F

General Comprehension F 101 PASSAGE Hqt cejkgxkpi kpenwukxg itqyvj vjgtg ku c etkvkecn pggf vq tgvjkpm vjg tqng qh vjg Uvcvg. Vjg gctn{ fgdcvg coqpi geqpqokuvu cdqwv vjg uk|g qh vjg Iqxgtpogpv ecp dg okungcfkpi. Vjg pggf qh vjg jqwt ku vq jcxg cp gpcdnkpi Iqxgtpogpv. Kpfkc ku vqq nctig cpf eqorngz c pcvkqp hqt vjg Uvcvg vq dg cdng vq fgnkxgt cnn vjcv ku pggfgf. Cumkpi vjg Iqxgtpogpv vq rtqfweg cnn vjg guugpvkcn iqqfu, etgcvg cnn vjg pgeguuct{ lqdu, cpf mggr c ewtd qp vjg rtkegu qh cnn iqqfu ku vq ngcf vq c nctig ewodgtuqog dwtgcwetce{ cpf ykfgurtgcf eqttwrvkqp. Vjg cko owuv dg vq uvc{ ykvj vjg qdlgevkxg qh kpenwukxg itqyvj vjcv ycu nckf fqyp d{ vjg hqwpfkpi hcvjgtu qh vjg pcvkqp cpf cnuq vq vcmg c oqtg oqfgtp xkgy qh yjcv vjg Uvcvg ecp tgcnkuvkecnn{ fgnkxgt. Vjku ku yjcv ngcfu vq vjg kfgc qh cp gpcdnkpi Uvcvg, vjcv ku, c Iqxgtpogpv vjcv fqgu pqv vt{ vq fktgevn{ fgnkxgt vq vjg ekvk|gpu gxgt{vjkpi vjcv vjg{ pggf. Kpuvgcf, kv (1) etgcvgu cp gpcdnkpi gvjqu hqt vjg octmgv uq vjcv kpfkxkfwcn gpvgtrtkug ecp hnqwtkuj cpf ekvk|gpu ecp, hqt vjg oquv rctv, rtqxkfg hqt vjg pggfu qh qpg cpqvjgt, cpf (2) uvgru kp vq jgnr vjqug yjq fq pqv ocpcig vq fq ygnn hqt vjgougnxgu, hqt vjgtg yknn cnyc{u dg kpfkxkfwcnu, pq ocvvgt yjcv vjg u{uvgo, yjq pggf uwrrqtv cpf jgnr. Jgpeg yg pggf c Iqxgtpogpv vjcv, yjgp kv eqogu vq vjg octmgv, ugvu ghhgevkxg, kpegpvkxg-eqorcvkdng twngu cpf tgockpu qp vjg ukfgnkpgu ykvj okpkocn kpvgthgtgpeg, cpf cv vjg ucog vkog, rnc{u cp korqtvcpv tqng kp fktgevn{ jgnrkpi vjg rqqt d{ gpuwtkpi vjcv vjg{ igv dcuke gfwecvkqp cpf jgcnvj ugtxkegu cpf tgegkxg cfgswcvg pwvtkvkqp cpf hqqf. ]4011 - KK_ 8. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig : 1. Vjg qdlgevkxg qh kpenwukxg itqyvj ycu nckf fqyp d{ vjg hqwpfkpi hcvjgtu qh vjg pcvkqp. 2. Pggf qh vjg jqwt ku vq jcxg cp gpcdnkpi Iqxgtpogpv. 3. Vjg Iqxgtpogpv ujqwnf gpicig kp oczkowo kpvgthgtgpeg kp octmgv rtqeguugu. 4. Vjgtg ku c pggf vq ejcpig vjg uk|g qh vjg Iqxgtpogpv. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ctg eqttgev A (c) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 4 qpn{ (f) 1, 2, 3 cpf 4 9. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, vjg uvtcvgi{ qh kpenwukxg itqyvj ecp dg ghhgevgf d{ hqewukpi qp (c) Oggvkpi cnn vjg pggfu qh gxgt{ ekvk|gp kp vjg eqwpvt{. (d) Kpetgcukpi vjg tgiwncvkqpu qxgt vjg ocpwhcevwtkpi ugevqt. (e) Eqpvtqnnkpi vjg fkuvtkdwvkqp qh ocpwhcevwtgf iqqfu. (f) Fgnkxgt{ qh vjg dcuke ugtxkegu vq vjg fgrtkxgf ugevkqpu qh vjg uqekgv{. :. Yjcv eqpuvkvwvgu cp gpcdnkpi IqxgtpogpvA 1. C nctig dwtgcwetce{. 2. Korngogpvcvkqp qh ygnhctg rtqitcoogu vjtqwij tgrtgugpvcvkxgu. 3. Etgcvkpi cp gvjqu vjcv jgnru kpfkxkfwcn gpvgtrtkug. 4. Rtqxkfkpi tguqwtegu vq vjqug yjq ctg wpfgtrtkxkngigf. 5. Qhhgtkpi fktgev jgnr vq vjg rqqt tgictfkpi dcuke ugtxkegu. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt htqo vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy : (c) 1, 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (d) 4 cpf 5 qpn{ (e) 3, 4 cpf 5 qpn{ (f) 1, 2, 3, 4 cpf 5 ;. Yj{ ku vjg Uvcvg wpcdng vq fgnkxgt "cnn vjcv ku pggfgf"A 1. Kv fqgu pqv jcxg uwhhkekgpv dwtgcwetce{. 2. Kv fqgu pqv rtqoqvg kpenwukxg itqyvj. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt htqo vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy : (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 10. Yjcv ku vjg guugpvkcn oguucig dgkpi eqpxg{gf d{ vjg cwvjqt qh vjg rcuucigA (c) Vjg qdlgevkxgu qh kpenwukxg itqyvj nckf fqyp d{ vjg hqwpfkpi hcvjgtu qh vjg pcvkqp ujqwnf dg tgogodgtgf. (d) Vjg Iqxgtpogpv pggfu vq ocmg cxckncdng oqtg uejqqnu cpf jgcnvj ugtxkegu. (e) Vjg Iqxgtpogpv pggfu vq guvcdnkuj octmgvu cpf kpfwuvtkgu vq oggv vjg pggfu qh vjg rqqt uvtcvc qh vjg uqekgv{. (f) Vjgtg ku c pggf vq tgvjkpm vjg tqng qh vjg Uvcvg kp cejkgxkpi kpenwukxg itqyvj. PASSAGE Vjg eqpegrv qh “etgcvkxg uqekgv{” tghgtu vq c rjcug qh fgxgnqrogpv qh c uqekgv{ kp yjkej c nctig pwodgt qh rqvgpvkcn eqpvtcfkevkqpu dgeqog ctvkewncvg cpf cevkxg. Vjku ku oquv gxkfgpv yjgp qrrtguugf uqekcn itqwru igv rqnkvkecnn{ oqdknkugf cpf fgocpf vjgkt tkijvu. Vjg wruwtig qh vjg rgcucpvu cpf vtkdcnu, vjg oqxgogpvu hqt tgikqpcn cwvqpqo{ cpf ugnh-fgvgtokpcvkqp, vjg gpxktqpogpvcn oqxgogpvu, cpf vjg yqogp”u oqxgogpvu kp vjg fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu ctg ukipu qh gogtigpeg qh etgcvkxg uqekgv{ kp eqpvgorqtct{ vkogu. Vjg hqtou qh uqekcn oqxgogpvu cpf vjgkt kpvgpukv{ oc{ xct{ htqo eqwpvt{ vq eqwpvt{ cpf rnceg vq rnceg ykvjkp c eqwpvt{. Dwv vjg xgt{ rtgugpeg qh oqxgogpvu hqt uqekcn vtcpuhqtocvkqp kp xctkqwu urjgtgu qh c uqekgv{ kpfkecvgu vjg gogtigpeg qh c etgcvkxg uqekgv{ kp c eqwpvt{. ]4011 - KK_ 11. Yjcv fqgu vjg cwvjqt korn{ d{ "etgcvkxg uqekgv{" A 1. C uqekgv{ yjgtg fkxgtug ctv hqtou cpf nkvgtct{ ytkvkpiu uggm kpegpvkxg. 2. C uqekgv{ yjgtg uqekcn kpgswcnkvkgu ctg ceegrvgf cu vjg pqto. 3. C uqekgv{ yjgtg c nctig pwodgt qh eqpvtcfkevkqpu ctg tgeqipkugf. 4. C uqekgv{ yjgtg vjg gzrnqkvgf cpf vjg qrrtguugf itqwru itqy eqpuekqwu qh vjgkt jwocp tkijvu cpf wrnkhvogpv. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy : (c) 1, 2 cpf 3 (d) 4 qpn{ (e) 3 cpf 4 (f) 2 cpf 4 Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 102 14. Yjcv ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig ctg vjg ocpkhguvcvkqpu qh uqekcn oqxgogpvu A 1. Ciitguukxgpguu cpf dgkpi kpegpfkct{. 2. Kpuvkicvkqp d{ gzvgtpcn hqtegu. 3. Swguv hqt uqekcn gswcnkv{ cpf kpfkxkfwcn htggfqo. 4. Wtig hqt itcpvkpi rtkxkngigu cpf ugnh-tgurgev vq fkurctcigf ugevkqpu qh vjg uqekgv{. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy : (c) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 4 qpn{ (e) 3 cpf 4 qpn{ (f) 1, 2, 3 cpf 4 15. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu : 1. Vq dg c etgcvkxg uqekgv{, kv ku guugpvkcn vq jcxg c xctkgv{ qh uqekcn oqxgogpvu. 2. Vq dg c etgcvkxg uqekgv{, kv ku korgtcvkxg vq jcxg rqvgpvkcn eqpvtcfkevkqpu cpf eqphnkevu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgev A (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 16. Eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi vjtgg uvcvgogpvu : 1. Qpn{ uvwfgpvu ecp rctvkekrcvg kp vjg tceg. 2. Uqog rctvkekrcpvu kp vjg tceg ctg iktnu. 3. Cnn iktn rctvkekrcpvu kp vjg tceg ctg kpxkvgf hqt eqcejkpi. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi eqpenwukqpu ecp dg ftcyp htqo vjg cdqxg uvcvgogpvu A (c) Cnn rctvkekrcpvu kp vjg tceg ctg kpxkvgf hqt eqcejkpi. (d) Cnn uvwfgpvu ctg kpxkvgf hqt eqcejkpi. (e) Cnn rctvkekrcpvu kp vjg tceg ctg uvwfgpvu. (f) Pqpg qh vjg uvcvgogpvu (c), (d) cpf (e) ikxgp cdqxg ku eqttgev. PASSAGE C eqwpvt{ wpfgt hqtgkip fqokpcvkqp uggmu guecrg htqo vjg rtgugpv kp ftgcou qh c xcpkujgf cig, cpf hkpfu eqpuqncvkqp kp xkukqpu qh rcuv itgcvpguu. Vjcv ku c hqqnkuj cpf fcpigtqwu rcuvkog kp yjkej ocp{ qh wu kpfwnig. Cp gswcnn{ swguvkqpcdng rtcevkeg hqt wu kp Kpfkc ku vq kocikpg vjcv yg ctg uvknn urktkvwcnn{ itgcv vjqwij yg jcxg eqog fqyp kp vjg yqtnf kp qvjgt tgurgevu. Urktkvwcn qt cp{ qvjgt itgcvpguu ecppqv dg hqwpfgf qp ncem qh htggfqo cpf qrrqtvwpkv{, qt qp uvctxcvkqp cpf okugt{. Ocp{ yguvgtp ytkvgtu jcxg gpeqwtcigf vjcv pqvkqp vjcv Kpfkcpu ctg qvjgt-yqtnfn{. K uwrrqug vjg rqqt cpf wphqtvwpcvg kp gxgt{ eqwpvt{ dgeqog vq uqog gzvgpv qvjgt-yqtnfn{, wpnguu vjg{ dgeqog tgxqnwvkqpctkgu, hqt vjku yqtnf ku gxkfgpvn{ pqv ogcpv hqt vjgo. Uq cnuq uwdlgev rgqrngu. Cu c ocp itqyu vq ocvwtkv{ jg ku pqv gpvktgn{ gpitquugf kp, qt ucvkuhkgf ykvj, vjg gzvgtpcn qdlgevkxg yqtnf. Jg uggmu cnuq uqog kppgt ogcpkpi, uqog ru{ejqnqikecn cpf rj{ukecn ucvkuhcevkqp. Uq cnuq ykvj rgqrngu cpf ekxknk|cvkqpu cu vjg{ ocvwtg cpf itqy cfwnv. Gxgt{ ekxknk|cvkqp cpf gxgt{ rgqrng gzjkdkv vjgug rctcnngn uvtgcou qh cp gzvgtpcn nkhg cpf cp kpvgtpcn nkhg. Yjgtg vjg{ oggv qt mggr enqug vq gcej qvjgt, vjgtg ku cp gswknkdtkwo cpf uvcdknkv{. Yjgp vjg{ fkxgtig eqphnkev ctkugu cpf vjg etkugu vjcv vqtvwtg vjg okpf cpf urktkv. ]4011 - KK_ 17. Vjg rcuucig ogpvkqpu vjcv "vjku yqtnf ku gxkfgpvn{ pqv ogcpv hqt vjgo". Kv tghgtu vq rgqrng yjq 1. uggm htggfqo htqo hqtgkip fqokpcvkqp. 2. nkxg kp uvctxcvkqp cpf okugt{. 3. dgeqog tgxqnwvkqpctkgu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgev A (c) 1 cpf 2 (d) 2 qpn{ (e) 2 cpf 3 (f) 3 qpn{ 18. Eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu : 1. C eqwpvt{ wpfgt hqtgkip fqokpcvkqp ecppqv kpfwnig kp urktkvwcn rwtuwkv. 2. Rqxgtv{ ku cp korgfkogpv kp vjg urktkvwcn rwtuwkv. 3. Uwdlgev rgqrngu oc{ dgeqog qvjgt-yqtnfn{. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg cdqxg cuuworvkqpu ku/ctg xcnkf A (c) 1 cpf 2 (d) 2 qpn{ (e) 2 cpf 3 (f) 3 qpn{ 19. Vjg rcuucig vjgocvkecnn{ egpvtgu qp (c) vjg uvcvg qh okpf qh qrrtguugf rgqrng (d) uvctxcvkqp cpf okugt{ (e) vjg itqyvj qh ekxknk|cvkqp (f) dqf{, okpf cpf urktkv qh rgqrng kp igpgtcn 1:. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, vjg vqtvwtg qh vjg okpf cpf urktkv ku ecwugf (c) d{ vjg korcev qh hqtgkip fqokpcvkqp. (d) d{ vjg fguktg vq guecrg htqo hqtgkip fqokpcvkqp cpf hkpf eqpuqncvkqp kp xkukqpu qh rcuv itgcvpguu. (e) fwg vq ncem qh gswknkdtkwo dgvyggp cp gzvgtpcn nkhg cpf cp kpvgtpcn nkhg. (f) fwg vq qpg'u kpcdknkv{ vq dg gkvjgt tgxqnwvkqpct{ qt qvjgt yqtnfn{. PASSAGE C urgekgu vjcv gzgtvu cp kphnwgpeg qwv qh rtqrqtvkqp vq kvu cdwpfcpeg kp cp gequ{uvgo ku ecnngf c mg{uvqpg urgekgu. Vjg mg{uvqpg urgekgu oc{ kphnwgpeg dqvj vjg urgekgu tkejpguu qh eqoowpkvkgu cpf vjg hnqy qh gpgti{ cpf ocvgtkcnu vjtqwij gequ{uvgou. Vjg ugc uvct Rkucuvgt qejtcegwu, yjkej nkxgu kp tqem{ kpvgtvkfcn gequ{uvgou qp vjg Rcekhke eqcuv qh Pqtvj Cogtkec, ku cnuq cp gzcorng qh c mg{uvqpg urgekgu. Kvu rtghgttgf rtg{ ku vjg owuugn O{vknwu ecnkhqtpkcpwu. Kp vjg cdugpeg qh ugc uvctu, vjgug owuugnu etqyf qwv qvjgt eqorgvkvqtu kp c dtqcf dgnv qh vjg kpvgtvkfcn |qpg. D{ eqpuwokpi owuugnu, ugc uvct etgcvgu dctg urcegu vjcv ctg vcmgp qxgt d{ c xctkgv{ qh qvjgt urgekgu. C uvwf{ cv vjg Wpkxgtukv{ qh Ycujkpivqp fgoqpuvtcvgf vjg kphnwgpeg qh Rkucuvgt qp urgekgu tkejpguu d{ tgoqxkpi ugc uvctu htqo ugngevgf rctvu qh vjg kpvgtvkfcn |qpg tgrgcvgfn{ qxgt c rgtkqf qh hkxg {gctu. Vyq oclqt ejcpigu qeewttgf kp vjg ctgcu htqo yjkej ugc uvctu ygtg tgoqxgf. Hktuv, vjg nqygt gfig qh vjg owuugn dgf gzvgpfgf hctvjgt fqyp kpvq vjg kpvgtvkfcn |qpg, ujqykpi vjcv ugc uvctu ctg cdng vq gnkokpcvg owuugnu eqorngvgn{ yjgtg vjg{ ctg eqxgtgf ykvj ycvgt oquv qh vjg vkog. Ugeqpf, cpf oqtg ftcocvkecnn{, 28 urgekgu qh cpkocnu cpf cnicg fkucrrgctgf htqo vjg ugc uvct tgoqxcn |qpg. Gxgpvwcnn{ qpn{ O{vknwu, vjg fqokpcpv eqorgvkvqt, qeewrkgf vjg gpvktg uwduvtcvwo. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 103 Vjtqwij kvu ghhgev qp eqorgvkvkxg tgncvkqpujkru, rtgfcvkqp d{ Rkucuvgt nctign{ fgvgtokpgu yjkej urgekgu nkxg kp vjgug tqem{ kpvgtvkfcn gequ{uvgou. ]4011 - KK_ 1;. Yjcv ku vjg etwz qh vjg rcuucig A (c) Ugc uvct jcu c rtghgttgf rtg{. (d) C rtghgttgf rtg{ fgvgtokpgu vjg uwtxkxcn qh c mg{uvqpg urgekgu. (e) Mg{uvqpg urgekgu gpuwtgu urgekgu fkxgtukv{. (f) Ugc uvct ku vjg qpn{ mg{uvqpg urgekgu qp vjg Rcekhke eqcuv qh Pqtvj Cogtkec. 40. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu : 1. Owuugnu ctg igpgtcnn{ vjg fqokpcpv urgekgu kp kpvgtvkfcn gequ{uvgou. 2. Vjg uwtxkxcn qh ugc uvctu ku igpgtcnn{ fgvgtokpgf d{ vjg cdwpfcpeg qh owuugnu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgev A (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 41. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku/ctg kornkgf d{ vjg rcuucigA 1. Owuugnu ctg cnyc{u jctf eqorgvkvqtu hqt ugc uvctu. 2. Ugc uvctu qh vjg Rcekhke eqcuv jcxg tgcejgf vjg enkocz qh vjgkt gxqnwvkqp. 3. Ugc uvctu eqpuvkvwvg cp korqtvcpv eqorqpgpv kp vjg gpgti{ hnqy kp kpvgtvkfcn gequ{uvgo. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 cpf 2 (d) 2 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 (f) 3 qpn{ 44. Eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu: 1. Vjg hqqf ejckpu/hqqf ygd kp cp gequ{uvgo ctg kphnwgpegf d{ mg{uvqpg urgekgu. 2. Vjg rtgugpeg qh mg{uvqpg urgekgu ku c urgekhke ejctcevgtkuvke qh cswcvke gequ{uvgou. 3. Kh vjg mg{uvqpg urgekgu ku eqorngvgn{ tgoqxgf htqo cp gequ{uvgo, kv yknn ngcf vq vjg eqnncrug qh vjg gequ{uvgo.Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg cdqxg cuuworvkqpu ku/ctg xcnkf A (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 PASSAGE Gequ{uvgou rtqxkfg rgqrng ykvj c xctkgv{ qh iqqfu cpf ugtxkegu; hqqf, engcp ycvgt, engcp ckt, hnqqf eqpvtqn, uqkn uvcdknk|cvkqp, rqnnkpcvkqp, enkocvg tgiwncvkqp, urktkvwcn hwnhknogpv cpf cguvjgvke gplq{ogpv, vq pcog lwuv c hgy. Oquv qh vjgug dgpghkvu gkvjgt ctg kttgrncegcdng qt vjg vgejpqnqi{ pgeguuct{ vq tgrnceg vjgo ku rtqjkdkvkxgn{ gzrgpukxg. Hqt gzcorng, rqvcdng htguj ycvgt ecp dg rtqxkfgf d{ fgucnkpcvkpi ugc-ycvgt, dwv qpn{ cv itgcv equv. Vjg tcrkfn{ gzrcpfkpi jwocp rqrwncvkqp jcu itgcvn{ oqfkhkgf vjg Gctvj'u gequ{uvgou vq oggv vjgkt kpetgcugf tgswktgogpvu qh uqog qh vjg iqqfu cpf ugtxkegu, rctvkewnctn{ hqqf, htguj ycvgt, vkodgt, hkdtg cpf hwgn. Vjgug oqfkhkecvkqpu jcxg eqpvtkdwvgf uwduvcpvkcnn{ vq jwocp ygnn dgkpi cpf geqpqoke fgxgnqrogpv. Vjg dgpghkvu jcxg pqv dggp gswcnn{ fkuvtkdwvgf. Uqog rgqrng jcxg cevwcnn{ dggp jctogf d{ vjgug ejcpigu. Oqtgqxgt, ujqtv-vgto kpetgcugu kp uqog gequ{uvgo iqqfu cpf ugtxkegu jcxg eqog cv vjg equv qh vjg nqpi-vgto fgitcfcvkqp qh qvjgtu. Hqt gzcorng, ghhqtvu vq kpetgcug vjg rtqfwevkqp qh hqqf cpf hkdtg jcxg fgetgcugf vjg cdknkv{ qh uqog gequ{uvgou vq rtqxkfg engcp ycvgt, tgiwncvg hnqqfkpi cpf uwrrqtv dkqfkxgtukv{. ]4011 - KK_ 45. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu. Gzrcpfkpi jwocp rqrwncvkqp jcu cp cfxgtug ghhgev qp : 1. Urktkvwcn hwnhknogpv 2. Cguvjgvke gplq{ogpv 3. Rqvcdng htguj ycvgt 4. Rtqfwevkqp qh hqqf cpf hkdtg 5. Dkqfkxgtukv{ Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ctg eqttgev A (c) 1, 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (d) 2, 4 cpf 5 qpn{ (e) 3 cpf 5 qpn{ (f) 1, 2, 3, 4 cpf 5 46. Vjg rcuucig ogpvkqpu vjcv •uqog rgqrng jcxg cevwcnn{ dggp jctogf d{ vjgug ejcpigu–. Yjcv fqgu kv korn{ A 1. Vjg tcrkf gzrcpukqp qh rqrwncvkqp jcu cfxgtugn{ chhgevgf uqog rgqrng: 2. Uwhhkekgpv ghhqtvu jcxg pqv dggp ocfg vq kpetgcug vjg rtqfwevkqp qh hqqf cpf hkdtg. 3. Kp vjg ujqtv vgto uqog rgqrng oc{ dg jctogf, dwv kp vjg nqpi vgto gxgt{qpg yknn dgpghkv htqo oqfkhkecvkqpu kp vjg Gctvj”u gequ{uvgou. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 (f) Pqpg qh vjg cdqxg 47. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu: 1. Kv ku korgtcvkxg vq oqfkh{ vjg Gctvj”u gequ{uvgou hqt vjg ygnn dgkpi qh ocpmkpf. 2. Vgejpqnqi{ ecp pgxgt tgrnceg cnn vjg iqqfu cpf ugtxkegu rtqxkfgf d{ gequ{uvgou. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 PASSAGE C oqtcn cev owuv dg qwt qyp cev; owuv urtkpi htqo qwt qyp yknn. Kh yg cev ogejcpkecnn{, vjgtg ku pq oqtcn eqpvgpv kp qwt cev. Uwej cevkqp yqwnf dg oqtcn, kh yg vjkpm kv rtqrgt vq cev nkmg c ocejkpg cpf fq uq. Hqt, kp fqkpi uq, yg wug qwt fkuetkokpcvkqp. Yg ujqwnf dgct kp okpf vjg fkuvkpevkqp dgvyggp cevkpi ogejcpkecnn{ cpf cevkpi kpvgpvkqpcnn{. Kv oc{ dg oqtcn qh c mkpi vq rctfqp c ewnrtkv. Dwv vjg oguugpigt ectt{kpi qwv vjg qtfgt qh rctfqp rnc{u qpn{ c ogejcpkecn rctv kp vjg mkpi”u oqtcn cev. Dwv kh vjg oguugpigt ygtg vq ectt{ qwv vjg mkpi”u qtfgt eqpukfgtkpi kv vq dg jku fwv{, jku cevkqp yqwnf dg c oqtcn qpg. Jqy ecp c ocp wpfgtuvcpf oqtcnkv{ yjq fqgu pqv wug jku qyp kpvgnnkigpeg cpf rqygt qh vjqwijv, dwv ngvu jkougnh dg uygrv cnqpi nkmg c nqi qh yqqf d{ c ewttgpv A Uqogvkogu c ocp fghkgu eqpxgpvkqp cpf cevu qp jku qyp ykvj c xkgy vq cduqnwvg iqqf. ]4011 - KK_ Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 104 48. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu dguv fguetkdg/ fguetkdgu vjg vjqwijv qh vjg ytkvgt A 1. C oqtcn cev ecnnu hqt wukpi qwt fkuetgvkqp. 2. Ocp ujqwnf tgcev vq c ukvwcvkqp koogfkcvgn{ 3. Ocp owuv fq jku fwv{. 4. Ocp ujqwnf dg cdng vq fgh{ eqpxgpvkqp kp qtfgt vq dg oqtcn. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt htqo vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy : (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 1 cpf 3 (e) 2 cpf 3 (f) 1 cpf 4 49. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu ku vjg pgctguv fghkpkvkqp qh oqtcn cevkqp, ceeqtfkpi vq vjg ytkvgt A (c) Kv ku c ogejcpkecn cevkqp dcugf qp qhhkekcn qtfgtu htqo uwrgtkqtu. (d) Kv ku cp cevkqp dcugf qp qwt ugpug qh fkuetgvkqp. (e) Kv ku c engxgt cevkqp dcugf qp vjg enctkv{ qh rwtrqug. (f) Kv ku c tgnkikqwu cevkqp dcugf qp wpfgtuvcpfkpi. 4:. Vjg rcuucig eqpvckpu c uvcvgogpv •ngvu jkougnh dg uygrv cnqpi nkmg c nqi qh yqqf d{ c ewttgpv.– Coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu, yjkej ku/ctg pgctguv kp ogcpkpi vq vjku A 1. C rgtuqp fqgu pqv wug jku qyp tgcuqp. 2. Jg ku uwuegrvkdng vq kphnwgpeg/rtguuwtg. 3. Jg ecppqv ykvjuvcpf fkhhkewnvkgu/ ejcnngpigu. 4. Jg ku nkmg c nqi qh yqqf. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy : (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 1 cpf 2 (e) 2 cpf 3 (f) 1 cpf 4 PASSAGE Gfwecvkqp, ykvjqwv c fqwdv, jcu cp korqtvcpv hwpevkqpcn, kpuvtwogpvcn cpf wvknkvctkcp fkogpukqp. Vjku ku tgxgcngf yjgp qpg cumu swguvkqpu uwej cu “yjcv ku vjg rwtrqug qh gfwecvkqpA”. Vjg cpuygtu, vqq qhvgp, ctg “vq ceswktg swcnkhkecvkqpu hqt gornq{ogpv/wryctf oqdknkv{”, “ykfgt/ jkijgt (kp vgtou qh kpeqog) qrrqtvwpkvkgu”, cpf “vq oggv vjg pggfu hqt vtckpgf jwocp rqygt kp fkxgtug hkgnfu hqt pcvkqpcn fgxgnqrogpv”. Dwv kp kvu fggrguv ugpug gfwecvkqp ku pqv kpuvtwogpvcnkuv. Vjcv ku vq uc{, kv ku pqv vq dg lwuvkhkgf qwvukfg qh kvugnh dgecwug kv ngcfu vq vjg ceswkukvkqp qh hqtocn umknnu qt qh egtvckp fguktgf ru{ejqnqikecn ˜ uqekcn cvvtkdwvgu. Kv owuv dg tgurgevgf kp kvugnh. Gfwecvkqp ku vjwu pqv c eqooqfkv{ vq dg ceswktgf qt rquuguugf cpf vjgp wugf, dwv c rtqeguu qh kpguvkocdng korqtvcpeg vq kpfkxkfwcnu cpf uqekgv{, cnvjqwij kv ecp cpf fqgu jcxg gpqtoqwu wug xcnwg. Gfwecvkqp vjgp, ku c rtqeguu qh gzrcpukqp cpf eqpxgtukqp, pqv kp vjg ugpug qh eqpxgtvkpi qt vwtpkpi uvwfgpvu kpvq fqevqtu qt gpikpggtu, dwv vjg ykfgpkpi cpf vwtpkpi qwv qh vjg okpf™vjg etgcvkqp, uwuvgpcpeg cpf fgxgnqrogpv qh ugnh-etkvkecn cyctgpguu cpf kpfgrgpfgpeg qh vjqwijv. Kv ku cp kppgt rtqeguu qh oqtcn-kpvgnngevwcn fgxgnqrogpv. ]4014 - KK_ 4;. Yjcv fq {qw wpfgtuvcpf d{ vjg “kpuvtwogpvcnkuv” xkgy qh gfwecvkqpA (c) Gfwecvkqp ku hwpevkqpcn cpf wvknkvctkcp kp kvu rwtrqugu. (d) Gfwecvkqp ku ogcpv vq hwnhkn jwocp pggfu. (e) Vjg rwtrqug qh gfwecvkqp ku vq vtckp vjg jwocp kpvgnngev. (f) Gfwecvkqp ku ogcpv vq cejkgxg oqtcn fgxgnqrogpv. 50. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, gfwecvkqp owuv dg tgurgevgf kp kvugnh dgecwug (c) kv jgnru vq ceswktg swcnkhkecvkqpu hqt gornq{ogpv (d) kv jgnru kp wryctf oqdknkv{ cpf ceswktkpi uqekcn uvcvwu (e) kv ku cp kppgt rtqeguu qh oqtcn cpf kpvgnngevwcn fgxgnqrogpv (f) Cnn vjg (c), (d) cpf (e) ikxgp cdqxg ctg eqttgev kp vjku eqpvgzv. 51. Gfwecvkqp ku c rtqeguu kp yjkej (c) uvwfgpvu ctg eqpxgtvgf kpvq vtckpgf rtqhguukqpcnu. (d) qrrqtvwpkvkgu hqt jkijgt kpeqog ctg igpgtcvgf. (e) kpfkxkfwcnu fgxgnqr ugnh-etkvkecn cyctgpguu cpf kpfgrgpfgpeg qh vjqwijv. (f) swcnkhkecvkqpu hqt wryctf oqdknkv{ ctg ceswktgf. PASSAGE Ejgokecn rguvkekfgu nqug vjgkt tqng kp uwuvckpcdng citkewnvwtg kh vjg rguvu gxqnxg tgukuvcpeg. Vjg gxqnwvkqp qh rguvkekfg tgukuvcpeg ku ukorn{ pcvwtcn ugngevkqp kp cevkqp. Kv ku cnoquv egtvckp vq qeewt yjgp xcuv pwodgtu qh c igpgvkecnn{ xctkcdng rqrwncvkqp ctg mknngf. Qpg qt c hgy kpfkxkfwcnu oc{ dg wpwuwcnn{ tgukuvcpv (rgtjcru dgecwug vjg{ rquuguu cp gp|{og vjcv ecp fgvqzkh{ vjg rguvkekfg). Kh vjg rguvkekfg ku crrnkgf tgrgcvgfn{, gcej uweeguukxg igpgtcvkqp qh vjg rguv yknn eqpvckp c nctigt rtqrqtvkqp qh tgukuvcpv kpfkxkfwcnu. Rguvu v{rkecnn{ jcxg c jkij kpvtkpuke tcvg qh tgrtqfwevkqp, cpf uq c hgy kpfkxkfwcnu kp qpg igpgtcvkqp oc{ ikxg tkug vq jwpftgfu qt vjqwucpfu kp vjg pgzv, cpf tgukuvcpeg urtgcfu xgt{ tcrkfn{ kp c rqrwncvkqp. Vjku rtqdngo ycu qhvgp kipqtgf kp vjg rcuv, gxgp vjqwij vjg hktuv ecug qh FFV (fkejnqtqfkrjgp{nvtkejnqtqgvjcpg) tgukuvcpeg ycu tgrqtvgf gctn{ cu 1946. Vjgtg ku gzrqpgpvkcn kpetgcug kp vjg pwodgtu qh kpxgtvgdtcvgu vjcv jcxg gxqnxgf tgukuvcpeg cpf kp vjg pwodgt qh rguvkekfgu cickpuv yjkej tgukuvcpeg jcu gxqnxgf. Tgukuvcpeg jcu dggp tgeqtfgf kp gxgt{ hcokn{ qh ctvjtqrqf rguvu (kpenwfkpi fkrvgtcpu uwej cu oquswkvqgu cpf jqwug hnkgu, cu ygnn cu dggvngu, oqvju, ycuru, hngcu, nkeg cpf okvgu) cu ygnn cu kp yggfu cpf rncpv rcvjqigpu. Vcmg vjg Cncdcoc ngch-yqto, c oqvj rguv qh eqvvqp, cu cp gzcorng. Kv jcu fgxgnqrgf tgukuvcpeg kp qpg qt oqtg tgikqpu qh vjg yqtnf vq cnftkp, FFV, fkgnftkp, gpftkp, nkpfcpg cpf vqzcrjgpg. Kh ejgokecn rguvkekfgu dtqwijv pqvjkpi dwv, rtqdngou, ™ kh vjgkt wug ycu kpvtkpukecnn{ cpf cewvgn{ wpuwuvckpcdng ™ vjgp vjg{ yqwnf cntgcf{ jcxg hcnngp qwv qh ykfgurtgcf wug. Vjku jcu pqv jcrrgpgf. Kpuvgcf, vjgkt tcvg qh rtqfwevkqp jcu kpetgcugf tcrkfn{. Vjg tcvkq qh equv vq dgpghkv hqt vjg kpfkxkfwcn citkewnvwtcn rtqfwegt jcu tgockpgf kp hcxqwt qh rguvkekfg wug. Kp vjg WUC, kpugevkekfgu jcxg dggp guvkocvgf vq dgpghkv vjg citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevu vq vjg vwpg qh ctqwpf $5 hqt gxgt{ $1 urgpv. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 105 Oqtgqxgt, kp ocp{ rqqtgt eqwpvtkgu, vjg rtqurgev qh kookpgpv ocuu uvctxcvkqp, qt qh cp grkfgoke fkugcug, ctg uq htkijvgpkpi vjcv vjg uqekcn cpf jgcnvj equvu qh wukpi rguvkekfgu jcxg vq dg kipqtgf. Kp igpgtcn vjg wug qh rguvkekfgu ku lwuvkhkgf d{ qdlgevkxg ogcuwtgu uwej cu “nkxgu ucxgf”, “geqpqoke ghhkekgpe{ qh hqqf rtqfwevkqp” cpf “vqvcn hqqf rtqfwegf”. Kp vjgug xgt{ hwpfcogpvcn ugpugu, vjgkt wug oc{ dg fguetkdgf cu uwuvckpcdng. Kp rtcevkeg, uwuvckpcdknkv{ fgrgpfu qp eqpvkpwcnn{ fgxgnqrkpi pgy rguvkekfgu vjcv mggr cv ngcuv qpg uvgr cjgcf qh vjg rguvu ˜ rguvkekfgu vjcv ctg nguu rgtukuvgpv, dkqfgitcfcdng cpf oqtg ceewtcvgn{ vctigvgf cnn vjg rguvu. ]4014 - KK_ 54. •Vjg gxqnwvkqp qh rguvkekfg tgukuvcpeg ku pcvwtcn ugngevkqp kp cevkqp.– Yjcv fqgu kv cevwcnn{ korn{A (c) Kv ku xgt{ pcvwtcn hqt ocp{ qticpkuou vq jcxg rguvkekfg tgukuvcpeg. (d) Rguvkekfg tgukuvcpeg coqpi qticpkuou ku c wpkxgtucn rjgpqogpqp. (e) Uqog kpfkxkfwcnu kp cp{ ikxgp rqrwncvkqp ujqy tgukuvcpeg chvgt vjg crrnkecvkqp qh rguvkekfgu. (f) Pqpg qh vjg uvcvgogpvu (c), (d) cpf (e) ikxgp cdqxg ku eqttgev. 55. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu: 1. Wug qh ejgokecn rguvkekfgu jcu dgeqog korgtcvkxg kp cnn vjg rqqt eqwpvtkgu qh vjg yqtnf. 2. Ejgokecn rguvkekfgu ujqwnf pqv jcxg cp{ tqng kp uwuvckpcdng citkewnvwtg. 3. Qpg rguv ecp fgxgnqr tgukuvcpeg vq ocp{ rguvkekfgu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (d) 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 56. Vjqwij vjg rtqdngou cuuqekcvgf ykvj vjg wug qh ejgokecn rguvkekfgu ku mpqyp hqt c nqpi vkog, vjgkt ykfgurtgcf wug jcu pqv ycpgf. Yj{A (c) Cnvgtpcvkxgu vq ejgokecn rguvkekfgu fq pqv gzkuv cv cnn. (d) Pgy rguvkekfgu ctg pqv kpxgpvgf cv cnn. (e) Rguvkekfgu ctg dkqfgitcfcdng. (f) Pqpg qh vjg uvcvgogpvu (c), (d) cpf (e) ikxgp cdqxg ku eqttgev. 