˜Z ŏÝZgŠì HŠ ¹ "Realism"~ ~,môZ&~I|
Zgzâ Ð ]!*kZŽìŠŽñV˜q-Z »YâZ ~Šâ ~Vkžtq-ZXì·ù»]c*Ã
ZuzŠ²Xe$g¦@,'Æx?àW~V/}uzŠXì¸*!ЊŽzÆyZ ðÞì
z yâi V˜ ì *Š -qZ KZ Å]ªÃWX7„ŠŽñ~VkYâZŠŽzўìttÃ
}uzŠXHŠ ¹ óó~I|CqLLc*óó~I|ÅZgŠZLLÃbìX7{Åyk
~b˜Z:‘XìŠH*cŠx** » óó~I|xLLc*óó~I|ãî#ZLLÃbÃ
36,ÐáZj C*cÃÃ]:Sµ Z µ Z~ cÅ]Ñ»gzZ ^Ôw âZÔŠŽzÑÔŠŽz
yC~‹Âì @*YHEB‚Æ[ŠZgzZ^gW#ZÃb˜ZÅ~I|Xì *@Y
Åä™yÒÃ]ZŠgZz C*!ŠÆ]*!Š]g@*gzZ ãzÛLLtž Ç}7,'ât ._Æ
|~ ~gqgzZ [ŠZ ]*! #Z ì Y Y ¹Ìt ~ V/}uzŠ óXó ì ÒÃq-Z
@*½Q6,gîÆK~ŠãCq-Zg¦»q) ~TXì gÀ$eW,@*Âì CWÅ~I
gzZ ³‚q-ZÐg±Z xªXì C*0 {Zg~^gWgzZ[ŠZ ~gó]¡Ð V˜Xì
(Zq-ZtXŠHƒŠzöïþLG$ §{ëgzZµgŠµ~[ŠZÐ TXŠH*0 `Zzg¿ð»gZ
m=~}g!*kZX~Š e$¾Ã$eg±Z Å ~I|~[ŠZ ä Tì U×zg

:ì –~ ¹

140

141

Y ÅÒÃÅäg¸QРϐ{Š*ci]*!_.gzZ ~Šg^ ã¨KZ~[ŠZªz+$ÅkZLL
ãK¨Z Ã[ŠZ ñO Å VE¹Å óóVÂÈXLLä ~I |b§kZ Xì „g
{z[ZXì @*™yÒÃë›áZzäƒÝqÐ]*!Š[Z$dŠZXc*Š8-g » ë›
kZ~[ŠZ-J[ZXì ꊙyÒÔì 8Š‰ÃÏ+0i{zXì 4ÐÑLZ
Ðóóe$ŠÐZLLgzZóóšMŠLLŽì;g *@Y*cŠgZŒÛ ³%óóZzjg1LL»[ŠZÃ]gßz^5
Xì ;gƒgÖZ »]*cÃÌÐ VßZjvŠgzZxcÎ[Z~[ŠZë@*Xì ]g„

(2)óXó ì[0yZÄ»[ŠZ[Z~I|žìð]*!p
ÐZì F,$dیР|gzZì gZzZa Å}Šâ Ž wìz {@xŠZ%Ð ~I |

:ž It}Xì~gó|**™7Ƀ
Xì|q-Zt X1

Xz™]*!FF6,| X2
Xì|„zVƒ;g™yҎ~ X3
± óó|LL~wV~uzŠXÆóósLL± óó|LžL ì ãZz~wV«
ª~wV~Š²XñYHyÒ èE“Mz èE!LÐZì H{@x¼ŽžÆóó{@xLL
»|~XX¢èzctë*@Xì+,F$dÛŒÐ|]!*{”k,’*c {Š™yÒ
~ ~m,ôZXì gz¢Vá Ãs§kZ yK¨Z1}Y 7ðÃ|ÇXì y˜ CZ CZ
:ìiâÅ|z#sŸzÅ b§ÏZ¼~]gß~k,’z!ŠZÌRealismb˜Z

