NOTA ICT1061

INFORMATION SHEET WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

MANPOWER DEPARTMENT
TRAINING INSTITUTION

COMPUTER
APPLICATION

Semester 1

IT-1-06-1-01-IS WIM/IT 1061/2201/S01 i

First Edition July 2007
Second Edition March 2012
Third Edition November 2016

Manpower Department Training Institute
http ://www.jtm.gov.my/kurikulum

All Rights Reserved. This document is classified as LIMITED. No part of the Written
Instructional Manual (WIM) may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission of the
Manpower Department (JTM).

This Semester One learning material is developed for fulltime courses in Manpower
Department Training Institute’s (ILJTM) by WIM Development Committee Members and had
been revised and verified by Curriculum Steering Committee to be applied in all ILJTM.

WIM Approval Code : WIM/IT1061/12007/S01/P2 (22016)
Syllabus Approval Code : SFB/IT1061/12005/P2(12016)
WIM Approval Date : 01 November 2016

ENDORSEMENT OF CURRICULUM COMMITTEE
CLUSTER – GENERAL SUBJECT

Hereby, the Written Instructional Manual (WIM)cluster of General Subject for Computer
Application IT1061 had been revised by curriculum review committee of Manpower
Department and had been VERIFIED in the Curriculum Steering Committee Meeting
(MJPK) No. 2/2016 dated 01st November 2016. This Written Instructional Manual
(WIM) should be applied from January 2017 in all ILJTM.

.................................................... ....................................................

(SHAHRULNIZAM BIN SHARIP) (SYED MOHAMAD NOOR BIN SYED MAT ALI)
Cluster Chairman Chairman of the

Curriculum Steering Committee

Table of Contents

LIST OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS.............................................................................................. i
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................................ii
INFORMATION SHEET ............................................................................................................. 1

LA1 – REVIEW COMPUTER SYSTEM................................................................................... 4
1.1. COMPUTER OVERVIEW........................................................................................... 4
1.2. HISTORY OF COMPUTER ........................................................................................ 4
1.3. TYPES OF COMPUTER ............................................................................................ 4
1.4. COMPUTER SYSTEMS (HARDWARE) ...................................................................... 4
1.5. COMPUTER SYSTEMS (SOFTWARE).................................................................... 4

LA2 – EXECUTE OPERATING SYSTEM ............................................................................. 47
2.1. WINDOWS USER................................................................................................... 47
2.2. WINDOWS DESKTOP FUNDAMENTAL ................................................................ 47
2.3. FILE AND FOLDERS MANAGEMENT ................................................................... 47
2.4. WINDOWS APPEARANCE AND PERSONALIZATION.......................................... 47

LA3 – APPLY WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE .............................................................. 65
3.1 GETTING STARTED................................................................................................ 65
3.2 SAVING THE DOCUMENT ...................................................................................... 65
3.3 TOOLBARS AND TABS ........................................................................................... 65
3.4 FORMATTING.......................................................................................................... 65
3.5 INSERTING AND ADDING OBJECTS ..................................................................... 65
3.6 PRINTING ................................................................................................................ 65
3.7 OTHER HELPFUL FUNCTIONS .............................................................................. 65
3.8 SHORTCUT KEYS FOR MICROSOFT OFFICE....................................................... 65

LA4 – APPLY PRESENTATION SOFTWARE ...................................................................... 85
4.1 GETTING STARTED................................................................................................ 85
4.2 SAVING THE DOCUMENTS.................................................................................... 85
4.3 TOOLBARS AND TABS ........................................................................................... 85
4.4 FORMATTING.......................................................................................................... 85
4.5 INSERTING AND ADDING OBJECTS ..................................................................... 85
4.6 PRINTING ................................................................................................................ 85
4.7 OTHER HELPFUL FUNCTIONS .............................................................................. 85
4.8 SHORTCUT KEYS FOR MICROSOFT OFFICE....................................................... 85
LA5 – APPLY PRESENTATION SOFTWARE................................................................. 101

5.1 GETTING STARTED.............................................................................................. 101
5.2 SAVING THE DOCUMENTS.................................................................................. 101
5.3 TOOLBARS AND TABS ......................................................................................... 101
5.4 FORMATTING........................................................................................................ 101
5.5 INSERTING AND ADDING OBJECTS ................................................................... 101
5.6 PRINTING .............................................................................................................. 101
5.7 OTHER HELPFUL FUNCTIONS ............................................................................ 101
5.8 SHORTCUT KEYS FOR MICROSOFT OFFICE..................................................... 101
LA6 – APPLY PRESENTATION SOFTWARE................................................................. 153
6.1 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET ........................................................................... 153
6.2 COMPONENT OF THE INTERNET........................................................................ 153
6.3 UNDERSTAND THE WORLD-WIDE WEB............................................................. 153
6.4 WORLD WIDE WEB ACCESS ............................................................................... 153

LIST OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS

COMPUTER APPLICATION

Committee Members : ADTEC Shah Alam

1. Shahrulnizam bin Sharip ILP Ledang
(Cluster Chairman)
ILP Pedas
2. Waheeda binti Rahmat
(Cluster Assisstant Chairman) ILP Kuala Lumpur
ILP Pasir Gudang
3. Isyammudin Bin Ismail ILP Bukit Katil
(Chief Coordinator) ILP Bukit Katil

