NOTA ICT1061

Picture 5.7.1 (a) – Export Command
iii. Select a file type, and then click Save As.

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iv. The Save As dialog box will appear. Select the location where you want to export the
presentation, type a file name, then click Save.

v.

Picture 5.7.1 (c) – Save File Type

You can also use the Save as type: drop-down menu in the Save As dialog box to save
presentations in a variety of file types. Be careful to choose a file type others will be able to
open.

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Picture 5.7.1 (d) – Save File as PDF

5.1.9. Undo Redo
Undo
It erases the last change done to the document reverting it to an older state. In some more
advanced programs such as graphic processing, undo will negate the last command done
to the file being edited.
To undo an action, do one or more of the following:

 Click Undo Button image on the Quick Access Toolbar.
 Keyboard shortcut Press CTRL+Z or F2. For the F2 function key to undo

your last action, you might need to press the F-Lock key.

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Some actions cannot be undone, such as clicking any Office Button command or saving a
file. If you cannot undo an action, the Undo command changes to Can't Undo.

Redo
It reverses the undo or advances the buffer to a more current state.

To redo an action:
 Click Redo on the Quick Access Toolbar.
 Keyboard shortcut Press CTRL+Y or F3. For the F3 function key to redo your
last action, you might need to press the F-Lock key.

Picture 5.7.2 (b) – Redo Command
5.1.10. Quitting
When you are done with the program and you do not expect to return to it anytime soon,
you can quit the PowerPoint program:

 Click the File tab.
 Choose the Close command.

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5.8 SHORTCUT KEYS
A keyboard shortcut is a series of one or several keys that invoke a software or operating
system operation (in other words, cause an event) when triggered by the user.

Action Shortcut Key

Switch between outline and thumbnail pane Ctrl + Shift + Tab

Move to next placeholder (if on slide’s last placeholder, this
Ctrl + Enter

inserts a new slide)

Insert a new slide Ctrl + M

Duplicate the current side Ctrl + D

Increase font size Ctrl + Shift + >

Decrease font size Ctrl + Shift + <

Display the font dialog box Ctrl + T or Ctrl + Shift + F

Change case Shift + F3

Apply superscript formatting Ctrl + Equal sign

Apply subscript formatting Ctrl + Shift + Plus sign

Remove manual character formatting Ctrl + Spacebar

Center a paragraph Ctrl + E

Justify a paragraph Ctrl + J

Left align a paragraph Ctrl + L

Right align a paragraph Ctrl + R

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Action Shortcut Key
Promote a paragraph in an outline Alt + Shift + Left arrow
Demote a paragraph in an outline Alt + Shift + Right arrow
Move selected outline paragraphs up Alt + Shift + Up arrow
Move selected outline paragraphs down Alt + Shift + Down arrow
Display outline heading level 1 Alt + Shift + 1
Expand outline text below a heading Alt + Shift + +
Collapse outline text below a heading Alt + Shift + –
Collapse or show all text or headings Alt + Shift +A
Show or hide the grid Shift + F9
Show or hide the guides Alt + F9
Run a presentation F5
Activate the pen tool during a show Ctrl + P
Erase pen tool drawings during a show E
Turn off the pen tool during a show Esc
Change the pen to a pointer during a show Ctrl + A
Hide the pointer or pen during a show Ctrl + H
Move to the next hyperlink during a show Tab
Make the screen go black during a show B
Make the screen go white during a show W

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Action Shortcut Key
Stop or restart an automatic show S
Return to the first slide during show 1 + Enter
Group Items (with items selected) Ctrl + G
Ungroup Ctrl + Shift + G
During presentation, Go to slide number Slide number + Enter
Move clockwise among panes in Normal view F6
Move counterclockwise among panes in Normal view Shift + F6
Copy formatting of selected shape Ctrl + Shift + C
Paste formatting only to another shape Ctrl + Shift + V
Insert hyperlink Ctrl + K
Help F1
View the complete slide show F5
View the slide show from the current slide forward Shift + F5
Spellcheck F7
Opens Save As dialog box F12
Stop the show. Press S again to restart the show S
End the slide show Esc
Select to the end of a word Ctrl + Shift + Right arrow
Select to the beginning of a word Ctrl + Shift + Left arrow