"If refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in faithful,
accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or
misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. It is a
theory or tendency in writing to depict events in human life in a matter of
fact, straight forward manner. It is an attempt to reflect life 'as it factually

is'."(3)

141

142

Âì @*ƒ î Z”Ð ]uZzz ]ÑqgzZ Vùg q–g0+Z LZgzZŠ/¤ŠgZ LZ #Z »g»ð
Xì C™x»Ð b§zŠ ]P`!gzZ {@x » kZ

ðÏÆÓ!~,k’ñƒDÑ~wEZŠÃ]P`!gzZ}@xLZ{z X1
ñƒ feZg– » ~gó|ÐZaÆkZXì @*™ÒÃÅäÑt‚qµ
Å®gzZ ì X*@™ìi*@Zzƒ,6ïöÐGá5EB+Gñ{@xƒ pnÔ)gÔ§]{ZfºÅÅkÃZÜ~ÁT/gX»ìð@*™~7]~gßiZ0+~Zu!zŠŠZ X2
z $dŠZ~HÆTì @*™A$%{g*0 [ŠZ !(Z-qZ%K iZ0+ZÃÃ]1)
»|{@xž7~gz¢aÆ}g0*[ŠZ,ZXMh{g§R-Jk,Š¹~g‡
~ Tì *@Ñ~ŠŽzÃk,’+Z M×'Ð ]1) z Ç{@x~ kZXƒ k?
èYXÐ}7ÇÅ ~gó|ÐZ1@7p" ÌKMF,][Z t¯â

:ì ãZzt }g!*~gó|
°{zž‰Æä™7b§kZÃë›~6c*[ŠZ pÆ~gó|LL

(4)óXó Vƒ:VY„gZÎp**ë›{z{ZpԐDƒ"Z
ŒxÝ~ äYZ «ZuX ŠŽñwVZ q-Z FÅ kZ ~ 6«ZugzZ zŠgQ
Xì 7gZÎpVZP qçñ» kZXì wV{-qZ ÅkZ óóZ½ *c ‹LL:YZ » öE"QZg©
{nhF,6ä™g(ZÆTXìFF6,|ŽìŠHH{™+E » ðZ,'CÑç+Zq-Z
eÅyQ Âì *@ƒ]¯Z# ZgŠ‡+0z{»1™žìÐb§kZ¼ ã¹ÅkZXË$ƒ
~ŠZGYÅyZ1Xå: ðÃ~*Š ZÎÆ}uzŠ-qZ»VâzŠX¶Åw‚âJWÌZy+
¸g »y+aÆkZXåwDZ gC-qZ »X]³gzZg‚ŠŽñ~5äX¸y&
\*!Xˆƒ]¯]³ˆž²¼ Âðƒ5 ]*!XñY¬k*0 ÆyZŠZGYž*@18-â
ÅkZ~ŠáÅwDZgzZà™~Šá Ðg‚ä1™ÃøLIGF4&Æ]Ñqz܉zX‰ƒ! ZgC

142

143

)z¹ÜZ)q-Z »g‚gzZy+gzZ HŠ W¨¸y-6,g‚]Zg-qZXˆƒÐy+e
X*cŠwïÐy™}Št:Ã1™äg‚ÂZƒgZ2Zh+'× Ž ¯¸g~¡