4. Norliza Bin Nasarudin
5. Suerianni Binti Mohd. Salleh
6. Maslina Binti Noerfajar
7. Anas Bin Malek

Secretariat : BKT, Ibu Pejabat
BKT, Ibu Pejabat
1. Norpisah binti Jumin
2. Ismail bin Mohd Taha

1st Session

Date : 22 August 2016

Venue : Hotel Soleil, Kuala Lumpur

i

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IS INFORMATION SHEET
WS WORK SHEET
AS ASSIGNMENT SHEET

COURSE CODE
SEMESTER
SUBJECT NO.
CREDIT
TOPIC NO.
TYPE OF WIM

IT 1 06 1 01 IS

ii

INFORMATION
SHEET

IT1061 COMPUTER APPLICATION

1

GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE
IT1061- LA1 – REVIEW COMPUTER SYSTEM
1.1 Computer Overview
1.2 History Of Computer
1.3 Types Of Computer
1.4 Computer Systems (Hardware
1.5 Computer Systems (Software

IT1061- LA2 – EXECUTE OPERATING SYSTEM
2.1 Windows User
2.2 Windows Desktop Fundamental
2.3 File And Folders Management
2.4 Windows Appearance And Personalization

IT1061- LA3– EXECUTE OPERATING SYSTEM
3.1. Getting Started
3.2 Saving The Document
3.3 Toolbars And Tabs
3.4 Formatting
3.5 Inserting And Adding Objects
3.6 Printing
3.7 Other Helpful Functions
3.8 Shortcut Keys For Microsoft Office

IT1061- LA4 – APPLY PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
4.1 Getting Started
4.2 Saving The Documents
4.3 Toolbars And Tabs
4.4 Formatting

2

4.5 Inserting And Adding Objects
4.6 Printing
4.7 Other Helpful Functions
4.8 Shortcut Keys For Microsoft Office

IT1061- LA5 – APPLY PRESENTATION SOFTWARE

5.1 Getting Started
5.2 Saving The Documents
5.3 Toolbars And Tabs
5.4 Formatting
5.5 Inserting And Adding Objects
5.6 Printing
5.7 Other Helpful Functions
5.8 Shortcut Keys For Microsoft Office

IT1061- LA6 – APPLY PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
6.1 Introduction To Internet
6.2 Component Of The Internet
6.3 Understand The World-Wide Web
6.4 World Wide Web Access

3

INSTITUSI LATIHAN
JABATAN TENAGA MANUSIA
KEMENTERIAN SUMBER MANUSIA
MALAYSIA

INFORMATION SHEET

COURSE CODE AND

NAME GENERAL SUBJECT - SEMESTER 1

MODULE CODE AND

NAME IT 1061 – COMPUTER APPLICATION

LEARNING LA1 – REVIEW COMPUTER SYSTEM

ACTIVITES NO AND

STATEMENT

WORK ACTIVITIES 1.1. COMPUTER OVERVIEW
NO AND STATEMENT 1.2. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
1.3. TYPES OF COMPUTER
1.4. COMPUTER SYSTEMS (HARDWARE)
1.5. COMPUTER SYSTEMS (SOFTWARE)

TERMINAL REVIEW COMPUTER SYSTEM USING COMPUTER HARDWARE
PERFORMANCE AND SOFTWARE SO THAT COMPUTER TYPES DIFFERENTIATED
OBJECTIVE ACCORDING TO INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

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1.1. COMPUTER OVERVIEW

Computer Definition
A computer is an electronic device, a computer is an electronic device that manipulates
information, or "data." which executes software programs. It consists of 2 parts hardware and
software. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. The computer processes input
through input devices like mouse and keyboard. The computer displays output through output
devices like colour monitor and printer.
The size of a computer varies considerably from very small to very big. The speed of computers
also has a very large range. Computers have become indispensable in today’s world. Millions of
people use computers all over the world.
A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a
sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be
changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem.

Computer Operation

Figure 1.1.2 (a) – Computer Operation

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A. INPUT:
Information and programs are entered into the computer through Input devices such as the
keyboard, disks, or through other computers via network connections or modems connected to
the Internet. The input device also retrieves information off disks.

B. OUTPUT:
Output Devices displays information on the screen (monitor) or the printer and sends
information to other computers. They also display messages about what errors may have
occurred and brings up message or dialog box asking for more information to be input. The
output device also saves information on the disk for future use.

C. PROCESSING:
The CPU or Central Processing Unit is sometimes called the Control Unit and directs the
operation of the input and output devices. The Co-processor or the Arithmetic-Logic Unit does
arithmetic and comparisons. The Memory or RAM temporarily stores information (files and
programs) while you are using or working on them. The BIOS or Basic Input/Output System
controls the dialogue between the various devices.

COMPUTER USAGE
A. Word Processing
Word Processing software automatically corrects spelling and grammar mistakes. If the content
of a document repeats you don’t have to type it each time. You can use the copy and paste
features. You can printout documents and make several copies. It is easier to read a word-
processed document than a handwritten one. You can add images to your document.