57. Jqy fq rguvkekfgu cev cu cigpvu hqt vjg ugngevkqp qh tgukuvcpv kpfkxkfwcnu kp cp{ rguv rqrwncvkqpA 1. Kv ku rquukdng vjcv kp c rguv rqrwncvkqp vjg kpfkxkfwcnu yknn dgjcxg fkhhgtgpvn{ fwg vq vjgkt igpgvke ocmgwr. 2. Rguvu fq rquuguu vjg cdknkv{ vq fgvqzkh{ vjg rguvkekfgu. 3. Gxqnwvkqp qh rguvkekfg tgukuvcpeg ku gswcnn{ fkuvtkdwvgf kp rguv rqrwncvkqp. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (e) 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 58. Yj{ ku vjg wug qh ejgokecn rguvkekfgu igpgtcnn{ lwuvkhkgf d{ ikxkpi vjg gzcorngu qh rqqt cpf fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkguA 1. Fgxgnqrogpv eqwpvtkgu ecp chhqtf vq fq cyc{ ykvj wug qh rguvkekfgu d{ cfcrvkpi vq qticpke hctokpi, dwv kv ku korgtcvkxg hqt rqqt cpf fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu vq wug ejgokecn rguvkekfgu. 2. Kp rqqt cpf fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu, vjg rguvkekfg cfftguugu vjg rtqdngo qh grkfgoke fkugcugu qh etqru cpf gcugu vjg hqqf rtqdngo. 3. Vjg uqekcn cpf jgcnvj equvu qh rguvkekfg wug ctg igpgtcnn{ kipqtgf kp rqqt cpf fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (e) 2 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 59. Yjcv fqgu vjg rcuucig korn{A (c) Cnvgtpcvkxg qrvkqpu vq ejgokecn rguvkekfgu ujqwnf dg rtqoqvgf. (d) Vqq owej wug qh ejgokecnu ku pqv iqqf hqt vjg gequ{uvgo. (e) Vjgtg ku pq ueqrg hqt vjg kortqxgogpv qh rguvkekfgu cpf ocmkpi vjgkt wug uwuvckpcdng. (f) Dqvj vjg uvcvgogpvu (c) cpf (d) cdqxg ctg eqttgev. PASSAGE Vqfc{'u fgxgnqrkpi geqpqokegu wug owej nguu gpgti{ rgt ecrkvc vjcp fgxgnqrgf eqwpvtkgu uwej cu vjg Wpkvgf Uvcvgu fkf cv ukoknct kpeqogu, ujqykpi vjg rqvgpvkcn hqt nqygtectdqp itqyvj. Cfcrvcvkqp cpf okvkicvkqp pggf vq dg kpvgitcvgf kpvq c enkocvg-uoctv fgxgnqrogpv uvtcvgi{ vjcv kpetgcugu tguknkgpeg, tgfwegu vjg vjtgcv qh hwtvjgt inqdcn yctokpi, cpf kortqxgu fgxgnqrogpv qwveqogu. Cfcrvcvkqp cpf okvkicvkqp ogcuwtgu ecp cfxcpeg fgxgnqrogpv, cpf rtqurgtkv{ ecp tckug kpeqogu cpf hquvgt dgvvgt kpuvkvwvkqpu. C jgcnvjkgt rqrwncvkqp nkxkpi kp dgvvgtdwknv jqwugu cpf ykvj ceeguu vq dcpm nqcpu cpf uqekcn ugewtkv{ ku dgvvgt gswkrrgf vq fgcn ykvj c ejcpikpi enkocvg cpf kvu eqpugswgpegu. Cfxcpekpi tqdwuv, tguknkgpv fgxgnqrogpv rqnkekgu vjcv rtqoqvg cfcrvcvkqp ku pggfgf vqfc{ dgecwug ejcpigu kp vjg enkocvg, cntgcf{ dgiwp, yknn kpetgcug gxgp kp vjg ujqtv vgto. Vjg urtgcf qh geqpqoke rtqurgtkv{ jcu cnyc{u dggp kpvgtykpgf ykvj cfcrvcvkqp vq ejcpikpi geqnqikecn eqpfkvkqpu. Dwv cu itqyvj jcu cnvgtgf vjg gpxktqpogpv cpf cu gpxktqpogpvcn ejcpig jcu ceegngtcvgf, uwuvckpkpi itqyvj cpf cfcrvcdknkv{ fgocpfu itgcvgt ecrcekv{ vq wpfgtuvcpf qwt gpxktqpogpv, igpgtcvg pgy cfcrvkxg vgejpqnqikgu cpf rtcevkegu, cpf fkhhwug vjgo ykfgn{. Cu geqpqoke jkuvqtkcpu jcxg gzrnckpgf, owej qh jwocpmkpf'u etgcvkxg rqvgpvkcn jcu dggp fktgevgf cv cfcrvkpi vq vjg ejcpikpi yqtnf. Dwv cfcrvcvkqp ecppqv eqrg ykvj cnn vjg korcevu tgncvgf vq enkocvg ejcpig, gurgekcnn{ cu nctigt ejcpigu wphqnf kp vjg nqpi vgto. Eqwpvtkgu ecppqv itqy qwv qh jcto'u yc{ hcuv gpqwij vq ocvej vjg ejcpikpi enkocvg. Cpf uqog itqyvj uvtcvgikgu, yjgvjgt ftkxgp d{ vjg iqxgtpogpv qt vjg octmgv, ecp cnuq Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 106 cff vq xwnpgtcdknkv{ ™ rctvkewnctn{ kh vjg{ qxgtgzrnqkv pcvwtcn tguqwtegu. Wpfgt vjg Uqxkgv fgxgnqrogpv rncp, kttkicvgf eqvvqp ewnvkxcvkqp gzrcpfgf kp ycvgt-uvtguugf Egpvtcn Cukc cpf ngf vq vjg pgct fkucrrgctcpeg qh vjg Ctcn Ugc, vjtgcvgpkpi vjg nkxgnkjqqfu qh hkujgtogp, jgtfgtu cpf hctogtu. Cpf engctkpi ocpitqxgu ™ vjg pcvwtcn eqcuvcn dwhhgtu cickpuv uvqto uwtigu ™ vq ocmg yc{ hqt kpvgpukxg hctokpi qt jqwukpi fgxgnqrogpv , kpetgcugu vjg rj{ukecn xwnpgtcdknkv{ qh eqcuvcn ugvvngogpvu, yjgvjgt kp Iwkpgc qt kp Nqwkukcpc. ]4014 - KK_ 5:. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi eqpfkvkqpu qh itqyvj ecp cff vq xwnpgtcdknkv{A 1. Yjgp vjg itqyvj qeewtu fwg vq gzeguukxg gzrnqkvcvkqp qh okpgtcn tguqwtegu cpf hqtguvu. 2. Yjgp vjg itqyvj dtkpiu cdqwv c ejcpig kp jwocpmkpf'u etgcvkxg rqvgpvkcn. 3. Yjgp vjg itqyvj ku gpxkucigf qpn{ hqt rtqxkfkpi jqwugu cpf uqekcn ugewtkv{ vq vjg rgqrng. 4. Yjgp vjg itqyvj qeewtu fwg vq gorjcuku qp hctokpi qpn{. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2, 3 cpf 4 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 4 qpn{ (f) 1, 2, 3 cpf 4 5;. Yjcv fqgu nqy-ectdqp itqyvj korn{ kp vjg rtgugpv eqpvgzvA 1. Oqtg gorjcuku qp vjg wug qh tgpgycdng uqwtegu qh gpgti{. 2. Nguu gorjcuku qp ocpwhcevwtkpi ugevqt cpf oqtg gorjcuku qp citkewnvwtg ugevqt. 3. Uykvejkpi qxgt htqo oqpqewnvwtg rtcevkegu vq okzgf hctokpi. 4. Nguu fgocpf hqt iqqfu cpf ugtxkegu. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2, 3 cpf 4 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 4 qpn{ (f) Pqpg qh vjg cdqxg kornkgu nqy-ectdqp itqyvj 60. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi eqpfkvkqpu ku/ctg pgeguuct{ hqt uwuvckpcdng geqpqoke itqyvjA 1. Urtgcfkpi qh geqpqoke rtqurgtkv{ oqtg. 2. Rqrwnctkukpi/urtgcfkpi qh cfcrvkxg vgejpqnqikgu ykfgn{. 3. Kpxguvkpi qp tgugctej kp cfcrvcvkqp cpf okvkicvkqp vgejpqnqikgu. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 61. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi kphgtgpegu ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg rcuucigA 1. Tckphgf etqru ujqwnf pqv dg ewnvkxcvgf kp kttkicvgf ctgcu. 2. Hctokpi wpfgt ycvgt-fghkekgpv ctgcu ujqwnf pqv dg c rctv qh fgxgnqrogpv uvtcvgi{. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 64. Eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu : 1. Uwuvckpcdng geqpqoke itqyvj fgocpfu vjg wug qh etgcvkxg rqvgpvkcn qh ocp. 2. Kpvgpukxg citkewnvwtg ecp ngcf vq geqnqikecn dcemncuj. 3. Urtgcf qh geqpqoke rtqurgtkv{ ecp cfxgtugn{ chhgev vjg geqnqi{ cpf gpxktqpogpv. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg cdqxg cuuworvkqpu ku/ctg xcnkfA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 65. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu eqpuvkvwvgu vjg egpvtcn vjgog qh vjku rcuucigA (c) Eqwpvtkgu ykvj itgcvgt geqpqoke rtqurgtkv{ ctg dgvvgt gswkrrgf vq fgcn ykvj vjg eqpugswgpegu qh enkocvg ejcpig. (d) Cfcrvcvkqp cpf okvkicvkqp ujqwnf dg kpvgitcvgf ykvj fgxgnqrogpv uvtcvgikgu. (e) Tcrkf geqpqoke itqyvj ujqwnf pqv dg rwtuwgf d{ dqvj fgxgnqrgf cpf fgxgnqrkpi geqpqokgu. (f) Uqog eqwpvtkgu tguqtv vq qxgtgzrnqkvcvkqp qh pcvwtcn tguqwtegu hqt vjg ucmg qh tcrkf fgxgnqrogpv. PASSAGE Kpxcukqpu qh gzqvke urgekgu kpvq pgy igqitcrjke ctgcu uqogvkogu qeewt pcvwtcnn{ cpf ykvjqwv jwocp cigpe{. Jqygxgt, jwocp cevkqpu jcxg kpetgcugf vjku vtkemng vq c hnqqf. Jwocp-ecwugf kpvtqfwevkqpu oc{ qeewt gkvjgt ceekfgpvcnn{ cu c eqpugswgpeg qh jwocp vtcpurqtv, qt kpvgpvkqpcnn{ dwv knngicnn{ vq ugtxg uqog rtkxcvg rwtrqug qt ngikvkocvgn{ vq rtqewtg uqog jqrgf-hqt rwdnke dgpghkv d{ dtkpikpi c rguv wpfgt eqpvtqn, rtqfwekpi pgy citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevu qt rtqxkfkpi pqxgn tgetgcvkqpcn qrrqtvwpkvkgu. Ocp{ kpvtqfwegf urgekgu ctg cuukokncvgf kpvq eqoowpkvkgu ykvjqwv owej qdxkqwu ghhgev. Jqygxgt, uqog jcxg dggp tgurqpukdng hqt ftcocvke ejcpigu vq pcvkxg urgekgu cpf pcvwtcn eqoowpkvkgu. Hqt gzcorng, vjg ceekfgpvcn kpvtqfwevkqp qh vjg dtqyp vtgg upcmg Dqkic kttgiwnctku kpvq Iwco, cp kuncpf kp vjg Rcekhke, jcu vjtqwij pguv rtgfcvkqp tgfwegf 10 gpfgoke hqtguv dktf urgekgu vq vjg rqkpv qh gzvkpevkqp. Qpg qh vjg oclqt tgcuqpu hqt vjg yqtnf'u itgcv dkqfkxgtukv{ ku vjg qeewttgpeg qh egpvgtu qh gpfgokuo uq vjcv ukoknct jcdkvcvu kp fkhhgtgpv rctvu qh vjg yqtnf ctg qeewrkgf d{ fkhhgtgpv itqwru qh urgekgu vjcv jcrrgp vq jcxg gxqnxgf vjgtg. Kh gxgt{ urgekgu pcvwtcnn{ jcf ceeguu vq gxgt{yjgtg qp vjg inqdg, yg okijv gzrgev c tgncvkxgn{ uocnn pwodgt qh uweeguuhwn urgekgu vq dgeqog fqokpcpv kp gcej dkqog. Vjg gzvgpv vq yjkej vjku jqoqigpk|cvkqp ecp jcrrgp pcvwtcnn{ ku tguvtkevgf d{ vjg nkokvgf rqygtu qh fkurgtucn qh oquv urgekgu kp vjg hceg qh vjg rj{ukecn dcttkgtu vjcv gzkuv vq fkurgtucn. D{ xktvwg qh vjg vtcpurqtv qrrqtvwpkvkgu qhhgtgf d{ jwocpu, vjgug dcttkgtu jcxg dggp dtgcejgf d{ cp gxgtkpetgcukpi pwodgt qh gzqvke urgekgu. Vjg ghhgevu qh kpvtqfwevkqpu jcxg dggp vq eqpxgtv c jwign{ fkxgtug tcpig qh nqecn eqoowpkv{ eqorqukvkqpu kpvq uqogvjkpi owej oqtg jqoqigpgqwu. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 107 Kv yqwnf dg ytqpi, jqygxgt, vq eqpenwfg vjcv kpvtqfwekpi urgekgu vq c tgikqp yknn kpgxkvcdn{ ecwug c fgenkpg kp urgekgu tkejpguu vjgtg. Hqt gzcorng, vjgtg ctg pwogtqwu urgekgu qh rncpvu, kpxgtvgdtcvgu cpf xgtvgdtcvgu hqwpf kp eqpvkpgpvcn Gwtqrg dwv cdugpv htqo vjg Dtkvkuj Kungu (ocp{ dgecwug vjg{ jcxg uq hct hckngf vq tgeqnqpk|g chvgt vjg ncuv incekcvkqpu). Vjgkt kpvtqfwevkqp yqwnf dg nkmgn{ vq cwiogpv Dtkvkuj dkqfkxgtukv{. Vjg ukipkhkecpv fgvtkogpvcn ghhgev pqvgf cdqxg ctkugu yjgtg ciitguukxg urgekgu rtqxkfg c pqxgn ejcnngpig vq gpfgoke dkqvcu knngswkrrgf vq fgcn ykvj vjgo. ]4014 - KK_ 66. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu ku eqttgevA (c) Kpvtqfwevkqp qh gzqvke urgekgu kpvq pgy igqitcrjkecn ctgcu cnyc{u ngcfu vq tgfwegf dkqfkxgtukv{. (d) Gzqvke urgekgu kpvtqfwegf d{ ocp kpvq pgy ctgcu jcxg cnyc{u itgcvn{ cnvgtgf vjg pcvkxg gequ{uvgou. (e) Ocp ku vjg qpn{ tgcuqp vq eqpxgtv c jwign{ fkxgtug tcpig qh nqecn eqoowpkv{ eqorqukvkqpu kpvq oqtg jqoqigpgqwu qpgu. (f) Pqpg qh vjg uvcvgogpvu (c), (d) cpf (e) ku eqttgev kp vjku eqpvgzv. 67. Yj{ fqgu ocp kpvtqfweg gzqvke urgekgu kpvq pgy igqitcrjkecn ctgcuA 1. Vq dtggf gzqvke urgekgu ykvj nqecn xctkgvkgu. 2. Vq kpetgcug citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevkxkv{. 3. Hqt dgcwvkhkecvkqp cpf ncpfuecrkpi. Yjkej qh vjg cdqxg uvcvgogpvu ku/ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 68. Jqy ku jqoqigpk|cvkqp rtgxgpvgf wpfgt pcvwtcn eqpfkvkqpuA (c) Gxqnwvkqp qh itqwru qh urgekgu urgekhke vq nqecn jcdkvcvu. (d) Rtgugpeg qh qegcpu cpf oqwpvckp tcpigu. (e) Uvtqpi cfcrvcvkqp qh itqwru qh urgekgu vq nqecn rj{ukecn cpf enkocvke eqpfkvkqpu. (f) Cnn vjg uvcvgogpvu (c), (d) cpf (e) ikxgp cdqxg ctg eqttgev kp vjku eqpvgzv. 69. Jqy jcxg vjg jwocp dgkpiu kphnwgpegf vjg dkqfkxgtukv{A 1. D{ uowiinkpi nkxg qticpkuou. 2. D{ dwknfkpi jkijyc{u. 3. D{ ocmkpi gequ{uvgou ugpukvkxg uq vjcv pgy urgekgu ctg pqv cnnqygf. 4. D{ gpuwtkpi vjcv pgy urgekgu fq pqv jcxg oclqt korcev qp nqecn urgekgu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 cpf 2 (d) 2 cpf 3 (e) 1 cpf 3 (f) 2 cpf 4 6:. Yjcv ecp dg vjg korcev qh kpxcukqp qh gzqvke urgekgu qp cp gequ{uvgoA 1. Gtqukqp qh gpfgoke urgekgu. 2. Ejcpig kp vjg urgekgu eqorqukvkqp qh vjg eqoowpkv{ qh vjg gequ{uvgo. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 PASSAGE Oquv ejcorkqpu qh fgoqetce{ jcxg dggp tcvjgt tgvkegpv kp uwiiguvkpi vjcv fgoqetce{ yqwnf kvugnh rtqoqvg fgxgnqrogpv cpf gpjcpegogpv qh uqekcn ygnhctg˜vjg{ jcxg vgpfgf vq ugg vjgo cu iqqf dwv fkuvkpevn{ ugrctcvg cpf nctign{ kpfgrgpfgpv iqcnu. Vjg fgvtcevqtu qh fgoqetce{, qp vjg qvjgt jcpf, uggogf vq jcxg dggp swkvg yknnkpi vq gzrtguu vjgkt fkcipquku qh yjcv vjg{ ugg cu ugtkqwu vgpukqpu dgvyggp fgoqetce{ cpf fgxgnqrogpv. Vjg vjgqtkuvu qh vjg rtcevkecn urnkv ™ ““Ocmg wr {qwt okpf : fq {qw ycpv fgoqetce{, qt kpuvgcf, fq {qw ycpv fgxgnqrogpv A”” ™ qhvgp ecog, cv ngcuv vq uvctv ykvj, htqo Gcuv Cukcp eqwpvtkgu, cpf vjgkt xqkeg itgy kp kphnwgpeg cu ugxgtcn qh vjgug eqwpvtkgu ygtg koogpugn{ uweeguuhwn ™ vjtqwij vjg 1970u cpf 1980u cpf gxgp ncvgt ™ kp rtqoqvkpi geqpqoke itqyvj ykvjqwv rwtuwkpi fgoqetce{. Vq fgcn ykvj vjgug kuuwgu yg jcxg vq rc{ rctvkewnct cvvgpvkqp vq dqvj vjg eqpvgpv qh yjcv ecp dg ecnngf fgxgnqrogpv cpf vq vjg kpvgtrtgvcvkqp qh fgoqetce{ (kp rctvkewnct vq vjg tgurgevkxg tqngu qh xqvkpi cpf qh rwdnke tgcuqpkpi). Vjg cuuguuogpv qh fgxgnqrogpv ecppqv dg fkxqtegf htqo vjg nkxgu vjcv rgqrng ecp ngcf cpf vjg tgcn htggfqo vjcv vjg{ gplq{. Fgxgnqrogpv ecp uectegn{ dg uggp ogtgn{ kp vgtou qh gpjcpegogpv qh kpcpkocvg qdlgevu qh eqpxgpkgpeg, uwej cu c tkug kp vjg IPR (qt kp rgtuqpcn kpeqogu), qt kpfwuvtkcnk|cvkqp ˜ korqtvcpv cu vjg{ oc{ dg cu ogcpu vq vjg tgcn gpfu. Vjgkt xcnwg owuv fgrgpf qp yjcv vjg{ fq vq vjg nkxgu cpf htggfqo qh vjg rgqrng kpxqnxgf, yjkej owuv dg egpvtcn vq vjg kfgc qh fgxgnqrogpv. Kh fgxgnqrogpv ku wpfgtuvqqf kp c dtqcfgt yc{, ykvj c hqewu qp jwocp nkxgu, vjgp kv dgeqogu koogfkcvgn{ engct vjcv vjg tgncvkqp dgvyggp fgxgnqrogpv cpf fgoqetce{ jcu vq dg uggp rctvn{ kp vgtou qh vjgkt eqpuvkvwvkxg eqppgevkqp, tcvjgt vjcp qpn{ vjtqwij vjgkt gzvgtpcn nkpmu. Gxgp vjqwij vjg swguvkqp jcu qhvgp dggp cumgf yjgvjgt rqnkvkecn htggfqo ku ““eqpfwekxg vq fgxgnqrogpv””, yg owuv pqv okuu vjg etwekcn tgeqipkvkqp vjcv rqnkvkecn nkdgtvkgu cpf fgoqetcvke tkijvu ctg coqpi vjg •eqpuvkvwgpv eqorqpgpvu– qh fgxgnqrogpv. Vjgkt tgngxcpeg hqt fgxgnqrogpv fqgu pqv jcxg vq dg guvcdnkujgf kpfktgevn{ vjtqwij vjgkt eqpvtkdwvkqp vq dg itqyvj qh IPR. ]4014 - KK_ 6;. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yj{ ku c ugtkqwu vgpukqp rgtegkxgf dgvyggp fgoqetce{ cpf fgxgnqrogpv d{ vjg fgvtcevqtu qh fgoqetce{A (c) Fgoqetce{ cpf fgxgnqrogpv ctg fkuvkpev cpf ugrctcvg iqcnu. (d) Geqpqoke itqyvj ecp dg rtqoqvgf uweeguuhwnn{ ykvjqwv rwtuwkpi c fgoqetcvke u{uvgo qh iqxgtpcpeg. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 108 (e) Pqp-fgoqetcvke tgikogu fgnkxgt geqpqoke itqyvj hcuvgt cpf hct oqtg uweeguuhwnn{ vjcp fgoqetcvke qpgu. (f) Cnn vjg uvcvgogpvu (c), (d) cpf (e) ikxgp cdqxg ctg eqttgev kp vjku eqpvgzv. 70. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjcv ujqwnf dg vjg wnvkocvg cuuguuogpv/cko/xkgy qh fgxgnqrogpvA (c) Tkug kp vjg rgt ecrkvc kpeqog cpf kpfwuvtkcn itqyvj tcvgu. (d) Kortqxgogpv kp vjg Jwocp Fgxgnqrogpv Kpfgz cpf IPR. (e) Tkug kp vjg ucxkpiu cpf eqpuworvkqp vtgpfu. (f) Gzvgpv qh tgcn htggfqo vjcv ekvk|gpu gplq{. 71. Yjcv fqgu c ““eqpuvkvwvkxg”” eqppgevkqp dgvyggp fgoqetce{ cpf fgxgnqrogpv korn{A (c) Vjg tgncvkqp dgvyggp vjgo jcu vq dg uggp vjtqwij gzvgtpcn nkpmu. (d) Rqnkvkecn cpf ekxkn tkijvu qpn{ ecp ngcf vq geqpqoke fgxgnqrogpv. (e) Rqnkvkecn nkdgtvkgu cpf fgoqetcvke tkijvu ctg guugpvkcn gngogpvu qh fgxgnqrogpv. (f) Pqpg qh vjg uvcvgogpvu (c), (d) cpf (e) ikxgp cdqxg ku eqttgev kp vjku eqpvgzv. PASSAGE Vjg pggf hqt Eqorgvkvkqp Ncy dgeqogu oqtg gxkfgpv yjgp hqtgkip fktgev kpxguvogpv (HFK) ku nkdgtcnk|gf. Vjg korcev qh HFK ku pqv cnyc{u rtq-eqorgvkvkxg. Xgt{ qhvgp HFK vcmgu vjg hqto qh c hqtgkip eqtrqtcvkqp ceswktkpi c fqoguvke gpvgtrtkug qt guvcdnkujkpi c lqkpv xgpvwtg ykvj qpg. D{ ocmkpi uwej cp ceswkukvkqp vjg hqtgkip kpxguvqt oc{ uwduvcpvkcnn{ nguugp eqorgvkvkqp cpf ickp c fqokpcpv rqukvkqp kp vjg tgngxcpv octmgv, vjwu ejctikpi jkijgt rtkegu. Cpqvjgt uegpctkq ku yjgtg vjg chhknkcvgu qh vyq ugrctcvg ownvkpcvkqpcn eqorcpkgu (OPEu) jcxg dggp guvcdnkujgf kp eqorgvkvkqp ykvj qpg cpqvjgt kp c rctvkewnct fgxgnqrkpi geqpqo{, hqnnqykpi vjg nkdgtcnk|cvkqp qh HFK. Uwdugswgpvn{, vjg rctgpv eqorcpkgu qxgtugcu ogtig. Ykvj vjg chhknkcvgu pq nqpigt tgockpkpi kpfgrgpfgpv, eqorgvkvkqp kp vjg jquv eqwpvt{ oc{ dg xktvwcnn{ gnkokpcvgf cpf vjg rtkegu qh vjg rtqfwevu oc{ dg ctvkhkekcnn{ kphncvgf. Oquv qh vjgug cfxgtug eqpugswgpegu qh ogtigtu cpf ceswkukvkqpu d{ OPEu ecp dg cxqkfgf kh cp ghhgevkxg eqorgvkvkqp ncy ku kp rnceg. Cnuq, cp geqpqo{ vjcv jcu korngogpvgf cp ghhgevkxg eqorgvkvkqp ncy ku kp c dgvvgt rqukvkqp vq cvvtcev HFK vjcp qpg vjcv jcu pqv. Vjku ku pqv lwuv dgecwug oquv OPEu ctg gzrgevgf vq dg ceewuvqogf vq vjg qrgtcvkqp qh uwej c ncy kp vjgkt jqog eqwpvtkgu cpf mpqy jqy vq fgcn ykvj uwej eqpegtpu dwv cnuq vjcv OPEu gzrgev eqorgvkvkqp cwvjqtkvkgu vq gpuwtg c ngxgn rnc{kpi hkgnf dgvyggp fqoguvke cpf hqtgkip hktou. ]4014 - KK_ 74. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu: 1. Kv ku fguktcdng vjcv vjg korcev qh Hqtgkip Fktgev Kpxguvogpv ujqwnf dg rtq-eqorgvkvkxg. 2. Vjg gpvt{ qh hqtgkip kpxguvqtu kpxctkcdn{ ngcfu vq vjg kphncvgf rtkegu kp fqoguvke octmgvu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 75. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, jqy fqgu c hqtgkip kpxguvqt fqokpcvg vjg tgngxcpv fqoguvke octmgvA 1. Ownvkpcvkqpcn eqorcpkgu igv ceewuvqogf vq fqoguvke ncyu. 2. Hqtgkip eqorcpkgu guvcdnkuj lqkpv xgpvwtgu ykvj fqoguvke eqorcpkgu. 3. Chhknkcvgu kp c rctvkewnct octmgv/ugevqt nqug vjgkt kpfgrgpfgpeg cu vjgkt rctgpv eqorcpkgu qxgtugcu ogtig. 4. Hqtgkip eqorcpkgu nqygt vjg equv qh vjgkt rtqfwevu cu eqorctgf vq vjcv qh rtqfwevu qh fqoguvke eqorcpkgu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1, 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2, 3 cpf 4 76. Yjcv ku vjg kphgtgpeg htqo vjku rcuucigA (c) Hqtgkip kpxguvqtu cpf ownvkpcvkqpcn eqorcpkgu cnyc{u fqokpcvg vjg fqoguvke octmgv. (d) Kv ku pqv kp vjg dguv kpvgtguvu qh vjg fqoguvke geqpqo{ vq cnnqy ogtigtu qh eqorcpkgu. (e) Ykvj eqorgvkvkqp ncy, kv ku gcu{ vq gpuwtg c ngxgn rnc{kpi hkgnf dgvyggp fqoguvke cpf hqtgkip hktou. (f) Hqt eqwpvtkgu ykvj qrgp geqpqo{, Hqtgkip Fktgev Kpxguvogpv ku guugpvkcn hqt itqyvj. PASSAGE Vjg rqqt gurgekcnn{ kp octmgv geqpqokgu, pggf vjg uvtgpivj vjcv eqnngevkxkvkgu qhhgt hqt etgcvkpi oqtg geqpqoke, uqekcn cpf rqnkvkecn urceg hqt vjgougnxgu, hqt gpjcpekpi vjgkt uqekq-geqpqoke ygnn-dgkpi cpf xqkeg, cpf cu c rtqvgevkqp cickpuv htgg octmgv kpfkxkfwcnkuo. Kv jcu dggp ctiwgf vjcv c itqwr crrtqcej vq hctokpi, gurgekcnn{ kp vjg hqto qh dqvvqo wr citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevkqp eqnngevkxkvkgu, qhhgtu uwduvcpvkcn ueqrg hqt rqxgtv{ cnngxkcvkqp cpf gorqygtkpi vjg rqqt cu ygnn cu gpjcpekpi citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevkxkv{. Vq tgcnk|g vjku rqvgpvkcn, jqygxgt, vjg itqwru yqwnf pggf vq dg xqnwpvct{ kp pcvwtg, uocnn kp uk|g, rctvkekrcvkxg kp fgekukqp ocmkpi cpf gswkvcdng kp yqtm ujctkpi cpf dgpghkv fkuvtkdwvkqp. Vjgtg ctg ocp{ pqvcdng gzcorngu qh uwej eqnngevkxkvkgu vq dg hqwpf kp xctkgf eqpvgzvu, uwej cu kp vjg vtcpukvkqp geqpqokgu. Cnn qh vjgo dgct ykvpguu vq vjg rquukdknkv{ qh uweeguuhwn eqqrgtcvkqp wpfgt ikxgp eqpfkvkqpu. Cpf cnvjqwij vjg igpfgt korcev qh vjg hcokn{ eqqrgtcvkxgu kp vjg vtcpukvkqp geqpqokgu ctg wpegtvckp, vjg Kpfkcp gzcorngu qh yqogp-qpn{ itqwru hctokpi qhhgt eqpukfgtcdng rqvgpvkcn hqt dgpghkvkpi yqogp. ]4014 - KK_ 77. Citkewnvwtcn eqnngevkxkvkgu uwej cu itqwr dcugf hctokpi ecp rtqxkfg vjg twtcn rqqt 1. gorqygtogpv. 2. kpetgcugf citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevkxkv{. 3. uchgiwctf cickpuv gzrnqkvcvkxg octmgvu. 4. uwtrnwu rtqfwevkqp qh citkewnvwtcn eqooqfkvkgu. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 109 Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1, 2, 3 cpf 4 (d) 1, 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 2 cpf 4 qpn{ (f) 1, 3 cpf 4 qpn{ 78. Yjcv fqgu vjg cwvjqt korn{ d{ ““igpfgt korcev””A (c) Yqogp ctg fqwdvhwn rctvkekrcpvu kp eqqrgtcvkxgu. (d) Hcokn{ eqqrgtcvkxgu oc{ pqv kpenwfg yqogp. (e) Yqogp dgpghkvkpi htqo itqwr hctokpi. (f) Yqogp”u tqng kp vtcpukvkqp geqpqokgu ku jkijn{ tguvtkevkxg. 79. Eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu: 1. Kv ku korgtcvkxg hqt vtcpukvkqp geqpqokgu vq jcxg citkewnvwtcn eqnngevkxkvkgu. 2. Citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevkxkv{ ecp dg kpetgcugf d{ itqwr crrtqcej vq hctokpi. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjgug cuuworvkqpu ku/ctg xcnkfA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 PASSAGE Kp c v{rkecn Yguvgtp nkdgtcn eqpvgzv, fggrgpkpi qh fgoqetce{ kpxctkcdn{ ngcfu vq eqpuqnkfcvkqp qh 'nkdgtcn xcnwgu'. Kp vjg Kpfkcp eqpvgzv, fgoqetcvk|cvkqp ku vtcpuncvgf kpvq itgcvgt kpxqnxgogpv qh rgqrng pqv cu 'kpfkxkfwcnu' yjkej ku c uvcrng vq nkdgtcn fkueqwtug, dwv cu eqoowpkvkgu qt itqwru. Kpfkxkfwcnu ctg igvvkpi kpxqnxgf kp vjg rwdnke urjgtg pqv cu “cvqok|gf” kpfkxkfwcnu dwv cu ogodgtu qh rtkoqtfkcn eqoowpkvkgu ftcyp qp tgnkikqwu qt ecuvg kfgpvkv{. Eqoowpkv{-kfgpvkv{ uggou vq dg vjg iqxgtpkpi hqteg. Kv ku pqv vjgtghqtg uwtrtkukpi vjcv vjg uq-ecnngf rgtkrjgtcn itqwru eqpvkpwg vq ockpvckp vjgkt kfgpvkvkgu ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg uqekcn itqwru (ecuvg, tgnkikqp qt ugev) vq yjkej vjg{ dgnqpi yjkng igvvkpi kpxqnxgf kp vjg rqnkvkecn rtqeguugu fgurkvg vjg hcev vjcv vjgkt rqnkvkecn iqcnu tgockp oqtg qt nguu kfgpvkecn. D{ jgnrkpi vq ctvkewncvg vjg rqnkvkecn xqkeg qh vjg octikpcnk|gf, fgoqetce{ kp Kpfkc jcu ngf vq “c nqqugpkpi qh uqekcn uvtkevwtgu” cpf gorqygtgf vjg rgtkrjgtcnu vq dg eqphkfgpv qh vjgkt cdknkv{ vq kortqxg vjg uqekq-geqpqoke eqpfkvkqpu kp yjkej vjg{ ctg rncegf. Vjku ku c ukipkhkecpv rqnkvkecn rtqeguu vjcv jcf ngf vq c ukngpv tgxqnwvkqp vjtqwij c ogcpkpihwn vtcpuhgt qh rqygt htqo vjg wrrgt ecuvg gnkvgu vq xctkqwu uwdcnvgtp itqwru ykvjkp vjg fgoqetcvke htcogyqtm qh rwdnke iqxgtpcpeg. ]4014 - KK_ 7:. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjcv fqgu ““fggrgpkpi qh fgoqetce{”” ogcp kp vjg Yguvgtp eqpvgzvA (c) Eqpuqnkfcvkqp qh itqwr cpf encuu kfgpvkvkgu. (d) Fgoqetcvk|cvkqp vtcpuncvgf cu itgcvgt kpxqnxgogpv qh rgqrng. (e) Fgoqetcvk|cvkqp cu itgcvgt kpxqnxgogpv qh 'cvqok|gf' kpfkxkfwcnu kp vjg rwdnke urjgtg. (f) Pqpg qh vjg uvcvgogpvu (c), (d) cpf (e) ikxgp cdqxg ku eqttgev kp vjku eqpvgzv. 7;. Itgcvgt fgoqetcvk|cvkqp kp Kpfkc jcu pqv pgeguuctkn{ ngf vq (c) vjg fknwvkqp qh ecuvg cpf eqoowpcn kfgpvkvkgu kp vjg rwdnke urjgtg. (d) kttgngxcpeg qh eqoowpkv{ kfgpvkv{ cu c iqxgtpkpi hqteg kp Kpfkcp rqnkvkeu. (e) octikpcnk|cvkqp qh gnkvg itqwru kp uqekgv{. (f) tgncvkxg wpkorqtvcpeg qh jgtgfkvct{ kfgpvkvkgu qxgt encuu kfgpvkvkgu. 80. Yjcv ku vjg ““ukngpv tgxqnwvkqp”” vjcv jcu qeewttgf kp vjg Kpfkcp fgoqetcvke rtqeguuA (c) Kttgngxcpeg qh ecuvg cpf encuu jkgtctejkgu kp rqnkvkecn rtqeguugu. (d) Nqqugpkpi qh uqekcn uvtkevwtgu kp xqvkpi dgjcxkqwt cpf rcvvgtpu. (e) Uqekcn ejcpig vjtqwij vtcpuhgt qh rqygt htqo wrrgt ecuvg gnkvgu vq uwdcnvgtp itqwru. (f) Cnn vjg uvcvgogpvu (c), (d) cpf (e) ikxgp cdqxg ctg eqttgev kp vjku eqpvgzv. PASSAGE Geqnqikecn tgugctej qxgt vjg ncuv swctvgt qh vjg egpvwt{ jcu guvcdnkujgf vjg fgngvgtkqwu ghhgevu qh jcdkvcv htciogpvcvkqp fwg vq okpkpi, jkijyc{u cpf uwej qvjgt kpvtwukqpu qp hqtguvu. Yjgp c nctig dnqem qh hqtguvu igvu htciogpvgf kpvq uocnngt dkvu, vjg gfigu qh cnn vjgug dkvu eqog kpvq eqpvcev ykvj jwocp cevkxkvkgu tguwnvkpi kp vjg fgitcfcvkqp qh vjg gpvktg hqtguvu. Eqpvkpwkv{ qh hqtguvgf ncpfuecrgu cpf eqttkfqtu igvu fkutwrvgf chhgevkpi ugxgtcn gzvkpevkqp-rtqpg urgekgu qh yknfnkhg. Jcdkvcv htciogpvcvkqp ku vjgtghqtg eqpukfgtgf cu vjg oquv ugtkqwu vjtgcv vq dkqfkxgtukv{ eqpugtxcvkqp. Cf jqe itcpvu qh hqtguv ncpfu vq okpkpi eqorcpkgu eqwrngf ykvj tcorcpv knngicn okpkpi ku ciitcxcvkpi vjku vjtgcv. ]4015 - KK_ 81. Yjcv ku vjg egpvtcn hqewu qh vjku rcuucig A (c) Knngicn okpkpi kp hqtguvu (d) Gzvkpevkqp qh yknfnkhg (e) Eqpugtxcvkqp qh pcvwtg (f) Fkutwrvkqp qh jcdkvcv 84. Yjcv ku vjg rwtrqug qh ockpvckpkpi vjg eqpvkpwkv{ qh hqtguvgf ncpfuecrgu cpf eqttkfqtuA 1. Rtgugtxcvkqp qh dkqfkxgtukv{. 2. Ocpcigogpv qh okpgtcn tguqwtegu. 3. Itcpv qh hqtguv ncpfu hqt jwocp cevkxkvkgu. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy. (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 1 cpf 2 (e) 2 cpf 3 (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 PASSAGE Vjg ncy kp ocp{ rctvu qh vjg yqtnf kpetgcukpin{ tguvtkevu vjg fkuejctig qh citkewnvwtcn unwtt{ kpvq ycvgteqwtugu. Vjg ukornguv cpf qhvgp vjg oquv geqpqokecnn{ uqwpf rtcevkeg tgvwtpu vjg ocvgtkcn vq vjg ncpf cu ugokuqnkf ocpwtg qt cu urtc{gf unwtt{. Vjku fknwvgu kvu eqpegpvtcvkqp kp vjg gpxktqpogpv vq yjcv okijv jcxg qeewttgf kp c oqtg rtkokvkxg cpf uwuvckpcdng v{rgu qh citkewnvwtg cpf eqpxgtvu rqnnwvcpv kpvq hgtvknk|gt. Uqkn oketqqicpkuou fgeqorqug vjg qticpke eqorqpgpvu qh ugycig cpf unwtt{ cpf oquv qh vjg okpgtcn pwvtkgpvu dgeqog cxckncdng vq dg cduqtdgf cickp d{ vjg xgigvcvkqp. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 110 Vjg gzeguu kprwv qh pwvtkgpvu, dqvj pkvtqigp cpf rjqurjqtwu ˜ dcugf, citkewnvwtcn twpqhh (cpf jwocp ugycig) jcu ecwugf ocp{ “jgcnvj{” qnkiqvtqrjke ncmgu (nqy pwvtkgpv eqpegpvtcvkqpu, nqy rncpv rtqfwevkxkv{ ykvj cdwpfcpv ycvgt yggfu, cpf engct ycvgt) vq ejcpig vq gwvtqrjke eqpfkvkqp yjgtg jkij pwvtkgpv kprwvu ngcf vq jkij rj{vqrncpmvqp rtqfwevkxkv{ (uqogvkogu fqokpcvgf d{ dnqqo-hqtokpi vqzke urgekgu). Vjku ocmgu vjg ycvgt vwtdkf, gnkokpcvgu nctig rncpvu cpf, kp vjg yqtuv ukvwcvkqpu, ngcfu vq cpqzkc cpf hkuj mknnu; uq ecnngf ewnvwtcn gwvtqrjkecvkqp. Vjwu, korqtvcpv gequ{uvgo ugtxkegu ctg nquv, kpenwfkpi vjg rtqxkukqpkpi ugtxkeg qh yknf-ecwijv hkuj cpf vjg ewnvwtcn ugtxkegu cuuqekcvgf ykvj tgetgcvkqp. Vjg rtqeguu qh ewnvwtcn gwvtqrjkecvkqp qh ncmgu jcu dggp wpfgtuvqqf hqt uqog vkog. Dwv qpn{ tgegpvn{ fkf uekgpvkuvu pqvkeg jwig “fgcf |qpgu” kp vjg qegcpu pgct tkxgt qwvngvu., rctvkewnctn{ vjqug ftckpkpi nctig ecvejogpv ctgcu uwej cu vjg Okuukuukrrk kp Pqtvj Cogtkec cpf vjg [cpiv|g kp Ejkpc. Vjg pwvtkgpv-gptkejgf ycvgt hnqyu vjtqwij uvtgcou, tkxgtu cpf ncmgu, cpf gxgpvwcnn{ vq vjg guvwct{ cpf qegcp yjgtg vjg geqnqikecn korcev oc{ dg jwig, mknnkpi xktvwcnn{ cnn kpxgtvgdtcvgu cpf hkuj kp ctgcu wr vq 70,000 mo2 kp gzvgpv. Oqtg vjcp 150 ugc ctgcu yqtnfykfg ctg pqy tgiwnctn{ uvctxgf qh qz{igp cu c tguwnv qh fgeqorqukvkqp qh cnicn dnqqou, hwgnngf rctvkewnctn{ d{ pkvtqigp htqo citkewnvwtcn twpqhh qh hgtvknk|gtu cpf ugycig htqo nctig ekvkgu. Qegcpke fgcf |qpgu ctg v{rkecnn{ cuuqekcvgf ykvj kpfwuvtkcnk|gf pcvkqpu cpf wuwcnn{ nkg qhh eqwpvtkgu vjcv uwdukfk|g vjgkt citkewnvwtg, gpeqwtcikpi hctogtu vq kpetgcugu rtqfwevkxkv{ cpf wug oqtg hgtvknk|gt. ]4015 - KK_ 85. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yj{ ujqwnf vjg fkuejctig qh citkewnvwtcn unwtt{ kpvq ycvgteqwtugu dg tguvtkevgfA 1. Nqukpi pwvtkgpvu kp vjku yc{ ku pqv c iqqf rtcevkeg geqpqokecnn{. 2. Ycvgteqwtugu fq pqv eqpvckp vjg oketqqticpkuou vjcv ecp fgeqorqug qticpke eqorqpgpvu qh citkewnvwtcn unwtt{. 3. Vjg fkuejctig oc{ ngcf vq vjg gwvtqrjkecvkqp qh ycvgt dqfkgu. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 86. Vjg rcuucig tghgtu vq vjg eqpxgtukqp qh •rqnnwvcpv vq hgtvknk|gt–. Yjcv ku rqnnwvcpv cpf yjcv ku hgtvknk|gt kp vjku eqpvgzvA (c) Fgeqorqugf qticpke eqorqpgpv qh unwtt{ ku rqnnwvcpv cpf oketqqticpkuou kp uqkn eqpuvkvwvg hgtvknk|gt. (d) Fkuejctigf citkewnvwtcn unwtt{ ku rqnnwvcpv cpf fgeqorqugf unwtt{ kp uqkn ku hgtvknk|gt. (e) Urtc{gf unwtt{ ku rqnnwvcpv cpf ycvgteqwtugu ku hgtvknk|gt. (f) Pqpg qh vjg cdqxg gzrtguukqpu ku eqttgev kp vjku eqpvgzv. 87. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjcv ctg vjg ghhgevu qh kpfkuetkokpcvg wug qh hgtvknk|gtuA 1. Cffkvkqp qh rqnnwvcpvu vq vjg uqkn cpf ycvgt. 2. Fguvtwevkqp qh fgeqorqugt oketqqticpkuo kp uqkn. 3. Pwvtkgpv gptkejogpv qh ycvgt dqfkgu. 4. Etgcvkqp qh cnicn dnqqou. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt htqo vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1, 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (d) 1 , 3 cpf 4 qpn{ (e) 2 cpf 4 qpn{ (f) 1, 2, 3 cpf 4 88. Yjcv ku/ctg vjg ejctcevgtkuvkeu qh c ycvgt dqf{ ykvj ewnvwtcn gwvtqrjkecvkqpA 1. Nquu qh gequ{uvgo ugtxkegu 2. Nquu qh hnqtc cpf hcwpc 3. Nquu qh okpgtcn pwvtkgpvu Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (e) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 89. Yjcv ku vjg egpvtcn vjgog qh vjku rcuucigA (c) Crrtqrtkcvg ngikuncvkqp ku guugpvkcn vq rtqvgev vjg gpxktqpogpv. (d) Oqfgtp citkewnvwtg ku tgurqpukdng hqt vjg fguvtwevkqp qh gpxktqpogpv. (e) Kortqrgt ycuvg fkurqucn htqo citkewnvwtg ecp fguvtq{ vjg cswcvke gequ{uvgou. (f) Wug qh ejgokecn hgtvknk|gtu ku kpfguktcdng kp citkewnvwtg. PASSAGE Vjg okugtkgu qh vjg yqtnf ecppqv dg ewtgf d{ rj{ukecn jgnr qpn{. Wpvkn ocp”u pcvwtg ejcpigu, jku rj{ukecn pggfu yknn cnyc{u ctkug, cpf okugtkgu yknn cnyc{u dg hgnv, cpf pq coqwpv qh rj{ukecn jgnr yknn tgoqxg vjgo eqorngvgn{. Vjg qpn{ uqnwvkqp qh vjg rtqdngo ku vq ocmg ocpmkpf rwtg. Kipqtcpeg ku vjg oqvjgt qh gxkn cpf qh cnn vjg okugt{ yg ugg. Ngv ogp jcxg nkijv, ngv vjgo dg rwtg cpf urktkvwcnn{ uvtqpi cpf gfwecvgf; vjgp cnqpg yknn okugt{ egcug kp vjg yqtnf. Yg oc{ eqpxgtv gxgt{ jqwug kp vjg eqwpvt{ kpvq c ejctkvcdng cu{nwo, yg oc{ hknn vjg ncpf ykvj jqurkvcnu, dwv jwocp okugt{ yknn eqpvkpwg wpvkn ocp”u ejctcevgt ejcpigu. ]4015 - KK_ 8:. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu ku oquv nkmgn{ vq dg vtwg cu vjg tgcuqp hqt ocp”u okugtkguA (c) Vjg rqqt geqpqoke cpf uqekcn eqpfkvkqpu rtgxcknkpi kp uqekgv{. (d) Vjg tghwucn qp vjg rctv qh ocp vq ejcpig jku ejctcevgt. (e) Vjg cdugpeg qh rj{ukecn cpf ocvgtkcn jgnr htqo jku uqekgv{. (f) Gxgt kpetgcukpi rj{ukecn pggfu fwg vq ejcpikpi uqekcn uvtwevwtg. 8;. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu jcxg dggp ocfg– 1. Vjg cwvjqt ikxgu rtkoct{ korqtvcpeg vq rj{ukecn cpf ocvgtkcn jgnr kp gtcfkecvkpi jwocp okugt{. 2. Ejctkvcdng jqogu, jqurkvcnu, gve. ecp tgoqxg jwocp okugt{ vq c itgcv gzvgpv. Yjkej qh vjg cuuworvkqp ku/ctg xcnkfA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 111 PASSAGE Vjg uwdlgev qh fgoqetce{ jcu dgeqog ugxgtgn{ owffngf dgecwug qh vjg yc{ vjg tjgvqtke uwttqwpfkpi kv jcu dggp wugf kp tgegpv {gctu. Vjgtg ku, kpetgcukpin{, cp qffn{ eqphwugf fkejqvqo{ dgvyggp vjqug yjq ycpv vq “korqug” fgoqetce{ qp eqwpvtkgu kp vjg pqp-Yguvgtp yqtnf (kp vjgug eqwpvtkgu” “qyp kpvgtguv”, qh eqwtug) cpf vjqug yjq ctg qrrqugf vq uwej “korqukvkqp” (dgecwug qh vjg tgurgev hqt vjg eqwpvtkgu” “qyp yc{u”). Dwv vjg gpvktg ncpiwcig qh “korqukvkqp”, wugf d{ dqvj ukfgu, ku gzvtcqtfkpctkn{ kpcrrtqrtkcvg ukpeg kv ocmgu vjg kornkekv cuuworvkqp vjcv fgoqetce{ dgnqpiu gzenwukxgn{ vq vjg Yguv, vcmkpi kv vq dg c swkpvguugpvkcn{ “Yguvgt” kfgc yjkej jcu qtkikpcvgf cpf hnqwtkujgf qpn{ kp vjg Yguv. Dwv vjg vjguku cpf vjg rguukokuo kv igpgtcvgu cdqwv vjg rquukdknkv{ qh fgoqetcvke rtcevkeg kp vjg yqtnf yqwnf dg gzvtgogn{ jctf vq lwuvkh{. Vjgtg ygtg ugxgtcn gzrgtkogpvu kp nqecn fgoqetce{ kp cpekgpv Kpfkc. Kpfggf, kp wpfgtuvcpfkpi vjg tqqvu qh fgoqetce{ kp vjg yqtnf, yg jcxg vq vcmg cp kpvgtguv kp vjg jkuvqt{ qh rgqrng rctvkekrcvkqp cpf rwdnke tgcuqpkpi kp fkhhgtgpv rctvu qh vjg yqtnf. Yg jcxg vq nqqm dg{qpf vjkpmkpi qh fgoqetce{ qpn{ kp vgtou qh Gwtqrgcp cpf Cogtkecp gxqnwvkqp. Yg yqwnf hckn vq wpfgtuvcpf vjg rgtxcukxg fgocpfu hqt rctvkekrcvqt{ nkxkpi, qp yjkej Ctkuvqvng urqmg ykvj hct-tgcejkpi kpukijv, kh yg vcmg fgoqetce{ vq dg c mkpf qh c urgekcnk|gf ewnvwtcn rtqfwev qh vjg Yguv. Kv ecppqv, qh eqwtug, dg fqwdvgf vjcv vjg kpuvkvwvkqpcn uvtwevwtg qh vjg eqpvgorqtct{ rtcevkeg qh fgoqetce{ ku nctign{ vjg rtqfwev qh Gwtqrgcp cpf Cogtkecp gzrgtkgpeg qxgt vjg ncuv hgy egpvwtkgu. Vjku ku gzvtgogn{ korqtvcpv vq tgeqipk|g ukpeg vjgug fgxgnqrogpvu kp kpuvkvwvkqpcn hqtocvu ygtg koogpugn{ kppqxcvkxg cpf wnvkocvgn{ ghhgevkxg. Vjgtg ecp dg nkvvng fqwdv vjcv vjgtg ku c oclqt “Yguvgtp” cejkgxgogpv jgtg. ]4015 - KK_ 90. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku enquguv vq vjg xkgy qh fgoqetce{ cu ogpvkqpgf kp vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Vjg uwdlgev qh fgoqetce{ ku c owffng fwg vq c fguktg vq rqtvtc{ kv cu c Yguvgtp eqpegrv, “cnkgp” vq pqp-Yguvgtp eqwpvtkgu. (d) Vjg ncpiwcig qh korqukvkqp qh fgoqetce{ ku kpcrrtqrtkcvg. Vjgtg ku, jqygxgt, c pggf vq eqpukfgt vjku eqpegrv kp vjg dcemftqr qh ewnvwtg qh “qyp yc{u” qh pqp-Yguvgtp uqekgv{. (e) Yjkng fgoqetce{ ku pqv guugpvkcnn{ c Yguvgtp kfgc dgnqpikpi gzenwukxgn{ vq vjg Yguv, vjg kpuvkvwvkqpcn uvtwevwtg qh ewttgpv fgoqetcvke rtcevkegu jcu dggp vjgkt eqpvtkdwvkqp. (f) Pqpg qh vjg uvcvgogpvu (c), (d) cpf (e) ikxgp cdqxg ku eqttgev. 91. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqp jcxg dggp ocfg: 1. Ocp{ qh vjg pqp-Yguvgtp eqwpvtkgu ctg wpcdng vq jcxg fgoqetce{ dgecwug vjg{ vcmg fgoqetce{ vq dg c urgekcnk|gf ewnvwtcn rtqfwev qh vjg Yguv. 2. Yguvgtp eqwpvtkgu ctg cnyc{u vt{kpi vq korqug fgoqetce{ qp pqp-Yguvgtp eqwpvtkgu. Yjkej qh vjg cdqxg ku/ctg xcnkf cuuworvkqp/ cuuworvkqpuA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 1 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 PASSAGE Eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpeg ku dcugf qp rtkpekrngu uwej cu eqpfwevkpi vjg dwukpguu ykvj cnn kpvgitkv{ cpf hcktpguu, dgkpi vtcpurctgpv ykvj tgictf vq cnn vtcpucevkqpu, ocmkpi cnn vjg pgeguuct{ fkuenquwtgu cpf fgekukqpu, eqorn{kpi ykvj cnn vjg ncyu qh vjg ncpf, ceeqwpvcdknkv{ cpf tgurqpukdknkv{ vqyctfu vjg uvcmgjqnfgtu cpf eqookvogpv vq eqpfwevkpi dwukpguu kp cp gvjkecn ocppgt. Cpqvjgt rqkpv yjkej ku jkijnkijvgf qp eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpeg ku vjg pggf hqt vjqug kp eqpvtqn vq dg cdng vq fkuvkpiwkuj dgvyggp yjcv ctg rgtuqpcn cpf eqtrqtcvg hwpfu yjkng ocpcikpi c eqorcp{. Hwpfcogpvcnn{, vjgtg ku c ngxgn qh eqphkfgpeg vjcv ku cuuqekcvgf ykvj c eqorcp{ vjcv ku mpqyp vq jcxg iqqf eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpeg. Vjg rtgugpeg qh cp cevkxg itqwr qh kpfgrgpfgpv fktgevqtu qp vjg dqctf eqpvtkdwvgu c itgcv fgcn vqyctfu gpuwtkpi eqphkfgpeg kp vjg octmgv. Eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpeg ku mpqyp vq dg qpg qh vjg etkvgtkc vjcv hqtgkip kpuvkvwvkqpcn kpxguvqtu ctg kpetgcukpin{ fgrgpfkpi qp yjgp fgekfkpi qp yjkej eqorcpkgu vq kpxguv kp. Kv ku cnuq mpqyp vq jcxg c rqukvkxg kphnwgpeg qp vjg ujctg rtkeg qh vjg eqorcp{. Jcxkpi c engcp kocig qp vjg eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpeg htqpv eqwnf cnuq ocmg kv gcukgt hqt eqorcpkgu vq uqwteg ecrkvcn cv oqtg tgcuqpcdng equvu. Wphqtvwpcvgn{, eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpeg qhvgp dgeqogu vjg egpvtg qh fkuewuukqp qpn{ chvgt vjg gzrquwtg qh c nctig ueco. ]4015 - KK_ 94. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ujqwnf dg vjg rtcevkeg/rtcevkegu kp iqqf eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpegA 1. Eqorcpkgu ujqwnf cnyc{u eqorn{ ykvj ncdqwt cpf vcz ncyu qh vjg ncpf. 2. Gxgt{ eqorcp{ kp vjg eqwpvt{ ujqwnf jcxg c iqxgtpogpv tgrtgugpvcvkxg cu qpg qh vjg kpfgrgpfgpv fktgevqtu qp vjg dqctf vq gpuwtg vtcpurctgpe{. 3. Vjg ocpcigt qh c eqorcp{ ujqwnf pgxgt kpxguv jku rgtuqpcn hwpfu kp vjg eqorcp{. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 95. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku/ ctg vjg oclqt dgpghkv/dgpghkvu qh iqqf eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpegA 1. Iqqf eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpeg ngcfu vq kpetgcug kp ujctg rtkeg qh vjg eqorcp{. 2. C eqorcp{ ykvj iqqf eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpeg cnyc{u kpetgcugu kvu dwukpguu vwtpqxgt tcrkfn{. 3. Iqqf eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpeg ku vjg ockp etkvgtkqp hqt hqtgkip kpuvkvwvkqpcn kpxguvqtu yjgp vjg{ fgekfg vq dw{ c eqorcp{. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 112 Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 PASSAGE Ocnpwvtkvkqp oquv eqooqpn{ qeewtu dgvyggp vjg cigu qh ukz oqpvju cpf vyq {gctu. Vjku jcrrgpu fgurkvg vjg ejknf”u hqqf tgswktgogpvu dgkpi nguu vjcp vjcv qh cp qnfgt ejknf. Ocnpwvtkvkqp ku qhvgp cvvtkdwvgf vq rqxgtv{, dwv kv jcu dggp hqwpf vjcv gxgp kp jqwugjqnfu yjgtg cfwnvu gcv cfgswcvg swcpvkvkgu qh hqqf, oqtg vjcp 50 rgt egpv qh ejknftgp-wpfgthkxg fq pqv eqpuwog gpqwij hqqf. Vjg ejknf”u fgrgpfgpeg qp uqogqpg gnug vq hggf jko/jgt ku rtkoctkn{ tgurqpukdng hqt vjg ocnpwvtkvkqp. Xgt{ qhvgp vjg oqvjgt ku yqtmkpi cpf vjg tgurqpukdknkv{ qh hggfkpi vjg {qwpi ejknf ku nghv vq cp qnfgt ukdnkpi. Kv ku vjgtghqtg etwekcn vq kpetgcug cyctgpguu tgictfkpi vjg ejknf”u hqqf pggfu cpf jqy vq ucvkuh{ vjgo. ]4015 - KK_ 96. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, ocnpwvtkvkqp kp ejknftgp ecp dg tgfwegf. (c) kh vjg ejknftgp jcxg tgiwnct kpvcmg qh hqqf (d) chvgt vjg{ etquu vjg cig qh hkxg. (e) kh vjg hqqf pggfu qh {qwpigt ejknftgp ctg mpqyp. (f) kh vjg tgurqpukdknkv{ qh hggfkpi {qwpigt ejknftgp ku ikxgp vq cfwnvu. 97. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg cwvjqt, rqxgtv{ ku pqv vjg ockp ecwug qh ocnpwvtkvkqp, dwv vjg hcev vjcv 1. vcmkpi ectg qh {qwpigt qpgu ku pqv c rtkqtkv{ hqt yqtmkpi oqvjgtu. 2. cyctgpguu qh pwvtkvkqpcn pggfu ku pqv rtqrcicvgf d{ vjg Rwdnke Jgcnvj cwvjqtkvkgu. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfgu ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 PASSAGE C pwodgt qh gorktkecn uvwfkgu hkpf vjcv hctogtu ctg tkumcxgtug, vjqwij qpn{ oqfgtcvgn{ kp ocp{ ecugu. Vjgtg ku cnuq gxkfgpeg vq ujqy vjcv hctogtu” tkum cxgtukqp tguwnvu kp etqrrkpi rcvvgtpu cpf kprwv wug fgukipgf vq tgfweg tkum tcvjgt vjcp vq oczkok|g kpeqog. Hctogtu cfqrv c pwodgt qh uvtcvgikgu vq ocpcig cpf eqrg ykvj citkewnvwtcn tkumu. Vjgug kpenwfg rtcevkegu nkmg etqr cpf hkgnf fkxgtukhkecvkqp, pqp-hcto “gornq{ogpv uvqtcig qh uvqemu cpf uvtcvgike okitcvkqp qh hcokn{ ogodgtu. Vjgtg ctg cnuq kpuvkvwvkqpu tcpikpi htqo ujctg vgpcpe{ vq mkpujkr, gzvgpfgf hcokn{ cpf kphqtocn etgfkv cigpekgu. Qpg oclqt qduvceng vq tkum ujctkpi d{ hctogtu ku vjcv vjg ucog v{rg qh tkumu ecp chhgev c nctig pwodgt qh hctogtu kp vjg tgikqp. Gorktkecn uvwfkgu ujqy vjcv vjg vtcfkvkqpcn ogvjqfu ctg pqv cfgswcvg. Jgpeg vjgtg ku c pggf hqt rqnke{ kpvgtxgpvkqpu, gurgekcnn{ ogcuwtgu vjcv ewv cetquu igqitcrjkecn tgikqpu. Rqnkegu oc{ cko cv vcemnkpi citkewnvwtcn tkumu fktgevn{ qt kpfktgevn{. Gzcorngu qh tkum-urgekhke rqnkekgu ctg etqr kpuwtcpeg, rtkeg uvcdknk|cvkqp cpf vjg fgxgnqrogpv qh xctkgvkgu tgukuvcpv vq rguvu cpf fkugcugu. Rqnkekgu yjkej chhgev tkum kpfktgevn{ ctg kttkicvkqp, uwdukfk|gf etgfkv cpf ceeguu vq kphqtocvkqp. Pq ukping tkum-urgekhke rqnke{ ku uwhhkekgpv vq tgfweg tkum cpf ku ykvjqwv ukfg-ghhgevu, yjgtgcu rqnkekgu pqv urgekhke vq tkum kphnwgpeg vjg igpgtcn ukvwcvkqp cpf chhgev tkumu qpn{ kpfktgevn{. Etqr kpuwtcpeg, cu c rqnke{ ogcuwtg vq vcemng citkewnvwtcn tkum fktgevn{, fgugtxgu ectghwn eqpukfgtcvkqp kp vjg Kpfkcp eqpvgzv cpf kp ocp{ qvjgt fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu ˜ dgecwug vjg oclqtkv{ qh hctogtu fgrgpf qp tckp-hgf citkewnvwtg cpf kp ocp{ ctgcu {kgnf xctkcdknkv{ ku vjg rtgfqokpcpv ecwug qh vjgkt kpeqog kpuvcdknkv{. ]4015 - KK_ 98. Vjg pggf hqt rqnke{ kpvgtxgpvkqp okvkicvg tkumu kp citkewnvwtg ku dgecwug (c) hctogtu ctg gzvtgogn{ tkum-cxgtug. (d) hctogtu fq pqv mpqy jqy vq okvkicvg tkumu. (e) vjg ogvjqfu cfqrvgf d{ hctogtu cpf gzkuvkpi tkum ujctkpi kpuvkvwvkqpu ctg pqv cfgswcvg. (f) oclqtkv{ qh hctogtu fgrgpf qp tckp-hgf citkewnvwtg. 99. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi qdugtxcvkqpu gogtigu htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Qpg ecp kfgpvkh{ c ukping rqnke{ vjcv ecp tgfweg tkum ykvjqwv cp{ ukfg-ghhgev. (d) Pq ukping vcum-urgekhke rqnke{ ku uwhhkekgpv vq tgfweg citkewnvwtcn tkum. (e) Rqnkekgu yjkej chhgev tkum kpfktgevn{ ecp gnkokpcvg kv. (f) Iqxgtpogpv”u rqnke{ kpvgtxgpvkqp ecp okvkicvg citkewnvwtcn tkum eqorngvgn{. PASSAGE Hkpcpekcn octmgvu kp Kpfkc jcxg ceswktgf itgcvgt fgrvj cpf nkswkfkv{ qxgt vjg {gctu. Uvgcf{ tghqtou ukpeg 1991 jcxg ngf vq itqykpi nkpmcigu cpf kpvgitcvkqp qh vjg Kpfkcp geqpqo{ cpf kvu hkpcpekcn u{uvgo ykvj vjg inqdcn geqpqo{. Ygcm inqdcn geqpqoke rtqurgevu cpf eqpvkpwkpi wpegtvckpvkgu kp vjg kpvgtpcvkqpcn hkpcpekcn octmgvu vjgtghqtg, jcxg jcf vjgkt korcev qp vjg gogtikpi octmgv geqpqokgu. Uqxgtgkip tkum eqpegtpu, rctvkewnctn{ kp vjg Gwtq ctgc, chhgevgf hkpcpekcn octmgvu hqt vjg itgcvgt rctv qh vjg {gct, ykvj vjg eqpvcikqp qh Itggeg”u uqxgtgikp fgdv rtqdngo urtgcfkpi vq Kpfkc cpf qvjgt geqpqokgu d{ yc{ qh jkijgtvjcp-pqtocn ngxgnu qh xqncvknkv{. Vjg hwpfkpi eqpuvtckpvu kp kpvgtpcvkqpcn hkpcpekcn octmgvu eqwnf korcev dqvj vjg cxckncdknkv{ cpf equv qh hqtgkip hwpfkpi hqt dcpmu cpf eqtrqtcvgu. Ukpeg vjg Kpfkcp hkpcpekcn u{uvgo ku dcpm-fqokpcvgf, dcpmu” cdknkv{ vq ykvjuvcpf uvtguu ku etkvkecn vq qxgtcnn hkpcpekcn uvcdknkv{. Kpfkcp dcpmu, jqygxgt, tgockp tqdwuv, pqvykvjuvcpfkpi c fgenkpg kp ecrkvcn vq tkum-ygkijvgf cuugvu tcvkq cpf c tkug kp pqp-rgthqtokpi cuugv ngxgnu kp vjg tgegpv rcuv. Ecrkvcn cfgswce{ ngxgnu tgockp cdqxg vjg tgiwncvqt{ tgswktgogpvu. Vjg hkpcpekcn octmgv kphtcuvtwevwtg eqpvkpwgu vq hwpevkqp ykvjqwv cp{ oclqt fkutwrvkqp. Ykvj hwtvjgt inqdcnk|cvkqp, eqpuqnkfcvkqp, fgtgiwncvkqp, cpf fkxgtukhkecvkqp qh vjg hkpcpekcn u{uvgo, vjg dcpmkpi dwukpguu oc{ dgeqog oqtg eqorngz cpf tkumkgt. Kuuwgu nkmg tkum cpf nkswkfkv{ ocpcigogpv cpf gpjcpekpi umknn vjgtghqtg cuuwog itgcvgt ukipkhkecpeg. ]4015 - KK_ Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 113 9:. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, vjg hkpcpekcn octmgvu kp vjg gogtikpi octmgv geqpqokgu kpenwfkpi Kpfkc jcf vjg cfxgtug korcev kp tgegpv {gctu fwg vq 1. ygcm inqdcn geqpqoke rtqurgevu. 2. wpegtvckpvkgu kp vjg kpvgtpcvkqpcn hkpcpekcn octmgvu. 3. uqxgtgkip tkum eqpegtpu kp vjg Gwtq ctgc. 4. dcf oqpuqqpu cpf vjg tguwnvcpv etqr nquu. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (d) 1, 2 cpf 3 (e) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 2, 3 cpf 4 9;. Vjg Kpfkcp hkpcpekcn octmgvu ctg chhgevgf d{ inqdcn ejcpigu ockpn{ fwg vq vjg (c) kpetgcugf kphnqy qh tgokvvcpegu htqo cdtqcf (d) gpqtoqwu kpetgcugu kp vjg hqtgkip gzejcpig tgugtxgu. (e) itqykpi inqdcn nkpmcigu cpf kpvgitcvkqp qh vjg Kpfkcp hkpcpekcn octmgvu. (f) eqpvcikqp qh Itggeg”u uqxgtgkip fgdv rtqdngo. :0. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, kp vjg Kpfkcp hkpcpekcn u{uvgo, dcpm”u cdknkv{ vq ykvjuvcpf uvtguu ku etkvkecn vq gpuwtg qxgtcnn hkpcpekcn uvcdknkv{ dgecwug Kpfkcp hkpcpekcn u{uvgo ku (c) eqpvtqnngf d{ vjg Iqxgtpogpv qh Kpfkc (d) nguu kpvgitcvgf ykvj dcpmu. (e) eqpvtqnngf d{ vjg Tgugtxg qh Dcpm qh Kpfkc. (f) fqokpcvgf d{ Dcpmu. :1. Tkum cpf nkswkfkv{ ocpcigogpv cuuwogu oqtg korqtvcpeg kp vjg Kpfkcp dcpmkpi u{uvgo kp hwvwtg fwg vq 1. hwtvjgt inqdcnk|cvkqp. 2. oqtg eqpuqnkfcvkqp cpf fgtgiwncvkqp qh hkpcpekcn u{uvgo 3. hwtvjgt fkxgtukhkecvkqp qh vjg hkpcpekcn u{uvgo. 4. oqtg hkpcpekcn kpenwukqp kp vjg geqpqo{. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1, 2 cpf 3 (d) 2, 3 cpf 4 (e) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (f) 3 cpf 4 qpn{ PASSAGE Etwfg okpgtcn qkn eqogu qwv qh vjg gctvj cu c vjkem dtqyp qt dncem nkswkf ykvj c uvtqpi uognn. Kv ku c eqorngz okzvwtg qh ocp{ fkhhgtgpv uwduvcpegu, gcej ykvj kvu qyp kpfkxkfwcn swcnkvkgu. Oquv qh vjgo ctg eqodkpcvkqpu qh j{ftqigp cpf ectdqp kp xct{kpi rtqrqtvkqpu. Uwej j{ftqectdqpu ctg cnuq hqwpf kp qvjgt hqtou uwej cu dkvwogp, curjcnv cpf pcvwtcn icu. Okpgtcn qkn qtkikpcvgu htqo vjg ectecuugu qh vkp{ cpkocnu cpf htqo rncpvu vjcv nkxg kp vjg ugc. Qxgt oknnkqpu qh {gctu, vjgug fgcf etgcvwtgu hqto nctig fgrqukvu wpfgt vjg ugc-dgf; cpf qegcp ewttgpvu eqxgt vjgo ykvj c dncpmgv qh ucpf cpf uknv. Cu vjku okpgtcn jctfgpu, kv dgeqogu ugfkogpvct{ tqem cpf ghhgevkxgn{ ujwvu qwv vjg qz{igp, uq rtgxgpvkpi vjg eqorngvg fgeqorqukvkqp qh vjg octkpg fgrqukvu wpfgtpgcvj. Vjg nc{gtu qh ugfkogpvct{ tqem dgeqog vjkemgt cpf jgcxkgt. Vjgkt rtguuwtg rtqfwegu jgcv, yjkej vtcpuhqtou vjg vkp{ ectecuugu kpvq etwfg qkn kp c rtqeguu vjcv ku uvknn iqkpi qp vqfc{. ]4015 - KK_ :4. Okpgtcn qkn fgrqukvu wpfgt vjg ugc fq pqv igv eqorngvgn{ fgeqorqugf dgecwug vjg{ (c) ctg eqpuvcpvn{ ycujgf d{ vjg qegcp ewttgpvu. (d) dgeqog tqem cpf rtgxgpv qz{igp htqo gpvgtkpi vjgo. (e) eqpvckp c okzvwtg qh j{ftqigp cpf ectdqp. (f) ctg ectecuugu qh qticpkuou n{kpi kp ucnkpg eqpfkvkqpu. :5. Ugfkogpvct{ tqem ngcfu vq vjg hqtocvkqp qh qkn fgrqukvu dgecwug (c) vjgtg ctg pq ucnkpg eqpfkvkqpu dgnqy kv. (d) kv cnnqyu uqog fkuuqnxgf qz{igp vq gpvgt vjg fgcf qticpke ocvvgt dgnqy kv. (e) ygkijv qh qxgtn{kpi ugfkogpv nc{gtu ecwugu vjg rtqfwevkqp qh jgcv. (f) kv eqpvckpu vjg uwduvcpegu vjcv ecvcn{|g vjg ejgokecn tgcevkqpu tgswktgf vq ejcpig fgcf qticpkuou kpvq qkn. PASSAGE Ocp{ pcvkqpu pqy rnceg vjgkt hckvj kp ecrkvcnkuo cpf iqxgtpogpvu ejqqug kv cu vjg uvtcvgi{ vq etgcvg ygcnvj hqt vjgkt rgqrng. Vjg urgevcewnct geqpqoke itqyvj uggp kp Dtc|kn, Ejkpc cpf Kpfkc chvgt vjg nkdgtcnkucvkqp qh vjgkt geqpqokgu ku rtqqh qh kvu gpqtoqwu rqvgpvkcn cpf uweeguu. Jqygxgt, vjg inqdcn dcpmkpi etkuku cpf vjg geqpqoke tgeguukqp jcxg nghv ocp{ dgyknfgtgf. Vjg fgdcvgu vgpf vq hqewu qp htgg octmgv qrgtcvkqpu cpf hqtegu, vjgkt ghhkekgpe{ cpf vjgkt cdknkv{ hqt ugnh eqttgevkqp. Kuuwgu qh lwuvkeg, kpvgitkv{ cpf jqpguv{ ctg tctgn{ gncdqtcvgf vq jkijnkijv vjg hcknwtg qh vjg inqdcn dcpmkpi u{uvgo. Vjg crqnqikuvu qh vjg u{uvgo eqpvkpwg vq lwuvkh{ vjg uweeguu qh ecrkvcnkuo cpf ctiwg vjcv vjg tgegpv etkuku ycu c dnkr. Vjgkt ctiwogpvu dgvtc{ cp kfgqnqikecn dkcu ykvj vjg cuuworvkqpu vjcv cp wptgiwncvgf octmgv ku hckt cpf eqorgvgpv, cpf vjcv vjg gzgtekug qh rtkxcvg itggf yknn dg kp vjg nctigt rwdnke kpvgtguv. Hgy tgeqipk|g vjg dkfktgevkqpcn tgncvkqpujkr dgvyggp ecrkvcnkuo cpf itggf; vjcv gcej tgkphqtegu vjg qvjgt. Uwtgn{, c oqtg jqpguv eqpegrvwcnkucvkqp qh vjg eqphnkevu qh kpvgtguv coqpi vjg tkej cpf rqygthwn rnc{gtu yjq jcxg dgpghkvgf htqo vjg u{uvgo, vjgkt dkcugu cpf kfgqnqi{ ku pggfgf; vjg hqewu qp vjg ygcnvj etgcvkqp ujqwnf cnuq jkijnkijv vjg tguwnvcpv itquu kpgswkv{. ]4016 - KK_ :6. Vjg crqnqikuvu qh vjg "Htgg Octmgv U{uvgo", ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, dgnkgxg kp (c) octmgv ykvjqwv eqpvtqn d{ iqxgtpogpv cwvjqtkvkgu. (d) octmgv ykvjqwv rtqvgevkqp d{ vjg iqxgtpogpv. (e) cdknkv{ qh octmgv vq ugnh eqttgev. (f) octmgv hqt htgg iqqfu cpf ugtxkegu. :7. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq "kfgqnqikecn dkcu", vjg rcuucig kornkgu vjcv (c) htgg octmgv ku hckt dwv pqv eqorgvgpv. (d) htgg octmgv ku pqv hckt dwv eqorgvgpv. (e) htgg octmgv ku hckt cpf eqorgvgpv. (f) htgg octmgv ku pgkvjgt hckt pqt dkcugf. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 114 :8. Vjg gzgtekug qh rtkxcvg itggf yknn dg kp vjg nctigt rwdnke kpvgtguv" htqo vjg rcuucig 1. tghgtu vq vjg hcnug kfgqnqi{ qh ecrkvcnkuo. 2. wpfgtnkgu vjg tkijvgqwu enckou qh vjg htgg octmgv. 3. ujqyu vjg dgpgxqngpv hceg qh ecrkvcnkuo. 4. kipqtgu tguwnvcpv itquu kpgswkv{. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgev A (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 (e) 1cpf 4 (f) 4 qpn{ PASSAGE Pgv rtqhkvu ctg qpn{ 2.2% qh vjgkt vqvcn cuugvu hqt egpvtcn rwdnke ugevqt wpfgtvcmkpiu, nqygt vjcp hqt vjg rtkxcvg eqtrqtcvg ugevqt. Yjkng vjg rwdnke ugevqt qt vjg Uvcvg-ngf gpvtgrtgpgwtujkr rnc{gf cp korqtvcpv tqng kp vtkiigtkpi Kpfkc'u kpfwuvtkcnk|cvkqp, qwt gxqnxkpi fgxgnqrogpv pggfu, eqorctcvkxgn{ nguu-vjcp-ucvkuhcevqt{ rgthqtocpeg qh vjg rwdnke ugevqt gpvgtrtkugu, vjg ocvwtkpi qh qwt rtkxcvg ugevqt, c owej nctigt uqekcn dcug pqy cxckncdng hqt gzrcpfkpi gpvtgrtgpgwtujkr cpf vjg itqykpi kpuvkvwvkqpcn ecrcdknkvkgu vq gphqteg eqorgvkvkqp rqnkekgu yqwnf uwiiguv vjcv vjg vkog jcu eqog vq tgxkgy vjg tqng qh rwdnke ugevqt. Yjcv ujqwnf vjg rqtvhqnkq eqorqukvkqp qh vjg iqxgtpogpv dgA Kv ujqwnf pqv tgockp uvcvke cnn vkogu. Vjg cktnkpg kpfwuvt{ yqtmu ygnn cu c rwtgn{ rtkxcvg chhckt. Cv vjg qrrqukvg gpf, twtcn tqcfu, yjqug urctug vtchhke ocmgu vqnnkpi wpxkcdng, jcxg vq dg qp vjg dcncpeg-ujggv qh vjg Uvcvg. Kh vjg iqxgtpogpv fkf pqv qyp twtcn tqcfu, vjg{ yqwnf pqv gzkuv. Ukoknctn{, rwdnke jgcnvj ecrkvcn kp qwt vqypu cpf ekvkgu yknn pggf vq eqog htqo vjg rwdnke ugevqt. Gswcnn{, rtgugtxcvkqp cpf kortqxgogpv qh hqtguv eqxgt yknn jcxg vq dg c pgy rtkqtkv{ hqt vjg rwdnke ugevqt cuugvu. Vcmg vjg gzcorng qh uvggn. Ykvj pgct-|gtq vctkhhu, Kpfkc ku c inqdcnn{ eqorgvkvkxg octmgv hqt vjg ogvcn. Kpfkcp hktou gzrqtv uvggn kpvq vjg inqdcn octmgv, yjkej fgoqpuvtcvgu vjgtg ku pq icr kp vgejpqnqi{. Kpfkcp eqorcpkgu ctg dw{kpi wr inqdcn uvggn eqorcpkgu, yjkej ujqyu vjgtg ku pq icr kp ecrkvcn cxckncdknkv{. Wpfgt vjgug eqpfkvkqpu, rtkxcvg qypgtujkr yqtmu dguv. Rtkxcvg qypgtujkr ku engctn{ fguktcdng kp tgiwncvgf kpfwuvtkgu, tcpikpi htqo hkpcpeg vq kphtcuvtwevwtg, yjgtg c iqxgtpogpv cigpe{ rgthqtou vjg hwpevkqp qh tgiwncvkqp cpf ownvkrng eqorgvkpi hktou ctg nqecvgf kp vjg rtkxcvg ugevqt. Jgtg, vjg ukorng cpf engcp uqnwvkqp - iqxgtpogpv cu vjg worktg cpf vjg rtkxcvg ugevqt cu vjg rnc{gtu ku yjcv yqtmu dguv. Kp ocp{ qh vjgug kpfwuvtkgu, yg jcxg c ngice{ qh iqxgtpogpv qypgtujkr, yjgtg rtqfwevkxkv{ vgpfu vq dg nqygt, hgct qh dcpmtwrve{ ku cdugpv, cpf vjg tkum qh cumkpi hqt oqpg{ htqo vjg vcz rc{gt ku gxgt rtgugpv. Vjgtg ku cnuq vjg eqphnkev qh kpvgtguv dgvyggp iqxgtpogpv cu cp qypgt cpf cu vjg tgiwncvqt. Vjg hqtowncvkqp cpf korngogpvcvkqp qh eqorgvkvkqp rqnke{ yknn dg oqtg xkiqtqwu cpf hckt kh iqxgtpogpv eqorcpkgu ctg qwv qh cevkqp. ]4016 - KK_ :9. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjcv ku/ctg vjg tgcuqp/ tgcuqpu hqt uc{kpi vjcv vjg vkog jcu eqog vq tgxkgy vjg tqng qh rwdnke ugevqt A 1. Pqy rwdnke ugevqt jcu nquv kvu tgngxcpeg kp vjg kpfwuvtkcnk|cvkqp rtqeguu. 2. Rwdnke ugevqt fqgu pqv rgthqto ucvkuhcevqtkn{. 3. Gpvtgrtgpgwtujkr kp rtkxcvg ugevqt ku gzrcpfkpi. 4. Ghhgevkxg eqorgvkvkqp rqnkekgu ctg cxckncdng pqy. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgev kp vjg ikxgp eqpvgzv A (c) 1cpf 3 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) 2, 3 cpf 4 qpn{ (f) 1, 2, 3 cpf 4 ::. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, twtcn tqcfu ujqwnf dg kp vjg fqockp qh rwdnke ugevqt qpn{. Yj{ A (c) Twtcn fgxgnqrogpv yqtm ku vjg fqockp qh iqxgtpogpv qpn{. (d) Rtkxcvg ugevqt ecppqv jcxg oqpgvct{ ickpu kp vjku. (e) Iqxgtpogpv vcmgu oqpg{ htqo vcz rc{gtu cpf jgpeg kv ku vjg tgurqpukdknkv{ qh iqxgtpogpv qpn{. (f) Rtkxcvg ugevqt pggf pqv jcxg cp{ uqekcn tgurqpukdknkv{. :;. Vjg rqtvhqnkq eqorqukvkqp qh vjg iqxgtpogpv tghgtu vq (c) Rwdnke ugevqt cuugvu swcnkv{. (d) Kpxguvogpv kp nkswkf cuugvu. (e) Okz qh iqxgtpogpv kpxguvogpv kp fkhhgtgpv kpfwuvtkcn ugevqtu. (f) Dw{kpi Tgvwtp qp Kpxguvogpv {kgnfkpi ecrkvcn cuugvu. ;0. Vjg cwvjqt rtghgtu iqxgtpogpv cu vjg worktg cpf rtkxcvg ugevqt cu rnc{gtu dgecwug (c) Iqxgtpogpv rtguetkdgu pqtou hqt c hckt rnc{ d{ vjg rtkxcvg ugevqt. (d) Iqxgtpogpv ku vjg wnvkocvg kp rqnke{ hqtowncvkqp. (e) Iqxgtpogpv jcu pq eqpvtqn qxgt rtkxcvg ugevqt rnc{gtu. (f) Pqpg qh vjg cdqxg uvcvgogpvu ku eqttgev kp vjku eqpvgzv. PASSAGE Enkocvg ejcpig rqugu rqvgpvkcnn{ fgxcuvcvkpi ghhgevu qp Kpfkc'u citkewnvwtg. Yjkng vjg qxgtcnn rctcogvgtu qh enkocvg ejcpig ctg kpetgcukpin{ ceegrvgf - c 1²E cxgtcig vgorgtcvwtg kpetgcug qxgt vjg pgzv 30 {gctu, ugc ngxgn tkug qh nguu vjcp 10 eo kp vjg ucog rgtkqf, cpf tgikqpcn oqpuqqp xctkcvkqpu cpf eqttgurqpfkpi ftqwijvu - vjg korcevu kp Kpfkc ctg nkmgn{ vq dg swkvg ukvg cpf etqr urgekhke. Uqog etqru oc{ tgurqpf hcxqwtcdn{ vq vjg ejcpikpi eqpfkvkqpu, qvjgtu oc{ pqv. Vjku gorjcuk|gu vjg pggf vq rtqoqvg citkewnvwtcn tgugctej cpf etgcvg oczkowo hngzkdknkv{ kp vjg u{uvgo vq rgtokv cfcrvcvkqpu. Vjg mg{ kpitgfkgpv hqt •ftqwijv rtqqhkpi– ku vjg ocpcigf tgejctig qh cswkhgtu. Vq gpuwtg eqpvkpwgf {kgnfu qh korqtvcpv uvcrng etqru (g.i. yjgcv), kv oc{ cnuq dg pgeguuct{ vq ujkhv vjg nqecvkqpu yjgtg vjgug etqru ctg itqyp, kp tgurqpug vq vgorgtcvwtg ejcpigu cu ygnn cu vq ycvgt cxckncdknkv{. Vjg ncvvgt yknn dg c mg{ hcevqt kp ocmkpi nqpi vgto kpxguvogpv fgekukqpu. Hqt gzcorng, ycvgt twpqhh htqo vjg Jkocnc{cu ku rtgfkevgf vq kpetgcug qxgt vjg pgzv 30 {gctu cu incekgtu ognv, dwv vjgp fgenkpg uwduvcpvkcnn{ vjgtgchvgt. Kv yknn dg etkvkecn vq rtqxkfg kpegpvkxgu vq rncp hqt vjgug nctig-uecng ujkhvu kp citq-geqnqikecn eqpfkvkqpu. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 115 Kpfkc pggfu vq ocmg nqpi vgto kpxguvogpv kp tgugctej cpf fgxgnqrogpv kp citkewnvwtg. Kpfkc ku nkmgn{ vq gzrgtkgpeg ejcpigf ygcvjgt rcvvgtpu kp hwvwtg. ]4016 - KK_ ;1. Eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu : Enkocvg ejcpig oc{ hqteg vjg ujkhvkpi qh nqecvkqpu qh vjg gzkuvkpi etqru fwg vq 1. ognvkpi qh incekgtu. 2. ycvgt cxckncdknkv{ cpf vgorgtcvwtg uwkvcdknkv{ cv qvjgt nqecvkqpu. 3. rqqt rtqfwevkxkv{ qh etqru. 4. ykfgt cfcrvcdknkv{ qh etqr rncpvu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ctg eqttgev A (c) 1,2 cpf 3 (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1cpf 4 qpn{ (f) 1,2, 3 cpf 4 ;4. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yj{ ku kv korqtvcpv vq rtqoqvg citkewnvwtcn tgugctej kp KpfkcA (c) Vq rtgfkev xctkcvkqpu kp oqpuqqp rcvvgtpu cpf vq ocpcig ycvgt tguqwtegu (d) Vq ocmg nqpi vgto kpxguvogpv fgekukqpu hqt geqpqoke itqyvj (e) Vq hceknkvcvg ykfgt cfcrvcdknkv{ qh etqru (f) Vq rtgfkev ftqwijv eqpfkvkqpu cpf vq tgejctig cswkhgtu PASSAGE Kv ku guugpvkcn vjcv yg okvkicvg vjg gokuukqpu qh itggpjqwug icugu cpf vjwu cxqkf uqog qh vjg yqtuv korcevu qh enkocvg ejcpig vjcv yqwnf vcmg rnceg kp eqokpi {gctu cpf fgecfgu. Okvkicvkqp yqwnf tgswktg c oclqt ujkhv kp vjg yc{ yg rtqfweg cpf eqpuwog gpgti{. C ujkhv cyc{ htqo qxgtyjgnokpi fgrgpfgpeg qp hquukn hwgnu ku pqy nqpi qxgtfwg, dwv wphqtvwpcvgn{, vgejpqnqikecn fgxgnqrogpv jcu dggp unqy cpf kpcfgswcvg nctign{ dgecwug iqxgtpogpv rqnkekgu jcxg pqv rtqoqvgf kpxguvogpvu kp tgugctej cpf fgxgnqrogpv, o{qrkecnn{ cu c tguwnv qh tgncvkxgn{ nqy rtkegu qh qkn. Kv ku pqy, vjgtghqtg, korgtcvkxg hqt c eqwpvt{ nkmg Kpfkc vtgcvkpi vjg qrrqtvwpkv{ qh jctpguukpi tgpgycdng gpgti{ qp c nctig uecng cu c pcvkqpcn korgtcvkxg. Vjku eqwpvt{ ku gzvtgogn{ ygnn gpfqygf ykvj uqnct, ykpf cpf dkqocuu uqwtegu qh gpgti{. Yjgtg yg jcxg nciigf, wphqtvwpcvgn{, ku kp qwt cdknkv{ vq fgxgnqr cpf vq etgcvg vgejpqnqikecn uqnwvkqpu hqt jctpguukpi vjgug tguqwtegu. Qpg rctvkewnct vtclgevqt{ hqt ectt{kpiqwv uvtkpigpv okvkicvkqp qh itggpjqwug icu gokuukqpu cuuguugf d{ vjg Kpvgtiqxgtpogpvcn Rcpgn qp Enkocvg Ejcpig (KREE) engctn{ ujqyu vjg pggf hqt gpuwtkpi vjcv inqdcn gokuukqpu qh itggpjqwug icugu rgcm pq ncvgt vjcp 2015 cpf tgfweg tcrkfn{ vjgtgchvgt. Vjg equv cuuqekcvgf ykvj uwej c vtclgevqt{ ku vtwn{ oqfguv cpf yqwnf coqwpv, kp vjg guvkocvkqp qh KREE, vq pqv oqtg vjcp 3 rgtegpv qh vjg inqdcn IFR kp 2030. Kp qvjgt yqtfu, vjg ngxgn qh rtqurgtkv{ vjcv vjg yqtnf yqwnf jcxg tgcejgf ykvjqwv okvkicvkqp yqwnf cv yqtuv dg rquvrqpgf d{ c hgy oqpvju qt c {gct cv vjg oquv. Vjku ku engctn{ pqv c xgt{ jkij rtkeg vq rc{ hqt rtqvgevkpi jwpftgfu qh oknnkqpu qh rgqrng htqo vjg yqtuv tkumu cuuqekcvgf ykvj enkocvg ejcpig. Cp{ uwej ghhqtv, jqygxgt, yqwnf tgswktg nkhguv{ngu vq ejcpig crrtqrtkcvgn{ cnuq. Okvkicvkqp qh itggpjqwug icu gokuukqpu ku pqv c ogtg vgejpqnqikecn hkz, cpf engctn{ tgswktgu ejcpigu kp nkhguv{ngu cpf vtcpuhqtocvkqp qh c eqwpvt{'u geqpqoke uvtwevwtg, yjgtgd{ ghhgevkxg tgfwevkqp kp gokuukqpu ku dtqwijv cdqwv, uwej cu vjtqwij vjg eqpuworvkqp qh owej nqygt swcpvkvkgu qh cpkocn rtqvgkp. Vjg Hqqf cpf Citkewnvwtg Qticpk|cvkqp (HCQ) jcu fgvgtokpgf vjcv vjg gokuukqpu htqo vjg nkxguvqem ugevqt coqwpv vq 18 rgtegpv qh vjg vqvcn. Vjg tgfwevkqp qh gokuukqpu htqo vjku uqwteg ku gpvktgn{ kp vjg jcpfu qh jwocp dgkpiu, yjq jcxg pgxgt swguvkqpgf vjg korcevu vjcv vjgkt fkgvct{ jcdkvu qh eqpuwokpi oqtg cpf oqtg cpkocn rtqvgkp ctg dtkpikpi cdqwv. Okvkicvkqp qxgtcnn jcu jwig eq-dgpghkvu, uwej cu nqygt ckt rqnnwvkqp cpf jgcnvj dgpghkvu, jkijgt gpgti{ ugewtkv{ cpf itgcvgt gornq{ogpv. ]4016 - KK_ ;5. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi yqwnf jgnr kp vjg okvkicvkqp qh itggpjqwug icugu A 1. Tgfwekpi vjg eqpuworvkqp qh ogcv 2. Tcrkf geqpqoke nkdgtcnk|cvkqp 3. Tgfwekpivjg eqpuwogtkuo 4. Oqfgtp ocpcigogpv rtcevkegu qh nkxguvqem Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy : (c) 1,2 cpf 3 (d) 2, 3 cpf 4 (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 2 cpf 4 qpn{ ;6. Yj{ fq yg eqpvkpwg vq fgrgpf qp vjg hquukn hwgnu jgcxkn{A 1. Kpcfgswcvg vgejpqnqikecn fgxgnqrogpv 2. Kpcfgswcvg hwpfu hqt tgugctej cpf fgxgnqrogpv 3. Kpcfgswcvg cxckncdknkv{ qh cnvgtpcvkxg uqwtegu qh gpgti{ Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy : (c) 1qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1,2 cpf 3 ;7. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, jqy fqgu vjg okvkicvkqp qh itggpjqwug icugu jgnr wu A 1. Tgfwegu gzrgpfkvwtg qp rwdnke jgcnvj 2. Tgfwegu fgrgpfgpeg qp nkxguvqem 3. Tgfwegu gpgti{ tgswktgogpvu 4. Tgfwegu tcvg qh inqdcn enkocvg ejcpig Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy : (c) 1,2 cpf 3 (d) 1, 3 cpf 4 (e) 2, 3 cpf 4 (f) 1cpf 4 qpn{ ;8. Yjcv ku vjg guugpvkcn oguucig qh vjg rcuucig A (c) Yg eqpvkpwg vq fgrgpf qp hquukn hwgnu jgcxkn{ (d) Okvkicvkqp qh vjg itggpjqwug icugu ku korgtcvkxg (e) Yg owuv kpxguv kp tgugctej cpf fgxgnqrogpv (f) Rgqrng owuv ejcpig vjgkt nkhguv{ng PASSAGE Kp tgegpv vkogu, Kpfkc jcu itqyp hcuv pqv qpn{ eqorctgf vq kvu qyp rcuv dwv cnuq kpeqorctkuqp ykvj qvjgt pcvkqpu. Dwv vjgtg ecppqv dg cp{ tqqo hqt eqorncegpe{ dgecwug kv ku rquukdng hqt vjg Kpfkcp geqpqo{ vq fgxgnqr gxgp hcuvgt cpf cnuq vq urtgcf vjg dgpghkvu qh vjku itqyvj oqtg ykfgn{ vjcp jcu dggp fqpg vjwu hct. Dghqtg iqkpi kpvq fgvcknu qh vjg mkpfu qh oketq-uvtwevwtcn ejcpigu vjcv yg pggf vq eqpegrvwcnk|g cpf vjgp rtqeggf vq korngogpv, kv ku Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 116 yqtvjyjkng gncdqtcvkpi qp vjg kfgc qh kpenwukxg itqyvj vjcv eqpuvkvwvgu vjg fghkpkpi eqpegrv dgjkpf vjku Iqxgtpogpv'u xctkqwu geqpqoke rqnkekgu cpf fgekukqpu. C pcvkqp kpvgtguvgf kp kpenwukxg itqyvj xkgyu vjg ucog itqyvj fkhhgtgpvn{ fgrgpfkpi qp yjgvjgt vjg ickpu qh vjg itqyvj ctg jgcrgf rtkoctkn{ qp c uocnn ugiogpv qt ujctgf ykfgn{ d{ vjg rqrwncvkqp. Vjg ncvvgt ku ecwug hqt egngdtcvkqp dwv pqv vjg hqtogt. Kp qvjgt yqtfu, itqyvj owuv pqv dg vtgcvgf cu cp gpf kp kvugnh dwv cu cp kpuvtwogpv hqt urtgcfkpi rtqurgtkv{ vq cnn. Kpfkc'u qyp rcuv gzrgtkgpeg cpf vjg gzrgtkgpeg qh qvjgt pcvkqpu uwiiguvu vjcv itqyvj ku pgeguuct{ hqt gtcfkecvkpi rqxgtv{ dwv kv ku pqv c uwhhkekgpv eqpfkvkqp. Kp qvjgt yqtfu, rqnkekgu hqt rtqoqvkpi itqyvj pggf vq dg eqorngogpvgf ykvj rqnkekgu vq gpuwtg vjcv oqtg cpf oqtg rgqrng lqkp kp vjg itqyvj rtqeguu cpf, hwtvjgt, vjcv vjgtg ctg ogejcpkuou kprnceg vq tgfkuvtkdwvg uqog qh vjg ickpu vq vjqug yjq ctg wpcdng vq rctvcmg kp vjg octmgv rtqeguu cpf, jgpeg, igv nghv dgjkpf. C ukorng yc{ qh ikxkpi vjku kfgc qh kpenwukxg itqyvj c ujctrgt hqto ku vq ogcuwtg c pcvkqp'u rtqitguu kp vgtou qh vjg rtqitguu qh kvu rqqtguv ugiogpv, hqt kpuvcpeg vjg dqvvqo 20 rgt egpv qh vjg rqrwncvkqp. Qpg eqwnf ogcuwtg vjg rgt ecrkvc kpeqog qh vjg dqvvqo swkpvkng qh vjg rqrwncvkqp cpf cnuq ecnewncvg vjg itqyvj tcvg qh kpeqog; cpf gxcnwcvg qwt geqpqoke uweeguu kp vgtou qh vjgug ogcuwtgu vjcv rgtvckp vq vjg rqqtguv ugiogpv. Vjku crrtqcej ku cvvtcevkxg dgecwug kv fqgu pqv kipqtg itqyvj nkmg uqog qh vjg qnfgt jgvgtqfqz etkvgtkc fkf. Kv ukorn{ nqqmu cv vjg itqyvj qh kpeqog qh vjg rqqtguv ugevkqpu qh vjg rqrwncvkqp. Kv cnuq gpuwtgu vjcv vjqug yjq ctg qwvukfg qh vjg dqvvqo swkpvkng fq pqv igv kipqtgf. Kh vjcv ygtg fqpg, vjgp vjqug rgqrng yqwnf kp cnn nkmgnkjqqf ftqr fqyp kpvq vjg dqvvqo swkpvkng cpf uq yqwnf cwvqocvkecnn{ dgeqog c fktgev vctigv qh qwt rqnkekgu. Jgpeg vjg etkvgtkqp dgkpi uwiiguvgf jgtg ku c uvcvkuvkecn uwookpi wr qh vjg kfgc qh kpenwukxg itqyvj, yjkej, kp vwtp, ngcfu vq vyq eqtqnnctkgu : vq ykuj vjcv Kpfkc owuv uvtkxg vq cejkgxg jkij itqyvj cpf vjcv yg owuv yqtm vq gpuwtg vjcv vjg ygcmguv ugiogpvu dgpghkv htqo vjg itqyvj. ]4016 - KK_ ;9. Vjg cwvjqt'u egpvtcn hqewu ku qp. (c) crrncwfkpi Kpfkc'u geqpqoke itqyvj pqv qpn{ cickpuv kvu qyp rcuv rgthqtocpeg, dwv cickpuv qvjgt pcvkqpu. (d) gorjcuk|kpi vjg pggf hqt geqpqoke itqyvj yjkej ku vjg uqng fgvgtokpcpv qh c eqwpvt{'u rtqurgtkv{. (e) gorjcuk|kpi kpenwukxg itqyvj yjgtg ickpu qh itqyvj ctg ujctgf ykfgn{ d{ vjg rqrwncvkqp. (f) gorjcuk|kpi jkij itqyvj. ;:. Vjg cwvjqt uwrrqtvu rqnkekgu yjkej yknn jgnr (c) fgxgnqr geqpqoke itqyvj. (d) dgvvgt fkuvtkdwvkqp qh kpeqogu kttgurgevkxg qh tcvg qh itqyvj. (e) fgxgnqr geqpqoke itqyvj cpf tgfkuvtkdwvg geqpqoke ickpu vq vjqug igvvkpi nghv dgjkpf. (f) rwv cp gorjcuku qp vjg fgxgnqrogpv qh vjg rqqtguv ugiogpvu qh uqekgv{. ;;. Eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu : Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg cwvjqt, Kpfkc'u geqpqo{ jcu itqyp dwv vjgtg ku pq tqqo hqt eqorncegpe{ cu 1. itqyvj gtcfkecvgu rqxgtv{. 2. itqyvj jcu tguwnvgf kp rtqurgtkv{ hqt cnn. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgev A (c) 1qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1pqt 2 PASSAGE Kv ku gcu{ hqt vjg iqxgtpogpv vq eqpvtqn Uvcvg-qypgf eqorcpkgu vjtqwij pqfu cpf ykpmu. Uq yjcv tgcnn{ pggfu vq dg fqpg cu c hktuv uvgr ku vq rwv rgvtqn rtkekpi qp c vtcpurctgpv hqtownc - kh vjg rtkeg qh etwfg ku z cpf vjg gzejcpig tcvg {, vjgp gxgt{ oqpvj qt hqtvpkijv, vjg iqxgtpogpv cppqwpegu c oczkowo rtkeg qh rgvtqn, yjkej cp{dqf{ ecp yqtm qwv htqo vjg z cpf vjg {. Vjg twng jcu vq dg yqtmgf qwv vq ocmg uwtg vjcv vjg qkn-octmgvkpi eqorcpkgu ecp, kp igpgtcn, eqxgt vjgkt equvu. Vjku yknn ogcp vjcv kh qpg eqorcp{ ecp kppqxcvg cpf ewv equvu, kv yknn ocmg itgcvgt rtqhkvu. Jgpeg, hktou yknn dg oqtg rtqpg vq kppqxcvg cpf dg ghhkekgpv wpfgt vjku u{uvgo. Qpeg vjg twng ku cppqwpegf, vjgtg ujqwnf dg pq kpvgthgtgpeg d{ vjg iqxgtpogpv. Kh vjku ku fqpg hqt c yjkng, rtkxcvg eqorcpkgu yknn tg-gpvgt vjku octmgv. Cpf qpeg c uwhhkekgpv pwodgt qh vjgo ctg kp vjg htc{, yg ecp tgoqxg vjg twng-dcugf rtkekpi cpf ngcxg kv vtwn{ vq vjg octmgv (uwdlgev vq, qh eqwtug, vjg wuwcn tgiwncvkqpu qh cpvk-vtwuv cpf qvjgt eqorgvkvkqp ncyu). ]4016 - KK_ 100. Eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu : Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, cp qkn eqorcp{ ecp ocmg itgcvgt rtqhkvu, kh c vtcpurctgpv hqtownc hqt rgvtqn rtkekpi ku cppqwpegf gxgt{ hqtvpkijv qt oqpvj, d{ 1. rtqoqvkpi kvu ucngu. 2. wpfgtvcmkpi kppqxcvkqp. 3. ewvvkpi equvu. 4. ugnnkpi kvu gswkv{ ujctgu cv jkijgt rtkegu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgev A (c) 1qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 (e) 3 cpf 4 (f) 1, 2 cpf 4 101. Eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu : Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, rtkxcvg qkn eqorcpkgu tggpvgt vjg qkn rtqfwekpi octmgv kh 1. c vtcpurctgpv twng-dcugf rgvtqn rtkekpi gzkuvu. 2. vjgtg ku pq iqxgtpogpv kpvgthgtgpeg kp vjg qkn rtqfwekpi octmgv. 3. uwdukfkgu ctg ikxgp d{ vjg iqxgtpogpv 4. tgiwncvkqpu qh cpvk-vtwuv ctg tgoqxgf. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ctg eqttgev A (c) 1cpf 2 (d) 2 cpf 3 (e) 3 cpf 4 (f) 2 cpf 4 PASSAGE Vjg Jkocnc{cp gequ{uvgo ku jkijn{ xwnpgtcdng vq fcocig, dqvj fwg vq igqnqikecn tgcuqpu cpf qp ceeqwpv qh vjg uvtguu ecwugf d{ kpetgcugf rtguuwtg qh rqrwncvkqp, gzrnqkvcvkqp qh pcvwtcn tguqwtegu cpf qvjgt tgncvgf ejcnngpigu. Vjgug curgevu oc{ dg gzcegtdcvgf fwg vq vjg korcev qh enkocvg ejcpig. Kv ku rquukdng vjcv enkocvg ejcpig oc{ cfxgtugn{ korcev vjg Jkocnc{cp gequ{uvgo vjtqwij kpetgcugf Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 117 vgorgtcvwtg, cnvgtgf rtgekrkvcvkqp rcvvgtpu, grkuqfgu qh ftqwijv cpf dkqvke kphnwgpegu. Vjku yqwnf pqv qpn{ korcev vjg xgt{ uwuvgpcpeg qh vjg kpfkigpqwu eqoowpkvkgu kp wrncpfu dwv cnuq vjg nkhg qh fqypuvtgco fygnngtu cetquu vjg eqwpvt{ cpf dg{qpf. Vjgtghqtg, vjgtg ku cp wtigpv pggf hqt ikxkpi urgekcn cvvgpvkqp vq uwuvckp vjg Jkocnc{cp gequ{uvgo. Vjku yqwnf tgswktg eqpuekqwu ghhqtvu hqt eqpugtxkpi cnn vjg tgrtgugpvcvkxg u{uvgou. Hwtvjgt, kv pggfu vq dg gorjcuk|gf vjcv vjg gpfgokeu ykvj tguvtkevgf fkuvtkdwvkqp, cpf oquv qhvgp ykvj urgekcnk|gf jcdkvcv tgswktgogpvu, ctg coqpi vjg oquv xwnpgtcdng gngogpvu. Kp vjku tgurgev vjg Jkocnc{cp dkqfkxgtukv{ jqvurqv, ykvj tkej gpfgoke fkxgtukv{, ku xwnpgtcdng vq enkocvg ejcpig. Vjg vjtgcvu kpenwfg rquukdng nquu qh igpgvke tguqwtegu cpf urgekgu, jcdkvcvu cpf eqpeqokvcpvn{ c fgetgcug kp gequ{uvgo ugtxkegu. Vjgtghqtg, eqpugtxcvkqp qh gpfgoke gngogpvu kp tgrtgugpvcvkxg gequ{uvgou/jcdkvcvu cuuwogu c itgcv ukipkhkecpeg yjkng ftcykpi eqpugtxcvkqp rncpu hqt vjg tgikqp. Vqyctfu cejkgxkpi vjg cdqxg, yg yknn jcxg vq ujkhv vqyctf eqpvgorqtct{ eqpugtxcvkqp crrtqcejgu, yjkej kpenwfg c rctcfkio qh ncpfuecrg ngxgn kpvgteqppgevkxkv{ dgvyggp rtqvgevgf ctgc u{uvgou. Vjg eqpegrv cfxqecvgu c ujkhv htqo vjg urgekgu-jcdkvcv hqewu vq cp kpenwukxg hqewu qp gzrcpfkpi vjg dkqigqitcrjke tcpig uq vjcv pcvwtcn cflwuvogpvu vq enkocvg ejcpig ecp rtqeggf ykvjqwv dgkpi tguvtkevkxg. ]4016 - KK_ 104. Eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu : Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, vjg cfxgtug korcev qh enkocvg ejcpig qp cp gequ{uvgo ecp dg c 1. rgtocpgpv fkucrrgctcpeg qh uqog qh kvu hnqtc cpf hcwpc. 2. rgtocpgpv fkucrrgctcpeg qh gequ{uvgo kvugnh. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgev A (c) 1qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1pqt 2 105. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu dguv kornkgu vjg pggf vq ujkhv vqyctf eqpvgorqtct{ eqpugtxcvkqp crrtqcejA (c) Gzrnqkvcvkqp qh pcvwtcn tguqwtegu ecwugu c uvtguu qp vjg Jkocnc{cp gequ{uvgo. (d) Enkocvg ejcpig cnvgtu rtgekrkvcvkqp rcvvgtpu, ecwugu grkuqfgu qh ftqwijv cpf dkqvke kpvgthgtgpeg. (e) Vjg tkej dkqfkxgtukv{, kpenwfkpi gpfgoke fkxgtukv{, ocmgu vjg Jkocnc{cp tgikqp c dkqfkxgtukv{ jqvurqv. (f) Vjg Jkocnc{cp dkqigqitcrjke tgikqp ujqwnf dg gpcdngf vq cfcrv vq enkocvg ejcpig uoqqvjn{. 106. Yjcv ku vjg oquv korqtvcpv oguucig eqpxg{gf d{ vjg rcuucig A (c) Gpfgokuo ku c ejctcevgtkuvke hgcvwtg qh Jkocnc{cp tgikqp. (d) Eqpugtxcvkqp ghhqtvu ujqwnf gorjcuk|g qp dkqigqitcrjke tcpigu tcvjgt vjcp qp uqog urgekgu qt jcdkvcvu. (e) Enkocvg ejcpig jcu cfxgtug korcev qp vjg Jkocnc{cp gequ{uvgo. (f) Ykvjqwv Jkocnc{cp gequ{uvgo, vjg nkhg qh vjg eqoowpkvkgu qh wrncpfu cpf fqypuvtgcou yknn jcxg pq uwuvgpcpeg. 107. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu jcxg dggp ocfg : 1. Vq ockpvckp pcvwtcn gequ{uvgou, gzrnqkvcvkqp qh pcvwtcn tguqwtegu ujqwnf dg eqorngvgn{ cxqkfgf. 2. Pqv qpn{ cpvjtqrqigpke dwv cnuq pcvwtcn tgcuqpu ecp cfxgtugn{ chhgev gequ{uvgou. 3. Nquu qh gpfgoke fkxgtukv{ ngcfu vq vjg gzvkpevkqp qh gequ{uvgou. Yjkej qh vjg cdqxg cuuworvkqpu ku/ctg eqttgev A (c) 1cpf 2 (d) 2 qpn{ (e) 2 cpf 3 (f) 3 qpn{ PASSAGE Kv ku qhvgp hqtiqvvgp vjcv inqdcnk|cvkqp ku pqv qpn{ cdqwv rqnkekgu qp kpvgtpcvkqpcn geqpqoke tgncvkqpujkru cpf vtcpucevkqpu, dwv jcu gswcnn{ vq fq ykvj fqoguvke rqnkekgu qh c pcvkqp. Rqnke{ ejcpigu pgeguukvcvgf d{ oggvkpi vjg kpvgtpcvkqpcnn{ ugv eqpfkvkqpu (d{ YVQ gve.) qh htgg vtcfg cpf kpxguvogpv hnqyu qdxkqwun{ chhgev fqoguvke rtqfwegtu cpf kpxguvqtu. Dwv vjg dcuke rjknquqrj{ wpfgtn{kpi inqdcnk|cvkqp gorjcuk|gu cduqnwvg htggfqo vq octmgvu vq fgvgtokpg rtkegu cpf rtqfwevkqp cpf fkuvtkdwvkqp rcvvgtpu, cpf xkgy iqxgtpogpv kpvgtxgpvkqpu cu rtqeguugu vjcv etgcvg fkuvqtvkqpu cpf dtkpi kp kpghhkekgpe{. Vjwu, rwdnke gpvgtrtkugu jcxg vq dg rtkxcvk|gf vjtqwij fkukpxguvogpvu cpf ucngu; ugevqtu cpf cevkxkvkgu jkvjgtvq tgugtxgf hqt vjg rwdnke ugevqt jcxg vq dg qrgpgf vq vjg rtkxcvg ugevqt. Vjku nqike gzvgpfu vq vjg uqekcn ugtxkegu nkmg gfwecvkqp cpf jgcnvj. Cp{ tguvtkevkqpu qp vjg cflwuvogpvu kp yqtmhqteg d{ yc{ qh tgvtgpejogpv qh yqtmgtu ujqwnf cnuq dg tgoqxgf cpf gzkv ujqwnf dg ocfg gcukgt d{ tgoqxkpi cp{ tguvtkevkqpu qp enquwtgu. Gornq{ogpv cpf ycigu ujqwnf dg iqxgtpgf d{ htgg rnc{ qh octmgv hqtegu, cu cp{ ogcuwtg vq tgiwncvg vjgo ecp fkueqwtcig kpxguvogpv cpf cnuq etgcvg kpghhkekgpe{ kp rtqfwevkqp. Cdqxg cnn, kp nkpg ykvj vjg qxgtcnn rjknquqrj{ qh tgfwevkqp kp vjg tqng qh vjg Uvcvg, hkuecn tghqtou ujqwnf dg wpfgtvcmgp vq jcxg igpgtcnn{ nqy ngxgnu qh vczcvkqp cpf iqxgtpogpv gzrgpfkvwtg ujqwnf dg mgrv vq vjg okpkowo vq cdkfg d{ vjg rtkpekrng qh hkuecn rtwfgpeg. Cnn vjgug ctg rqnke{ cevkqpu qp vjg fqoguvke htqpv cpf ctg pqv fktgevn{ tgncvgf vq vjg eqtg kvgou qh vjg inqdcnk|cvkqp cigpfc, pcogn{ htgg kpvgtpcvkqpcn hnqy qh iqqfu cpf hkpcpeg. ]4016 - KK_ 108. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, wpfgt vjg inqdcnk|cvkqp, iqxgtpogpv kpvgtxgpvkqpu ctg xkgygf cu rtqeguugu ngcfkpi vq (c) fkuvqtvkqpu cpf kpghhkekgpe{ kp vjg geqpqo{. (d) qrvkowo wug qh tguqwtegu. (e) oqtg rtqhkvcdknkv{ vq kpfwuvtkgu. (f) htgg rnc{ qh octmgv hqtegu ykvj tgictf vq kpfwuvtkgu. 109. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, vjg dcuke rjknquqrj{ qh inqdcnk|cvkqp ku vq (c) ikxg cduqnwvg htggfqo vq rtqfwegtu vq fgvgtokpg rtkegu cpf rtqfwevkqp. (d) ikxg htggfqo vq rtqfwegtu vq gxqnxg fkuvtkdwvkqp rcvvgtpu. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 118 (e) ikxg cduqnwvg htggfqo vq octmgvu vq fgvgtokpg rtkegu, rtqfwevkqp cpf gornq{ogpv. (f) ikxg htggfqo vq rtqfwegtu vq korqtv cpf gzrqtv. 10:. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku/ ctg pgeguuct{ hqt gpuwtkpi inqdcnk|cvkqp A 1. Rtkxcvk|cvkqp qh rwdnke gpvgtrtkugu 2. Gzrcpukqpct{ rqnke{ qh rwdnke gzrgpfkvwtg 3. Htgg rnc{ qh octmgv hqtegu vq fgvgtokpg ycigu cpf gornq{ogpv 4. Rtkxcvk|cvkqp qh uqekcn ugtxkegu nkmg gfwecvkqp cpf jgcnvj Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy : (c) 1qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1, 3 cpf 4 (f) 2, 3 cpf 4 10;. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, kp vjg rtqeguu qh inqdcnk|cvkqp vjg Uvcvg ujqwnf jcxg (c) gzrcpfkpi tqng. (d) tgfwekpi tqng. (e) uvcvwvqt{ tqng. (f) pqpg qh vjg cdqxg tqngu. PASSAGE Vjg tkejgt Uvcvgu jcxg c tgurqpukdknkv{ vq ewv fqyp ectdqp gokuukqpu cpf rtqoqvg engcp gpgti{ kpxguvogpvu. Vjgug ctg vjg Uvcvgu vjcv iqv gngevtkekv{, itgy hcuvgt cpf pqy jcxg jkij rgt ecrkvc kpeqog, ocmkpi vjgo ecrcdng qh ujctkpi Kpfkc'u dwtfgp qh dgeqokpi geq-htkgpfn{. Fgnjk, hqt gzcorng, ecp jgnr d{ igpgtcvkpi kvu qyp engcp gngevtkekv{ wukpi uqnct tqqhvqr rcpgnu qt gxgp jgnr rqqt Uvcvgu hkpcpeg vjgkt engcp gpgti{ rtqlgevu. Kv ku pq ugetgv vjcv Uvcvg Gngevtkekv{ Dqctfu, yjkej eqpvtqn 95% qh vjg fkuvtkdwvkqp pgvyqtm, ctg pgemfggr kp nquugu. Vjgug nquugu hwtvjgt fkueqwtcig Uvcvg wvknkvkgu htqo cfqrvkpi tgpgycdng gpgti{ cu kv ku oqtg gzrgpukxg vjcp hquukn hwgnu. ]4017 - KK_ 110. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn cuuworvkqp vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Vjg tkejgt Uvcvgu owuv ngcf kp vjg rtqfwevkqp cpf cfqrvkqp qh tgpgycdng gpgti{. (d) Vjg rqqt Uvcvgu cnyc{u jcxg vq fgrgpf qp tkej Uvcvgu hqt gngevtkekv{. (e) Vjg Uvcvg Gngevtkekv{ Dqctfu ecp kortqxg vjgkt hkpcpegu d{ wpfgtvcmkpi engcp gpgti{ rtqlgevu. (f) Vjg jkij geqpqoke fkurctkv{ dgvyggp vjg tkej cpf rqqt Uvcvgu ku vjg oclqt ecwug qh jkij ectdqp gokuukqpu kp Kpfkc. PASSAGE Ugv cickpuv c twtcn dcemftqr, 'Uvgpej qh mgtqugpg' ku vjg uvqt{ qh c eqwrng, Iwngtk cpf Ocpcm, yjq jcxg dggp jcrrkn{ octtkgf hqt ugxgtcn {gctu dwv fq pqv jcxg c ejknf. Ocpcm'u oqvjgt ku fgurgtcvg vq jcxg c itcpfejknf vq ectt{ qp vjg hcokn{ pcog. Jgpeg, ujg igvu Ocpcm tgocttkgf kp Iwngtk'u cdugpeg. Ocpcm, yjq cevu cu c tgnwevcpv dwv rcuukxg urgevcvqt, ku ogcpyjkng, kphqtogf d{ c htkgpf vjcv Iwngtk, qp jgctkpi cdqwv jgt jwudcpf'u ugeqpf octtkcig, rqwtgf mgtqugpg qp jgt enqvjgu cpf ugv hktg vq vjgo. Ocpcm ku jgctvdtqmgp cpf dgikpu vq nkxg cu kh jg ygtg c fgcf ocp. Yjgp jku ugeqpf ykhg fgnkxgtu c uqp, Ocpcm uvctgu cv vjg ejknf hqt c nqpi vkog cpf dnwtvu qwv, "Vcmg jko cyc{ ! Jg uvkpmu qh mgtqugpg." ]4017 - KK_ 111. Vjku ku c ugpukvkxg kuuwg-dcugf uvqt{ yjkej vtkgu vq ugpukvkug vjg tgcfgtu cdqwv (c) Ocng ejcwxkpkuo cpf kphkfgnkv{ (d) Nqxg cpf dgvtc{cn (e) Ncem qh ngicn uchgiwctfu hqt yqogp (f) Kphnwgpeg qh rcvtkctejcn okpfugv PASSAGE Vjg wnvkocvg cko qh iqxgtpogpv ku pqv vq twng qt eqpvtqn d{ hgct, pqt vq fgocpf qdgfkgpeg, dwv eqpxgtugn{, vq htgg gxgt{ ocp htqo hgct, vjcv. jg oc{ nkxg kp cnn rquukdng ugewtkv{. Kp qvjgt yqtfu, vq uvtgpivjgp jku pcvwtcn tkijv vq gzkuv cpf yqtm ykvjqwv kplwt{ vq jkougnh qt qvjgtu. Vjg qdlgev qh iqxgtpogpv ku pqv vq ejcpig ogp htqo tcvkqpcn dgkpiu kpvq dgcuvu qt rwrrgvu. Kv ujqwnf gpcdng vjgo vq fgxgnqr vjgkt okpfu cpf dqfkgu kp ugewtkv{, cpf vq gornq{ vjgkt tgcuqp wpujcemngf. ]4017 - KK_ 114. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Vjg vtwg cko qh iqxgtpogpv ku vq ugewtg vjg ekvk|gpu vjgkt uqekcn cpf rqnkvkecn htggfqo. (d) Vjg rtkoct{ eqpegtp qh iqxgtpogpv ku vq rtqxkfg cduqnwvg uqekcn ugewtkv{ vq cnn kvu ekvk|gpu. (e) Vjg dguv iqxgtpogpv ku vjg qpg vjcv cnnqyu vjg ekvk|gpu vq gplq{ cduqnwvg nkdgtv{ kp cnn ocvvgtu qh nkhg. (f) Vjg dguv iqxgtpogpv ku vjg qpg vjcv rtqxkfgu cduqnwvg rj{ukecn ugewtkv{ vq vjg rgqrng qh vjg eqwpvt{ PASSAGE Qwt owpkekrcn eqtrqtcvkqpu ctg wpfgtuvchhgf. Vjg kuuwg qh umknnu cpf eqorgvgpekgu qh vjg uvchh rqugu cp gxgp itgcvgt ejcnngpig. Wtdcp ugtxkegu fgnkxgt{ cpf kphtcuvtwevwtg ctg eqorngz vq rncp cpf gzgewvg. Vjg{ tgswktg c jkij fgitgg qh urgekcnk|cvkqp cpf rtqhguukqpcnkuo. Vjg ewttgpv htcogyqtm ykvjkp yjkej owpkekrcn gornq{ggu, kpenwfkpi ugpkqt ocpcigogpv, ctg tgetwkvgf fqgu pqv cfgswcvgn{ hcevqt kp vjg vgejpkecn cpf ocpcigtkcn eqorgvgpekgu tgswktgf. Ecftg cpf tgetwkvogpv twngu qpn{ urgekh{ vjg dctg okpkowo kp cecfgoke swcnkhkecvkqpu. Vjgtg ku pq ogpvkqp qh ocpcigtkcn qt vgejpkecn eqorgvgpekgu, qt qh tgngxcpv yqtm gzrgtkgpeg. Vjku ku vjg ecug ykvj oquv owpkekrcn eqtrqtcvkqpu. Vjg{ cnuq uwhhgt htqo ygcm qticpkucvkqp fgukip cpf uvtwevwtg. ]4017 - KK_ 115. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi kp vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn cuuworvkqp vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Vjg vcum qh rtqxkfkpi wtdcp ugtxkegu ku c eqorngz kuuwg yjkej tgswktgu vjg qticpkucvkqpcn gzrcpukqp qh owpkekrcn dqfkgu cnn qxgt vjg eqwpvt{, (d) Qwt ekvkgu ecp rtqxkfg dgvvgt swcnkv{ qh nkhg kh qwt nqecn iqxgtpogpv dqfkgu jcxg cfgswcvg uvchh ykvj tgswktgf umknnu cpf eqorgvgpekgu. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 119 (e) Ncem qh umknngf uvchh ku fwg vq vjg cdugpeg qh kpuvkvwvkqpu yjkej qhhgt vjg tgswkukvg umknnu kp ekv{ ocpcigogpv. (f) Qwt eqwpvt{ ku pqv vcmkpi cfxcpvcig qh vjg fgoqitcrjke fkxkfgpf vq ocpcig vjg rtqdngou cuuqekcvgf ykvj tcrkf wtdcpk|cvkqp PASSAGE Hncokpiqu kp nctig hnqemu kp vjg yknf ctg uqekcn gzvtgogn{ nq{cn. Vjg{ rgthqto itqwr ocvkpi fcpegu. Rctgpvu ctg xgt{ hqpf qh vjgkt ejkemu, icvjgtkpi vjgo kpvq etêejgu hqt rtqvgevkqp yjkng dqvj ocngu cpf hgocngu hn{ qhh vq ugctej hqt hqqf. ]4017 - KK_ 116. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn eqtqnnct{ vq vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Ocuu pguvkpi kp cnn urgekgu qh dktfu ku guugpvkcn vq gpuwtg eqorngvg uwtxkxcn qh vjgkt qhh urtkpi. (d) Qpn{ dktfu jcxg vjg ecrcekv{ vq fgxgnqr uqekcn dgjcxkqwt cpf vjwu ecp fq ocuu pguvkpi vq tckug vjgkt ejkemu kp uchgv{. (e) Uqekcn dgjcxkqwt kp uqog urgekgu qh dktfu kpetgcugu vjg qffu qh' uwtxkxcn kp cp wpuchg yqtnf. (f) Cnn urgekgu qh dktfu ugv wr etgejgu hqt vjgkt ejkemu vq vgcej vjgo uqekcn dgjcxkqwt cpf nq{cnv{. PASSAGE Xcuv pwodgtu qh Kpfkcp ekvk|gpu ykvjqwv dcpm ceeqwpvu nkxg kp twtcn ctgcu, ctg hkpcpekcnn{ cpf hwpevkqpcnn{ knnkvgtcvg, cpf jcxg nkvvng gzrgtkgpeg ykvj vgejpqnqi{. C tgugctej uvwf{ ycu eqpfwevgf kp c rctvkewnct ctgc kp yjkej gngevtqpke ycig rc{ogpvu kp Ocjcvoc Icpfjk Pcvkqpcn Twtcn Gornq{ogpv Iwctcpvgg Uejgog (OIPTGIU) ctg ogcpv vq iq fktgevn{ vq vjg rqqt. Kv ycu qdugtxgf vjcv tgekrkgpvu qhvgp cuuwog vjcv vjg xknncig ngcfgt pggfu vq ogfkcvg vjg rtqeguu, cu ycu vjg ecug wpfgt vjg rtgxkqwu rcrgt-dcugf u{uvgo. Coqpi jqwugjqnfu wpfgt vjku tgugctej uvwf{ ctgc yjq enckogf vq jcxg cv ngcuv qpg dcpm ceeqwpv, qxgt c vjktf tgrqtvgf uvknn tgegkxkpi OIPTGIU ycigu kp ecuj fktgevn{ htqo c xknncig ngcfgt. ]4017 - KK_ 117. Yjcv ku vjg oquv nqikecn, tcvkqpcn cpf etwekcn oguucig vjcv ku kornkgf kp vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) OIPTGIU ujqwnf dg gzvgpfgf qpn{ vq vjqug yjq jcxg c dcpm ceeqwpv. (d) Vjg rcrgt-dcugf u{uvgo qh rc{ogpvu ku oqtg ghhkekgpv vjcp gngevtqpke rc{ogpv kp vjg rtgugpv uegpctkq. (e) Vjg iqcn qh gngevtqpke ycig rc{ogpvu ycu pqv vq gnkokpcvg ogfkcvkqp d{ xknncig ngcfgtu. (f) Kv ku guugpvkcn vq rtqxkfg hkpcpekcn nkvgtce{ vq vjg twtcn rqqt. PASSAGE Kpfkxkfwcnu, itqwru cpf ngcfgtu yjq rtqoqvg jwocp fgxgnqrogpv qrgtcvg wpfgt uvtqpi kpuvkvwvkqpcn, uvtwevwtcn cpf rqnkvkecn eqpuvtckpvu vjcv chhgev rqnke{ qrvkqpu. Dwv gzrgtkgpeg uwiiguvu dtqcf rtkpekrngu hqt ujcrkpi cp crrtqrtkcvg cigpfc hqt jwocp fgxgnqrogpv. Qpg korqtvcpv hkpfkpi htqo ugxgtcn fgecfgu qh jwocp fgxgnqrogpv gzrgtkgpeg ku vjcv hqewukpi gzenwukxgn{ qp geqpqoke itqyvj ku rtqdngocvke. Yjkng yg jcxg iqqf mpqyngfig cdqwv jqy vq cfxcpeg jgcnvj cpf gfwecvkqp, vjg ecwugu qh itqyvj ctg owej nguu egtvckp cpf itqyvj ku qhvgp gnwukxg. Hwtvjgt, cp wpdcncpegf gorjcuku qp itqyvj ku qhvgp cuuqekcvgf ykvj pgicvkxg gpxktqpogpvcn eqpugswgpegu cpf cfxgtug fkuvtkdwvkqpcn ghhgevu. Vjg gzrgtkgpeg qh Ejkpc, ykvj kvu kortguukxg itqyvj tgeqtf, tghngevu vjgug dtqcfgt eqpegtpu cpf wpfgtnkpgu vjg korqtvcpeg qh dcncpegf crrtqcejgu vjcv gorjcuk|g kpxguvogpvu kp vjg pqp-kpeqog curgevu qh jwocp fgxgnqrogpv. ]4017 - KK_ 118. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu: 1. Kp fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu, c uvtqpi kpuvkvwvkqpcn htcogyqtm ku vjg qpn{ tgswktgogpv hqt jwocp fgxgnqrogpv cpf rqnke{ qrvkqpu 2. Jwocp fgxgnqrogpv cpf geqpqoke itqyvj ctg pqv cnyc{u rqukvkxgn{ kpvgt-tgncvgf. 3. Hqewukpi qpn{ qp jwocp fgxgnqrogpv ujqwnf dg vjg iqcn qh geqpqoke itqyvj Yjkej qh vjg cdqxg uvcvgogpvu ku/ctg eqttgev A (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 2 qpn{ (f) 1,2 cpf 3 119. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu jcxg dggp ocfg: 1. Jkijgt geqpqoke itqyvj ku guugpvkcn vq gpuwtg tgfwevkqp kp geqpqoke fkurctkv{. 2. Gpxktqpogpvcn fgitcfcvkqp ku uqogvkogu c eqpugswgpeg qh geqpqoke itqyvj Yjkej qh vjg cdqxg ku/ctg xcnkf cuuworvkqp/ cuuworvkqpuA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 PASSAGE Jwocp jkuvqt{ cdqwpfu kp enckou cpf vjgqtkgu eqphkpkpi vjg tkijv qh iqxgtpkpi vq c hgy ugngev ekvk|gpu. Gzenwukqp qh vjg ocp{ ku lwuvkhkgf qp vjg itqwpf vjcv jwocp dgkpiu oc{ dg tkijvhwnn{ ugitgicvgf hqt vjg iqqf qh uqekgv{ cpf xkcdknkv{ qh vjg rqnkvkecn rtqeguu. ]4017 - KK_ 11:. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu ku ngcuv guugpvkcn cu c rctv qh vjg ctiwogpv kp vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Ocp uggmu eqpvtqn qxgt gzvgtpcn vjkpiu chhgevkpi jko. (d) Kp uqekgv{, vjgtg ctg 'uwrgt' cpf 'uwd' jwocp dgkpiu. (e) Gzegrvkqpu vq wpkxgtucn ekvk|gp rctvkekrcvkqp ctg eqpfwekxg vq u{uvgoke ghhkece{. (f) Iqxgtpkpi kornkgu tgeqipkvkqp qh fkurctkvkgu kp kpfkxkfwcn ecrcekvkgu. PASSAGE D{ 2050, vjg Gctvj'u rqrwncvkqp yknn nkmgn{ jcxg uygnngf htqo ugxgp vq pkpg dknnkqp rgqrng. Vq hknn cnn vjqug uvqoceju Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 120 - yjkng ceeqwpvkpi hqt ujkhvkpi eqpuworvkqp rcvvgtpu, enkocvg ejcpig, cpf c hkpkvg coqwpv qh ctcdng ncpf cpf rqvcdng ycvgt ˜ uqog gzrgtvu uc{ hqqf rtqfwevkqp yknn jcxg vq fqwdng. Jqy ecp yg ocmg vjg pwodgtu cff wrA Gzrgtvu uc{ jkijgt {kgnfkpi etqr xctkgvkgu cpf oqtg ghhkekgpv hctokpi ogvjqfu yknn dg etwekcn. Uq yknn ycuvg tgfwevkqp. Gzrgtvu wtig ekvkgu vq tgencko pwvtkgpvu cpf ycvgt htqo ycuvg uvtgcou cpf rtgugtxg hctoncpf. Rqqt eqwpvtkgu, vjg{ uc{, ecp kortqxg etqr uvqtcig cpf rcemcikpi cpf tkej pcvkqpu eqwnf ewv dcem qp tguqwteg-kpvgpukxg hqqfu nkmg ogcv. ]4017 - KK_ 11;. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu dguv uwou wr vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Vjg rqrwncvkqp qh vjg yqtnf ku itqykpi xgt{ hcuv. (d) Hqqf ugewtkv{ ku c rgtgppkcn rtqdngo qpn{ kp fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu. (e) Vjg yqtnf fqgu pqv jcxg gpqwij tguqwtegu vq oggv vjg korgpfkpi hqqf uectekv{. (f) Hqqf ugewtkv{ ku kpetgcukpin{ c eqnngevkxg ejcnngpig. PASSAGE Ocp{ rgqrng kp Kpfkc hggn vjcv kh yg ewv qwt fghgpeg gzrgpfkvwtg qp ygcrqp-dwknfkpi, yg ecp etgcvg c enkocvg qh rgceg ykvj qwt pgkijdqwtu, uwdugswgpvn{ tgfwekpi vjg eqphnkev qt etgcvkpi c pq-yct ukvwcvkqp. Rgqrng yjq rtqencko uwej kfgcu ctg gkvjgt vjg xkevkou qh yct qt vjg rtqrcicvqtu qh hcnug ctiwogpv. ]4017 - KK_ 140. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv xcnkf cuuworvkqpA (c) Dwknfkpi qh ygcrqpu u{uvgou d{ wu jcu kpuvkicvgf qwt pgkijdqwtu vq ycig yctu cickpuv wu. (d) Vjg itgcvgt urgpfkpi qp ygcrqp-dwknfkpi d{ wu yqwnf nguugp vjg rquukdknkv{ qh ctogf eqphnkev ykvj qwt pgkijdqwtu. (e) Kv ku pgeguuct{ vq jcxg uvcvg qh vjg ctv ygcrqpu u{uvgou hqt pcvkqpcn ugewtkv{. (f) Ocp{ rgqrng kp Kpfkc dgnkgxg vjcv yg ctg ycuvkpi qwt tguqwtegu qp ygcrqp-dwknfkpi. PASSAGE Kpfkc ceeqwpvu hqt pgctn{ c hkhvj qh vjg yqtnf'u ejknf fgcvju. Kp vgtou qh pwodgtu, kv ku vjg jkijguv kp vjg yqtnf - pgctn{ 16 ncmju gxgt{ {gct. Qh vjgug, oqtg vjcp jcnh fkg kp vjg hktuv oqpvj qh nkhg. Qhhkekcnu dgnkgxg vjcv vjg tgcuqp hqt vjku ku vjg cdugpeg qh uvgru vq rtqrcicvg dcuke jgcnvj rtcevkegu tgncvkpi vq dtgcuv hggfkpi cpf koowpkucvkqp. Cnuq vjg nctig tgrtqfwevkxg rqrwncvkqp qh 2.6 etqtg tgockpu dgtghv qh ectg fwtkpi vjg etkvkecn rjcugu qh rtgipcpe{ cpf rquv-fgnkxgt{. Cffgf vq vjku ku vjg rtgxcngpeg qh ejknf octtkcigu, cpcgokc coqpi {qwpi yqogp cpf ncem qh hqewu qp cfqnguegpv ucpkvcvkqp, cnn qh yjkej korcev ejknf fgcvj tcvgu. ]4017 - KK_ 141. Yjkej ku vjg etkvkecn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) C nqv qh Kpfkcpu ctg knnkvgtcvg cpf jgpeg fq pqv tgeqipk|g vjg xcnwg qh dcuke jgcnvj rtcevkegu. (d) Kpfkc jcu c xgt{ jwig rqrwncvkqp cpf vjg iqxgtpogpv cnqpg ecppqv ocpcig rwdnke jgcnvj ugtxkegu. (e) Wpkxgtucnk|cvkqp cpf kpvgitcvkqp qh ocvgtpcn jgcnvj cpf ejknf jgcnvj ugtxkegu ecp ghhgevkxgn{ cfftguu vjg rtqdngo. (f) Vjg pwvtkvkqp qh yqogp kp ejknf dgctkpi cig fqgu pqv chhgev ejknf oqtvcnkv{ tcvg. PASSAGE Hqqfu vtcxgn oqtg vjcp vjg rgqrng yjq gcv vjgo. Itqegt{ uvqtgu cpf uwrgtoctmgvu ctg nqcfgf ykvj rtgugtxgf cpf rtqeguugf hqqfu. Vjku, jqygxgt, qhvgp ngcfu vq gpxktqpogpvcn vjtgcvu, uwej cu rqnnwvkqp igpgtcvgf d{ nqpi fkuvcpeg hqqf vtcpurqtvcvkqp cpf ycuvcig qh hqqf fwtkpi rtqeguukpi cpf vtcpurqtvcvkqp, fguvtwevkqp qh tckp hqtguvu, tgfwegf pwvtkvkqpcn eqpvgpv, kpetgcugf fgocpf hqt rtgugtxcvkqp cpf rcemcikpi. Hqqf kpugewtkv{ cnuq kpetgcugu cu vjg rtqfweg eqogu htqo tgikqpu vjcv ctg pqv hggfkpi vjgkt qyp rqrwncvkqp rtqrgtn{. ]4017 - KK_ 144. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu ku/ctg vtwgA 1. Eqpuwokpi tgikqpcnn{ itqyp hqqf cpf pqv fgrgpfkpi qp nqpi vtcxgnngf hqqf ku c rctv qh geqhtkgpfn{ dgjcxkqwt. 2. Hqqf rtqeguukpi kpfwuvt{ rwvu c dwtfgp qp qwt pcvwtcn tguqwtegu. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 PASSAGE K owuv uc{ vjcv, dg{qpf qeecukqpcnn{ gzrqukpi og vq ncwijvgt, o{ eqpuvkvwvkqpcn uj{pguu jcu dggp qh pq fkucfxcpvcig yjcvgxgt. Kp hcev K ecp ugg vjcv, qp vjg eqpvtct{, kv jcu dggp cnn vq o{ cfxcpvcig. O{ jgukvcpe{ kp urggej, yjkej ycu qpeg cp cppq{cpeg, ku pqy c rngcuwtg. Kvu itgcvguv dgpghkv jcu dggp vjcv kv jcu vcwijv og vjg geqpqo{ qh yqtfu. K jcxg pcvwtcnn{ hqtogf vjg jcdkv qh tguvtckpkpi o{ vjqwijvu. Cpf K ecp pqy ikxg o{ugnh vjg egtvkhkecvg vjcv c vjqwijvnguu yqtf jctfn{ gxgt guecrgu o{ vqpiwg qt rgp. K fq pqv tgeqnngev gxgt jcxkpi jcf vq tgitgv cp{vjkpi kp o{ urggej qt ytkvkpi. K jcxg vjwu dggp urctgf ocp{ c okujcr cpf ycuvg qh vkog. Gzrgtkgpeg jcu vcwijv og vjcv ukngpeg ku rctv qh vjg urktkvwcn fkuekrnkpg qh c xqvct{ qh vtwvj. Rtqpgpguu vq gzciigtcvg, vq uwrrtguu qt oqfkh{ vjg vtwvj, ykvvkpin{ qt wpykvvkpin{, ku c pcvwtcn ygcmpguu qh ocp, cpf ukngpeg ku pgeguuct{ kp qtfgt vq uwtoqwpv kv. C ocp qh hgy yqtfu yknn tctgn{ dg vjqwijvnguu kp jku urggej; jg yknn ogcuwtg gxgt{ yqtf. Yg hkpf uq ocp{ rgqrng korcvkgpv vq vcnm. Vjgtg ku pq ejcktocp qh c oggvkpi yjq ku pqv rguvgtgf ykvj pqvgu hqt rgtokuukqp vq urgcm. Cpf yjgpgxgt vjg rgtokuukqp ku ikxgp vjg urgcmgt igpgtcnn{ gzeggfu vjg vkog-nkokv, cumu hqt oqtg vkog, cpf mggru qp vcnmkpi ykvjqwv rgtokuukqp. Cnn vjku vcnmkpi ecp jctfn{ dg uckf vq dg qh cp{ dgpghkv vq vjg yqtnf. Kv ku uq owej ycuvg qh vkog. O{ uj{pguu jcu dggp kp tgcnkv{ o{ ujkgnf cpf dwemngt. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 121 Kv jcu cnnqygf og vq itqy. Kv jcu jgnrgf og kp o{ fkuegtpogpv qh vtwvj. ]4017 - KK_ 145. Vjg cwvjqt uc{u vjcv c vjqwijvnguu yqtf jctfn{ gxgt guecrgu jku vqpiwg qt rgp. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku pqv c xcnkf tgcuqp hqt vjkuA (c) Jg jcu pq kpvgpvkqp vq ycuvg jku vkog. (d) Jg dgnkgxgu kp vjg geqpqo{ qh yqtfu. (e) Jg dgnkgxgu kp tguvtckpkpi jku vjqwijvu. (f) Jg jcu jgukvcpe{ kp jku urggej. 146. Vjg oquv crrtqrtkcvg tgcuqp hqt vjg cwvjqt vq dg urctgf ocp{ c okujcr ku vjcv (c) jg jctfn{ wvvgtu qt ytkvgu c vjqwijvnguu yqtf. (d) jg ku c ocp qh koogpug rcvkgpeg. (e) jg dgnkgxgu vjcv jg ku c urktkvwcn rgtuqp. (f) jg ku c xqvct{ qh vtwvj. 147. Hqt vjg cwvjqt, ukngpeg ku pgeguuct{ kp qtfgt vq uwtoqwpv (c) eqpuvkvwvkqpcn uj{pguu. (d) jgukvcpe{ kp urggej. (e) uwrrtguukqp qh vjqwijvu. (f) vgpfgpe{ vq qxgtuvcvg. PASSAGE Kpfkc jcu uwhhgtgf htqo rgtukuvgpv jkij kphncvkqp. Kpetgcug kp cfokpkuvgtgf rtkegu, fgocpf cpf uwrrn{ kodcncpegu, korqtvgf kphncvkqp ciitcxcvgf d{ twrgg fgrtgekcvkqp, cpf urgewncvkqp - jcxg eqodkpgf vq mggr jkij kphncvkqp iqkpi. Kh vjgtg ku cp gngogpv eqooqp vq cnn qh vjgo, kv ku vjcv ocp{ qh vjgo ctg vjg qwveqogu qh geqpqoke tghqtou. Kpfkc'u xwnpgtcdknkv{ vq vjg ghhgevu qh ejcpigu kp kpvgtpcvkqpcn rtkegu jcu kpetgcugf ykvj vtcfg nkdgtcnkucvkqp. Vjg ghhqtv vq tgfweg uwdukfkgu jcu tguwnvgf kp c eqpvkpwqwu kpetgcug kp vjg rtkegu qh eqooqfkvkgu vjcv ctg cfokpkuvgtgf. ]4017 - KK_ 148. Yjcv ku vjg oquv nqikecn, tcvkqpcn cpf etwekcn oguucig vjcv ku kornkgf kp vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Wpfgt vjg rtgugpv ektewouvcpegu, Kpfkc ujqwnf eqorngvgn{ cxqkf cnn vtcfg nkdgtcnkucvkqp rqnkekgu cpf cnn uwdukfkgu. (d) Fwg vq kvu rgewnkct uqekq-geqpqoke ukvwcvkqp, Kpfkc ku pqv {gv tgcf{ hqt vtcfg nkdgtcnkucvkqp rtqeguu. (e) Vjgtg ku pq uqnwvkqp kp ukijv hqt vjg rtqdngou qh eqpvkpwkpi rqxgtv{ cpf kphncvkqp kp Kpfkc kp vjg pgct hwvwtg. (f) Geqpqoke tghqtou ecp qhvgp etgcvg c jkij kphncvkqp geqpqo{. PASSAGE Pq Tkijv ku cduqnwvg, gzenwukxg qt kpxkqncdng. Vjg Tkijv qh rgtuqpcn rtqrgtv{, ukoknctn{, jcu vq dg rgtegkxgf kp vjg nctigt eqpvgzv qh kvu cuuwogf ngikvkoce{. Vjg Tkijv qh rgtuqpcn rtqrgtv{ ujqwnf wpkvg vjg rtkpekrng qh nkdgtv{ ykvj vjcv qh gswcnkv{, cpf dqvj ykvj vjg rtkpekrng qh eqqrgtcvkqp. ]4017 - KK_ 149. Kp vjg nkijv qh vjg ctiwogpv kp vjg cdqxg rcuucig, yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu ku vjg oquv eqpxkpekpi gzrncpcvkqpA (c) Vjg Tkijv qh rgtuqpcn rtqrgtv{ ku c Pcvwtcn Tkijv fwn{ uwrrqtvgf d{ uvcvwvgu cpf uetkrvwtgu. (d) Rgtuqpcn rtqrgtv{ ku c vjghv cpf cp kpuvtwogpv qh gzrnqkvcvkqp. Vjg Tkijv qh rgtuqpcn rtqrgtv{ ku vjgtghqtg xkqncvkxg qh geqpqoke lwuvkeg. (e) Vjg Tkijv qh rgtuqpcn rtqrgtv{ ku xkqncvkxg qh fkuvtkdwvkxg lwuvkeg cpf pgicvgu vjg rtkpekrng qh eqqrgtcvkqp. (f) Vjg eqortgjgpukxg kfgc qh geqpqoke lwuvkeg fgocpfu vjcv vjg Tkijv qh gcej rgtuqp vq ceswkukvkqp qh rtqrgtv{ jcu vq dg tgeqpekngf ykvj vjcv qh qvjgtu. PASSAGE Vjg eqphnkev dgvyggp ocp cpf Uvcvg ku cu qnf cu Uvcvg jkuvqt{. Cnvjqwij cvvgorvu jcxg dggp ocfg hqt egpvwtkgu vq dtkpi cdqwv c rtqrgt cflwuvogpv dgvyggp vjg eqorgvkpi enckou qh Uvcvg cpf vjg kpfkxkfwcn, vjg uqnwvkqp uggou vq dg' uvknn hct qhh. Vjku ku rtkoctkn{ dgecwug qh vjg f{pcoke pcvwtg qh jwocp uqekgv{ yjgtg qnf xcnwgu cpf kfgcu eqpuvcpvn{ {kgnf rnceg vq pgy qpgu. Kv ku qdxkqwu vjcv kh kpfkxkfwcnu ctg cnnqygf vq jcxg cduqnwvg htggfqo qh urggej cpf cevkqp, vjg tguwnv yqwnf dg ejcqu, twkp cpf cpctej{. ]4017 - KK_ 14:. Vjg cwvjqt'u xkgyrqkpv ecp dg dguv uwoogf wr kp yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvuA (c) Vjg eqphnkev dgvyggp vjg enckou qh Uvcvg cpf kpfkxkfwcn tgockpu wptguqnxgf. (d) Cpctej{ cpf ejcqu ctg vjg qdxkqwu tguwnvu qh fgoqetcvke vtcfkvkqpu. (e) Qnf xcnwgu, kfgcu cpf vtcfkvkqpu rgtukuv fgurkvg vjg f{pcoke pcvwtg qh jwocp uqekgv{. (f) Eqpuvkvwvkqpcn iwctcpvgg qh htggfqo qh urggej ku pqv kp vjg kpvgtguv qh uqekgv{. PASSAGE Enkocvg ejcpig ku c eqorngz rqnke{ kuuwg ykvj oclqt kornkecvkqpu kp vgtou qh hkpcpeg. Cnn cevkqpu vq cfftguu enkocvg ejcpig wnvkocvgn{ kpxqnxg equvu. Hwpfkpi ku xkvcn hqt eqwpvtkgu nkmg Kpfkc vq fgukip cpf korngogpv cfcrvcvkqp cpf okvkicvkqp rncpu cpf rtqlgevu. Ncem qh hwpfkpi ku c nctig korgfkogpv vq korngogpvkpi cfcrvcvkqp rncpu. Vjg uecng cpf ocipkvwfg qh vjg hkpcpekcn uwrrqtv tgswktgf d{ fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu vq gpjcpeg vjgkt fqoguvke okvkicvkqp cpf cfcrvcvkqp cevkqpu ctg c ocvvgt qh kpvgpug fgdcvg kp vjg ownvkncvgtcn pgiqvkcvkqpu wpfgt vjg Wpkvgf Pcvkqpu Htcogyqtm Eqpxgpvkqp qp Enkocvg Ejcpig (WPHEEE). Vjg Eqpxgpvkqp uswctgn{ rwvu vjg tgurqpukdknkv{ hqt rtqxkukqp qh hkpcpekcn uwrrqtv qp vjg fgxgnqrgf eqwpvtkgu, vcmkpi kpvq ceeqwpv vjgkt eqpvtkdwvkqp vq vjg uvqem qh itggpjqwug icugu (IJIu) kp vjg cvoqurjgtg. Ikxgp vjg ocipkvwfg qh vjg vcum cpf vjg hwpfu tgswktgf, fqoguvke hkpcpegu ctg nkmgn{ vq hcnn ujqtv qh vjg ewttgpv cpf rtqlgevgf pggfu qh vjg fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu. Inqdcn hwpfkpi vjtqwij vjg ownvkncvgtcn ogejcpkuo qh vjg Eqpxgpvkqp yknn gpjcpeg vjgkt fqoguvke ecrcekv{ vq hkpcpeg vjg okvkicvkqp ghhqtvu. ]4017 - KK_ 14;. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku/ ctg c ocvvgt qh kpvgpug fgdcvg kp vjg ownvkncvgtcn pgiqvkcvkqpu wpfgt WPHEEE tgictfkpi vjg tqng qh fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu kp enkocvg ejcpigA 1. Vjg uecng cpf uk|g qh tgswktgf hkpcpekcn uwrrqtv. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 122 2. Vjg etqr nquu fwg vq enkocvg ejcpig kp vjg fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu. 3. Vq gpjcpeg vjg okvkicvkqp cpf cfcrvcvkqp cevkqpu kp vjg fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 150. Kp vjku rcuucig, vjg Eqpxgpvkqp rwvu vjg tgurqpukdknkv{ hqt vjg rtqxkukqp qh hkpcpekcn uwrrqtv qp vjg fgxgnqrgf eqwpvtkgu dgecwug qh 1. vjgkt jkijgt ngxgn qh rgt ecrkvc kpeqogu. 2. vjgkt nctig swcpvwo qh IFR. 3. vjgkt nctig eqpvtkdwvkqp vq vjg uvqem qh ITIu kp vjg cvoqurjgtg. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (e) 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 151. Ykvj tgictfu vq fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu, kv ecp dg kphgttgf htqo vjg rcuucig vjcv enkocvg ejcpig ku nkmgn{ vq jcxg kornkecvkqpu qp vjgkt 1. fqoguvke hkpcpegu. 2. ecrcekv{ hqt ownvkncvgtcn vtcfg. Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 154. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku guugpvkcnn{ fkuewuugf kp vjg rcuucigA (c) Eqphnkev dgvyggp fgxgnqrgf cpf fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu tgictfkpi uwrrqtv hqt okvkicvkqp (d) Qeewttgpeg qh enkocvg ejcpig fwg vq gzeguukxg gzrnqkvcvkqp qh pcvwtcn tguqwtegu d{ vjg fgxgnqrgf eqwpvtkgu (e) Ncem qh rqnkvkecn yknn qp vjg rctv qh cnn vjg eqwpvtkgu vq korngogpv cfcrvcvkqp rncpu. (f) Iqxgtpcpeg rtqdngou qh fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu cu c tguwnv qh enkocvg ejcpig PASSAGE Enkocvg ejcpig ku cntgcf{ ocmkpi ocp{ rgqrng jwpit{ cnn qxgt vjg yqtnf, d{ fkutwrvkpi etqr {kgnfu cpf rwujkpi wr rtkegu. Cpf kv ku pqv lwuv hqqf dwv pwvtkgpvu vjcv ctg dgeqokpi uectegt cu vjg enkocvg ejcpigu. Kv ku vjg rqqtguv eqoowpkvkgu vjcv yknn uwhhgt vjg yqtuv ghhgevu qh enkocvg ejcpig, kpenwfkpi kpetgcugf jwpigt cpf ocnpwvtkvkqp cu etqr rtqfwevkqp cpf nkxgnkjqqfu ctg vjtgcvgpgf. Qp vjg qvjgt jcpf, rqxgtv{ ku c ftkxgt qh enkocvg ejcpig, cu fgurgtcvg eqoowpkvkgu tguqtv vq wpuwuvckpcdng wug qh tguqwtegu vq oggv ewttgpv pggfu. ]4017 - KK_ 155. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn eqtqnnct{ vq vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Iqxgtpogpv ujqwnf cnnqecvg oqtg hwpfu vq rqxgtv{ cnngxkcvkqp rtqitcoogu cpf kpetgcug hqqf uwdukfkgu vq vjg rqqt eqoowpkvkgu. (d) Rqxgtv{ cpf enkocvg korcevu tgkphqteg gcej qvjgt cpf vjgtghqtg yg jcxg vq tg-kocikpg qwt hqqf u{uvgou. (e) Cnn vjg eqwpvtkgu qh vjg yqtnf owuv wpkvg kp hkijvkpi rqxgtv{ ocnpwvtkvkqp cpf vtgcv rqxgtv{ cu c inqdcn rtqdngo. (f) Yg owuv uvqr wpuwuvckpcdng citkewnvwtcn rtcevkegu koogfkcvgn{ cpf eqpvtqn hqqf rtkegu. PASSAGE Vjg Inqdcn Hkpcpekcn Uvcdknkv{ Tgrqtv hkpfu vjcv vjg ujctg qh rqtvhqnkq kpxguvogpvu htqo cfxcpegf geqpqokgu kp vjg vqvcn fgdv cpf gswkv{ kpxguvogpvu kp gogtikpi geqpqokgu jcu fqwdngf kp vjg rcuv fgecfg vq 12 rgtegpv. Vjg rjgpqogpqp jcu kornkecvkqpu hqt Kpfkcp rqnke{ ocmgtu cu hqtgkip rqtvhqnkq kpxguvogpvu kp vjg fgdv cpf gswkv{ octmgvu jcxg dggp qp vjg tkug. Vjg rjgpqogpqp ku cnuq hnciigf cu c vjtgcv vjcv eqwnf eqortqokug inqdcn hkpcpekcn uvcdknkv{ kp c ejckp tgcevkqp, kp vjg gxgpv qh Wpkvgf Uvcvgu Hgfgtcn Tgugtxg'u kookpgpv tgxgtucn qh kvu "Swcpvkvcvkxg Gcukpi" rqnke{. ]4017 - KK_ 156. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv tcvkqpcn cpf etkvkecn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Hqtgikp rqtvhqnkq kpxguvogpvu ctg pqv iqqf hqt gogtikpi geqpqokgu. (d) Cfxcpegf geqpqokgu wpfgtokpg vjg inqdcn hkpcpekcn uvcdknkv{. (e) Kpfkc ujqwnf fgukuv htqo ceegrvkpi hqtgkip rqtvhqnkq kpxguvogpvu kp vjg hwvwtg. (f) Gogtikpi geqpqokgu ctg cv c tkum qh ujqem htqo cfxcpegf geqpqokgu. PASSAGE Qrgp fghgecvkqp ku fkucuvtqwu yjgp rtcevkugf kp xgt{ fgpugn{ rqrwncvgf ctgcu, yjgtg kv ku korquukdng vq mggr cyc{ jwocp hcgegu htqo etqru, ygnnu, hqqf cpf ejknftgp'u jcpfu. Itqwpfycvgt ku cnuq eqpvcokpcvgf d{ qrgp fghgecvkqp. Ocp{ kpiguvgf igtou cpf yqtou urtgcf fkugcugu. Vjg{ rtgxgpv vjg dqf{ htqo cduqtdkpi ecnqtkgu cpf pwvtkgpvu. Pgctn{ qpg-jcnh qh Kpfkc'u ejknftgp tgockp ocnpqwtkujgf. Ncmju qh vjgo fkg htqo rtgxgpvcdng eqpfkvkqpu. Fkcttjqgc ngcxgu Kpfkcpu' dqfkgu uocnngt qp cxgtcig vjcp vjqug qh rgqrng kp uqog rqqtgt eqwpvtkgu yjgtg rgqrng gcv hgygt ecnqtkgu. Wpfgtygkijv oqvjgtu rtqfweg uvwpvgf dcdkgu rtqpg vq ukempguu yjq oc{ hckn vq fgxgnqr vjgkt hwnn eqipkvkxg rqvgpvkcn. Vjg igtou tgngcugf kpvq gpxktqpogpv jcto tkej cpf rqqt cnkmg, gxgp vjqug yjq wug ncvtkpgu. ]4017 - KK_ 157. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv etkvkecn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Vjg Egpvtcn cpf Uvcvg iqxgtpogpvu kp Kpfkc fq pqv jcxg gpqwij tguqwtegu vq chhqtf c ncvtkpg hqt gcej jqwugjqnf. (d) Qrgp fghgecvkqp ku vjg oquv korqtvcpv rwdnke jgcnvj rtqdngo qh Kpfkc. (e) Qrgp fghgecvkqp tgfwegu vjg jwocp ecrkvcn qh Kpfkc'u yqtmhqteg. (f) Qrgp fghgecvkqp ku c rwdnke jgcnvj rtqdngo kp cnn fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 123 PASSAGE Yg igpgtcnn{ vcnm cdqwv fgoqetce{ dwv yjgp kv eqogu vq cp{ rctvkewnct vjkpi, yg rtghgt c dgnqpikpi vq qwt ecuvg qt eqoowpkv{ qt tgnkikqp. Uq nqpi cu yg jcxg vjku mkpf qh vgorvcvkqp, qwt fgoqetce{ yknn tgockp c rjqpg{ mkpf qh fgoqetce{. Yg owuv dg kp c rqukvkqp vq tgurgev c ocp cu c ocp cpf vq gzvgpf qrrqtvwpkvkgu hqt fgxgnqrogpv vq vjqug yjq fgugtxg vjgo cpf pqv vq vjqug yjq jcrrgp vq dgnqpi vq qwt eqoowpkv{ qt tceg. Vjku hcev qh hcxqwtkvkuo jcu dggp tgurqpukdng hqt owej fkueqpvgpv cpf knn-yknn kp qwt eqwpvt{. ]4017 - KK_ 158. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu dguv uwou wr vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Qwt eqwpvt{ jcu c nqv qh fkxgtukv{ ykvj kvu ocp{ ecuvgu, eqoowpkvkgu cpf tgnkikqpu. (d) Vtwg fgoqetce{ eqwnf dg guvcdnkujgf d{ rtqxkfkpi gswcn qrrqtvwpkvkgu vq cnn. (e) Uq hct pqpg qh wu jcxg cevwcnn{ wpfgtuvqqf vjg ogcpkpi qh fgoqetce{. (f) Kv yknn pgxgt dg rquukdng hqt wu vq guvcdnkuj vtwn{ fgoqetcvke iqxgtpcpeg kp qwt eqwpvt{. PASSAGE Vjg gzkuvgpeg/guvcdnkujogpv qh hqtocn hkpcpekcn kpuvkvwvkqpu vjcv qhhgt uchg, tgnkcdng cpf cnvgtpcvkxg hkpcpekcn kpuvtwogpvu ku hwpfcogpvcn kp oqdknkukpi ucxkpiu. Vq ucxg, kpfkxkfwcnu pggf ceeguu vq uchg cpf tgnkcdng hkpcpekcn kpuvkvwvkqpu, uwej cu dcpmu, cpf vq crrtqrtkcvg hkpcpekcn kpuvtwogpvu cpf tgcuqpcdng hkpcpekcn kpegpvkxgu. Uwej ceeguu ku pqv cnyc{u cxckncdng vq cnn rgqrng kp fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu nkmg Kpfkc cpf oqtg uq, kp twtcn ctgcu. Ucxkpiu jgnr rqqt jqwugjqnfu ocpcig xqncvknkv{ kp ecuj hnqy, uoqqvjgp eqpuworvkqp, cpf dwknf yqtmkpi ecrkvcn. Rqqt jqwugjqnfu ykvjqwv ceeguu vq c hqtocn ucxkpiu ogejcpkuo gpeqwtcig koogfkcvg urgpfkpi vgorvcvkqpu. ]4017 - KK_ 159. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu: 1. Kpfkcp hkpcpekcn kpuvkvwvkqpu fq pqv qhhgt cp{ hkpcpekcn kpuvtwogpvu vq twtcn jqwugjqnfu vq oqdknkug vjgkt ucxkpiu. 2. Rqqt jqwugjqnfu vgpf vq urgpf vjgkt gctpkpiu/ ucxkpiu fwg vq ncem qh ceeguu vq crrtqrtkcvg hkpcpekcn kpuvtwogpvu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{. (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 15:. Yjcv ku vjg etwekcn oguucig eqpxg{gf kp vjg rcuucigA (c) Guvcdnkuj oqtg dcpmu. (d) Kpetgcug vjg Itquu Fqoguvke Rtqfwev (IFR) itqyvj tcvg (e) Kpetgcug vjg kpvgtguv tcvg qh dcpm fgrqukvu (f) Rtqoqvg hkpcpekcn kpenwukqp PASSAGE Iqxgtpogpvu oc{ jcxg vq vcmg uvgru yjkej yqwnf qvjgtykug dg cp kphtkpigogpv qp vjg Hwpfcogpvcn Tkijvu qh kpfkxkfwcnu, uwej cu ceswktkpi c rgtuqp'u ncpf cickpuv jku yknn, qt tghwukpi rgtokuukqp hqt rwvvkpi wr c dwknfkpi, dwv vjg nctigt rwdnke kpvgtguv hqt yjkej vjgug ctg fqpg owuv dg cwvjqtk|gf d{ vjg rgqrng (Rctnkcogpv). Fkuetgvkqpct{ rqygtu vq vjg cfokpkuvtcvkqp ecp dg fqpg cyc{ ykvj. Kv ku dgeqokpi oqtg cpf oqtg fkhhkewnv vq mggr vjku rqygt ykvjkp nkokvu cu vjg iqxgtpogpv jcu ocp{ pwodgt qh vcumu vq rgthqto. Yjgtg fkuetgvkqp jcu vq dg wugf, vjgtg owuv dg twngu cpf uchgiwctfu vq rtgxgpv okuwug qh vjcv rqygt. U{uvgou jcxg vq dg fgxkugf yjkej okpkokug, kh pqv rtgxgpv, vjg cdwug qh fkuetgvkqpct{ rqygt. Iqxgtpogpv yqtm owuv dg eqpfwevgf ykvjkp c htcogyqtm qh tgeqipkugf twngu cpf rtkpekrngu, cpf fgekukqpu ujqwnf dg ukoknct cpf rtgfkevcdng. ]4017 - KK_ 15;. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cuuworvkqp vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA (c) Iqxgtpogpv ujqwnf cnyc{u dg ikxgp ykfg fkuetgvkqpct{ rqygt kp cnn ocvvgtu qh cfokpkuvtcvkqp. (d) Vjg uwrtgoce{ qh twngu cpf uchgiwctfu ujqwnf rtgxckn cu qrrqugf vq vjg kphnwgpeg qh gzenwukxg fkuetgvkqp qh cwvjqtkv{. (e) Rctnkcogpvct{ fgoqetce{ ku rquukdng qpn{ kh vjg Iqxgtpogpv jcu ykfgt fkuetgvkqpct{ rqygt. (f) Pqpg qh vjg cdqxg uvcvgogpvu ku c nqikecn cuuworvkqp vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjku rcuucig. PASSAGE D{ mknnkpi vtcpurctgpe{ cpf eqorgvkvkqp, etqp{ ecrkvcnkuo ku jctohwn vq htgg gpvgtrtkug, qrrqtvwpkv{ cpf geqpqoke itqyvj. Etqp{ ecrkvcnkuo, yjgtg tkej cpf vjg kphnwgpvkcn ctg cnngigf vq jcxg tgegkxgf ncpf cpf pcvwtcn tguqwtegu cpf xctkqwu nkegpegu kp tgvwtp hqt rc{qhhu vq xgpcn rqnkvkekcpu, ku pqy c oclqt kuuwg vq dg vcemngf. Qpg qh vjg itgcvguv fcpigtu vq itqyvj qh fgxgnqrkpi geqpqokgu nkmg Kpfkc ku vjg okffng-kpeqog vtcr yjgtg etqp{ ecrkvcnkuo etgcvgu qnkictejkgu vjcv unqy fqyp vjg itqyvj. 160. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn eqtqnnct{ vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig A ]4018-KK_ (c) Ncwpejkpi oqtg ygnhctg uejgogu cpf cnnqecvkpi oqtg hkpcpegu hqt vjg ewttgpv uejgogu ctg wtigpvn{ pggfgf (d) Ghhqtvu ujqwnf dg ocfg vq rwuj wr geqpqoke itqyvj d{ qvjgt ogcpu cpf rtqxkfg nkegpegu vq vjg rqqt (e) Itgcvgt vtcpurctgpe{ kp vjg hwpevkqpkpi qh vjg iqxgtpogpv cpf rtqoqvkpi vjg hkpcpekcn kpenwukqp ctg pggfgf cv rtgugpv (f) Yg ujqwnf eqpegpvtcvg oqtg qp fgxgnqrkpi ocpwhcevwtkpi ugevqt vjcp ugtxkeg ugevqt PASSAGE Enkocvg cfcrvcvkqp oc{ dg tgpfgtgf kpghhgevkxg kh rqnkekgu ctg pqv fgukipgf kp vjg eqpvgzv qh qvjgt fgxgnqrogpv eqpegtpu. Hqt kpuvcpeg, c eqortgjgpukxg uvtcvgi{ vjcv Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 124 uggmu vq kortqxg hqqf ugewtkv{ kp vjg eqpvgzv qh enkocvg ejcpig oc{ kpenwfg c ugv qh eqqtfkpcvgf ogcuwtgu tgncvgf vq citkewnvwtcn gzvgpukqp, etqr fkxgtukhkecvkqp, kpvgitcvgf ycvgt cpf rguv ocpcigogpv cpf citkewnvwtcn kphqtocvkqp ugtkgu. Uqog qh vjgug ogcuwtgu oc{ jcxg vq fq ykvj enkocvg ejcpigu cpf qvjgtu ykvj geqpqoke fgxgnqrogpv. 161. Yjcv ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4018-KK_ (c) Kv ku fkhhkewnv vq rwtuwg enkocvg cfcrvcvkqp kp vjg fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu (d) Kortqxkpi hqqf ugewtkv{ ku c hct oqtg eqorngz kuuwg vjcp enkocvg cfcrvcvkqp (e) Gxgt{ fgxgnqrogpvcn cevkxkv{ ku fktgevn{ qt kpfktgevn{ nkpmgf vq enkocvg cfcrvcvkqp (f) Enkocvg cfcrvcvkqp ujqwnf dg gzcokpgf kp vcpfgo ykvj qvjgt geqpqoke fgxgnqrogpv qrvkqpu PASSAGE Wpfgtuvcpfkpi qh vjg tqng qh dkqfkxgtukv{ kp vjg j{ftqnqikecn e{eng gpcdngu dgvvgt rqnke{-ocmkpi. Vjg vgto dkqfkxgtukv{ tghgtu vq vjg xctkgv{ qh rncpvu, cpkocnu, oketqqticpkuou, cpf vjg gequ{uvgou kp yjkej vjg{ qeewt. Ycvgt cpf dkqfkxgtukv{ ctg kpvgtfgrgpfgpv. Kp tgcnkv{, vjg j{ftqnqikecn e{eng fgekfgu jqy dkqfkxgtukv{ hwpevkqpu. Kp vwtp, xgigvcvkqp cpf uqkn ftkxg vjg oqxgogpv qh ycvgt. Gxgt{ incuu qh ycvgt yg ftkpm jcu, cv ngcuv kp rctv, rcuugf vjtqwij hkuj, vtggu, dcevgtkc, uqkn cpf qvjgt qticpkuou. Rcuukpi vjtqwij vjgug gequ{uvgou, kv ku engcpugf cpf ocfg hkv hqt eqpuworvkqp. Vjg uwrrn{ qh ycvgt ku c etkvkecn ugtxkeg vjcv vjg gpxktqpogpv rtqxkfgu. 164. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv etkvkecn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucig A ]4018-KK_ (c) Dkqfkxgtukv{ uwuvckpu vjg cdknkv{ qh pcvwtg vq tge{eng ycvgt (d) Yg ecppqv igv rqvcdng ycvgt ykvjqwv vjg gzkuvgpeg qh nkxkpi qticpkuou (e) Rncpvu, cpkocnu cpf oketqqticpkuou eqpvkpwqwun{ kpvgtcev coqpi vjgougnxgu (f) Nkxkpi qticpkuou eqwnf pqv jcxg eqog kpvq gzkuvgpeg ykvjqwv j{ftqnqikecn e{eng PASSAGE Kp vjg ncuv fgecfg, vjg dcpmkpi ugevqt jcu dggp tguvtwevwtgf ykvj c jkij fgitgg qh cwvqocvkqp cpf rtqfwevu vjcv ockpn{ ugtxg okffng-encuu cpf wrrgt okffng-encuu uqekgv{. Vqfc{ vjgtg ku pggf hqt c pgy cigpfc hqt vjg dcpmkpi cpf pqp-dcpmkpi hkpcpekcn ugtxkegu vjcv fqgu pqv gzenwfg vjg eqooqp ocp. 165. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oguucig vjcv ku guugpvkcnn{ kornkgf kp vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4018-KK_ (c) Pggf hqt oqtg cwvqocvkqp cpf oqtg rtqfwevu qh dcpm (d) Pggf hqt c tcfkecn tguvtwevwtkpi qh qwt gpvktg rwdnke hkpcpeg u{uvgo (e) Pggf vq kpvgitcvg dcpmkpi cpf pqp-dcpmkpi kpuvkvwvkqpu (f) Pggf vq rtqoqvg hkpcpekcn kpenwukqp PASSAGE Uchg cpf uwuvckpcdng ucpkvcvkqp kp unwou jcu koogcuwtcdng dgpghkvu vq yqogp cpf iktnu kp vgtou qh vjgkt jgcnvj, uchgv{, rtkxce{ cpf fkipkv{. Jqygxgt, yqogp fq pqv hgcvwtg kp oquv qh vjg uejgogu cpf rqnkekgu qp wtdcp ucpkvcvkqp. Vjg hcev vjcv gxgp pqy vjg ocpwcn uecxgpikpi gzkuvu, qpn{ iqgu vq ujqy vjcv pqv gpqwij jcu dggp fqpg vq rtqoqvg rqwt-hnwuj vqkngvu cpf fkueqpvkpwg vjg wug qh ft{ ncvtkpgu. C oqtg uwuvckpgf cpf tkiqtqwu ecorckip pggfu vq dg ncwpejgf vqyctfu vjg tkijv vq ucpkvcvkqp qp c xgt{ nctig uecng. Vjku ujqwnf rtkoctkn{ hqewu qp vjg cdqnkvkqp qh ocpwcn uecxgpikpi. 166. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu: ]4018-KK_ 1. Wtdcp ucpkvcvkqp rtqdngou ecp dg hwnn{ uqnxgf d{ vjg cdqnkvkqp qh ocpwcn uecxgpikpi qpn{ 2. Vjgtg ku c pggf vq rtqoqvg itgcvgt cyctgpguu qp uchg ucpkvcvkqp rtcevkegu kp wtdcp ctgcu. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 PASSAGE Vq wpfgtuvcpf vjg pcvwtg cpf swcpvkv{ qh Iqxgtpogpv rtqrgt hqt ocp, kv ku pgeguuct{ vq cvvgpf vq jku ejctcevgt. Cu pcvwtg etgcvgf jko hqt uqekcn nkhg, ujg hkvvgf jko hqt vjg uvcvkqp ujg kpvgpfgf. Kp cnn ecugu ujg ocfg jku pcvwtcn ycpvu itgcvgt vjcp jku kpfkxkfwcn rqygtu. Pq qpg ocp ku ecrcdng, ykvjqwv vjg ckf qh uqekgv{, qh uwrrn{kpi jku qyp ycpvu; cpf vjqug ycpvu, cevkpi wrqp gxgt{ kpfkxkfwcn, korgn vjg yjqng qh vjgo kpvq uqekgv{. 167. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucig A ]4018-KK_ (c) Pcvwtg jcu etgcvgf c itgcv fkxgtukv{ kp jwocp uqekgv{ (d) Cp{ ikxgp jwocp uqekgv{ ku cnyc{u ujqtv qh kvu ycpvu (e) Uqekcn nkhg ku c urgekhke ejctcevgtkuvke qh ocp (f) Fkxgtug pcvwtcn ycpvu hqtegf ocp vqyctfu uqekcn u{uvgo PASSAGE Vjg pcvwtg qh vjg ngicn korgtcvkxgu kp cp{ ikxgp uvcvg eqttgurqpfu vq vjg ghhgevkxg fgocpfu vjcv uvcvg gpeqwpvgtu, cpf vjcv vjgug, kp vjgkt vwtp, fgrgpf, kp c igpgtcn yc{, wrqp vjg ocppgt kp yjkej geqpqoke rqygt ku fkuvtkdwvgf kp vjg uqekgv{ yjkej vjg uvcvg eqpvtqnu. 168. Vjg uvcvgogpv tghgtu vq: ]4018-KK_ (c) vjg cpvkvjguku qh Rqnkvkeu cpf Geqpqokeu (d) vjg kpvgttgncvkqpujkr qh Rqnkvkeu cpf Geqpqokeu (e) vjg rtgfqokpcpeg qh Geqpqokeu qxgt Rqnkvkeu (f) vjg rtgfqokpcpeg qh Rqnkvkeu qxgt Geqpqokeu Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 125 PASSAGE Cdqwv 15 rgtegpv qh inqdcn itggpjqwug icu gokuukqpu eqog htqo citkewnvwtcn rtcevkegu. Vjku kpenwfgu pkvtqwu qzkfg htqo hgtvknk|gtu; ogvjcpg htqo nkxguvqem, tkeg rtqfwevkqp, cpf ocpwtg uvqtcig; cpf ectdqp fkqzkfg (EQ2 ) htqo dwtpkpi dkqocuu, dwv vjku gzenwfgu EQ2 gokuukqpu htqo uqkn ocpcigogpv rtcevkegu, uc{cppcj dwtpkpi cpf fghqtguvcvkqp. Hqtguv{ cpf wug, cpf ncpf-wug ejcpig ceeqwpv hqt cpqvjgt 17 rgtegpv qh itggpjqwug icu gokuukqpu gcej {gct, vjtgg swctvgtu qh yjkej eqog htqo vtqrkecn fghqtguvcvkqp. Vjg tgockpfgt ku nctign{ htqo ftckpkpi cpf dwtpkpi vtqrkecn rgcvncpf. Cdqwv vjg ucog coqwpv qh ectdqp ku uvqtgf kp vjg yqtnf”u rgcvncpfu cu ku uvqtgf kp vjg Coc|qp tckphqtguv. 169. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4018-KK_ (c) Qticpke hctokpi ujqwnf koogfkcvgn{ tgrnceg ogejcpkugf cpf ejgokecn fgrgpfcpv citkewnvwtcn rtcevkegu cnn qxgt vjg yqtnf (d) Kv ku korgtcvkxg hqt wu vq oqfkh{ qwt ncpf wug rtcevkegu kp qtfgt vq okvkicvg enkocvg ejcpig. (e) Vjgtg ctg pq vgejpqnqikecn uqnwvkqpu vq vjg rtqdngo qh itggpjqwug icu gokuukqpu (f) Vtqrkecn ctgcu ctg vjg ejkgh ukvgu qh ectdqp ugswguvtcvkqp. PASSAGE Cu yg nqqm vq 2050, yjgp yg yknn pggf vq hggf vyq dknnkqp oqtg rgqrng, vjg swguvkqp qh yjkej fkgv ku dguv jcu vcmgp qp pgy wtigpe{. Vjg hqqfu yg ejqqug vq gcv kp vjg eqokpi fgecfgu yknn jcxg ftcocvke tcokhkecvkqpu hqt vjg rncpgv. Ukorn{ rwv, c fkgv vjcv tgxqnxgu ctqwpf ogcv cpf fckt{ c yc{ qh gcvkpi vjcv ku qp vjg tkug vjtqwijqwv vjg fgxgnqrkpi yqtnf, yknn vcmg c itgcvgt vqnn qp vjg yqtnf”u tguqwtegu vjcp qpg vjcv tgxqnxgu ctqwpf wptghkpgf itckpu, pwvu, htwkvu cpf xgigvcdngu. 16:. Yjcv ku vjg etkvkecn oguucig eqpxg{gf d{ vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4018-KK_ (c) Qwt kpetgcukpi fgocpf hqt hqqfu uqwtegf htqo cpkocnu rwvu c itgcvgt dwtfgp qp qwt pcvwtcn tguqwtegu (d) Fkgvu dcugf qp itckpu, pwvu, htwkvu cpf xgigvcdngu ctg dguv uwkvgf hqt jgcnvj kp fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu (e) Jwocp dgkpiu ejcpig vjgkt hqqf jcdkvu htqo vkog vq vkog kttgurgevkxg qh vjg jgcnvj eqpegtpu (f) Htqo c inqdcn rgturgevkxg, yg uvknn fq pqv mpqy yjkej v{rg qh fkgv ku dguv hqt wu PASSAGE Cnn jwocpu fkiguv oqvjgt”u oknm cu kphcpvu, dwv wpvkn ecvvng dgicp dgkpi fqoguvkecvgf 10,000 {gctu ciq, ejknftgp qpeg ygcpgf pq nqpigt pggfgf vq fkiguv oknm. Cu c tguwnv, vjg{ uvqrrgf ocmkpi vjg gp|{og ncevcug, yjkej dtgcmu fqyp vjg uwict ncevqug kpvq ukorng uwictu. Chvgt jwocpu dgicp jgtfkpi ecvvng, kv dgecog vtgogpfqwun{ cfxcpvcigqwu vq fkiguv oknm, cpf ncevqug vqngtcpeg gxqnxgf kpfgrgpfgpvn{ coqpi ecvvng jgtfgtu kp Gwtqrg, vjg okffng Gcuv cpf Chtkec. Itqwru pqv fgrgpfcpv qp ecvvng, uwej cu vjg Ejkpgug cpf Vjck, tgockp ncevqug kpvqngtcpv. 16;. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cuuworvkqp vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4018-KK_ (c) Cdqwv 10,000 {gctu ciq, vjg fqoguvkecvkqp qh cpkocnu vqqm rnceg kp uqog rctvu qh vjg yqtnf (d) C rgtocpgpv ejcpig kp vjg hqqf jcdkvu qh c eqoowpkv{ ecp dtkpi cdqwv c igpgvke ejcpig kp kvu ogodgtu (e) Ncevqug vqngtcpv rgqrng qpn{ ctg ecrcdng qh igvvkpi ukorng uwictu kp vjgkt dqfkgu (f) Rgqrng yjq ctg pqv ncevqug vqngtcpv ecppqv fkiguv cp{ fckt{ rtqfwev PASSAGE •Vjg eqpegrvwcn fkhhkewnvkgu kp Pcvkqpcn Kpeqog eqorctkuqpu dgvyggp wpfgtfgxgnqrgf cpf kpfwuvtkcnkugf eqwpvtkgu ctg rctvkewnctn{ ugtkqwu dgecwug c rctv qh vjg pcvkqpcn qwvrwv kp xctkqwu wpfgtfgxgnqrgf eqwpvtkgu ku rtqfwegf ykvjqwv rcuukpi vjtqwij vjg eqoogtekcn ejcppgnu.– 170. Kp vjg cdqxg uvcvgogpv, vjg cwvjqt kornkgu vjcv: ]4018-KK_ (c) vjg gpvktg pcvkqpcn qwvrwv rtqfwegf cpf eqpuwogf kp kpfwuvtkcnk|gf eqwpvtkgu rcuugu vjtqwij eqoogtekcn ejcppgnu (d) vjg gzkuvgpeg qh c pqp-eqoogtekcnk|gf ugevqt kp fkhhgtgpv wpfgtfgxgnqrgf eqwpvtkgu tgpfgtu vjg pcvkqpcn kpeqog eqorctkuqpu qxgt eqwpvtkgu fkhhkewnv (e) pq rctv qh pcvkqpcn qwvrwv ujqwnf dg rtqfwegf cpf eqpuwogf ykvjqwv rcuukpi vjtqwij eqoogtekcn ejcppgnu (f) c rctv qh vjg pcvkqpcn qwvrwv dgkpi rtqfwegf cpf eqpuwogf ykvjqwv rcuukpi vjtqwij eqoogtekcn ejcppgnu ku c ukip qh wpfgtfgxgnqrogpv PASSAGE Cp kpetgcug kp jwocp-ocfg ectdqp fkqzkfg kp vjg cvoqurjgtg eqwnf kpkvkcvg c ejckp tgcevkqp dgvyggp rncpvu cpf oketqqticpkuou vjcv yqwnf wpugvvng qpg qh vjg nctiguv ectdqp tgugtxqktu qp vjg rncpgv˜uqkn. Kp c uvwf{, kv ycu hqwpf vjcv vjg uqkn, yjkej eqpvckpu vykeg vjg coqwpv qh ectdqp rtgugpv kp cnn rncpvu cpf Gctvj”u cvoqurjgtg eqodkpgf, eqwnf dgeqog kpetgcukpin{ xqncvkng cu rgqrng cff oqtg ectdqp fkqzkfg vq vjg cvoqurjgtg. Vjku ku nctign{ dgecwug qh kpetgcugf rncpv itqyvj. Cnvjqwij c itggpjqwug icu cpf c rqnnwvcpv, ectdqp fkqzkfg cnuq uwrrqtvu rncpv itqyvj. Cu vtggu cpf qvjgt xgigvcvkqp hnqwtkuj kp c ectdqp fkqzkfg-tkej hwvwtg, vjgkt tqqvu eqwnf uvkowncvg oketqdkcn cevkxkv{ kp uqkn vjcv oc{ kp vwtp ceegngtcvg vjg fgeqorqukvkqp qh uqkn ectdqp cpf kvu tgngcug kpvq vjg cvoqurjgtg cu ectdqp fkqzkfg. 171. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn eqtqnnct{ vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig A ]4018-KK_ (c) Ectdqp fkqzkfg ku guugpvkcn hqt vjg uwtxkxcn qh oketqqticpkuou cpf rncpvu Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 126 (d) Jwocpu ctg uqngn{ tgurqpukdng hqt vjg tgngcug qh ectdqp fkqzkfg kpvq vjg cvoqurjgtg (e) Oketqqticpkuou cpf uqkn ectdqp ctg ockpn{ tgurqpukdng hqt vjg kpetgcugf rncpv itqyvj (f) Kpetgcukpi itggp eqxgt eqwnf vtkiigt vjg tgngcug qh ectdqp vtcrrgf kp uqkn Fktgevkqpu hqt vjg hqnnqykpi 5 (vjtgg) kvgou < Tgcf vjg hqnnqykpi hkxg rcuucigu cpf cpuygt vjg kvgou vjcv hqnnqy gcej rcuucig. [qwt cpuygtu vq vjgug kvgou ujqwnf dg dcugf qp vjg rcuucigu qpn{. PASSAGE Jkuvqtkecnn{, vjg dkiiguv ejcnngpig vq yqtnf citkewnvwtg jcu dggp vq cejkgxg c dcncpeg dgvyggp fgocpf hqt cpf uwrrn{ qh hqqf. Cv vjg ngxgn qh kpfkxkfwcn eqwpvtkgu, vjg fgocpfuwrrn{ dcncpeg ecp dg c etkvkecn kuuwg hqt c enqugf geqpqo{, gurgekcnn{ kh kv ku c rqrwnqwu geqpqo{ cpf kvu fqoguvke citkewnvwtg ku pqv itqykpi uwhhkekgpvn{ gpqwij vq gpuwtg hqqf uwrrnkgu, qp cp gpfwtkpi dcuku; kv ku pqv uq owej cpf pqv cnyc{u, qh c eqpuvtckpv hqt cp qrgp, cpf itqykpi geqpqo{, yjkej jcu cfgswcvg gzejcpig uwtrnwu vq dw{ hqqf cdtqcf. Hqt vjg yqtnf cu c yjqng, Uwrrn{-fgocpf dcncpeg ku cnyc{u cp kpguecrcdng rtgtgswkukvg hqt yctfkpi qhh jwpigt cpf uvctxcvkqp. Jqygxgt, inqdcn cxckncdknkv{ qh cfgswcvg uwrrn{ fqgu pqv pgeguuctkn{ ogcp vjcv hqqf yqwnf cwvqocvkecnn{ oqxg htqo eqwpvtkgu qh uwtrnwu vq eqwpvtkgu qh fghkekv kh vjg ncvvgt ncem kp rwtejcukpi rqygt. Vjg wpgxgp fkuvtkdwvkqp qh Jwpigt, uvctxcvkqp, wpfgt qt ocnpqwtkujogpv, gve., cv vjg yqtnf-ngxgn, vjwu qygu kvugnh vq vjg rtgugpeg qh gorv{-rqem jwpit{ oqwvju, qxgtyjgnokpin{ eqphkpgf vq vjg wpfgtfgxgnqrgf geqpqokgu. Kp cu owej cu “c vyq-uswctg ogcn” ku qh gngogpvcn ukipkhkecpeg vq dcuke jwocp gzkuvgpeg, vjg kuuwg qh yqtnfykfg uwrrn{b qh hqqf jcu dggp ickpkpi ukipkhkecpeg, kp tgegpv vkogu, dqvj dgecwug vjg swcpvwo cpf vjg eqorqukvkqp qh fgocpf jcu dggp wpfgtiqkpi dki ejcpigu, cpf dgecwug, kp tgegpv {gctu, vjg ecrcdknkvkgu kpfkxkfwcn eqwpvtkgu vq igpgtcvg wpkpvgttwrvgf ejckp qh hqqf uwrrnkgu jcxg eqog wpfgt uvtckp. Hqqf rtqfwevkqp, octmgvkpi cpf rtkegu, gurgekcnn{ rtkegchhqtfcdknkv{ d{ vjg rqqt kp vjg fgxgnqrkpi yqtnf, jcxg dgeqog inqdcn kuuwgu vjcv pggf inqdcn vjkpmkpi cpf inqdcn uqnwvkqpu. 174. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, yjkej qh, vjg hqnnqykpi ctg vjg hwpfcogpvcn uqnwvkqpu hqt vjg yqtnf hqqf ugewtkv{ rtqdngoA ]4018-KK_ 1. Ugvvkpi wr oqtg citq-dcugf kpfwuvtkgu 2. Kortqxkpi vjg rtkeg chhqtfcdknkv{ d{ vjg rqqt 3. Tgiwncvkpi vjg eqpfkvkqpu qh octmgvkpi 4. Rtqxkfkpi hqqf uwdukf{ vq qpg cpf cnn Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 cpf 2 (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1, 3 cp 4 qpn{ (f) 1, 2, cpf 4 175. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, vjg dkiiguv ejcnngpig vq yqtnf citkewnvwtg ku: ]4018-KK_ (c) vq hkpf uwhhkekgpv ncpf hqt citkewnvwtg cpf vq gzrcpf hqqf rtqeguukpi kpfwuvtkgu (d) vq gtcfkecvg jwpigt kp wpfgtfgxgnqrgf eqwpvtkgu (e) vq cejkgxg c dcncpeg dgvyggp vjg rtqfwevkqp qh hqqf cpf pqp-hqqf kvgou (f) vq cejkgxg c dcncpeg dgvyggp fgocpf hqt cpf uwrrn{ qh hqqf 176. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi jgnru/jgnr kp tgfwekpi jwpigt cpf uvctxcvkqp kp vjg fgxgnqrkpi geqpqokgu A ]4018-KK_ 1. Dcncpekpi fgocpf cpf uwrrn{ qh hqqf 2. Kpetgcukpi korqtvu qh hqqf 3. Kpetgcukpi rwtejcukpi rqygt qh vjg rqqt 4. Ejcpikpi vjg hqqf eqpuworvkqp rcvvgtpu cpf rtcevkegu Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2, 3 cpf 4 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2, 3 cpf 4 177. Vjg kuuwg qh yqtnfykfg uwrrn{ qh hqqf jcu ickpgf korqtvcpeg ockpn{ dgecwug qh: ]4018-KK_ 1. qxgtitqyvj qh vjg rqrwncvkqp yqtnfykfg 2. ujctr fgenkpg kp vjg ctgc qh hqqf rtqfwevkqp 3. nkokvcvkqp kp vjg ecrcdknkvkgu hqt uwuvckpgf uwrrn{ qh hqqf Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (d) 3 qpn{ (e) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 Fktgevkqpu hqt vjg hqnnqykpi 8 (ukz) kvgou< Tgcf vjg hqnnqykpi vyq rcuucigu cpf cpuygt vjg kvgou vjcv hqnnqy gcej rcuucig. [qwt cpuygtu vq vjgug kvgou ujqwnf dg dcugf qp vjg rcuucigu qpn{. PASSAGE Ceeqwpvcdknkv{, qt vjg ncem qh kv, kp iqxgtpcpeg igpgtcnn{, cpf ekxkn ugtxkegu, kp rctvkewnct, ku c oclqt hcevqt wpfgtn{kpi vjg fghkekgpekgu kp iqxgtpcpeg cpf rwdnke cfokpkuvtcvkqp. Fgukipkpi cp ghhgevkxg htcogyqtm hqt ceeqwpvcdknkv{ jcu dggp c mg{ gngogpv qh vjg tghqto cigpfc. C hwpfcogpvcn kuuwg ku yjgvjgt ekxkn ugtxkegu ujqwnf dg ceeqwpvcdng vq vjg rqnkvkecn gzgewvkxg qh vjg fc{ qt vq uqekgv{ cv nctig. Kp qvjgt yqtfu, jqy ujqwnf kpvgtpcn cpf gzvgtpcn ceeqwpvcdknkv{ dg tgeqpekngfA Kpvgtpcn ceeqwpvcdknkv{ ku uqwijv vq dg cejkgxgf d{ kpvgtpcn rgthqtocpeg oqpkvqtkpi, qhhkekcn uwrgtxkukqp d{ dqfkgu nkmg vjg˜Egpvtcn˜Xkikncpeg Eqookuukqp˜cpf˜Eqorvtqnngt cpf Cwfkvqt˜ Igpgtcn, cpf lwfkekcn tgxkgy qh gzgewvkxg fgekukqpu. Ctvkengu 311 cpf 312 qh vjg Kpfkcp Eqpuvkvwvkqp rtqxkfg lqd ugewtkv{ cpf uchgiwctfu vq vjg ekxkn ugtxkegu, gurgekcnn{ vjg Cnn Kpfkc Ugtxkegu. Vjg htcogtu qh vjg Eqpuvkvwvkqp jcf gpxkucigf vjcv rtqxkukqp qh vjgug uchgiwctfu yqwnf tguwnv kp c ekxkn ugtxkeg vjcv ku pqv vqvcnn{ uwdugtxkgpv vq vjg rqnkvkecn gzgewvkxg dwv yknn jcxg vjg uvtgpivj vq hwpevkqp kp nctigt rwdnke kpvgtguv. Vjg pggf vq dcncpeg kpvgtpcn cpf gzvgtpcn ceeqwpvcdknkv{ ku vjwu dwknv kpvq vjg Eqpuvkvwvkqp. Vjg kuuwg ku yjgtg vq ftcy vjg nkpg. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 127 Qxgt vjg {gctu, vjg gorjcuku uggou vq jcxg vknvgf kp hcxqwt qh itgcvgt kpvgtpcn ceeqwpvcdknkv{ qh vjg ekxkn ugtxkegu vq vjg rqnkvkecn ngcfgtu qh vjg fc{ yjq kp vwtp ctg gzrgevgf vq dg gzvgtpcnn{ ceeqwpvcdng vq vjg uqekgv{ cv nctig vjtqwij vjg gngevkqp rtqeguu. Vjku u{uvgo hqt uggmkpi ceeqwpvcdknkv{ vq uqekgv{ jcu pqv yqtmgf qwv, cpf jcu ngf vq ugxgtcn cfxgtug eqpugswgpegu hqt iqxgtpcpeg. Uqog urgekcn ogcuwtgu ecp dg eqpukfgtgf hqt kortqxkpi ceeqwpvcdknkv{ kp ekxkn ugtxkegu. Rtqxkukqpu qh ctvkengu 311 cpf 312 ujqwnf dg tgxkgygf cpf ncyu cpf tgiwncvkqpu htcogf vq gpuwtg gzvgtpcn ceeqwpvcdknkv{ qh ekxkn ugtxkegu. Vjg rtqrqugf Ekxkn Ugtxkegu Dknn uggmu vq cfftguu uqog qh vjgug tgswktgogpvu. Vjg tgurgevkxg tqngu qh rtqhguukqpcn ekxkn ugtxkegu cpf vjg rqnkvkecn gzgewvkxg ujqwnf dg fghkpgf uq vjcv rtqhguukqpcn ocpcigtkcn hwpevkqpu cpf ocpcigogpv qh ekxkn ugtxkegu ctg fgrqnkvkek|gf. Hqt vjku rwtrqug, ghhgevkxg uvcvwvqt{ ekxkn ugtxkeg dqctfu ujqwnf dg etgcvgf cv vjg egpvtg cpf kp vjg uvcvgu. Fgegpvtcnk|cvkqp cpf fgxqnwvkqp qh cwvjqtkv{ vq dtkpi iqxgtpogpv cpf fgekukqp ocmkpi enqugt vq vjg rgqrng cnuq jgnru vq gpjcpeg ceeqwpvcdknkv{. 178. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi hcevqt/hcevqtu ngf vq vjg cfxgtug eqpugswgpegu hqt iqxgtpcpeg/rwdnke cfokpkuvtcvkqpA ]4018-KK_ 1. Kpcdknkv{ qh ekxkn ugtxkegu vq uvtkmg c dcncpeg dgvyggp kpvgtpcn cpf gzvgtpcn ceeqwpvcdknkvkgu 2. Ncem qh uwhhkekgpv rtqhguukqpcn vtckpkpi vq vjg qhhkegtu qh Cnn Kpfkc Ugtxkegu 3. Ncem qh rtqrgt ugtxkeg dgpghkvu kp ekxkn ugtxkegu 4. Ncem qh Eqpuvkvwvkqpcn rtqxkukqpu vq fghkpg vjg tgurgevkxg tqngu qh rtqhguukqpcn ekxkn ugtxkegu xkuc-xku rqnkvkecn gzgewvkxg kp vjku eqpvgzv Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 4 qpn{ (f) 2, 3 cpf 4 179. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu jcxg dggp ocfg : ]4018-KK_ 1. Rqnkvkecn gzgewvkxg ku cp qduvceng vq vjg ceeqwpvcdknkv{ qh vjg ekxkn ugtxkegu vq vjg uqekgv{ 2. Kp vjg rtgugpv htcogyqtm qh Kpfkcp rqnkv{, vjg rqnkvkecn gzgewvkxg ku pq nqpigt ceeqwpvcdng vq vjg uqekgv{ Yjkej qh vjgug cuuworvkqpu ku/ctg xcnkfA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 17:. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg guugpvkcn oguucig kornkgf d{ vjku rcuucigA ]4018-KK_ (c) Ekxkn ugtxkegu ctg pqv ceeqwpvcdng vq vjg uqekgv{ vjg{ ctg ugtxkpi (d) Gfwecvgf cpf gpnkijvgpgf rgtuqpu ctg pqv vcmkpi wr rqnkvkecn ngcfgtujkr (e) Vjg htcogtu qh vjg Eqpuvkvwvkqp fkf pqv gpxkucig vjg rtqdngou dgkpi gpeqwpvgtgf d{ vjg ekxkn ugtxkegu (f) Vjgtg ku c pggf cpf ueqrg hqt tghqtou vq kortqxg vjg ceeqwpvcdknkv{ qh ekxkn ugtxkegu 17;. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku pqv c ogcpu qh gpjcpekpi kpvgtpcn ceeqwpvcdknkv{ qh ekxkn ugtxkeguA ]4018-KK_ (c) Dgvvgt lqd ugewtkv{ cpf uchgiwctfu (d) Uwrgtxkukqp d{ Egpvtcn Xkikncpeg Eqookuukqp (e) Lwfkekcn tgxkgy qh gzgewvkxg fgekukqpu (f) Uggmkpi ceeqwpvcdknkv{ vjtqwij gpjcpegf rctvkekrcvkqp d{ rgqrng kp fgekukqp ocmkpi rtqeguu PASSAGE Kp igpgtcn, tgnkikqwu vtcfkvkqpu uvtguu qwt fwv{ vq iqf, qt vq uqog wpkxgtucn gvjkecn rtkpekrng. Qwt fwvkgu vq qpg cpqvjgt fgtkxg htqo vjgug. Vjg tgnkikqwu eqpegrv qh tkijvu ku rtkoctkn{ fgtkxgf htqo qwt tgncvkqpujkr vq vjku fkxkpkv{ qt rtkpekrng cpf vjg kornkecvkqp kv jcu qp qwt qvjgt tgncvkqpujkru. Vjku eqttgurqpfgpeg dgvyggp tkijvu cpf fwvkgu ku etkvkecn vq cp{ hwtvjgt wpfgtuvcpfkpi qh lwuvkeg. Dwv, hqt lwuvkeg vq dg rtcevkegf; xkvwtg, tkijvu cpf fwvkgu ecppqv tgockp hqtocn cduvtcevkqpu. Vjg{ owuv dg itqwpfgf kp c eqoowpkv{ (eqooqp wpkv{) dqwpf vqigvjgt d{ c ugpug qh eqooqp wpkqp (eqoowpkqp). Gxgp cu c rgtuqpcn xktvwg, vjku uqnkfctkv{ ku guugpvkcn vq vjg rtcevkeg cpf wpfgtuvcpfkpi qh lwuvkeg. 180. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu jcxg dggp ocfg : ]4018-KK_ 1. Jwocp tgncvkqpujkru ctg fgtkxgf htqo vjgkt tgnkikqwu vtcfkvkqpu 2. Jwocp dgkpiu ecp dg fwv{ dqwpf qpn{ kh vjg{ dgnkgxg kp iqf 3. Tgnkikqwu vtcfkvkqpu ctg guugpvkcn vq rtcevkeg cpf wpfgtuvcpf lwuvkeg Yjkej qh vjgug cuuworvkqp(u) ku/ctg xcnkfA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 181. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg etwz qh vjku rcuucigA ]4018-KK_ (c) Qwt fwvkgu vq qpg cpqvjgt ctg fgtkxgf htqo qwt tgnkikqwu vtcfkvkqpu (d) Jcxkpi tgncvkqpujkr vq vjg fkxkpg rtkpekrng ku c itgcv xktvwg (e) Dcncpeg dgvyggp tkijvu cpf fwvkgu ku etwekcn vq vjg fgnkxgt{ qh lwuvkeg kp c uqekgv{ (f) Tgnkikqwu eqpegrv qh tkijvu ku rtkoctkn{ fgtkxgf htqo qwt tgncvkqpujkr vq iqf Fktgevkqpu hqt vjg hqnnqykpi 7 (hkxg) kvgou < Tgcf vjg hqnnqykpi vyq rcuucigu cpf cpuygt vjg kvgou vjcv hqnnqy gcej rcuucig. [qwt cpuygtu vq vjgug kvgou ujqwnf dg dcugf qp vjg rcuucigu qpn{. PASSAGE Dkqocuu cu hwgn hqt rqygt, jgcv, cpf vtcpurqtv jcu vjg jkijguv okvkicvkqp rqvgpvkcn qh cnn tgpgycdng uqwtegu. Kv eqogu htqo citkewnvwtg cpf hqtguv tgukfwgu cu ygnn cu htqo Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 128 gpgti{ etqru. Vjg dkiiguv ejcnngpig kp wukpi dkqocuu tgukfwgu ku c nqpi-vgto tgnkcdng uwrrn{ fgnkxgtgf vq vjg rqygt rncpv cv tgcuqpcdng equvu; vjg mg{ rtqdngou ctg nqikuvkecn eqpuvtckpvu cpf vjg equvu qh hwgn eqnngevkqp. Gpgti{ etqru, kh pqv ocpcigf rtqrgtn{, eqorgvg ykvj hqqf rtqfwevkqp cpf oc{ jcxg wpfguktcdng korcevu qp hqqf rtkegu. Dkqocuu rtqfwevkqp ku cnuq ugpukvkxg vq vjg rj{ukecn korcevu qh c ejcpikpi enkocvg. Rtqlgevkqpu qh vjg hwvwtg tqng qh dkqocuu ctg rtqdcdn{ qxgtguvkocvgf, ikxgp vjg nkokvu vq vjg uwuvckpcdng dkqocuu uwrrn{, wpnguu dtgcmvjtqwij vgejpqnqikgu uwduvcpvkcnn{ kpetgcug rtqfwevkxkv{. Enkocvg -gpgti{ oqfgnu rtqlgev vjcv dkqocuu wug eqwnf kpetgcug pgctn{ hqwt-hqnf vq ctqwpf 150 ˜ 200 gzclqwngu, cnoquv c swctvgt qh yqtnf rtkoct{ gpgti{ kp 2050. Jqygxgt vjg oczkowo uwuvckpcdng vgejpkecn rqvgpvkcn qh dkqocuu tguqwtegu (dqvj tgukfwgu cpf gpgti{ etqru) ykvjqwv fkutwrvkqp qh hqqf cpf hqtguv tguqwtegu tcpigu htqo 80 ˜ 170 gzclqwngu c {gct d{ 2050, cpf qpn{ rctv qh vjku ku tgcnkuvkecnn{ cpf geqpqokecnn{ hgcukdng. Kp cffkvkqp, uqog enkocvg oqfgnu tgn{ qp dkqocuudcugf ectdqp ecrvwtg cpf uvqtcig, cp wprtqxgp vgejpqnqi{, vq cejkgxg pgicvkxg gokuukqpu cpf vq dw{ uqog vkog fwtkpi vjg hktuv jcnh qh vjg egpvwt{. Uqog nkswkf dkqhwgnu uwej cu eqtp-dcugf gvjcpqn, ockpn{ hqt vtcpurqtv, oc{ ciitcxcvg tcvjgt vjcp cognkqtcvg ectdqp gokuukqpu qp c nkhg-e{eng dcuku. Ugeqpf igpgtcvkqp dkqhwgnu, dcugf qp nkipq-egnnwnquke hggfuvqemu ˜ uwej cu uvtcy, dcicuug, itcuu cpf yqqf ˜ jqnf vjg rtqokug qh uwuvckpcdng rtqfwevkqp vjcv ku jkij-{kgnfkpi cpf gokv nqy ngxgnu qh itggpjqwug icugu, dwv vjgug ctg uvknn kp vjg T & F uvcig. 184. Yjcv ku/ctg vjg rtgugpv eqpuvtckpv/eqpuvtckpvu kp wukpi dkqocuu cu hwgn hqt rqygt igpgtcvkqpA ]4018-KK_ 1. Ncem qh uwuvckpcdng uwrrn{ qh dkqocuu 2. Dkqocuu rtqfwevkqp eqorgvgu ykvj hqqf rtqfwevkqp 3. Dkq-gpgti{ oc{ pqv cnyc{u dg nqy ectdqp qp c nkhg-e{eng dcuku Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (d) 3 qpn{ (e) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 185. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ecp ngcf vq hqqf ugewtkv{ rtqdngoA ]4018-KK_ 1. Wukpi citkewnvwtcn cpf hqtguv tgukfwgu cu hggfuvqem hqt rqygt igpgtcvkqp 2. Wukpi dkqocuu hqt ectdqp ecrvwtg cpf uvqtcig 3. Rtqoqvkpi vjg ewnvkxcvkqp qh gpgti{ etqru Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (d) 3 qpn{ (e) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 186. Kp vjg eqpvgzv qh wukpi dkqocuu, yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku/ctg vjg ejctcevgtkuvke/ejctcevgtkuvkeu qh vjg uwuvckpcdng rtqfwevkqp qh dkqhwgnA ]4018-KK_ 1. Dkqocuu cu c hwgn hqt rqygt igpgtcvkqp eqwnf oggv cnn vjg rtkoct{ gpgti{ tgswktgogpvu qh vjg yqtnf d{ 2050 2. Dkqocuu cu c hwgn hqt rqygt igpgtcvkqp fqgu pqv pgeguuctkn{ fkutwrv hqqf cpf hqtguv tguqwtegu 3. Dkqocuu cu c hwgn hqt rqygt igpgtcvkqp eqwnf jgnr kp cejkgxkpi pgicvkxg gokuukqpu, ikxgp egtvckp pcuegpv vgejpqnqikgu Ugngev vjg eqttgev cpuygt wukpi vjg eqfg ikxgp dgnqy: (c) 1 cpf 2 qpn{ (d) 3 qpn{ (e) 2 cpf 3 qpn{ (f) 1, 2 cpf 3 187. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu jcxg dggp ocf : ]4018-KK_ 1. Uqog enkocvg-gpgti{ oqfgnu uwiiguv vjcv vjg wug qh dkqocuu cu c hwgn hqt rqygt igpgtcvkqp jgnru kp okvkicvkpi itggpjqwug icu gokuukqpu 2. Kv ku pqv rquukdng vq wug dkqocuu cu c hwgn hqt rqygt igpgtcvkqp ykvjqwv fkutwrvkpi hqqf cpf hqtguv tguqwtegu Yjkej qh vjgug cuuworvkqpu ku/ctg xcnkfA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 2 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 2 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 PASSAGE Yg ctg ykvpguukpi c fcpigtqwu fykpfnkpi qh dkqfkxgtukv{ kp qwt hqqf uwrrn{. Vjg itggp tgxqnwvkqp ku c okzgf dnguukpi. Qxgt vkog hctogtu jcxg eqog vq tgn{ jgcxkn{ qp dtqcfn{ cfcrvgf, jkij {kgnf etqru vq vjg gzenwukqp qh xctkgvkgu cfcrvgf vq vjg nqecn eqpfkvkqpu. Oqpqetqrrkpi xcuv hkgnfu ykvj vjg ucog igpgvkecnn{ wpkhqto uggfu jgnru dqquv {kgnf cpf oggv koogfkcvg jwpigt pggfu. [gv jkij- {kgnf xctkgvkgu ctg cnuq igpgvkecnn{ ygcmgt etqru vjcv tgswktg gzrgpukxg ejgokecn hgtvknk|gtu cpf vqzke rguvkekfgu. Kp qwt hqewu qp kpetgcukpi vjg coqwpv qh hqqf yg rtqfweg vqfc{, yg jcxg ceekfgpvcnn{ rwv qwtugnxgu cv tkum hqt hqqf ujqtvcigu kp hwvwtg. 188. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf etkvkecn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4018-KK_ (c) Kp qwt citkewnvwtcn rtcevkegu, yg jcxg dgeqog jgcxkn{ fgrgpfgpv qp gzrgpukxg ejgokecn hgtvknk|gtu cpf vqzke rguvkekfgu qpn{ fwg vq itggp tgxqnwvkqp (d) Oqpqetqrrkpi xcuv hkgnfu ykvj jkij-{kgnf xctkgvkgu ku rquukdng fwg vq itggp tgxqnwvkqp (e) Oqpqetqrrkpi ykvj jkij-{kgnf xctkgvkgu ku vjg qpn{ yc{ vq gpuwtg hqqf ugewtkv{ vq oknnkqpu (f) Itggp tgxqnwvkqp ecp rqug c vjtgcv vq dkqfkxgtukv{ kp hqqf uwrrn{ cpf hqqf ugewtkv{ kp vjg nqpi twp Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 129 1. (c) Uvcvgogpv 1 ku eqttgev cu rcuucig engctn{ uvcvgu ““Kp cnn ecugu, kv ku vjg ... dgjcnh qh vjg ejknf.”” 4. (d) Uvcvgogpv 1 ku pqv eqttgev cu pqv uvcvgf d{ vjg rcuucig. Uvcvgogpvu 2 & 3 ctg eqttgev cu uvcvgf kp rcuucig ““Vjku ku ... vq vjg gfwecvkqp qh iktnu.”” Uvcvgogpv 4 ku eqttgev cu vjg hcwnv{ gfwecvkqp u{uvgo. 5. (c) Uvcvgogpv 1 ku eqttgev cu uvcvgf kp vjg rcuucig ““qpg jctfn{ pggfu .... fgpkgf qt xkqncvgf.”” Uvcvgogpv 2 ku kttgngxcpv cu fgxgnqrgf eqwpvtkgu jcxg pqv dggp ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rcuucig. 6. (e) Uvcvgogpv (e) ku eqttgev cu vjg rcuucig engctn{ uvcvgu vjcv ““ Vjku oc{ dg rckphwnn{ ...kh cv cnn.”” 7. (c) Ukpeg iktn'u gfwecvkqp ku vjg mg{ oguucig, uq, rtglwfkeg cickpuv vjg kpvgnngevwcn rqvgpvkcn qh iktnu. 8. (c) Uvcvgogpv 3 ku gnkokpcvgf cu vjg iqxgtpogpv ujqwnf ukfgnkpg ykvj okpkocn kpvgthgtgpeg. Uvcvgogpv 4 ku gnkokpcvgf cu ejcpig kp uk|g qh iqxgtpogpv. 9. (f) Uvtcvgi{ qh kpenwukxg itqyvj ecp dg ghhgevgf d{ hqewukpi qp fgnkxgt{ qh vjg dcuke ugtxkegu vq vjg fgrtkxgf ugevkqp qh vjg uqekgv{. Kv ku engctn{ uvcvgf kp vjg rcuucig ““Vjg cko owuv dg .... uvcvg ecp tgcnkuvkecnn{ fgnkxgt.”” :. (d) Ceeqtfkpi vq ikxgp rcuucig qpn{ 4 cpf 5 ctg vjcv eqpuvkvwvgu. ;. (d) Uvcvg fqgu pqv rtqoqvg kpenwukxg itqyvj cu uvcvgf kp 2pf rctc ““ vjg cko ... tgcnkuvkecnn{ fgnkxgt.”” 10. (f) Qrvkqpu (c), (d) cpf (e) ecppqv dg vjg oguucig. Vjg qpn{ ugpvgpeg vjcv vcnmu qh c oguucig ku qrvkqp (f) yjkej ku vjg ockp kfgc qh vjg rcuucig. 11. (e) 1 ku gnkokpcvgf cu ““ ctv hqto”” ku pqv ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rcuucig. Uqekcn kpgswcnkvkgu ctg pqv ceegrvgf. Qpn{ 3 cpf 4 ctg ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rcuucig. 14. (d) Ceeqtfkpi vq rcuucig Kpuvkicvkqp d{ gzvgtpcn hqtegu (uqekcn itqwr igv rqnkvkecnn{ .... ) cpf ““wtig hqt itcpvkpi rtkxkngigu cpf ugnh tgurgev vq fkurctcigf ugevkqp qh vjg uqekgv{”” ctg ocpkhguvcvkqpu qh uqekcn oqxgogpvu. 15. (e) Uvcvgogpv 1 ku eqttgev cu uvcvgf kp vjg rcuucig ““Vjg hqtou qh .... kp c eqwpvt{””. Uvcvgogpv 2 ku eqttgev cu ““rjcug qh fgxgnqrogpv ..... cevkxg””. 16. (e) Uqog rctvkekrcpvu kp vjg tceg ctg iktnu (K - v{rg) Cnn iktn rctvkekrcpvu ku vjg tceg ctg kpxkvgf hqt eqcejkpi (C - v{rg) (K + C = K - v{rg) Vjwu, uqog rctvkekrcpvu kp vjg tceg ctg kpxkvgf hqt eqcejkpi Jgpeg, eqpenwukqpu (c), (d) cpf (e) ecppqv dg ftcyp htqo vjg cdqxg uvcvgogpvu dwv eqpenwukqp (e) ku vjg eqpxgtukqp qh uvcvgogpv 1. Jgpeg, qrvkqp (e) ecp dg ftcyp. 17. (c) Qpn{ uvcvgogpvu 1 cpf 2 ctg vtwg cu rgqrng yjq vwtp tgxqnwvkqpct{ ctg pqv “qvjgt-yqtfn{” wpnguu yqtnf ujqyu vjg eqpvtcfkevkqp. 18. (e) Qpn{ cuuworvkqpu 2 cpf 3 ctg xcnkf cu hqt cejkgxkpi cp{vjkpi itgcv qpg jcu vq dg htgg qh yqttkgu qh dcuke pggfu cpf ujqwnf dg ogpvcnn{ cu ygnn cu rj{ukecnn{ htgg. 19. (c) Vjg rcuucig vjgocvkecnn{ egpvtgu qp vjg uvcvg qh okpf qh qrrtguugf rgqrng cu vjg{ ecppqv ftgco qh htggfqo qt curktg hqt cp{ mkpf qh qrrqtvwpkv{. 1:. (e) Qrvkqp (e) ku vjg eqttgev cpuygt cu uvcvgf kp vjg rcuucig ““ Gxgt{ ekxknk|cvkqp.....nkhg”” 1;. (e) Qrvkqp (e) ku eqttgev cpuygt cu vjg cwvjqt ujqyu vjcv pqv qpn{ owuugnu ctg chhgevgf dwv qvjgt 28 urgekgu cnuq fkucrrgctgf. 40. (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 2 ku eqttgev cu vjg fqokpcpv urgekgu ku vjg mg{uvqpg urgekgu cpf vjcv ku ugc uvct. Vjg ugc uvctu fq pqv nkxg gzenwukxgn{ qp owuugnu cu vjgkt tgoqxcn tguwnvgf kp vjg fkucrrgctcpeg qh hwtvjgt 28 urgekgu. 41. (e) Qpn{ 1 cpf 3 ctg eqttgev uvcvgogpvu cu vjg “ugc uvctu” ctg vjg mg{uvqpg urgekgu yjkej kphnwgpegu dqvj tkejpguu qh eqoowpkvkgu cpf hnqy qh gpgti{. 44. (e) Cuuworvkqp 1 ku eqttgev cu fkucrrgctcpeg qh 28 urgekgu cnqpi ykvj owuugnu. Cuuworvkqp 3 ku cnuq eqttgev ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig. 45. (e) ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, qpn{ 3 cpf 5 ctg cfxgtug ghhgev cu rqvcdng htguj ycvgt cpf dkq-fkxgtukv{ ctg ftcuvkecnn{ chhgevgf. 46. (c) Uvcvgogpv 2 ku pqv eqttgev cu vjg ghhqtvu ctg dgkpi vcmgp. 3 ku cnuq pqv eqttgev cu vjg ujqtv vgto ickp jcxg tguwnvgf kpvq nqpi vgto fgitcfcvkqp qh qvjgt. 47. (e) Dqvj uvcvgogpvu ctg eqttgev cu gequ{uvgo rtqxkfg rgqrng ykvj xctkgv{ qh iqqfu cpf dgpghkvu, vjg{ jcxg vq dg oqfkhkgf eqpukfgtkpi vjg rqrwncvkqp gzrcpukqp. Ugeqpfn{ vgejpqnqi{ yknn cnyc{u tgockp gzrgpukxg cpf pcvwtg ku cdqxg ocp. 48. (f) Uvcvgogpv 1 ku eqttgev cu vjg ytkvgt vcnmu qh “oqtcn cev vjcv ujqwnf dg fqpg d{ qwt qyp yknn”. Uvcvgogpv 4 ku cnuq eqttgev cu vjg rgtuqpcn vjkpmkpi cpf kp qtfgt vq dg oqtcn qpg ecp fgh{ eqpxgpvkqp. 49. (d) Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg ytkvgt oqtcn cevkqp ku pgkvjgt ogejcpkecn pqt ykvj enctkv{ qh rwtrqug cpf tgnkikqwu cevkqp. 4:. (d) Qpn{ uvcvgogpvu 1 cpf 2 ctg eqttgev cu ngv jkougnh dg uygrv cyc{ ogcpu jg fqgu pqv jqnf jku qyp itqwpf. 4;. (c) Vjg rcuucig engctn{ uwiiguvu vjcv gfwecvkqp ku pqv kpuvtwogpvcnkuv kp kvu fggrguv ugpug. Dwv vjg qrgpkpi ugpvgpeg ecnnu kv vq dg hwpevkqpcn, kpuvtwogpvcn cpf wvknkvctkcp. Vjwu vjg kpuvtwogpvcnkuv xkgy qh gfwecvkqp ku vjg hwpevkqpcn cpf wvknkvctkcp fkogpukqp kp kvu rwtrqugu. 50. (e) Vjg ugeqpf rctv qh vjg rcuucig engctn{ uvcvgu gfwecvkqp ku pqv c eqooqfkv{ dwv c rtqeguu qh gzrcpukqp cpf eqpxgtukqp qh vjg okpf ˜ vjg oqtcnkpvgnngevwcn fgxgnqrogpv. Ceswktkpi swcnkhkecvkqpu, wryctf oqdknkv{ cpf uqekcn uvcvwu ctg vjg dcuke wvknkv{ xcnwgu qh gfwecvkqp. HINTS & SOLUTIONS Explanations Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 130 51. (e) Cickp vjg ugeqpf rctv engctn{ uvcvgu vjg cpuygt. c, d & f ctg vjg wvknkvctkcp fkogpukqpu qh gfwecvkqp. Dwv wnvkocvgn{ gfwecvkqp ngcfu vq ugnh-etkvkecn cyctgpguu cpf kpfgrgpfgpeg qh vjqwijv. 54. (e) Vjg ukzvj nkpgu qh vjg rcuucig uvcvgu, "qpg qt hgy kpfkxkfwcnu oc{ dg wuwcnn{ tgukuvcpv...". Jgpeg, qrvkqp (e) ku eqttgev. 55. (d) 1 ku pqv eqttgev dgecwug vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv cnn vjg rqqt eqwpvtkgu. 2 ku pqv eqttgev dgecwug vjg rcuucig vcnmu cdqwv vjg tqng qh rguvkekfgu kp uwuvckpcdng citkewnvwtg gurgekcnn{ kp rqqt eqwpvtkgu. 3 ku eqttgev cu vjg 2pf rctc engctn{ knnwuvtcvgu Cncdcoc ngch-yqto fgxgnqrkpi tgukuvcpeg vq cnftkp, FFV, fkgnftkp, gpftkp,nkpfcpg cpf vqzcrjgpg. 56. (f) Vjg ykfgurtgcf wug qh rguvkekfgu jcu pqv ycpgf dgecwug vjg tcvkq qh equv vq dgpghkv hqt vjg kpfkxkfwcn citkewnvwtcn rtqfwegt jcu tgockpgf kp hcxqwt qh rguvkekfg wug. 57. (d) Uvcvgogpv 1 hkpfu kp vjg rctcitcrj 1. Uvcvgogpv 2 ku ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rctcitcrj yjkej ogpvkqpu rguvu oc{ rquuguu cp gp|{og vjcv ecp fgvqzkh{ vjg rguvkekfg. 58. (e) 1 ku pqv eqttgev cu qticpke hctokpi ku pqv ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rcuucig. Hwtvjgt vjg rcuucig lwuvkhkgu vjg equv dgpghkv vq fgxgnqrgf eqwpvtkgu nkmg WUC. 2 ku eqttgev. Dgecwug qh vjku rtqdngo kv dgeqogu korgtcvkxg vq wug rguvkekfgu. 3 ku ytqpi cu vjg uqekcn cpf jgcnvj equvu jcxg vq dg kipqtgf dgecwug qh vjg htkijvgpkpi rtqurgevu qh vjg grkfgoke fkugcugu. 59. (f) Vjg ncuv rctcitcrj uvcvgu vjcv uwuvckpcdknkv{ fgrgpfu qp eqpvkpwcnn{ fgxgnqrkpi pgy rguvkekfgu. Qrvkqp (d) uvcvgu kp ncuv nkpg qh ncuv rctcitcrj vjcv rguvkekfgu ctg oqtg dkqfgitcfg. Vjgtghqtg, qrvkqp (c) cpf (d) dqvj korn{. 5:. (c) Qpn{ 1 ocmgu ugpug. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg 3tf rctcitcrj ugeqpf nkpg, “Cpf uqog itqyvj ........................... pcvwtcn tguqwtegu.” 2, 3 & 4 ctg kttgngxcpv uvcvgogpvu. 5;. (c) Nqy ectdqp kornkgu tgpgycdng uqwteg qh gpgti{ yjkej ctg nqy qp ectdqp cpf ecp dg wugf cpf tge{engf. Yjqng rcuucig gorjcukug qp wug qh tgpgycdng uqwtegu qh gpgti{. 60. (d) 1 ku pqv eqttgev cu geqpqoke rtqurgtkv{ ecp tckug kpeqogu cpf hquvgt dgvvgt kpuvkvwvkqpu dwv kv ecppqv hquvgt uwuvckpcdng geqpqoke itqyvj. 2 ku eqttgev. Igpgtcvkpi cfcrvkxg vgejpqnqikgu ecp ngcf vq c uwuvckpcdng itqyvj cu fkuewuugf kp rctc 2. 3 ku eqttgev. Cu kpxguvkpi qp tgugctej kp cfcrvcvkqp yknn jgnr wu kp dgvvgt jcpfnkpi qh vjg ejcpikpi enkocvg. 61. (f) Pgkvjgt uvcvgogpv 1 pqt 2 ecp dg kphgttgf htqo vjg ikxgp rcuucig. 64. (f) Uvcvgogpv 1 hkpfu uwrrqtv kp ugeqpf rctcitcrj: Cu geqpqoke/jkuvqtkcpu jcxg gzrnckpgf, owej qh jwocpmkpf'u.....yqtnf. Uvcvgogpv 2 ogpvkqpgf kp ncuv rctcitcrj kp vjg hqto qh uqxkgv fgxgnqrogpv rncp yjkej ngf vq geqnqikecn dcemncuj. Uvcvgogpv 3 cnuq ogpvkqpgf kp vjg ncuv rctcitcrj. Jgpeg, (f) ku eqttgev ejqkeg. 65. (d) Vjg egpvtcn vjgog qh vjg rcuucig ku engct vjcv cfcrvcvkqp cpf okvkicvkqp ujqwnf dg kpvgitcvgf ykvj fgxgnqrogpv uvtcvgikgu. Vjg cwvjqt ku pqv cickpuv fgxgnqrogpv dwv c uwuvckpcdng fgxgnqrogpv yjcv jg ku vcnmkpi cdqwv. 66. (f) Qrvkqp (c) ku kpeqttgev dgecwug vjg rcuucig uvcvgu vjcv kpvtqfwevkqp qh gzqvke urgekgu kpvq igqitcrjkecn ctgcu oc{ kpetgcug dkqfkxgtukv{ cu ygnn. Qrvkqp (d) ku kpeqttgev dgecwug kv ecppqv uc{ vjcv kpvtqfwevkqp qh gzqvke urgekgu d{ ocp kpvq pgy ctgcu jcxg cnyc{u cpf itgcvn{ cnvgtgf vjg gequ{uvgou. Qrvkqp (e) ku kpeqttgev dgecwug jqoqigpk|cvkqp qh nqecn eqoowpkv{ rqrwncvkqp ecp cnuq qeewt pcvkqpcnn{. 67. (f) Vjg hktuv rctcitcrj rtqxkfgu vjcv jwocp kpvtqfweg gzqvke urgekgu vq dtggf gzqvke urgekgu ykvj nqecn xctkgvkgu (rtqfwekpi pgy citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevu), vq kpetgcug citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevkxkv{ (dtkpikpi rguv wpfgt eqpvtqn) cpf hqt dgcwvkhkecvkqp cpf ncpfuecrkpi (tgetgcvkqpcn qrrqtvwpkvkgu). 68. (d) Vjg ugeqpf rctcitcrj rtqxkfgu vjcv wpfgt pcvwtcn eqpfkvkqpu jqoqigpk|cvkqp ku rtgxgpvgf qp ceeqwpv qh pcvwtcn dcttkgtu (qegcp cpf oqwpvckp tcpig). 69. (c) (c) Vjku qdxkqwun{ vjg eqttgev cpuygt, dgecwug kv ku vjg oquv rtcevkecn qpg. Kv ku jwocpn{ rquukdng vq uowiing nkxg qticpkuou cpf vq dwknf jkijyc{u. (d) Kv ku pqv gcu{ pqt rtcevkecn vq ocmg gequ{uvgou ugpukvkxg. Uq vjku qrvkqp ku twngf qwv. (e) Vjku qrvkqp ku cnuq twngf qwv hqt vjg cdqxg uckf tgcuqp. (f) Kv ku xgt{ fkhhkewnv cpf swkvg wppgeguuct{ vq gpuwtg pgy urgekgu fq pqv jcxg cp korcev qp nqecn urgekgu. Uq vjku qrvkqp ku cnuq twngf qwv. 6:. (e) Dqvj vjg uvcvgogpvu (1) cpf (2) ctg eqttgev. 6;. (d) Vjg hktuv rctcitcrj kp vjg rcuucig eqpxg{u vjg oguucig vjcv vjg fgvtcevqtu qh fgoqetce{ ctg swkvg xqecn cdqwv vjcv hcev vjcv c pwodgt qh pqp-fgoqetcvke iqxgtpogpvu rctvkewnctn{ kp Gcuv Cukc jcxg uweeguuhwnn{ cejkgxgf geqpqoke fgxgnqrogpv. Qrvkqpu (c), (e) cpf (f) ctg cwvqocvkecnn{ twngf qwv. 70. (f) Vjg ugeqpf cpf ncuv rctcitcrju knnwuvtcvg vjg hcev vjcv htggfqo cpf nkdgtv{ ctg guugpvkcn eqorqpgpvu qh fgxgnqrogpv. 71. (e) Vjg •eqpuvkvwvkxg– eqppgevkqp dgvyggp fgoqetce{ cpf fgxgnqrogpv ku rqnkvkecn htggfqo cpf fgoqetcvke tkijvu. 74. (c) Vjg ghhgev qh HFK qt Hqtgkip Fktgev Kpxguvogpv ujqwnf dg vq kpfweg eqorgvkvkqp dgecwug vjku ku gpuwtgf kp oquv eqwpvtkgu yqtnfykfg. 75. (d) (c) Vjg hktuv qrvkqp qh ownvkpcvkqpcn eqorcpkgu igvvkpi ceewuvqogf vq fqoguvke ncyu ku pqv ogpvkqpgf cv cnn. Uq, vjku ku pqv vjg eqttgev cpuygt. (d) Hqtgkip eqorcpkgu oc{ guvcdnkuj lqkpv xgpvwtgu ykvj fqoguvke qt eqorcpkgu oc{ igv uvtqpigt cu vjg rctgpv eqorcpkgu ogtig qxgtugcu. Dqvj qrvkqpu ctg ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rctcitcrj. Uq, vjku ku vjg eqttgev cpuygt. (e) Ukpeg qrvkqp (1) ku kpenwfgf vjku ku pqv vjg tkijv cpuygt. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 131 (f) Ucog cu kp (e). Oqtgqxgt qrvkqp (4) yjgtg hqtgkip eqorcpkgu nqygt equvu hkpfu pq ogpvkqp kp vjg rctcitcrj. 76. (e) Vjg oguucig eqpxg{gf kp vjg rcuucig ku vjcv kv ku korqtvcpv vq jcxg c eqorgvkvkqp ncy kp vjg eqwpvt{ vq gpuwtg vjcv dqvj fqoguvke cpf hqtgkip hktou jcxg c ngxgn rnc{kpi hkgnf. 77. (d) Vjku ku vjg hktuv qh vjg rcuucig. Itqwr hctokpi jgnru tgoqxg rqxgtv{, kpetgcugu citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevkxkv{ cpf ugewtgu vjg kpfkxkfwcn htqo gzrnqkvcvkqp. Vjgtg ku pq ogpvkqp qh uwtrnwu rtqfwevkqp. Uq vjg qvjgt qrvkqpu ctg twngf qwv. 78. (e) Vjg ncuv nkpgu qh rcuucig ogpvkqpgf vjcv "vjg Kpfkcp gzcorngu qh yqogp qpn{ itqwru hctokpi qhhgt rqvgpvkcn dgpghkvkpi yqogp". Jgpeg, (e) ku eqttgev ejqkeg. 79. (d) (c) Vjgtg ku eqorwnukqp qp vjg vtcpukvkqp geqpqokgu vq iq kp hqt itqwr hctokpi. Vjgtghqtg, vjku ku pqv vjg eqttgev cpuygt. (d) Vjg rctcitcrj ku cnn cdqwv vjg dgpghkvu qh itqwr crrtqcej vq hctokpi. Vjku ku vjg tkijv cpuygt. (e) Dqvj qrvkqpu eqttgev kpenwfgf. (f) Dqvj ecppqv dg pgicvgf. 7:. (e) Kp vjg Yguvgtp eqpvgzv •fggrgpkpi qh fgoqetce{– ogcpu vjg kpetgcugf rctvkekrcvkqp qh vjg kpfkxkfwcnu kp vjg fgoqetcvke rtqeguu. Uq, vjg qvjgt qrvkqpu (c), (d) cpf (f) ctg cwvqocvkecnn{ pgicvgf. 7;. (d) Eqoowpkv{-Kfgpvkv{ uggou vq dg vjg iqxgtpkpi hqteg ogpvkqpgf kp ugxgpvj nkpg. Vjgtghqtg qrvkqp (d) ku eqttgev ejqkeg. 80. (e) Vjg kpxqnxgogpv qh eqoowpkvkgu kp vjg fgoqetcvke rtqeguu kp Kpfkc jcu ngf vq c ukngpv tgxqnwvkqp. Vjg wrrgt ecuvgu jgnf rqygt kp gctnkgt fc{u. Vjku rqygt ku igvvkpi unqyn{, ukngpvn{ cpf uwtgn{ vtcpuhgttgf vq vjg uwdcnvgtp itqwru Kp vjg eqpvgzv qh vjku ctiwogpv qrvkqp (c), (d) cpf (f) ctg twngf qwv. 81. (f) Vjg rcuucig tgxqnxgu ctqwpf vjg rtqdngo qh jcdkvcv htciogpvcvkqp yjkej rqugu c ugtkqwu vjtgcv vq dkqfkxgtukv{ eqpugtxcvkqp. 84. (c) Yjgp hqtguv ncpfu igv htciogpvgf jwocp cevkxkvkgu uvctv qp vjg gfigu qh vjgug htciogpvgf ncpfu yjkej tguwnvu kp fgitcfcvkqp qh gpvktg hqtguvu. Vjgtghqtg eqpvkpwkv{ qh vjg hqtguvgf ncpfuecrgu cpf eqttkfqtu ujqwnf dg ockpvckpgf. 85. (e) Vjg fkuejctig qh citkewnvwtcn unwtt{ kpvq ycvgteqwtugu ujqwnf dg tguvtkevgf dgecwug ycvgteqwtugu fq pqv eqpvckp vjg oketqqticpkuou vjcv ecp fgeqorqug qticpke eqorqpgpvu qh citkewnvwtcn unwtt{. Ugeqpfn{, vjg fkuejctig oc{ ngcf vq vjg gwvtqrjkecvkqp qh ycvgt dqfkgu. 86. (d) Fkuejctigf citkewnvwtcn unwtt{ jcu dggp tghgttgf vq cu rqnnwvcpv cpf fgeqorqugf unwtt{ kp uqkn cu hgtvknk|gt. 87. (d) Vjg rqnnwvcpvu ctg cffgf vq dqvj vjg uqkn cpf ycvgt. Uqkn fqgup'v igv rqnnwvgf cu oketqqticpkuou eqpxgtv rqnnwvcpv kpvq hgtvknk|gt. Ycvgt ku gptkejgf ykvj vjg pwvtkgpv yjkej hnqyu vjtqwij uvtgcou, tkxgtu cpf ncmgu. Vjgug pwvtkgpvu ctg tgurqpukdng hqt gwvtqrjkecvkqp yjkej tguwnvu kp fgeqorqukvkqp qh cnicn dnqqou. 88. (d) Ewnvwtcn gwvtqrjkecvkqp yknn tguwnv kp nquu qh hnqtc cpf hcwpc cu gwvtqrjkecvkqp qh ycvgt dqfkgu fq pqv cnnqy qz{igp vq rcuu vjtqwij kv. 89. (e) Vjg vjgog qh vjg rcuucig ku dcugf qp jqy vjg citkewnvwtcn unwtt{ yjgp fkuejctigf kp ycvgt ecwugu ewnvwtcn gwvtqrjkecvkqp tguwnvkpi gequ{uvgo ugtxkeg nquu. Vjg ocipkvwfg qh vjg rtqdngo jcu dggp uq owej vjcv vjg uekgpvkuvu jcxg pqvkegf jwig 'fgcf |qpgu' pgct dki ycvgt dqfkgu yjkej ogcpu fguvtwevkqp qh cswcvke nkhg. 8:. (d) Ocp'u rj{ukecn pggf ku pgxgt iqkpi vq egcug cu nqpi cu ocp ku etcxkpi hqt kv. Fguktg dtkpiu cnqpi okugtkgu. Kh ocp fqgup'v tgcnk|g vjku cpf mggru qp fqkpi yjcv jg ku fqkpi vjgp pq rj{ukecn jgnr ecp tgfweg jku okugtkgu. Kv ku ocp'u pcvwtg yjkej ku tgurqpukdng hqt cnn vjg okugtkgu. Vjg qpn{ uqnwvkqp vq vjku ku ocp'u urktkvwcn itqyvj cpf dtkpikpi ejcpig kp jku ejctcevgt. 8;. (f) Vjg cwvjqt ikxgu rtkoct{ korqtvcpeg vq urktkvwcn itqyvj kp ocp kp gtcfkecvkpi jwocp okugt{. 90. (e) Vjg fgoqetcekgu kp vjg yguv jcxg gxqnxgf qxgt c rgtkqf qh vkog dgecwug qh rgqrng”u rctvkekrcvkqp kp vjg fgoqetcvke rtqeguu. Vjg yguvgtp fgoqetcekgu jcxg kpuvkvwvkqpcnk|gf vjg xctkqwu kpuvtwogpv qh iqxgtpcpeg. Cu c tguwnv vjgkt fgoqetcekgu ctg hct oqtg tqdwuv vjcp vjg pgyn{ hqtogf fgoqetcekgu. 