ZŠ ðZæE%NX;}™: VY,ZX*@â|FVzyÆ} ât:VÃ"1™g‚ˆw‚H LL
Žå$NðF1™h(Â5Xð)ø@óóX;ÄyAÃ÷}âZf÷+~EzzV"yY,+ì0+XƒZöŠJ`-k²YÀNâ XX%7è~åééG5GGG5G544H´4F´7VOÏ@*ÇÔ}}XŠZ ÇöyJ-²YˆdX:Z;}\èEŠŸÿSGÀ&£âŠN²îŽ~E0!−NZ;Š¥ðâ<$
xðŠ ź Z dW LZ y+Xì @**0 lgz6,~ ¿›g˜ZgzZ -qZˆÆFZ kZ1
B‚ÆÉ KZ wDZ+0z{ » kQžì ¸ Ø ÐQˆž²¼ Xì C™~ŠáÐ xJŠ
ͺ ZgC»kZ]!*tXìCCÃ−KZgzZìCzg¹{zÂì[VJ-•ZÅ]©
]-qZä'6,íRkZXì ꊙOÃ~çKZgzZwDZ\*!LZyŠŒZgzZì 8©
óóXZç¡LE(c*; ðG03F" é¹O^ZŠLÞ ‡w>Ž}Z~åE&Qé7~Zy+V@*ôÅ鯍}Z:žì*cŠ™œDZÎ
@*ƒ@,'Æ]uÂÌxZ »yZ ƒ Ç)ŠãCÅV¤g/¤Zžì |-qZt
̯ñâ„ ÚZ ŠHéE5E"N^ö t Ð ]g'T~ ä™gDWÃ| Š CÑçkZXì
CÑçË~ð;ŠÅ70Xì@*WÃ@»œöâ:YZzŠgQ~äYZkZXHŠ HwEZ
» b§kZXì ~8Š ~(,¹**™yÒ~äYZ«ZuÐ ~q]P`kZÃðZ,'Ò
ì ]*!„zÎtXZƒ77ÌZ~[ŠZ ~âYZ«Zu~iZ+0Z:ZI|qçñ
}uzŠÐ X mZeB; ,6 ]¬çññƒ 8,ZœL L:ž ˆ½~}g!*ÆœLŽ
x',ÃgzZÕÆÇLZäkZX¸D™wìs¬„~äYg¦/™ XðZŠ$dŠZ
Xå*@ƒZ9 Wt‚Q™r~VzÀ6™áZg–»ªzŠg*!CÙ Žƒ(ZXc*ŠÄgÆ™
ÐQÃËCÙ Qž Hg*@g*@ (ZaÆå Ð ¼ÆV/LZÃk]ÆkQ äœ

(6)óXó 숃ã‚W~+T

143

144

ÏZì HyÒ ~ äYZ ä öE"QZg© ŒxÝ~ ~gZŠµgzZ ÏŠ‚à qçñT
J-xZB‚Æ#sŸz~(,ó|ó ¢ YZgLLyZ>~žÜwz** 䲊â!*Ãqçñ
ÅL8ˆ CÑçgzZ b) C;áZz K‰ ~ ò}Æ ~g» xZw~ TXì *cà

XìHŠ c*Š™$dÛŒÆ$eÑÃwz**Æ™ue{Š6,»|
Ï0+im»[ŠZ !TèYq๠,ŠCã Å ~gó|~[ŠZÝZgŠ
ÅkZKÃÏ0+iaÆ~g‡Ž q-’+ZXì áC)¯*!»-q’~ VÍß{+0i {zƒÐ
B‚Æú1 úÎ/¤Z Ï? Å C§~ [ŠZ Xì C™ëZہªœ~ +TÃVzgŠ
Šp~ ~g‡ Relief (ZgzZì C™‹g; {¹ » ~g‡{z Â}™VÈÃ}@x
gzZ šMfY ]g@*[ŠZ Ž èY Xì êŠ rzہÃe$g±Z Å [ŠZ gzZ ì @*™ Za ~ŠOZ
ÃyK¨ZŽXìgZŠbz{ZÍ Z(,¹»wq:âi{z}™]*!Å™~iZáÆŒ]1)

Xì *@3Š-+iz ÅëB‚Æ܉zgzZë ~ ܉z
V;zì @*™—Ãg‡z!ŠZV˜~gó|~«£ÆK~ââzg~[ŠZ!