B. Internet
It is a network of almost all the computers in the world. You can browse through much more
information than you could do in a library. That is because computers can store enormous
amounts of information. You also have very fast and convenient access to information. Through
E-Mail you can communicate with a person sitting thousands of miles away in seconds. There is
chat software that enables one to chat with another person on a real-time basis. Video
conferencing tools are becoming readily available to the common man.

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C. Digital Video or Audio Composition
Audio or video composition and editing have been made much easier by computers. It no longer
costs thousands of dollars of equipment to compose music or make a film. Graphics engineers
can use computers to generate short or full-length films or even to create three-dimensional
models. Anybody owning a computer can now enter the field of media production. Special
effects in science fiction and action movies are created using computers.

D. Computers in Medicine
You can diagnose diseases. You can learn the cures. Software is used in magnetic resonance
imaging to examine the internal organs of the human body. Software is used for performing
surgery. Computers are used to store patient data.

E. Mathematical Calculations
Thanks to computers, which have computing speeds of over a million calculations per second
we can perform the biggest of mathematical calculations.

F. Banks
All financial transactions are done by computer software. They provide security, speed and
convenience and etc.

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1.2. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out
calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of
the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century onwards, the word began to take on its more
familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations.

1.2.1. Development of Computer
A. Limited-Function Early Computers
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies:

 automated calculation and
 programmability
but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the
inconsistent application of that term. A few devices are worth mentioning though, like some
mechanical aids to computing, which were very successful and survived for centuries until the
advent of the electronic calculator, like the Sumerian abacus, designed around 2500 BC which
descendant won a speed competition against a modern desk calculating machine in Japan in
1946, the slide rules, invented in the 1620s, which were carried on five Apollo space missions,
including to the moon and arguably the Astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient
astronomical computer built by the Greeks around 80 BC.)

B. First General-Purpose Computers
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom by introducing

a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate
patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development
of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an
early, albeit limited, form of programmability.

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C. The Most Famous Image in The Early History of Computing

Figure 1.2.1 (a) - This portrait of Jacquard was woven in silk on a Jacquard loom and required
24,000 punched cards to create (1839). It was only produced to order. Charles Babbage owned

one of these portraits; it inspired him in using perforated cards in his analytical engine. It is in
the collection of the Science Museum in London, England.

It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first
recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a
fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine. Limited finances and
Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never
completed; nevertheless, his son, Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of the
analytical engine's computing unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its
use in computing tables in 1906. This machine was given to the Science museum in South
Kensington in 1910.

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In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machine-readable
medium. Prior uses of machine readable media, above, had been for control, not data. "After
some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards ..." To process these punched
cards, he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machines. These three inventions were the
foundation of the modern information processing industry. Large-scale automated data
processing of punched cards was performed for the 1890 United States Census by Hollerith's
company, which later became the core of IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of ideas
and technologies, that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers, had
begun to appear: Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve), punched cards and
tape, and the tele-printer.

During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by
increasingly sophisticated analogue computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical
model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and
generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.

Alan Turing is widely regarded to be the father of modern computer science. In 1936
Turing provided an influential formalization of the concept of the algorithm and computation with
the Turing machine, providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. Of his role in the
creation of the modern computer, Time magazine in naming Turing one of the 100 most
influential people of the 20th century, states: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a
keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word processing program, is working on an incarnation of
a Turing machine".

The Zuse Z3, 1941, considered the world's first working programmable, fully automatic
computing machine.

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1.2.2. Computer Evolution

Figure 1.2.2 (a) - Glen Beck (background) and Betty Snyder (foreground) program ENIAC in
BRL building 328. (U.S. Army photo)

The ENIAC, which became operational in 1946, is considered to be the first general -purpose
electronic computer.

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Figure 1.2.2 (b) - Maurice Wilkes and Bill Renwick in front of the complete EDSAC

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer.
Inspired by John von Neumann's seminal First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, the machine
was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical
Laboratory in England. EDSAC was the second electronic digital stored-program computer to go
into regular service.
Later the project was supported by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., a British firm, who were rewarded with
the first commercially applied computer, LEO I, based on the EDSAC design. Work on EDSAC
started at the end of 1946, and it ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, when it calculated a table
of squares and a list of prime numbers. EDSAC 1 was finally shut down on 11 July 1958, having
been superseded by EDSAC 2, which remained in use until 1965.

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Figure 1.2.2 (c) - The exposed die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor. Actual size:
12mm×6.75mm in its packaging.

The Intel 486 ("four-eight-six"), also known as the i486 or 80486 is a higher performance follow-
up to the Intel 80386 microprocessor. The 486 was introduced in 1989 and was the first tightly
pipelined x86 design as well as the first x86 chip to use more than a million transistors, due to a
large on-chip cache and an integrated floating-point unit. It represents a fourth generation of
binary compatible CPUs since the original 8086 of 1978.

A 50 MHz 486 executes around 40 million instructions per second on average and is able to
reach 50 MIPS peak performance.

The i486 does not have the usual 80-prefix because of a court ruling that prohibits trade
marking numbers (such as 80486). Later, with the introduction of the Pentium brand, Intel began
branding its chips with words rather than numbers.