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Action Shortcut Key
Select all objects Ctrl + A (on Slides tab)
Select all slides Ctrl + A (in Slide Sorter view)
Select all text Ctrl + A (on the Outline tab)
Delete one word to the left Ctrl + Backspace
Delete one word to the right Ctrl + Delete
Cut selected object or text Ctrl + X
Copy selected object or text Ctrl + C
Paste cut or copied object or text Ctrl + V
Undo Ctrl + Z
Redo Ctrl + Y
Open Find dialog box Ctrl + F

Picture 5.8 – List of Shortcut Keys for Powerpoint 2013

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EXERCISE
1 What is the process of changing the appearance of the text, layout, and design of a slide?
2 Printed images of slides on a sheet of paper is called ________________
3 The pane that displays below the Slide pan in Normal view is.

a) replace
b) notes pages
c) notes pane
d) slide pane

4 The first slide in a presentation, the purpose
a) title slide
b) black slide
c) slide
d) Theme

5 a slide that displays at the end of every slide show to indicate that the presentation is over
a) placeholder
b) title slide
c) black slide
d) slide

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INSTITUSI LATIHAN
JABATAN TENAGA MANUSIA
KEMENTERIAN SUMBER MANUSIA
MALAYSIA

INFORMATION SHEET

COURSE CODE AND GENERAL SUBJECT - SEMESTER 1

NAME

MODULE CODE AND IT 1061 – COMPUTER APPLICATION

NAME

LEARNING LA6 – APPLY PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
ACTIVITES NO AND
STATEMENT

WORK ACTIVITIES 6.1 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET
NO AND STATEMENT 6.2 COMPONENT OF THE INTERNET
6.3 UNDERSTAND THE WORLD-WIDE WEB
6.4 WORLD WIDE WEB ACCESS

TERMINAL UTILISE INTERNET APPLICATION USING MENU, TOOLS AND
PERFORMANCE FEATURES SO THAT INFORMATION ON INTERNET GAINED AND
OBJECTIVE INTERNET APPLICATION UTILISED IN ACCORDANCE WITH JOB
REQUIREMENTS.

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6.1. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

6.1.1. Internet Definition
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that
consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to
global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services,
such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide
Web (WWW), electronic mail, newsgroups, voice over IP telephony, and peer-to-peer networks
for file sharing.

6.1.2. History of Internet
The Internet: a network of connected networks (over 40000) with hundreds of thousands of
individual computers connected to one another. In the mists of time, a long time ago (in
computer terms that is), a new technology was born - the Internet. Developed originally by the
United States (U.S.) military, during the cold war, to assist communications in the event of a
nuclear attack, the technology was then adopted by the U.S. National Science Foundation
(NSF) and various U.S. universities to exchange knowledge. As it didn't have a central hub, it
was much less vulnerable to disruption or attack than a network which operated from one
central location. The general public started using the Internet in the 1980s and during the 1990s
the Internet grew to become a worldwide phenomenon.

6.1.3. Internet Provider

6.1.3.1 What is an Internet Service Provider?
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is the industry term for the company that is able to provide
you with access to the Internet, typically from a computer. If you hear someone talking about the
Internet and they mention their "provider," they're usually talking about their ISP.

For the typical homeowner or apartment dweller, the ISP is usually a "cable company" that, in
addition or offering a TV subscription, also offers an Internet subscription. You don't get both for
the price of one, however. You can get just cable TV or just high-speed Internet, or both.

An ISP is your gateway to the Internet and everything else you can do online. The second your
connection is activated and set up, you'll be able to send emails, go shopping, do research and

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more. The ISP is the link or conduit between your computer and all the other "servers" on the
Internet. You may feel like you're talking to your mom directly through email, but in reality it's
more "indirectly." Your email goes from your computer, to the ISP computers/servers, where it's
sent along to its destination through other servers on the network.

Every home or organization with Internet access has an ISP. The good news is, we don't all
have to have the same provider to communicate with each other and we don't have to pay
anything extra to communicate with someone who has a different ISP.

6.1.3.2 Types of ISPs
In the 1990s, there were three types of ISPs: dial-up services, high-speed Internet (also referred
to as "broadband") offered by cable companies, and DSL (Digital Line Subscribers) offered by
phone companies. By 2013, dial-up services were rare (even though they were cheap), because
they were very slow...and the other ISP options were typically readily available and much, much
faster.

a) DSL and Cable.