:å¹äP*,6ñƒD™y´Z»~I|ž 6ì*@™³ÌZg5Å[ŠZ
ÅyÔƒCÙ Ž » èEj8NÔƒ/._»~ŠZiWÔƒ¸~TÇ}F,Q Zg7[ŠZ{z6,Kã~gøLL
ñ äÕ]NX}™Zaì"gzZ)uÔ•w~ëŽÔƒÝzgÅVzÅÏ+0iXƒbzg
(7)óXó σÖ#´Å]ñ**Î{Š*cigzZ[ZèY7

añƒÆDp™6,ŠÃðÃ~I!Š|Z ÅyZggzzZZÜaÁÆÆèEyG4¨E!*E3{i Ô!~qT) !XìŠ Z ÔMš~Š qf Y !ÍZÊ Ze$äÑP *~6,k,’
:˜£Zt$ZñƒD™]*!,6~gó|1Ôì~Š™ëZÛ Kãq-Z

gzZÚŠÃVîU -8g!gzZCÙ b q–hZzÐ Ï+0i kZgzZ Ï+0i »g» ðCÙ LL
ì ‚rg m,³Ã]{m*! LZ V˜ $dŠZXì iZ0+Z CZ » ä™7~ [ŠZÐZ

144

145

»kZgzZ]Zf Å'~}g*0 ®q-ZV- X@*™7iZ0+ZÃÌÃ)LZ {z V;z
Å®Xì @*Y 3gpÅÌÃÜÁ/~ ðâÛ g» !kZXDƒ âÛ g»VâzŠÇ
ÆgÖZ d$ŠZ XY™77]&àZzg Ý‚,kŠ@*g2Æ™iZ+0ZÃÃ]1)

(8)óXó ì»~gó|=gf-qZ~yQÔì*@™wEZÃùZgfX
Æ Vr’!ŠZ @¬ ÂñY H·_~}%iÆ ~gó|~ äYZ «Zu
ÂZƒì‡¸g » ð‚Ùb*!~:YZz{ÑçgzZ¯Ô$dŠZ«Zu#ZB‚B‚Æ]Z,WZ
¬ ¤/Z 㹫Zu }XA ]¬çñLjFi LZ ªmz ÞLu" ÃäYZ «Zu
Ç~ äYZ «Zuˆ Æ^Æ J-äYZ Ð ã¹[Z ¶FF,6 VßZj ~:‚Z
ÔÐZœgzZgZŠZ ~ŠCã ÅÏ+0i Ô4,6 ëÂÔª˜ Ô~gZ Ô~gF Ôk#Z ÔuÈ]¬çñ
V”ÔÒpÅwjâ gzZÂL z}iKZÔY§Z »d$¹æÔ~gÒWÅ®Ô$eÑz lgŠW

X‰ƒïá {)zb)ÆVÂgúgzZ
gµ± óó^hLL:YZ »²£ZÂÂ,™]!*ÅlgŠWgzZ LÂz ÔgZŠZ ~ŠãC
‚Ò"s²MeÅy{‡Z[Zâžì V- ¼ 㹿ÅTXì YYH7!Zj
)œtXì*@7,9Šì»ò» **1ì@*™ÒùÅä&+ðeÐQ{zXìCYƒË~
! Z ~çgzZy{Ñ[Zâ CgN*g »kZúÆkZXì @*ƒ"$*U ZCyYaÆkZ
[ZâXbŠ½ îvä ‰Ü zXì CY%ÌVâ ÅÑ[Z∞²¼ X DY {g
»kZ **Y,6`ÃgzZ **™Ùâ[ZÑ[ZX*cŠwïÃƒ¹*!Æ™â-qZ ñZÎXZƒZ,(Ñ
ñh1ŠH,6`Ã#Z xá q-ZXêŠ –Š Å%ïÐZ,6äŒÆ™âXŠH0w©