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1.2.3. Summary of Computer History:

Computer Computer History Inventors Computer History
History Inventions Description of Event

Year/Enter Konrad Zuse First freely programmable computer.
1936 Z1 Computer

1942 John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry Who was first in the computing biz is
ABC Computer not always as easy as ABC.

1944 Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper The Harvard Mark 1 computer.
Harvard Mark I Computer

1946 John Presper Eckert & John W. 20,000 vacuum tubes later.
1948 Mauchly
1947/48 ENIAC 1 Computer Baby and the Williams Tube turn on the
1951 memories.
1953 Frederic Williams & Tom Kilburn
Manchester Baby Computer & The No, a transistor is not a computer, but
Williams Tube this invention greatly affected the
history of computers.
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & First commercial computer & able to
Wiliam Shockley pick presidential winners.
The Transistor
IBM enters into 'The History of
John Presper Eckert & John W. Computers'.
Mauchly
UNIVAC Computer
International Business Machines
IBM 701 EDPM Computer

1954 John Backus & IBM The first successful high level
FORTRAN Computer Programming programming language.
Language
The first bank industry computer - also
1955 (In Use Stanford Research Institute, Bank of MICR (magnetic ink character
recognition) for reading checks.
1959) America, and General Electric

ERMA and MICR

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1958 Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce Otherwise known as 'The Chip'
The Integrated Circuit
The first computer game invented.
1962 Steve Russell & MIT
Spacewar Computer Game Nicknamed the mouse because the tail
came out the end.
1964 Douglas Engelbart The original Internet.
Computer Mouse & Windows

1969 ARPAnet

1970 Intel 1103 Computer Memory The world's first available dynamic RAM
chip.

1971 Faggin, Hoff & Mazor The first microprocessor.
1971 Intel 4004 Computer Nicknamed the "Floppy" for its flexibility.
Microprocessor

Alan Shugart &IBM The
"Floppy" Disk

1973 Robert Metcalfe & Xerox Networking.

The Ethernet Computer Networking

1974/75 Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair & IBM 5100 The first consumer computers.
Computers

1976 Steve Wozniak More first consumer computers.
Apple I/Apple-100

1977 Apple Computer, Inc. More first consumer computers.
Apple II
Commodore International
Commodore Pet Computers
Tandy Corporation

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TRS-80 Model I

1978 Dan Bricklin & Bob Frankston Any product that pays for itself in two
VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software weeks is a surefire winner.

1979 Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby Word Processors.
WordStar Software

1981 IBM From an "Acorn" grows a personal
The IBM PC - Home Computer computer revolution

1981 Microsoft From "Quick and Dirty" comes the
1983 MS-DOS Computer Operating operating system of the century.
System
The first home computer with a GUI,
Apple graphical user interface.
Lisa Computer

1984 Apple The more affordable home computer
Macintosh Computer with a GUI.

1985 Microsoft Microsoft begins the friendly war with
Windows Apple.

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1.3. TYPES OF COMPUTERS
1.3.1. SUPERCOMPUTERS

Figure 1.3.1 (a) – Supercomputers

A supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly
speed of calculation.

Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems including
quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling (computing the
structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and
crystals), and physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels, simulation of
the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion).

Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designs produced by traditional
companies such as Cray, IBM and Hewlett-Packard, who had purchased many of the 1980s
companies to gain their experience. Currently, Japan's K computer, built by Fujitsu in Kobe,
Japan is the fastest in the world. It is three times faster than previous one to hold that title, the
Tianhe-1A supercomputer located in China.

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1.3.2. MAINFRAME

Figure 1.3.2 (a) - Mainframe

Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as "big iron") are powerful computers used primarily
by corporate and governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing such
as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial
transaction processing.

The term originally referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processing unit and
main memory of early computers. Later the term was used to distinguish high-end commercial
machines from less powerful units.

There were several minicomputers operating systems and architectures that arose in the 1970s
and 1980s, which were known alternately as mini-mainframes or minicomputers; two examples
are Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-8 and the Data General Nova. (UNIX arose as a
minicomputer operating system; Unix has scaled up over the years to acquire some mainframe
characteristics).

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1.3.3. WORKSTATION

Figure 1.3.3 (a) - Desktop Computer

A computer workstation is typically a standard personal computer which shares a network with a
server type computer. The term Workstation refers to the computer's role in the network
environment. In many business networks, there are two main types of computers available on
those networks: servers and workstations. The servers house the data for the workers, and the
workers perform their computing on the workstation computers. So the heavy work is performed
by the workstation, and the data is provided to that workstation by the server.
"Workstation" refers to a relationship that a computer has with other computers. Usually,
workstations are found connected to networks that also have a server connected. Workstations
are usually intended to be powerful enough as to maximize computing efficiency in an office or
enterprise environment.

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1.3.4. SERVER

Figure 1.3.4 (a) - Server

In the context of client-server architecture, a server is a computer program running to serve the
requests of other programs, the "clients". Thus, the "server" performs some computational task
on behalf of "clients". The clients either run on the same computer or connect through the
network.

In most common use, server is a physical computer (a computer hardware system) dedicated to
running one or more such services (as a host), to serve the needs of users of the other
computers on the network. Depending on the computing service that it offers it could be a
database server, file server, mail server, print server, web server, or other.