Two of the leading DSL ISPs have been Verizon and AT&T. But in the last few years (from
2013), DSL has been on the decline, while cable-based ISPs, like Comcast and Time Warner,
have been growing. Why the change? It's because the phone companies have been getting
more into the lucrative smartphone business, and selling annual contracts for cellular service
along with smartphone Internet capabilities.

b) Fiber Internet

With DSL dropping out of the picture, there's room for a new technology and it's already here in
some areas: it's called fiber, or fiber optical, broadband. Supposedly, fiber is hundreds times
FASTER than cable or DSL.

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6.1.4. ISP in Malaysia

Malaysia today has a number of ISP to serve the needs of individual users and the corporate
sector. Some of the as follows :
a. Jaring – http://www.jaring.my
b. Telekom Malaysia’s TMNet – http://www.tmnet.my
c. TIMENet Central – http://www.time.net.my
d. Maxis Net – http://www.maxis.net.my
e. Putra Net – http://www.putra.net.my
f. Celcom NET – http://www.celcom.net.my
g. P1 Wimax – http://www.p1.com.my

6.1.5. Internet Connection Device

The basic requirements are a computer, a modem, a phone line, and contract with an Internet
Service Provider (ISP).

Figure 6.1.4 - How internet connected

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6.2. COMPONENT OF THE INTERNET

6.2.1 WORLD WIDE WEB

The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext
documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web
pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate
between them via hyperlinks.

6.2.1.1 WWW Protocols

Protocols are a set of rules a programmer must adhere to for the various
methods a computer use to communicate. Some of the commonly used
protocols are as follows:

a) Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)

This is the method computers use to communicate over a network

b) Internet Protocol (IP)

This is used with the TCP to form a method to communicate over a
network and then the Internet. It is a method for computers to
identify each other on the internet.

c) Internet Protocol Address (IP Address)

An IP addresss looks something like 172.17.1.192. it is a series of
four numbers, each separated by a period. The collection of
numbers is not random. This IP address is usually provided by
your Internet Service Provider (ISP). It is the address of a
computer on a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP).

d) Post Office Protoc ol

Computers use this method to receive mails from other computers
. note that it is not used to send mails, only to retrieve them from
mail servers.

e) File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

This method is used by computers to send files to one another.
When someone refers to a FTP site, they are referring to sites
where you can download (copy files from server) files or possibly
upload (copy files to server) files.

f) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

A web browser uses this method to transfer Web pages. It is a
method of formatting text for the browser to know which part is for
the browser and which part is for viewing.

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g) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
This is used to distribute electronic mails and messages (e-mails)
to one or more electronic mailboxes.

h) File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Transfer text or binary files from computer hosts.

i) Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
Distributes Usenet news articles to the various newsgroups.

6.2.2 Electronic Mail (E-MAIL)

Electronic mail, commonly known as email or e-mail, is a method of
exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients.
Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks.
Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both
be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's
email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers
accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Neither the users nor their
computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect
only briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or
receive messages. An email message consists of three components, the
message envelope, the message header, and the message body.

6.2.3 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer
files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the
Internet. It is often used to upload web pages and other documents from a
private development machine to a public web-hosting server. FTP is built
on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and data
connections between the client and the server.

6.2.4 Telnet
Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to
provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility
using a virtual terminal connection.

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Telnet client applications are available for virtually all computer platforms.
Telnet is also used as a verb. To telnet means to establish a connection
with the Telnet protocol, either with command line client or with a
programmatic interface. For example, a common directive might be: "To
change your password, telnet to the server, login and run the passwd
command." Most often, a user will be telnetting to a Unix-like server system
or a network device (such as a router) and obtain a login prompt to a
command line text interface or a character-based full-screen manager.

6.2.5 Usernet News (Netnews)

Usenet News is a global electronic bulletin board system in which millions
of Computer users exchange information on a range of topics. Usenet
messages are stored on central computers and users need to log these
computers to read the messages. Usenet itself is a set of machines used
for exchanging messages or articles from Usenet discussion forums called
newsgroups. Usenet messages can be read by a variety of newsreader
software programs.

With the Usenet News, you may encounter the following terms :
• Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) FAQ answers common

questions posed by the user on a particular site on the WWW, what is
the site covers, how to find information on it, and who created it. A
FAQ is usually in the form of a text document that can be
downloaded.
• For Your Information (FYI) These documents are a subset of RFCs
and contain information of interest to new Internet users.