:å´~gOZÆÏZ„¬Ž Y7Ð
ó ó?ì ôG-²L,èL L

Xì BVÂíÑ~Š sg lÑ~0+zQò D Xì ˆòVðS Š¦zZLLXyW}PåH<&

145

V}MæŠSz‡"QŠÑZ~[Š‡"Z[âVZ Z[âéhXG$ZNŽ*@â~âõâÁYÉ ŽØ}öèPEgQG44£NXåVÄHG<(&XËâìD!#r1ö4Jì-²Q6YY}™}[ââZZ~â}zLLV!;ZzÃc*ZƒäV:**D}VÔe}*@é<XG·(N‘gZz7,}~DgŠZzwñDÅ™R
ó'ó V;"Òs²

|åH´M {‚ ZŠ [ZâlÈ^h ~Š ܉z X õÁYÉ 8-Zz }h‰Â}Z VÃÑ[Zâ
(9)óXó VGé5µY ÷+ENFDƒ}Š‡"Z[ZâVáÑz⍈ õŠEBÄXJåO´LY

qçñµ Z KZ ~È{îŠ~TgzZ;g qçñ-Jž²q-Z`ZîÌ~[ŠZzŠgZ
óó-8gF1qçñ-qZLLÃ[ŠZzŠgZäTX;gÇÓ ~[ŠZzŠgZJ-ž²q-Z,6¯Åi§gzZ
`,6kZXBðZ,k+5 ~R,'}g7 &óóZŠZ yY îZ%ZLLwz**» ZÎg ~Š; Zi%‰XbŠ
,kŠ¹]gßÅ[ŠZzŠgZÈî{Šµ Zq-Ze$©ˆÆkZX‰ ñ¯óZgeÔIð¯
gzZ ðW~pÌ~]¬çñÆ[ŠZzŠgZ ¬ZƒÅ-q’I¹F,Z# 1X;g ì‡J-
™½Q ~I | µ ™{ » [ŠZ «Zu$eÑt #Z XðWgš $eÑ~ [ŠZ
«ZuwVÅkZì MgÖZ » | ŠT~ äYZ «Zu Ñ*! {™PXðWt‚
™gŠkZ Å]ÑqgzZ Ï+0iÃy{Ñ[ZâXì QÃÚŠ Á¹ ~ [ŠZ ~âYZ
7Za ~Šg^,'Z',Zgf ~ wŠÆ~g‡íW»äYZXì 8©™ÉŠp{zžì C7,çHGF.28F

Xì CY Åt{z1 Š|žìtzz ÅkZX*@™
~}Ñç~TXì ;gá ÀÐ e$ÑK» ~I|~äYZ kZ
tÛ »ñZ6,gzZ LZyK¨Z܉zD™ÃTì ˆÅÒÃÅä™/¤YZÃVÇZ,'yZ#

Xì*@™ÒÃÅŸàgzŠ}¶ÃÂìCWt‚Z# |*c ðCgzZì*@YwÈ**™
$eââzg }X D™ over lap Ã}uzŠ q-Z yDg C¬çñZ]‡zZ ‰
|„B‚gzZ $eÑB‚Æ ïGG3IG45E"@*c*$eÑB‚ÆÖ#´ c*~gó|~

146

147

Y1975}ǃgÑyDg » ~I|{Š*ciÐ ïGG3IG45E"@*{zQ ÂñYƒ~g¸Z÷» ~gó
Tì yZÄDZÎ-qZ (îC=) óóVËî‚eLL:YZ » ð{á ݬ·ÑZzäƒùá ~
|Ëg*!g*!Ž[ZCZ(Z-qZXì[ZCZ{Š*ci}ÐwZÎXì?Ø ]q-Z~
gz Zì Yƒ Ì‹gs»]Zft Xì Yƒ Ì¿Šg CÑçtXì 8©À6,äPÃ
Žì ¿›g »|+Z Ë~wq‹gßÌËXì YƒÌ¿Šg »K\ÅV¤g
ïŠ: ]iYZ EÜZ Ô$eZzg Ô`Zzg ÔØ<è ÅTQ c*ƒ: wJÿLE&‡~ ]Ñq x¬
pÒ/XìgZŠ™~/œ%y+~TÔì:YZ ~gZŠ™q-Z]ªÜZ óóVËî‚eLLXVƒ