In the context of Internet Protocol (IP) networking, a server is a program that operates as a
socket listener. Servers often provide essential services across a network, either to private
users inside a large organization or to public users via the Internet. For example, when you
enter a query in a search engine, the query is sent from your computer over the internet to the
servers that store all the relevant web pages. The results are sent back by the server to your
computer.

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1.3.5. Types of servers
In a general network environment, the following types of servers may be found.

i) Application server, a server dedicated to running certain software applications
ii) Catalogue server, a central search point for information across a distributed network
iii) Communications server, carrier-grade computing platform for communications

networks
iv) Database server, provides database services to other computer programs or

computers
v) Fax server, provides fax services for clients
vi) File server, provides file services
vii) Game server, a server that video game clients connect to in order to play online

together
viii) Home server, a server for the home
ix) Name server or DNS server
x) Print server, provides printer services
xi) Proxy server, acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources

from other servers
xii) Sound server, provides multimedia broadcasting, streaming.
xiii) Standalone server, an emulator for client–server (web-based) programs
xiv)Web server, a server that HTTP clients connect to in order to send commands and

receive responses along with data contents

Almost the entire structure of the Internet is based upon a client–server model. High-level root
name servers, DNS servers, and routers direct the traffic on the internet. There are millions of
servers connected to the Internet, running continuously throughout the world.

 World Wide Web
 Domain Name System
 E-mail
 FTP file transfer
 Chat and instant messaging
 Voice communication
 Streaming audio and video
 Online Gaming Servers

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1.3.6. NOTEBOOK/LAPTOP

Figure 1.3.6 (a) - Laptop

A laptop is a personal computer for mobile use. A laptop integrates most of the typical
components of a desktop computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device (a
touchpad, also known as a trackpad or pointing stick) and speakers into a single unit. A laptop is
powered by mains electricity via an AC adapter, and can be used away from an outlet using a
rechargeable battery.

Portable computers became smaller, lighter, cheaper, more powerful and as screens became
larger and of better quality, laptops became very widely used for all sorts of purposes, by all
sorts of people.

Advantages Disadvantages

 Portability  Performance
 Productivity  Upgradeability
 Immediacy  Ergonomics and health
 Up-to-date information  Wrist strain injury
 Connectivity  Neck an d Spinal injury
 Size  Effect of Fertility
 Low power consumption  Discoloration on the thigh
 Quiet
 Battery
 All-in-One

Table 1.3.6 (a) Advantages and Disadvantages of a Laptop

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1.4. COMPUTER SYSTEMS (HARDWARE)

1.4.1. Computer architectures
In computer science and engineering, computer architecture is the practical art of selecting and
interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance
and cost goals and the formal modelling of those systems.

Computer architecture is the coordination of abstract levels of a processor under changing
forces, involving design, measurement and evaluation. It also includes the overall fundamental
working principle of the internal logical structure of a computer system.

Computer architectures are often based on:

 Computer organization
 Design goals
 Performance

1.4.2. Parts of a computer
If you use a desktop computer, you might already know that there isn't any single part called the
"computer." A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts,
which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand,
refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.)

The illustration below shows the most common hardware in a desktop computer system. Your
system may look a little different, but it probably has most of these parts. A laptop computer has
similar parts but combines them into a single notebook-sized package.

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Figure 1.4.2. (a) Parts of a Computer

1.4.3. Input devices
In computing, an input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to
provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or
other information appliance. Input and output devices make up the hardware interface between
a computer and a scanner or 6DOF controller.
Direct input, is the input space coincides with the display space, i.e. pointing is done in the
space where visual feedback or the pointer appears. Touch screens and light pens involve
direct input. While, indirect input is the mouse and trackball.

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A. Keyboard

Figure 1.4.3. (a) – Computer Keyboard

A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter,
it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:

 The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where
they are used.

 The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter
numbers quickly.

 The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a
document or webpage.

B. Pointing devices

Figure 1.4.3. (b) - Mouse

A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although
mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It's small,
oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice
are wireless.

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A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary
button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you to scroll
smoothly through screens of information.

Figure 1.4.3. (c) - Pointer

When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same
direction. (The pointer's appearance might change depending on where it's positioned on your
screen.) When you want to select an item, you point to the item and then click (press and
release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way to interact
with your computer.

C. Another device.

Input devices, such as buttons and joysticks, can be combined on a single physical device that
could be thought of as a composite device. Many gaming devices have controllers like this.
Technically mice are composite devices, as they both track movement and provide buttons for
clicking, but composite devices are generally considered to have more than two different forms
of input.

 Game controller
 Gamepad (or joy pad)
 Paddle (game controller)

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1.4.4. Output devices
A. Monitor
A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor
that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer screen
can show still or moving pictures.

Figure 1.4.4. (a) – Monitor LCD (Left), Monitor CRT (Right)
There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid crystal
display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the advantage of
being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally more affordable.
B. Printer

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A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your
computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail, cards, invitations, announcements and
other materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home.
The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the most
popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full colour and can produce
high-quality photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and generally
better.

C. Speakers

Figure 1.4.4 (c) – Speaker
Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with
cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.

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D. Storage devices
Your computer has one or more disk drives devices that store information on a metal or plastic
disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off.