6.2.6 Internet Relay Chat

This is a new technology that allows users on the Internet to communicate

with other user instantly. IRC allows you to dial into “channels” (or

something referred to as rooms) and join conversations with others on the

same channel by typing and responding to messages. To access the IRC,

you will need an IRC software program. This program connects you to an

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IRC server and allows you to visit the different IRC channels. Examples of
IRC types are:

a) Yahoo Messenger
b) MSN ICQ
c) Google Talk
d) Twitte
e) Skype

6.3. UNDERSTAND THE WORLD WIDE WEB

6.3.1 Different Between The Internet And The WWW
To answer this question, let's look at each element. And since the Internet seems
to be the more easily understood component, let's start there. Simply, the
Internet is a network of networks -- and there are all kinds of networks in all kinds
of sizes. You may have a computer network at your work, at your school or even
one at your house. These networks are often connected to each other in different
configurations, which is how you get groupings such as local area networks
(LANs) and regional networks. Your cell phone is also on a network that is
considered part of the Internet, as are many of your other electronic devices. And
all these separate networks -- added together -- are what constitute the Internet.
Even satellites are connected to the Internet. To learn more about how this
interwoven mega-network operates, check out How Internet Infrastructure
Works.

The World Wide Web, on the other hand, is the system we use to access the
Internet. The Web isn't the only system out there, but it's the most popular and
widely used. (Examples of ways to access the Internet without using HTTP
include e-mail and instant messaging.) As mentioned on the previous page, the
World Wide Web makes use of hypertext to access the various forms of
information available on the world's different networks. This allows people all
over the world to share knowledge and opinions. We typically access the Web
through browsers, like Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox. By using browsers
like these, you can visit various Web sites and view other online content. So
another way to think about it is to say the Internet is composed of the machines,
hardware and data; and the World Wide Web is what brings this technology to
life.

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Figure 6.3.1 - The Internet may be the physical connection

6.3.2 Servers Functions
Servers are just high end computers. Contrary to the believe that the Internet
consists of huge computer systems that occupy entire rooms, servers are about
the same physical size as your personal computer.

The main difference is what is on the inside. It has faster processors, more
memory and disk space and very flexible networking abilities. Contents on the
WWW are displayed as hypertext. Services like web pages, FTP sites, e-mails
and newsgroups are all individual functions of servers (or hosts. Some server
may offer more services that other server. These servers support hypertext to
access several Internet protocols on a single interface.

Take for example, when a request for a web page is made. The servers work
together to find the exact location of the web page. If one computer is down-on-
route to the server, other computers will find an alternative route for your request
to proceed. Once the path is resolved and connection is established, the web
page will be displayed on your monitor. If the location cannot be found, an error
message is displayed.

6.3.3 Computer To Internet

Most servers run on the UNIX operating system. What makes it so special is its
multi-user capabilities. UNIX is known as a pre-emptive multi-tasking operating
system. What this means is it can easily share its resources among all those who
have requested and allocate priority to these requests to ensure the highest
overall performance. For example, if a user requests a time consuming database
search, the operating system will ensure that more important services like
establishing new connections for other users are always given higher priority.

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UNIX also has multi-threading capabilities. Multi-threading programs allow
simultaneous tasks to be completed at the same time. An example of
multithreading is the e-mail application. While retrieving your new mail messages
from the mail server, check if you can open and browse at other messages. If
you can, your mail program is multi-threaded. Otherwise it is not. Only one task
can be performed at a time.

6.3.4 Server Access To Internet
Servers access the Internet using regular telephone lines. Most professional
servers use a T1 line, a high-speed telephone line capable of receiving and
sending information very quickly. The method used to connect to the server is
complex and involves customized configuration based on what your service
provider needs. As the interconnected computers on the Internet are of different
types and use different operating systems, a common set of rules is required.

The Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), a standard of
rules is used to standardize communication between them. The TCP/IP software
allows your computer to connect to the Internet. Once the server is connected to
the Internet via a T1 line provided by a local telephone company, the server is
considered linked to the Internet. Now, it can provide data and offer the various
Internet services.

6.3.5 Internet Access
Internet Service Provider (ISP) and software is required to get connected.
Sign up with an Internet service provider. Most service providers will furnish a
local telephone number for you to call to log onto the Internet.

6.3.6 Hypertext

Hypertext is a document (or page) that contains word and/or graphics that link to
other multimedia documents. The most commonly used language for creating
these web pages is Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). It is an interactive
online documentation technique that makes linking web pages possible. It
contains standard codes (or tags) that determine how a web page looks.