Xì o¢^ö » kZÐ
gzZ KZX¶:q{Xå »w‚JWûZ Cg» kZ Z# ì CYƒ {ç ܉z kZ y+
{gGûZ Z# XH qzÑ **™ `»x»~ VzyÆ VÍߧ{ ÅÆ äX Ï+0i ÅWd

XHŠƒyZ**™ èE_N]YZyZ ŠHaƾZŠ X à~ k¯” ÂZƒ »w‚
¼ZŠÔV!*Â6,Gé5µY ìQ¹4ZŠ az®) ) ,LD Í öJ-²Y¶w‚{gG/~ŠûZLL
XÍ~廍Y]î>X\VsYâ ~0+zZg*! VÚZXc*WwË y:ZzzZ Z™ èEQ _ayZŠ:D
H D hgðJ7,ûZX;ÁÂVðAX<(H ìQ™ÇKzgsÜKzgV*@WZz}+0zZ

(10)óXó õJ/²Y…$õJ/#<w‚ôEA²,-ZŠ9™âD{Z99zg30wÃgZŒi
gÌzZ ~C™çNWŬkŠaZgzÆZ ¶:º]ggXzHpqözÑ+O\IXO*c Š¸Î}g »g"×!*~eŠáKÅZ äWdxˆÑðžä²¼ÅkäZyyW+X CZz™
ÂÅ]!*Åä™ `»x»#Z äy+X~,FQ:Ð —{z½·ˆÆ~Šá Xå rZŠ

:¹ä k‚ÅkZ ŠHäoûZ #Z X ˆ¬yÆVâ ™Jzg
ðöE-;Q#E1ÌöE"QZ™4â~‚,æXðì;C~@⍙Wz~Z èŠEQá4X6,wX**Ð};åHGŒ5G" Vp‚ZXÑõE/VQ#EðöAXE<"(QZV™âÃ,Vâe~Zå~HG5G"zVö+‚O\IVZûW~ZŠLzL

147

: D XZ廍Y] ¶ã/¦CÙ V.V‚Z }Z 148 ZçH¡G-²V‚Z X ögE4EQ& öE"QZ™âzZŽ

XVðžH-G4<& S¢ëz

(11)óXó VÁ™}ZV‚Z

W:ZzyûZX}ŠwïÐyaÆåÃVâ {zžD™ðB‚ÆûZ {z
XˆƒÉ*0 òûÐóœkZgzZ*cŠwïCÙ *!™ñÐVß*!ÐQXì*@™„(Z™

:ìCW¨¸]z¹tÅ«Zu~TìgZ0+Y¹`z²» äYZkZ
(ˆwÈVâ™NŠ8-gC)óó~&× R öУNE(D~l'_eLL

Xì g6,6ä™lñZÛ ÃV¤g EZŠ LZÃy¨KZ b§¾æÅV¤g6

ÃûZQgzZ y+žì ŠHc*3Š ~ i¸WÆ äYZ1ì qçñ » äYZ kZtp/¤Z

Æ VÍß Â7az » ~izg Kzg k0*Æ y+¤/ZX ïŠ ¯ I |Ï0+i‹Ñq

7g¬Ãä™ `»x» LñLgXì “#Z7û™ZYñ~ƒ}ºg*!,6ÆxŠäøLI™G©Æ$Ex»~Vâ Vzy
Å'ÆyZ **™Ýq½ÐWž 8Št XŠ

Xì©8™~™âk*0 ÆgZŒi{zÂ7]*!