 Hard disk drive

Figure 1.4.4 (d) - Hard Disk Drive

Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of
platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information,
they usually serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost all of your
programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit.

 CD and DVD drives

Figure 1.4.4 (e) - Compact Disk (CD)

Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front
of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and many CD drives

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can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies
of your files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer.
DVD drives can do everything that CD drives can, plus read DVDs. If you have a DVD drive,
you can watch movies on your computer. Many DVD drives can record data onto blank DVDs.

 Floppy disk drive

Figure 1.4.4 (f) - Floppy Disk

Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or diskettes. Compared
to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount of data. They also retrieve
information more slowly and are more prone to damage. For these reasons, floppy disk drives
are less popular than they used to be, although some computers still include them.
Why are floppy disks "floppy"? Even though the outside is made of hard plastic, that's just the
sleeve. The disk inside is made of a thin, flexible vinyl material.

 USB Flash Drive

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A USB flash drive is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated
Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface.

USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than a
floppy disk.

Most weigh less than 30 g. As of January 2012 drives of 256GB were available, 512GB and 1
terabytes (TB) drives were in planning, and storage capacities as large as 2 terabytes are
planned with steady improvements in size and price per capacity expected.

Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles (depending on the exact type of memory chip
used) [5] and 10 years’ shelf storage time.

USB flash drives are often used for the same purposes for which floppy disks or CDROMs were
used.

They are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more durable and
reliable because they have no moving parts.

Until approximately 2005, most desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk
drives, but floppy disk drives have been abandoned in favour of USB ports.

USB flash drives use the USB mass storage standard, supported natively by modern operating
systems such as Linux, Mac OS X, Windows, and other Unix-like systems, as well as many
BIOS boot ROMs.

USB drives with USB 2.0 support can store more data and transfer faster than much larger
optical disc drives like CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and can be read by many other systems such
as The Xbox 360, PlayStation, DVD players and Mobile smart phones.

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1.4.5. Processing unit
A. System unit
The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or
underneath your desk.

Inside this box are many electronic components that process information.

The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or
microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer.

Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that
the CPU uses while the computer is on.

The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.

Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables.

The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit.

Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.

Figure 1.4.5 (a) - Hardware of a modern personal computer.

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1. Monitor.
2. Motherboard.
3. CPU
4. RAM 9.
5. Expansion cards
6. Power supply
7. Optical disc drive
8. Hard disk drive
9. Keyboard.
10. Mouse.

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1.5. COMPUTER SYSTEMS (SOFTWARE)

1.5.1. Operating system software
An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and
provide common services for application software. The operating system is the most important
type of system software in a computer system. A user cannot run an application program on the
computer without an operating system, unless the application program is self-booting.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also
include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other
resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system
acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware, although the
application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently call the OS or
be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a
computer - from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.

Examples of popular modern operating systems include:

 Android,
 iOS,
 Linux,
 Mac OS X,
 BSD,

all of which have their roots in Unix, and

 Microsoft Windows.
 DOS.

1.5.2. Types
A. Real-time
A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-time
applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized scheduling algorithms so that
they can achieve a deterministic nature of behaviour.

B. Multi-user
A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer system concurrently.
Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable a multiple user
access to a computer through the sharing of time. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to

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a multi-user operating system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to use multiple
accounts on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather, only
the network administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating system, it is possible for
two users to login at a time and this capability of the OS makes it a multi-user operating system.

C. Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking
When only a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped under a single-
tasking system. However, when the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at
one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types:
pre-emptive or co-operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU
time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems such as
Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking, as does Amiga O.S. Cooperative
multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the other processes in a
defined manner. 16bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking. 32-bit
versions, both Windows NT and Win9x, used pre-emptive multi-tasking. Mac OS prior to OS X
used to support cooperative multitasking.

D. Distributed
A distributed operating system manages a group of independent computers and makes them
appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked
and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed computations
are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation,
they make a distributed system.

E. Embedded
Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They
are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to
operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by
design. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.

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1.5.3. Examples of operating systems:
A. Unix and Unix-like operating systems
Ken Thompson wrote B, mainly based on BCPL, which he used to write Unix, based on his
experience in the MULTICS project. B was replaced by C, and Unix developed into a large,
complex family of inter-related operating systems which have been influential in every modern
operating system (see History).

The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating systems, with several major sub-categories
including System V, BSD, and GNU/Linux. The name "UNIX" is a trademark of The Open Group
which licenses it for use with any operating system that has been shown to conform to their
definitions. "Unix-like" is commonly used to refer to the large set of operating systems which
resemble the original Unix.

Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of machine architectures. They are used heavily for
servers in business, as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments. Free
Unix variants, such as GNU/Linux and BSD, are popular in these areas.

Four operating systems are certified by the The Open Group (holder of the Unix trademark) as
Unix. HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are both descendants of the original System V Unix and are
designed to run only on their respective vendor's hardware. In contrast, Sun Microsystems's
Solaris Operating System can run on multiple types of hardware, including x86 and Sparc
servers, and PCs. Apple's Mac OS X, a replacement for Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS, is a
hybrid kernel-based BSD variant derived from NeXTSTEP, Mach, and FreeBSD.

Unix interoperability was sought by establishing the POSIX standard. The POSIX standard can
be applied to any operating system, although it was originally created for various Unix variants.