Hypertext links usually appear as text in different font size, color and style. A
hypertext link contains an address called the Universal Resource Locator (URL).

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When you click on a link, you are actually accessing the URL that opens the
particular web page. The internet protocol that makes hypertext linking possible
is called Hypertext Transport Protocol (http).

6.3.7 Web Pages

The WWW is basically a huge series of interconnected hypertext document.
Linking is achieved using hypertext pointers, which are words, icons, or
graphics linked to other documents. When these words, icons or graphics are
clicked on (or double clicked), the current document is replaced by the
document the hypertext pointer links to.

Linking to other pages or sites on the WWW is referred to as browsing or
surfing the web. The software used to browse the WWW is called a web
browser. Web pages are created by individuals, groups or companies. The
creators of web pages are known as content providers. To access a web
page (or site), one of the following methods may be used :

• Type the full location address (i.e http://www.microsoft.com) and
retrieve the page directly

• Browse through a page and click on links to move from one page to
another.

• Search through subject directories
• Type keywords to retrieve pages on the topic of your choice.

6.3.8 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) specifies the Internet address of a
file stored on a host computer connected to the Internet. Every file has a
unique URL . URLs translated into numeric address using the Internet
Domain Name System (DNS). As numeric strings are difficult for human to
use alphanumeric addresses are used. A URL consists of four separate
parts :

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• Domain-name
• Path
• Filename

The standard format for URL is :

Protocol://domain-name/path/filename
An example of a URL is:

http://www.mywebsite.com/book/index.html

where

http : protocol

www : domain-name

mywebsite : second-level domain name

com : top-level domain name book

: directory name

index.html : filename

Some of the more common top-level domains (TLDs) are as follows :
com : commercial enterprise
gov : government entity
mil : military entity
edu : educational institution
net : network access provider
org : non-profit organization

Note that URLs need not always begin with http. In fact, they can also begin
with ftp or news for example. The following URL highlights this.

• ftp://rftm.mit.edu/pub
• news:rec.gardens.roses

The first part of the URL (before the two slashes i.e. //) informs the user the
type of resource or method of access at a particular address. This is highlighted in
the example below :

• http - a hypertext document or directory

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• gopher – a gopher document or menu
• ftp – a file available for downloading or a directory of such files
• news – a newsgroup
• telnet – a computer system that a user can log onto over the Internet
• WAIS – a database or document based in a Wide Area Information Search

database.

• File – a file located on a local drive, for instance, the user’s hard drive.
The second part (typically after the slashes) is the address of a computer where the
data is stored. The other additional parts indicate the names of a file, the port to
connect to, or the text to search for in a database. Some of the other things that one
should know about URLs are as follows :

• A URL has no spaces
• A URL always uses forward slashes
• In an URL is type in correctly, the browser will not be able to locate the site

or resource required. The user usually ends up with an error message or
accesses wrong web sites.
• The URL of any link on a given web page can be found by placing the cursor
over the link. The pointer turns its shape to that of a hand and the URL is
displayed on a tip box and also on the browser’s status bar (located at the
bottom of the application window)

To identify servers in countries around the world, a two letter Internet Country Code
has been standardized by the International Standards Organization. Some of the
country codes are :

au Australia
ch Switzerland
de Germany
jp Japan
my Malaysia
id Indonesia
sg Singapore
uk United Kingdom

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6.4. WORLD WIDE WEB ACCESS

6.4.1 Browser
To access the World Wide Web (WWW), you need to use a web browser .B
Browsers are software programs needed to “surf” or navigate the WWW. In other
words, a browser is a software program that resides on the individual’s PC enabling
the user to view the WWW documents and access the Internet by taking advantage
of all the text, image, sound, motion and other links. There are two types of
browsers (character based) and graphical browsers(windows based).

Two of the more popular graphical web browsers available today for both Windows
based and Macintosh computers are Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.
There are other browsers too such as MacWeb, Opera and Firefox. Most of these
offer the features and can be used successfully to retrieve documents and invoke
other types of programs. Within a web browser, it also includes software that allows
you to send and retrieve electronic mail, read messages from newsgroups and
browser the WWW.

Upon establishing a connection to the Internet, a browser is required to navigate the
WWW. When the browser program is opened, the first page that you see on your
screen is called the start page. You can set the start page to any page of your
choice on the WWW.