Ð y™}ŠrŠÃ ºgÆ Vâ ~ iZ0+Z Ç) b§¾y¨KZI |-qZp

ÏQÔÅ~™â™ Ygšgš§{ÅäXÐä3rŠgšgšÃûZäVâ TXì êŠwï

Æ Ï+0ixÓ ¹!*y+1X 1 ¯ dåÊpB‚B‚Æäƒ yâZ" gzZ y" ÐQ ä
y+<â » à é)J'0*Åk¼ÆV¤gXˆ0yK¶DZÎaÆVßZzdà gz ZaLZa

:ì C™ b§kZ
HX© ÷žE(VzâgZi!*Z™ïH^MöH-!LazBZzzZ D Gé5µY ÷-EHGF4&r⊠Z0+zZ,tÎ}ZLL
}}V.ååHHGG"55!!yXèEQìz4QXZy™ëtZŠöZè[+9~vXßV‰!¾VçËX'MzÇZîX‚;WZâŠD![V½Ë}{Šî‚å‚HG5!Mây!VHzËZëyî+ö‚J-²Y?â÷VÇ-EGE# 6,î‚W~DâHVNè¾E⟍VFA+XFDz;âZŠHñYk

148

149

(12)?ìVé£G-²LyZåHG5!î‚ âXìVsyZåHG5!î‚ âXìyZŠçG.F*N
Åöâ:YZ1ì 4iâ » yDgÆ (Feminism) ïGG3IG45E"@*:YZt ~yWp¤/Z
~ }Ñç ñƒ fe x»Ð ~gó |Xì Cƒ (¤/YZ) ',éhI$EN{Š*ci ~I |
C™ ½Ã~gUŠpgzZ (ownership )|ÅkZgzZ u|áZz äƒB‚Æ]gú
ÅyQgzZ ä™Mš,FÔ%0*ÃV” Ï+0i ~g‚ +−Zzžì @*Wt‚ „zQ˜Z Xì
k*0 LZ¹Z~9J(,Æ+−ZzŠÑzZ1ïŠgZ¦/D™úœaÆVìp

Xì e**gïZÐ Tì |6?z +Zq-Zt Xì Cƒ 7gZŠ Zzg ÌÅpg
™½QЩøL F$ ÆkZ ïGG3IG45E"*@1ì uZgŠZgzZgÅZ »|YkZÃ'
žì *cŠ Èb§kZÃ|YgzZ ïGG3IG45E"*@~ äYZ kZ ä 'Xì CWt‚
|YXì ~g¸Z÷»|Y~ kZ1X@¶Š ð3Š V7 µVâzŠ

:—³WËZe}g*!~gó
~â*ZŠ wŽì gZŠb» ~gZË YgzZ ~,'Z',Ùçtû ~gó|YLL
Å[ZpwìÃ[ŠZ ~âYZ ä kZ Xì³» ¿ŠgÆ ]**Dg ~ââzggzZ i§
Å܉z'ì c*Š™ÝÐ *Š c¬Å ë›™wïÐ ]Ñ»?ÅgzZ¦¡
ÃVÍß'" zx¤gzZgZË ÃgÅYXì c*ŠB‚ »gëg Å܉z ñƒ s5Ãq
C4gzZ w¡Z RÔ^zZ¤/¹ÜZ ÔgO_Z Yä ~gó|YXì H±
Å}ÑçsÜ:™á ~Ĥ/KZ b§~g7Ãb)áZzäƒZa Г

(13)óXó HÌ»ägZ’ÃkZÉ H7u¢»,k¦ðƒCƒ*
~ ã¹àì~¬_kZ²X¡Å}uzŠ-qZ ÂÙC„ ó|Lgz Z:ó YZLÂ
Ìi¸W »|wìpXì {æ7 ~ VsMgŠM NŠ ¿7 c*uZgŠZ » |
;#kZ„|iÅwì,6gîx¬~[ŠZ1ì|ÌlˆÅwì¬+há Xì

149