B. BSD and its descendants
A subgroup of the Unix family is the Berkeley Software Distribution family, which includes
FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. These operating systems are most commonly found on
webservers, although they can also function as a personal computer OS. The Internet owes
much of its existence to BSD, as many of the protocols now commonly used by computers to
connect, send and receive data over a network were widely implemented and refined in BSD.
The world wide web was also first demonstrated on a number of computers running an OS
based on BSD called NextStep.

BSD has its roots in Unix. In 1974, University of California, Berkeley installed its first Unix
system. Over time, students and staff in the computer science department there began adding
new programs to make things easier, such as text editors. When Berkely received new VAX

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computers in 1978 with Unix installed, the school's undergraduates modified Unix even more in
order to take advantage of the computer's hardware possibilities. The Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense took interest, and decided to fund
the project. Many schools, corporations, and government organizations took notice and started
to use Berkeley's version of Unix instead of the official one distributed by AT&T.

Steve Jobs, upon leaving Apple Inc. in 1985, formed NeXT Inc., a company that manufactured
high-end computers running on a variation of BSD called NeXTSTEP. One of these computers
was used by Tim Berners-Lee as the first webserver to create the World Wide Web.

Developers like Keith Bostic encouraged the project to replace any non-free code that originated
with Bell Labs. Once this was done, however, AT&T sued. Eventually, after two years of legal
disputes, the BSD project came out ahead and spawned a number of free derivatives, such as
FreeBSD and NetBSD.

C. Mac OS X
Mac OS X is a line of open core graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by
Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh computers. Mac
OS X is the successor to the original Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating
system since 1984. Unlike its predecessor, Mac OS X is a UNIX operating system built on
technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s and up until
Apple purchased the company in early 1997.

The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a desktop-
oriented version (Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah") following in March 2001. Since then, six more
distinct "client" and "server" editions of Mac OS X have been released, the most recent being
Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion", which was first made available on July 20, 2011. Releases of Mac OS X
are named after big cats; the current version of Mac OS X is "Lion".

The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart but
usually runs on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware. Mac OS X Server includes work
group management and administration software tools that provide simplified access to key
network services, including a mail transfer agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain
name server, and others. In Mac OS X v10.7 Lion, all server aspects of Mac OS X Server have
been integrated into the client version.

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D. Linux and GNU
Linux (or GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like operating system that was developed without any actual
Unix code, unlike BSD and its variants. Linux can be used on a wide range of devices from
supercomputers to wristwatches. The Linux kernel is released under an open source license, so
anyone can read and modify its code. It has been modified to run on a large variety of
electronics. Although estimates suggest that Linux is used on 1.82% of all personal computers,
it has been widely adopted for use in servers and embedded systems (such as cell phones).
Linux has superseded Unix in most places, and is used on the 10 most powerful
supercomputers in the world. The Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions, such as
Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Google's Android.

The GNU project is a mass collaboration of programmers who seek to create a completely free
and open operating system that was similar to Unix but with completely original code. It was
started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, and is responsible for many of the parts of most Linux
variants. For this reason, some claim that the combined product of the Linux kernel and the
GNU software collection is more correctly called GNU/Linux. Thousands of pieces of software
for virtually every operating system are licensed under the GNU General Public License.
Meanwhile, the Linux kernel began as a side project of Linus Torvalds, a university student from
Finland. In 1991, Torvalds began work on it, and posted information about his project on a
newsgroup for computer students and programmers. He received a wave of support and
volunteers who ended up creating a full-fledged kernel. Programmers from GNU took notice,
and members of both projects worked to integrate the finished GNU parts with the Linux kernel
in order to create a full-fledged operating system.

E. Google Chrome OS
Chrome is an operating system based on the Linux kernel and designed by Google. Since
Chrome OS targets computer users who spend most of their time on the Internet, it is mainly a
web browser with no ability to run applications. It relies on Internet applications (or Web apps)
used in the web browser to accomplish tasks such as word processing and media viewing, as
well as online storage for storing most files.

F. Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems designed by Microsoft
Corporation and primarily targeted to Intel architecture based computers, with an estimated 88.9
percent total usage share on Web connected computers. The newest version is Windows 7 for

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workstations and Windows Server 2008 R2 for servers. Windows 7 recently overtook Windows
XP as most used OS.

Microsoft Windows originated in 1985 as an application running on top of MSDOS, which was
the standard operating system shipped on most Intel architecture personal computers at the
time. In 1995, Windows 95 was released which only used MS-DOS as a bootstrap. For
backwards compatibility, Win9x could run real-mode MS-DOS and 16 bits Windows 3.x drivers.
Windows Me, released in 2000, was the last version in the Win9x family. Later versions have all
been based on the Windows NT kernel. Current versions of Windows run on IA32 and x86-64
microprocessors, although Windows 8 will support ARM architecture. In the past, Windows NT
supported non-Intel architectures.

Server editions of Windows are widely used. In recent years, Microsoft has expended significant
capital in an effort to promote the use of Windows as a server operating environment. However,
Windows' usage on servers is not as widespread as on personal computers, as Windows
competes against Linux and BSD for server market share.