There are basically two types of browsers. These are as follows:
• Graphical
Files such as text, images, audio, and video can be retrieved via a graphical
software program using browsers such as Internet Explorer or Netscape.
These types of browsers are currently available for use in operating systems
such as Windows, Linux, Apple and other graphics based operating
systems. You can access other linked documents within a document by
pointing and clicking on highlighted words and graphics that represent links
to other types of files.
• Text
Text based browsers only emphasize and provide WWW access in text only
mode. The user navigates by highlighting emphasized words on the screen
using the arrow keys and finally hitting the Enter press to invoke the required
link. One of the more popular text based browser is Lynx.

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6.4.2 Web Application

A web application is any application that uses a web browser as a client.
The application can be as simple as a message board or a guest sign-in
book on a website, or as complex as a word processor or a spreadsheet.

A web application relieves the developer of the responsibility of building
client for a specific type of computer or a specific operating system. Since
the client runs in a web browser, the user could be using an IBM-
compatible or a Mac. They can be running Windows XP or Windows
Vista. They can even be using Internet Explorer or Firefox, though some
applications require a specific web browser. Web applications commonly
use a combination of server-side script (ASP, PHP, etc) and client-side
script (HTML, Javascript, etc.) to develop the application. The client-side
script deals with the presentation of the information while the server-side
script deals with all the hard stuff like storing and retrieving the
information.

6.4.3 Search Engines

A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World

Wide Web and FTP servers. The search results are generally presented
in a list of results often referred to as SERPS, or "search engine results
pages". The information may consist of web pages, images, information
and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in
databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are
maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time
information by running an algorithm on a web crawler.

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WIM/IT1061/12007/S01/P2 (22016)

A search engine operates in the following order:

1. Web crawling
2. Indexing
3. Searching

Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages,
which they retrieve from the html itself. These pages are retrieved by a
Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider) — an automated Web
browser which follows every link on the site. Exclusions can be made by
the use of robots.txt. The contents of each page are then analyzed to
determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted
from the titles, headings, or special fields called meta tags). Data about
web pages are stored in an index database for use in later queries. A
query can be a single word. The purpose of an index is to allow
information to be found as quickly as possible. Some search engines,
such as Google, store all or part of the source page (referred to as a
cache) as well as information about the web pages, whereas others, such
as AltaVista, store every word of every page they find. This cached page
always holds the actual search text since it is the one that was actually
indexed, so it can be very useful when the content of the current page
has been updated and the search terms are no longer in it. This problem
might be considered to be a mild form of linkrot, and Google's handling of
it increases usability by satisfying user expectations that the search terms
will be on the returned webpage. This satisfies the principle of least
astonishment since the user normally expects the search terms to be on
the returned pages. Increased search relevance makes these cached
pages very useful, even beyond the fact that they may contain data that
may no longer be available elsewhere.

When a user enters a query into a search engine (typically by using key
words), the engine examines its index and provides a listing of best-
matching web pages according to its criteria, usually with a short
summary containing the document's title and sometimes parts of the text.
The index is built from the information stored with the data and the
method by which the information is indexed. Unfortunately, there are
currently no known public search engines that allow documents to be
searched by date. Most search engines support the use of the boolean
operators AND, OR and NOT to further specify the search query. Boolean
operators are for literal searches that allow the user to refine and extend
the terms of the search. The engine looks for the words or phrases
exactly as entered. Some search engines provide an advanced feature
called proximity search which allows users to define the distance between
keywords. There is also concept-based searching where the research
involves using statistical analysis on pages containing the words or
phrases you search for. As well, natural language queries allow the user
to type a question in the same form one would ask it to a human. A site
like this would be ask.com.

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Exercises:

1. List down the top level domain.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. List down internet connection devices required before surfing to the internet.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. Fill in the blanks.

http://www.mywebsite.com/book/index.html

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References/ Bibliogrphy :

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email, E-mail, 21-02-2012, 10.00 am

2 http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc778139%28v=ws.10%29.aspx, Telnet,2102-
2012, 10.45 am.

3 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet-versus-world-wide-web.htm,
Different Between the Internet and WWW, 21-02-2012, 11.55 am

4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine, Search Engines, 22-02-2012, 10.35 am

5 Easy Learning Series, Internet Simplified, Palani Murugappan,Venton Publishing, 2005,
983-2661-65-X

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