G. Other
There have been many operating systems that were significant in their day but are no longer so,
such as:

 AmigaOS;
 OS/2 from IBM and Microsoft;
 Mac OS, the non-Unix precursor to Apple's Mac OS X;
 BeOS; [[XTS-400|XTS-300], Haiku;
 RISC OS;
 MorphOS and
 FreeMint.

Some are still used in niche markets and continue to be developed as minority platforms for
enthusiast communities and specialist applications. OpenVMS formerly from DEC is still under
active development by Hewlett-Packard. Yet other operating systems are used almost
exclusively in academia, for operating systems education or to do research on operating system
concepts. A typical example of a system that fulfills both roles is MINIX, while for example
Singularity is used purely for research.

Other operating systems have failed to win significant market share, but have introduced
innovations that have influenced mainstream operating systems, not least Bell Labs' Plan 9.

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1.5.4. Application software
Application software, also known as an application or an "app", is computer software designed
to help the user to perform specific tasks.

Examples include:

a) Enterprise software,
b) Accounting software,
c) Office suites,
d) Graphics software and
e) Media players.

Many application programs deal principally with documents. Apps may be bundled with the
computer and its system software, or may be published separately. Some users are satisfied
with the bundled apps and need never install one.

Application software is contrasted with system software and middleware, which manage and
integrate a computer's capabilities, but typically do not directly apply them in the performance of
tasks that benefit the user. The system software serves the application, which in turn serves the
user.

There are many types of application software. An application suite consists of multiple
applications bundled together. They usually have related functions, features and user interfaces,
and may be able to interact with each other, e.g. open each other's files. Business applications
often come in suites, e.g.:

a) Microsoft Office,
b) OpenOffice.org and
c) iWork,

which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, etc.; but suites exist for other
purposes, e.g. graphics or music.

A. Types of Application Software
i. Enterprise software addresses the needs of organization processes and data flow, often
in a large distributed environment. (Examples include financial systems, customer
relationship management (CRM) systems and supply chain management software).
Departmental Software is a sub-type of enterprise software with a focus on smaller
organizations or groups within a large organization. Examples include travel expense
management and IT Helpdesk).

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ii. Enterprise infrastructure software provides common capabilities needed to support
enterprise software systems. (Examples include databases, email servers, and systems
for managing networks and security.)

iii. Information worker software lets users create and manage information, often for
individual projects within a department, in contrast to enterprise management. Examples
include time management, resource management, documentation tools, analytical, and
collaborative. Word processors, spreadsheets, email and blog clients, personal
information system, and individual media editors may aid in multiple information worker
tasks

iv. Content access software is used primarily to access content without editing, but may
include software that allows for content editing. Such software addresses the needs of
individuals and groups to consume digital entertainment and published digital content.
(Examples include media players, web browsers, and help browsers.)

v. Educational software is related to content access software, but has the content and/or
features adapted for use in by educators or students. For example, it may deliver
evaluations (tests), track progress through material, or include collaborative capabilities.

vi. Simulation software simulates physical or abstract systems for either research, training
or entertainment purposes.

vii. Media development software generates print and electronic media for others to
consume, most often in a commercial or educational setting. This includes graphic-art
software, desktop publishing software, multimedia development software, HTML editors,
digital-animation editors, digital audio and video composition, and many others.

viii. Product engineering software is used in developing hardware and software products.
This includes computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE),
computer language editing and compiling tools, integrated development environments,
and application programme interfaces.

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ix. Applications can also be classified by computing platform such as a particular operating
system, delivery network such as in cloud computing and Web 2.0 applications, or
delivery devices such as mobile apps for mobile devices.

x. Antivirus or anti-virus software is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware,
including but not limited to computer viruses, computer worms, trojan horses, spyware
and adware. Computer security, including protection from social engineering techniques,
is commonly offered in products and services of antivirus software companies.

List of antivirus software:

 Ad-Aware Pro
 Avast!
 Avg
 Avira
 Clamwin
 Kaspersky
 Symantec

Overall list can be access at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antivirus_software

xi. Office application in computing, an office suite, sometimes called an office software
suite or productivity suite is a collection of productivity programs intended to be used
by knowledge workers. The components are generally distributed together, have a
consistent user interface and usually can interact with each other, sometimes in ways
that the operating system would not normally allow.

B. Typical office suite components
Existing office suites contain wide range of various components.

Most typically, the base components include:

 Word processor image viewer)
 Spreadsheet
 Presentation program.
 Less common components of office suites include:
 Database
 Graphics suite (raster graphics editor, vector graphics editor,
 Desktop publishing software
 Formula editor

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 Diagramming software
 Email client
 Communication
 Personal information manager
 Notetaking program
 Groupware
 Project management software
 Web log analysis software.

C. Media interactive
Interactive media normally refers to products and services on digital computerbased systems

which respond to the user’s actions by presenting content such as text, graphics, animation,

video, audio, etc.

Terminology Interactive media is related to:

 The concepts interaction design,
 New media,
 Interactivity,
 Human computer interaction,
 Cyberculture,
 Digital culture, and
 Includes specific cases such as, for example:

- Interactive television,
- Interactive narrative,
- Interactive advertising,
- Algorithmic art,
- Videogames,
- Social media,
- Ambient intelligence,  Virtual reality and
- Augmented reality.

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