91. (f) Uvcvgogpv 1 ku kpeqttgev. Uvcvgogpv 2 ku cnuq kpeqttgev dgecwug kv ecp dg kphgttgf htqo vjg hktuv rctcitcrj vjcv uqogvkogu yguvgtp pcvkqpu ctg vt{kpi vq korqug fgoqetce{ qp pqp yguvgtp pcvkqpu dwv kv ecppqv dg kphgttgf vjcv yguvgtp eqwpvtkgu ctg cnyc{u vt{kpi vq korqug fgoqetce{ qp pqp yguvgtp. 94. (c) Uvcvgogpv 1 ku eqttgev cu kv ecp dg kphgttgf htqo vjg kphqtocvkqp ikxgp kp vjg rcuucig vjcv eqorcpkgu ujcnn eqorn{ ykvj cnn vjg ncyu qh ncpf. 95. (c) Iqqf eqtrqtcvg kphnwgpeg jcxg rqukvkxg kphnwgpeg qp vjg ujctg rtkeg qh vjg eqorcp{ cu ogpvkqpgf kp ncuv hgy nkpgu qh rctcitcrj. Eqtrqtcvg iqxgtpcpeg ku qpg qh etkvgtkc hqt vjg hqtgkip kpuvkvwvkqpcn kpxguvqtu yjgp vjg{ fgekfg vq dw{ c eqorcp{. 96. (e) Ocnpwvtkvkqp qeewtu fwg vq pqv gcvkpi cfgswcvg swcpvkv{ qh hqqf. Vjg mpqyngfig qh vjg hqqf pggfu qh {qwpigt ejknftgp ecp ewtd vjku rtqdngo. 97. (d) Vcmkpi ectg qh c {qwpi ejknf ku qhvgp nghv vq cp qnfgt ukdnkpi d{ yqtmkpi oqvjgtu. Rwdnke jgcnvj cwvjqtkvkgu fq pqv hkpf c ogpvkqp kp vjg rcuucig jgpeg (c) ku eqttgev. 98. (e) Rqnke{ kpvgtxgpvkqp ecp ucxg vjg hctogtu htqo citkewnvwtcn tkumu. Dgecwug Kpfkcp hctogtu ctg tkum cxgtug. Uq vjg{ fgukip kprwvu cpf etqrrkpi rcvvgtpu vq tgfweg tkum pqv vq oczkok|g vjgkt rtqhkv. 99. (d) Citkewnvwtcn tkumu ecp dg vcemngf ykvj ocp{ uvtcvgikgu nkmg etqr kpuwtcpeg, rtkeg uvcdknk|cvkqp, fgxgnqrogpv qh xctkgvkgu tgukuvcpv vq rguvu cpf fkugcugu. Uq pq ukping tkum urgekhke rqnke{ ku uwhhkekgpv vq tgfweg kv. 9:. (d) Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig, ygcm inqdcn geqpqoke rtqurgevu cpf eqpvkpwkpi wpegtvckpvkgu kp vjg kpvgtpcvkqpcn octmgvu cu ygnn cu uqxgtgkip tkum eqpegtpu, rctvkewnctn{ kp vjg Gwtq ctgc jcxg jcf vjgkt korcev qp vjg gogtikpi octmgv geqpqokgu. 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Topicwise Solved Papers F 132 9;. (e) Vjg Kpfkcp hkpcpekcn octmgvu ctg chhgevgf d{ inqdcn ejcpigu ockpn{ fwg vq vjg eqpvcikqp qh Itggeg”u uqxgtgkip fgdv rtqdngo urtgcfkpi vq Kpfkc. :0. (f) Ukpeg vjg Kpfkcp hkpcpekcn u{uvgo ku dcpm fqokpcvgf dcpmu cdknkv{ vq ykvjuvcpf uvtguu ku etkvkecn vq qxgtcnn hkpcpekcn uvcdknkv{. :1. (c) Ykvj hwtvjgt inqdcnk|cvkqp, eqpuqnkfcvkqp, fgtgiwncvkqp cpf fkxgtukhkecvkqp, tkum cpf nkswkfkv{ ocpcigogpv cuuwogu oqtg korqtvcpeg kp vjg Kpfkcp dcpmkpi u{uvgo kp hwvwtg. :4. (d) Yjgp Qz{igp ku ujwv htqo gpvgtkpi vjg fgeqorqukvkqp fqgup'v vcmg rnceg eqorngvgn{. Vjg Ectecuugu kpukfg vjg ugfkogpvct{ tqemu igv vtcpuhqtogf kpvq etwfg qkn fwg vq jgcv cpf rtguuwtg. :5. (e) Vjg nc{gtu qh Ugfkogpvct{ tqemu dgeqog vjkemgt cpf jgcxkgt fwg vq fgrqukvkqp cpf etgcvg rtguuwtg qp vjg octkpg etgcvwtgu wpfgt kv, yjkej kp vwtp ejcpig vjg ectecuugu kpvq etwfg qkn. :6. (e) Vjg crqnqikuvu qh vjg htgg octmgv u{uvgo dgnkgxg kp vjg cdknkv{ qh vjg octmgv vq ugnh eqttgev. Vjgkt fkuewuukqpu ctg igpgtcnn{ cdqwv htgg octmgv qrgtcvkqpu cpf hqtegu, qp vjg ghhkekgpe{ qh uwej gpvgtrtkugu cpf vjgkt cdknkv{ hqt ugnh eqttgevkqp. :7. (e) Kfgqnqikecn dkcu ogcpu cp qrkpkqp vjcv ku qh c rctvkcn pcvwtg. Jgtg vjg kfgc gzrtguugf kp vjg rcuucig ku vjcv cp wptgiwncvgf octmgv ku htgg cpf eqorgvgpv. :8. (e ) Kv ku engctn{ uckf vjcv vjg ctiwogpvu dgvtc{ ogcpkpi ikxg cyc{ c dkcugf qrkpkqp. Uq uvcvgogpv (1) tghgttkpi vq vjg hcnug kfgqnqi{ qh ecrkvcnkuo ku qpg qh vjg qrvkqpu. Kv ku cnuq ogpvkqpgf vjcv c oqtg jqpguv cpcn{uku yqwnf tghngev vjg tguwnvcpv itquu kpgswcnkv{. Uq uvcvgogpv (4) ku cnuq vjg eqttgev qrvkqp. :9. (e) Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig pgv rtqhkvu ctg qpn{ 2.2% cu hct cu vjg egpvtcn rwdnke ugevqt wpfgtvcmkpiu ctg eqpegtpgf. Uq uvcvgogpv (2) ku eqttgev. Vjg rtkxcvg ugevqt jcu itqyp. Vjgtg ku c nctigt dcug ykvj oqtg gfwecvgf cpf oqpg{gf rgqrng ctqwpf. Jgpeg uvcvgogpv (3) ku eqttgev vqq htqo vjg rqkpv qh xkgy qh vjg rctcitcrj. Vjg tqng qh iqxgtpogpvcn kpuvkvwvkqpu kp gpeqwtcikpi eqorgvkvkqp coqpi vjg rtkxcvg ugevqt gpvgtrtkugu gpuwtgu vjg eqpvkpwkpi itqyvj qh vjku ugevqt. Jgpeg, Uvcvgogpv (4) ku cnuq eqttgev. ::. (d) Vjg twtcn tqcfu ujqwnf dg kp vjg fqockp qh vjg rwdnke ugevqt qpn{ dgecwug vjg urctug qt vjg nkvvng vtchhke kp vjgug tqcfu ocmgu kv korquukdng vq ocmg rtqhkvu qp vjg tqcf vcz qt vqnnu cu vjg{ ctg ecnngf. :;. (e) Vjg iqxgtpogpv fqgu kpxguv kp fkhhgtgpv kpfwuvtkcn ugevqtu. Vjku ku yjcv vjg rctcitcrj uc{u. Kpfggf vjgtg ku iqxgtpogpvcn kpxguvogpv kp c xctkgv{ qh kpfwuvtkgu htqo cktnkpgu, tqcfu, uvggn, cpf hkpcpeg vq kpfwuvtkgu yjgtg vjg rtkxcvg ugevqt rnc{u c rtqokpgpv tqng. Hqt kp vjg ncvvgt kv cevu cu vjg worktg qt vjg tgiwncvkpi cigpe{ uq cu vq etgcvg c eqorgvkvkxg cvoqurjgtg hqt vjg itqyvj qh gpvtgrtgpgwtujkr. ;0. (c) Vjg iqxgtpogpv cevu cu c tgiwncvkpi cigpe{ d{ rtguetkdkpi dtqcf pqtou ykvjkp yjkej vjg rtkxcvg gpvgtrtkugu ecp eqpfwev vjgkt dwukpguu kp cp cvoqurjgtg qh hckt cpf hgctnguu eqorgvkvkqp. Vjcv ku yj{ vjg iqxgtpogpv ku ocfg vjg worktg kp c hkgnf qh dwukpguu rnc{gtu. ;1. (c) Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig vjg ognvkpi qh incekgtu htqo vjg Jkocnc{cu yknn ngcf vq kpetgcugf twp-qhhu qt hnqy qh ycvgt kp vjg pgzv 30 {gctu, chvgt yjkej kv yknn fgetgcug, uq uvcvgogpv (1) ku qpg qh vjg hcevqtu yjkej yknn hqteg vjg ujkhvkpi qh nqecvkqp qh gzkuvkpi etqru fwg vq enkocvke eqpfkvkqpu. Vgorgtcvwtgu yknn kpetgcug d{ 1fgitgg egpvkitcfg qxgt vjg ucog rgtkqf cnn qxgt vjg yqtnf, cpf vjg ugc ngxgn ku gzrgevgf vq tkug d{ 10eo, uq qdxkqwun{ xgt{ jqv rncegu ecppqv dg uwkvcdng hqt egtvckp etqru. Uq uvcvgogpv (2) ku cnuq eqttgev. Fwg vq ftqwijv eqpfkvkqpu cpf oqpuqqp xctkcvkqpu egtvckp ctgcu yknn ikxg rqqt etqr rtqfwevkxkv{. Uq etqr rtqfwevkqp yknn jcxg vq dg ujkhvgf vq oqtg uwkvcdng ctgcu vq cflwuv ykvj geqnqikecn kodcncpegu. Jgpeg uvcvgogpv (3) jcu vq dg kpenwfgf kp vjg cpuygt vqq. ;4. (e) Cu Kpfkc ku nkmgn{ vq gzrgtkgpeg ejcpigf ygcvjgt rcvvgtpu kp vjg hwvwtg kv ku korqtvcpv vq kpxguv kp tgugctej cpf fgxgnqrogpv kp citkewnvwtg uq vjcv kv ku rquukdng vq nqecvg cpf kpfgpvkh{ vjg ctgcu yjkej yknn dg oquv uwkvcdng hqt fkhhgtgpv etqru. ;5. (e) Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig vjgtg ujqwnf dg ejcpigu kp nkhguv{ng; gurgekcnn{ vjg qxgtwug qh vgejpqnqi{ ujqwnf dg uvqrrgf cv cnn equvu cu uvcvgf kp uvcvgogpv (3). Vjgtg ujqwnf dg nguu eqpuworvkqp qh cpkocn rtqvgkp vjcv ku ogcv. Vjg HCS qt vjg Hqqf Cfokpkuvtcvkqp Qticpk|cvkqp enckou vjcv pgctn{ 18% qh itggpjqwug icugu ctg gokvvgf htqo nkxguvqem. Uq uvcvgogpv (1) ku cnuq vtwg. ;6. (c) Cu Kpfkcpu yg eqpvkpwg vq fgrgpf qp hquukn hwgn jgcxkn{ dgecwug qh vjg ncem qh kpxguvogpv kp tgugctej cpf fgxgnqrogpv kp qvjgt hqtou qh gpgti{ yjkej ctg uq tgcfkn{ cxckncdng. Vjg ncem qh vgejpqnqikecn fgxgnqrogpv rtgxgpvu wu htqo jctpguukpi vjg tguqwtegu qh ykpf, uqnct cpf dkqocuu gpgti{, yjkej ctg tgcfkn{ cxckncdng. ;7. (f) Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig vjg okvkicvkqp qh itggpjqwug icugu ecwug nqygt ckt rqnnwvkqp, vjku yknn ngcf vq dgvvgt jgcnvj coqpi vjg rwdnke, cu c tguwnv vjgtg yknn dg nguu gzrgpfkvwtg qp rwdnke jgcnvj cu uvcvgf kp uvcvgogpv (1); uekgpvkuvu jcxg cntgcf{ rtgfkevgf vjcv vjg gokuukqp qh itggpjqwug icugu yknn jcxg fkucuvtqwu korcev qp enkocvg ejcpig kp vjg pgzv 30 {gctu cpf yqtuv uvknn chvgt vjcv. Uq uvcvgogpv (4) ku cnuq eqttgev. ;8. (d) Vjg guugpvkcn oguucig eqpxg{gf d{ vjg rcuucig ku vjcv kv ku cduqnwvgn{ guugpvkcn vq tgfweg vq c xgt{ itgcv gzvgpv vjg gokuukqp qh itggpjqwug icugu kpvq vjg cvoqurjgtg. ;9. (e) Kp vjku rcuucig vjg cwvjqt ycpvu vq eqpxg{ vjcv vjg dguv yc{ vq gpuwtg vjg rtqurgtkv{ cpf hwtvjgt geqpqoke itqyvj qh vjg pcvkqp ku d{ korngogpvkpi kpenwukxg itqyvj yjgtg vjg dgpghkvu qh itqyvj ctg ujctgf d{ vjg gpvktg rqrwncvkqp cpf pqv d{ egtvckp ugiogpvu qpn{. ;:. (e) Vq ocmg vjg rtqeguu qh kpenwukxg itqyvj oqtg ghhgevkxg vjg cwvjqt uwiiguvu vjcv yg ujqwnf pqv qpn{ eqpegpvtcvg qp vjg rqqtgt ugevkqpu qh uqekgv{, dwv cnuq gpuwtg vjcv vjg tkej cpf okffng encuu uvcpf vq ickp egtvckp rqkpvu. Kp vjku yc{ kv yknn dg rquukdng vq tgfkuvtkdwvg vjg geqpqoke ickpu ocfg d{ vjgug ugevkqpu qh uqekgv{ vq vjqug igvvkpi nghv dgjkpf. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 133 ;;. (f) Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig gtcfkecvkqp qh rqxgtv{ ku pqv c uwhhkekgpv eqpfkvkqp hqt itqyvj. Uq uvcvgogpv (1) ku twngf qwv. Itqyvj jcu vq dg vtgcvgf cu cp kpuvtwogpv hqt gpuwtkpi rtqurgtkv{ hqt cnn. Dwv vjku ku {gv vq dg cvvckpgf. Uq Kpfkc jcu vq uvtkxg qp. Uq uvcvgogpv (2) ku cnuq twngf qwv. 100. (d) Kh vjg rtkeg qh etwfg qkn ku z cpf vjg gzejcpig tcvg ku {, cpf kh uwej c vtcpurctgpv hqtownc ku ugv kp rnceg d{ vjg iqxgtpogpv vjg qkn eqorcpkgu ecp ocmg rtqhkvu d{ kppqxcvkpi ykvjkp vjg twngu cpf tgiwncvkqpu qh cpvkvtwuv cpf qvjgt eqorgvkvkqp ncyu. Vq gpuwtg itgcvgt rtqhkvu vjg{ yknn cnuq jcxg vq hkpf qwv yc{u vq ewv equvu. Uq uvcvgogpvu (2) cpf (3) jcxg dggp ugngevgf. 101. (c) Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig rtkxcvg qkn eqorcpkgu ecp tg-gpvgt vjg qkn rtqfwekpi octmgv kh c vtcpurctgpv twng dcugf rgvtqn rtkekpi gzkuvu dgecwug vjg{ yknn dg cdng vq kppqxcvg, ewv vjgkt equvu cpf gctp oqtg rtqhkvu yjkej ku cp cvvtcevkxg kpegpvkxg hqt cp{ dwukpguu. 104. (f) Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig fwg vq vjg cfxgtug korcev qh enkocvke ejcpig qp vjg gequ{uvgo ecp dg c rquukdng nquu qh egtvckp urgekgu qh cpkocnu cpf vjgkt jcdkvcvu cpf cnuq c fgetgcug kp vjg ugtxkegu qh vjg gequ{uvgo. (f) qrvkqp ku eqttgev. 105. (d) Vjg rcuucig engctn{ uvcvgu vjcv vjg enkocvke ejcpig oc{ jcxg cp cfxgtug ghhgev qp vjg Jkocnc{cp gequ{uvgo, d{ cnvgtkpi vgorgtcvwtgu, ejcpikpi rtgekrkvcvkqp rcvvgtpu , ngcfkpi vq ftqwijv cpf eqpugswgpvn{ vjg fgcvj qh ugxgtcn urgekgu qh cpkocnu cpf rncpvu kpenwfkpi jwocpu. 106. (d) Vjg oquv korqtvcpv oguucig eqpxg{gf kp vjg rcuucig ku uwoogf wr kp vjg ncuv hgy nkpgu. Vjg kfgc ku vq ujkhv vjg cvvgpvkqp htqo ogtgn{ vjg urgekgu-jcdkvcv hqewu vq vjg gpvktg dkqitcrjkecn tcpig ogcpkpi cnn vjg rncpvu cpf cpkocnu kpenwfkpi jwocpu uq vjcv enkocvke cflwuvogpvu ecp dg vcmgp ectg qh oqtg ghhgevkxgn{. 107. (d) Kv ku engct htqo vjg rcuucig vjcv pqv qpn{ jwocp cevkxkv{ ku ecwukpi gpxktqpogpvcn rqnnwvkqp, dwv cnuq pcvwtcn tgcuqpu ecp cfxgtugn{ chhgev enkocvg u{uvgou. Vjku ku engctn{ uvcvgf kp vjg hktuv hqwt nkpgu qh vjg rcuucig. 108. (c) Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig iqxgtpogpv kpvgthgtgpeg ngcfu vq fkuvqtvkqpu cpf kpghhkekgpe{ kp vjg geqpqo{ kp vjg ugpug vjcv vjgtg ku tqqo hqt eqttwrvkqp cu ygnn cu c ncem qh kpvgtguv kp kpxguvogpv qp vjg rctv qh vjg gpvtgrtgpgwtu. 109. (e) Vjg hktuv rctcitcrj uvcvgu vjcv vjg dcuke rjknquqrj{ qh inqdcnk|cvkqp ku vq gpuwtg cduqnwvg htggfqo hqt vjg octmgvu, vq ugv vjgkt rtkegu, rtqfweg vjgkt iqqfu, cpf fkuvtkdwvg vjgo cu rgt vjgkt qyp etkvgtkqp. 10:. (e) Vjg rcuucig engctn{ uvcvgu vjcv kp ceeqtfcpeg ykvj vjg eqpfkvkqpu ugv d{ vjg YVQ. gve. hqt inqdcnk|cvkqp, rwdnke ugevqtu ujqwnf dg rtkxcvk|gf. Uq uvcvgogpv (1) ku eqttgev. Gornq{ogpv cpf ycigu ujqwnf dg eqpfkvkqpgf d{ vjg htgg rnc{ qh vjg octmgv hqtegu kpxqnxgf, qvjgtykug kv okijv fkueqwtcig kpxguvogpv cu uvcvgf kp uvcvgogpv (3). Gxgp uqekcn ugtxkegu nkmg jgcvj cpf gfwecvkqp ujqwnf ygneqog rtkxcvg rnc{gtu cu ku eqttgevn{ gzrtguugf kp uvcvgogpv (4). 10;. (d) Vjg gpvktg rcuucig hqewugu qp vjg hcev vjcv vjg uvcvg ujqwnf rnc{ c tgfwekpi tqng kp vjg rtqeguu qh inqdcnk|cvkqp. Vjku ku gncdqtcvgf kp vjg ncuv hgy nkpgu qh vjg rcuucig ykvj rctvkewnct tghgtgpeg vq Kpfkc. 110. (c) (c) ku eqttgev cu vjku cuuworvkqp ku kpjgtgpv kp vjg hktuv rctv qh vjg rcuucig yjkej uc{u vjcv vjg tkejgt uvcvgu, jcxkpi itqyp, jcxg vjg ecrcdknkv{ vq ujctg Kpfkc'u dwtfgp qh dgeqokpi geq-htkgpfn{. (d) ku cduwtf cu pqyjgtg vjg rcuucig vcnmu cdqwv rqqt uvcvgu dgkpi fgrgpfgpv qp tkej Uvcvgu hqt gngevtkekv{. (e) ku ytqpi cu engcp gpgti{ rtqlgevu ctg oqtg gzrgpukxg vjcp vjg vtcfkvkqpcn hquukn hwgnu. (e) ku ytqpi cu vjg oclqt ecwug qh jkij ectdqp gokuukqpu kp Kpfkc ku fgxgnqrogpv wukpi ejgcrgt gpgti{ uqwtegu yjkej jcxg jkijgt ectdqp gokuukqpu. 111. (f) (c) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig ku pqv cv cnn tgncvgf vq Ocng ejcwxkpkuo cpf kphkfgnkv{ (d) ku ytqpi cu Nqxg cpf dgvtc{cn ku pqv vjg kuuwg vjg rcuucig ku vt{kpi vq ugpvkvkug cdqwv. Vjg rcuucig ku oqtg cdqwv c oqvjgt'u kphnwgpeg qp jgt ejknf. Jqy ujg iqxgtpgf jku nkhgA (e) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig ku pqv cv cnn tgncvgf vq Ncem qh ngicn uchgiwctfu hqt yqogp. Iwngtk jcfp'v iqpg hqt cp{ uwej rtqvgevkqp. (f) ku eqttgev cu fkuewuugf kp vjg rctcitcrj. Vjg tgcn tgcuqp dgjkpf vjku ukvwcvkqp ycu Ocpcm'u oqvjgt. Jg eqwnf pqv tgcnkug jgt ykhg'u nqxg cu jg ycu wpfgt vjg kphnwgpeg qh jgt oqvjgt'u okpfugv. 114. (d) (c) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv uqekcn cpf rqnkvkecn htggfqo tcvjgt kv vcnmu cdqwv uqekcn ugewtkv{. (d) ku eqttgev cu kv vcnmu cdqwv cduqnwvg uqekcn ugewtkv{ vq cnn vjg ekvk|gpu yjkej ku vjg guugpeg qh vjg rcuucig. Tghgt vjg 1uv ugpvgpeg, 'vq htgg gxgt{ ocp htqo hgct, vjcv. jg oc{ nkxg kp cnn rquukdng ugewtkv{.' (e) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv cduqnwvg nkdgtv{ kp cnn ocvvgtu qh nkhg tcvjgt kv ecnnu vq fgxgnqr vjg ekvk|gp'u okpfu cpf dqfkgu kp ugewtkv{. Tghgt ncuv ugpvgpeg. (f) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig vcnm cdqwv cduqnwvg ugewtkv{ cpf pqv lwuv rj{ukecn ugewtkv{ cu 'cnn rquukdng ugewtkv{' ogpvkqpgf kp 1uv ugpvgpeg tghgtu vq rj{ukecn cpf ogpvcn (tghgt ncuv ugpvgpeg) ugewtkv{. 115. (d) (c) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv qticpkucvkqpcn gzrcpukqp qh owpkekrcn dqfkgu cnn qxgt vjg eqwpvt{. (d) ku eqttgev cu vjg rcuucig engctn{ vcnmu cdqwv ncem qh cfgswcvg uvchh ykvj tgswktgf umknnu cpf eqorgvgpekgu kp vjg owpkekrcn eqtrqtcvkqpu qt nqecn iqxgtpogpv dqfkgu cpf vjcv vjgug umknnu ctg xgt{ owej tgswktgf cu vjg qrgtcvkqpu ctg swkvg eqorngz. Jgpeg, vjg cuuworvkqp vjcv qwt ekvkgu ecp rtqxkfg dgvvgt swcnkv{ qh nkhg ykvj swcnkv{ uvchh ku engctn{ octmgf qwv. (e) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv vjg tgcuqpu hqt vjg ncem qh umknngf uvchh. (f) ku ytqpi cu vjg fgoqitcrjke fkxkfgpf cpf vjg rtqdngou cuuqekcvgf ykvj tcrkf wtdcpk|cvkqp ctg qwv qh eqpvgzv qh vjg rcuucig. 116. (e) (c), (d) cpf (f) ctg ytqpi cu vjg{ vcnm cdqwv dktfu kp igpgtcn. Vjg rcuucig vcnmu urgekhkecnn{ cdqwv Hncokpiqu. (e) ku eqttgev cu kv vcnmu cdqwv uqog urgekgu qh dktfu. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 134 117. (f) (c) ku ytqpi cu kv ku qwv qh eqpvgzv qh vjg rcuucig. Hwtvjgt gzvgpfgf OIPTGIU qpn{ vq vjqug yjq jcxg c dcpm ceeqwpv yqwnf iq cickpuv vjg xgt{ guugpeg qh vjg uejgog. (d) ku ytqpi kp urkvg qh vjg rcrgt-dcugf u{uvgo qh rc{ogpvu dgkpi oqtg ghhkekgpv vjcp gngevtqpke rc{ogpv u{uvgo. Vjku ku pqv vjg ockp oguucig qh vjg rcuucig. (e) ku ytqpi cu kv pgicvgu vjg hcev ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rcuucig. Tghgt vjg ugeqpf ugpvgpeg yjkej uc{u, 'gngevtqpke ycig rc{ogpvu kp OIPTGIU ctg ogcpv vq iq fktgevn{ vq vjg rqqt.' (f) ku cduqnwvgn{ eqttgev cu vjg qrgpkpi ugpvgpeg engctn{ uc{u vjcv ekvk|gpu nkxkpi kp twtcn ctgcu, ctg hkpcpekcnn{ knnkvgtcvg. Uq, kv ku guugpvkcn vq rtqxkfg hkpcpekcn nkvgtce{ vq vjg twtcn rqqt. 118. (e) 3 ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv hqewukpi qpn{ qp jwocp fgxgnqrogpv. Kv fq vcnmu cdqwv cp wpdcncpegf gorjcuku qp itqyvj dwv vjcv, kp cp{ ecug, fqgu pqv ogcp hqewukpi qpn{ qp jwocp fgxgnqrogpv. 2 ku cduqnwvgn{ eqttgev cu vjg rcuucig engctn{ uc{u cp wpdcncpegf gorjcuku qp itqyvj ku qhvgp cuuqekcvgf ykvj pgicvkxg gpxktqpogpvcn eqpugswgpegu cpf cfxgtug fkuvtkdwvkqpcn ghhgevu. 1 ku ytqpi cu kv ku eqorngvgn{ qwv qh eqpvgzv qh vjg rcuucig. 119. (d) 1 ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig pqyjgtg vcnmu cdqwv geqpqoke fkurctkv{ tcvjgt kv vcnmu cdqwv jgcnvj, gfwecvkqp qt qvjgt pqp-kpeqog curgevu qh jwocp fgxgnqrogpv. Vjg rcuucig ku guugpvkcnn{ cdqwv ftcykpi c dcncpeg dgvyggp geqpqoke itqyvj cpf jwocp fgxgnqrogpv. 2 ku vjg eqttgev cuuworvkqp cu wpdcncpegf itqyvj uqogvkogu ngcfu vq gpxktqpogpvcn fgitcfcvkqp. 11:. (c) (c) ku pqv qt ngcuv guugpvkcn cu c rctv qh vjg ctiwogpv dgecwug kv ku kttgngxcpv kp vjg eqpvgzv qh vjg rcuucig. (d) ku guugpvkcn cu c rctv qh vjg ctiwogpv cu vjg 'uwrgt' cpf 'uwd' jwocp dgkpiu tghgtu vq vjg 'hgy ugngev ekvk|gpu' cpf vjg 'gzenwfgf qpgu'.. (e) ku guugpvkcn cu c rctv qh vjg ctiwogpv cu vjg ugeqpf ugpvgpeg engctn{ uc{u vjku. (f) ku guugpvkcn cu vjg tgeqipkvkqp qh fkurctkvkgu kp kpfkxkfwcn ecrcekvkgu ngcfu vq vjg gzenwukqp rqnkekgu. 11;. (f) (c) ku ytqpi cu kv uvcvgu c hcev ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rcuucig. Kv fqgu pqv uwo wr vjg rcuucig. (d) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv tguvtkev vjg rtqdngo vq vjg fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu qpn{. (e) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig qpn{ uc{u vjcv vjg hqqf rtqfwevkqp yknn jcxg vq fqwdng. Kv fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv hqqf uectekv{ cv cnn. Tcvjgt kv vcnmu cdqwv jqy vq oggv vjg tgswktgf vctigv. (f) eqttgevn{ uwou wr vjg rcuucig. Hqqf ugewtkv{ ku kpetgcukpin{ c eqnngevkxg ejcnngpig cpf vjg rcuucig uwiiguvu ogcpu vq eqodcv kv. 140. (d) (c) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig uc{u vjcv kh yg ecp ewv qwt fghgpeg gzrgpugu yg ecp hkpf rgceg qt dwknfkpi qh ygcrqpu u{uvgou d{ wu yknn kpuvkicvgf qwt pgkijdqwtu vq ycig yctu cickpuv wu ku c hcnug rtqrcicvkqp. (d) ku eqttgev cu vjg rcuucig uwrrqtvu ygcrqpdwknfkpi d{ Kpfkc. Kv ecp cnuq dg kphgttgf htqo vjg rcuucig vjcv Kpfkc ycpvu vq guvcdnkuj rgceg ykvj qwt pgkijdqwtu. Uq 'ygcrqp-dwknfkpi yqwnf nguugp vjg rquukdknkv{ qh ctogf eqphnkev ykvj qwt pgkijdqwtu' ku vjg oquv xcnkf cuuworvkqp. Cnvjqwij (e) ku cnuq cp cuuworvkqp dwv wug qh vjg yqtfu'uvcvg qh vjg ctv'cpf'pcvkqpcn ugewtkv{' fqgu pqv ocmg kv vjg oquv xcnkf cuuworvkqp. (f) ku cp kphgtgpeg dwv pqv cp cuuworvkqp. 141. (e) Vjg swguvkqpu cumu hqt vjg etkvkecn kphgtgpeg. (f) ku c ytqpi cu kv rtgugpvu c eqpvtcfkevqt{ nqike cu ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rcuucig. (c) cpf (d) ctg eqttgev uvcvgogpvu kp vjg eqpvgzv qh vjg rcuucig dwv vjg{ rtgugpv qpn{ nqikecn rctv qh vjg rcuucig. Qpn{ (e) rtgugpvu vjg oquv etkvkecn kphgtgpeg cu kv jkijnkijvu vjg rtqdngo cpf vjg uqnwvkqpu ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rcuucig. 144. (d) Vjg rcuucig vcnmu cdqwv vjg rtgugtxgf cpf rtqeguugf hqqfu qt vjg Hqqf rtqeguukpi kpfwuvt{ cpf vjg xctkqwu korcevu kv rtqfwegu - rqnnwvkqp, ycuvcig qh hqqf cpf tckp hqtguvu, tgfwegf pwvtkvkqpcn eqpvgpv, kpetgcugf fgocpf hqt rtgugtxcvkqp cpf rcemcikpi. Cnn vjku ngcfu vq rwv c dwtfgp qp qwt pcvwtcn tguqwtegu. Uq 2 ku vtwg. 1 ku pqv eqttgev cu vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv vjg tgikqpcnn{ itqyp hqqf. Kv vcnmu cdqwv tgikqpu ykvj iqqf rtqfweg hggfkpi qvjgt rctvu qh vjg yqtnf ngcxkpi vjgkt qyp tgikqp jwpit{. Uq 1 ku pqv eqttgev. 145. (c) Vjg hktuv ukz ugpvgpegu qh vjg rcuucig engctn{ cpuygtu vjg swguvkqp. (d), (e) cpf (f) ctg engctn{ ogpvkqpgf kp vjgug ugpvgpegu. Kv ku pqv ogpvkqpgf vjcv vjg cwvjqt jcu pq kpvgpvkqp vq ycuvg jku vkog dwv yjcv ku ogpvkqpgf ku vjcv jku eqpuvkvwvkqpcn uj{pguu ucxgu qt urctgu jko c nqv qh vkog. 146. (c) Vjg hktuv jcnh qt vjg hktuv 7-8 ugpvgpegu qh vjg rcuucig engctn{ gzrnckpu vjg uj{pguu qh vjg cwvjqt qt jku jgukvcpe{ kp urggej yjkej jcu tguvtckpgfjku vjqwijvu. Cu c tguwnv, pq vjqwijv nguu yqtf ku wvvgtgf htqo jkoyjkng urgcmkpi qt ytkvkpi cpf jgpeg, jg jcu pgxgt tgitgvvgfjku urggej qt ytkvkpi. Vjku jcu urctgf jko htqo ocp{ c okujcr cpf ycuvg qh vkog. Koogpug rcvkgpeg cpf urktkvwcn rgtuqp ecppqv dg tgncvgf vq jko cv cnn. Vjg cwvjqt uctecuvkecnn{ ogpvkqpu vjcv 'ukngpeg ku rctv qh vjg urktkvwcn fkuekrnkpg qh c xqvct{ qh vtwvj'.Uq, (c) ku eqttgev cpuygt. 147. (f) Vjg 10vj ugpvgpeg qh vjg rcuucig 'Rtqpgpguu vq gzciigtcvg, vq aaaaaaa kp qtfgt vq uwtoqwpv kv' engctn{ uwiiguvu 'vgpfgpe{ vq qxgtuvcvg' cu vjg cpuygt. Uq, (f) ku eqttgev cpuygt. 148.(f) Vjg rcuucig engctn{ vcnmu cdqwv vjg jkij kphncvkqp kp Kpfkc cpf kvu kpcdknkv{ vq eqpvckp kv fwg vq vjg kppwogtcdng gzvgtpcn hcevqtu yjkej ctg c tguwnv qh vjg geqpqoke tghqtou. Uq (f) ku eqttgev. (c) ku ytqpi cu kv vcnmu cdqwv cxqkfkpi cnn vtcfg nkdgtcnkucvkqp rqnkekgu cpf cnn uwdukfkgu yjkej ku oqtg qh c uqnwvkqp qh vjg rtqdngo qh kphncvkqp dwv pqv c oguucig qh vjg rcuucig. (d) ku ytqpi cu kv vcnmu cdqwv tgcuqpu hqt Kpfkc'u pqptgcfkpguu vq vcmg wr vjg vtcfg nkdgtcnkucvkqp rtqeguu. Kv ku qwv qh ueqrg qh vjg rcuucig. (e) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv rqxgtv{ cv cnn. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 135 149. (f) (c) ku ytqpi cu kv pgicvgu vjg dcuke rtgokug qh vjg rcuucig. Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg rcuucig 'Pq Tkijv ku cduqnwvg, gzenwukxg qt kpxkqncdng yjgtgcu (c) uc{u vjcv Vjg Tkijv qh rgtuqpcn rtqrgtv{ ku c Pcvwtcn Tkijv. (d) ku ytqpi cu kv rtgugpvu cpqvjgt gzvtgog uvcpf qp Rgtuqpcn rtqrgtv{ d{ gswcvkpi kv vq vjghv cpf cp kpuvtwogpv qh gzrnqkvcvkqp. Kv okuugu qwv vjg cuuwogf ngikvkoce{ qh vjg tkijv cpf fqgu pqv ugg kv kp vjg eqpvgzv. (e) ku ytqpi cu kv vcnmu cdqwv Vjg Tkijv qh rgtuqpcn rtqrgtv{ dgkpi xkqncvkxg qh fkuvtkdwvkxg lwuvkeg cpf pgicvkpi vjg rtkpekrng qh eqqrgtcvkqp. Kv fqgu pqv gzrnckp vjg ctiwogpv. (f) ku eqttgev cu kv engctn{ gzrnckpu vjg ctiwogpv d{ ogpvkqpkpi vjcv vjg Tkijv qh gcej rgtuqp vq ceswkukvkqp qh rtqrgtv{ jcu vq dg tgeqpekngf ykvj vjcv qh qvjgtu.Tghgt vjg rtkpekrng qh eqqrgtcvkqp ogpvkqpgf kp vjg ncuv ugpvgpeg. Pqvg < Geqpqoke lwuvkeg, yjkej vqwejgu vjg kpfkxkfwcn rgtuqp cu ygnn cu vjg uqekcn qtfgt, gpeqorcuugu vjg oqtcn rtkpekrngu yjkej iwkfg wu kp fgukipkpi qwt geqpqoke kpuvkvwvkqpu. Vjgug kpuvkvwvkqpu fgvgtokpg jqy gcej rgtuqp gctpu c nkxkpi, gpvgtu kpvq eqpvtcevu, gzejcpigu iqqfu cpf ugtxkegu ykvj qvjgtu cpf qvjgtykug rtqfwegu cp kpfgrgpfgpv ocvgtkcn hqwpfcvkqp hqt jku qt jgt geqpqoke uwuvgpcpeg. Vjg wnvkocvg rwtrqug qh geqpqoke lwuvkeg ku vq htgg gcej rgtuqp vq gpicig etgcvkxgn{ kp vjg wpnkokvgf yqtm dg{qpf geqpqokeu, vjcv qh vjg okpf cpf vjg urktkv. Vjg Vjtgg Rtkpekrngu qh Geqpqoke Lwuvkeg: Nkmg gxgt{ u{uvgo, geqpqoke lwuvkeg kpxqnxgu kprwv, qwvrwv, cpf hggfdcem hqt tguvqtkpi jctoqp{ qt dcncpeg dgvyggp kprwv cpf qwvrwv. Ykvjkp vjg u{uvgo qh geqpqoke lwuvkeg cu fghkpgf d{ Nqwku Mgnuq cpf Oqtvkogt Cfngt, vjgtg ctg vjtgg guugpvkcn cpf kpvgtfgrgpfgpv rtkpekrngu: Rctvkekrcvkxg Lwuvkeg (vjg kprwv rtkpekrng), Fkuvtkdwvkxg Lwuvkeg (vjg qwv-vcmg rtkpekrng), cpf Uqekcn Lwuvkeg (vjg hggfdcem rtkpekrng). Nkmg vjg ngiu qh c vjtgg-ngiigf uvqqn, kh cp{ qh vjgug rtkpekrngu ku ygcmgpgf qt okuukpi, vjg u{uvgo qh geqpqoke lwuvkeg yknn eqnncrug. 14:. (c) (c) ku eqttgev cu vjg rcuucig vcnmu cdqwv vjg eqphnkev dgvyggp ocp cpf Uvcvg. Oqtgqxgt, vjg rcuucig eqphktou vjcv vjku ku c eqpvkpwqwu vwuung cpf ku cu qnf cu vjg uvcvg jkuvqt{. Vjg uqnwvkqp uggou vq dg' uvknn hct qhh uwiiguvu vjcv vjg eqphnkev yknn tgockp wptguqnxgf. (d) cpf (f) ctg ytqpi cu vjg{ rtgugpv qpn{ vjg kfgc eqpvckpgf kp vjg ncuv nkpg qh vjg rcuucig. (e) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig engctn{ ogpvkqpu vjcv qnf xcnwgu cpf kfgcu eqpuvcpvn{ {kgnf rnceg vq pgy qpgu yjkej ku eqpvtct{ vq yjcv ku ogpvkqpgf kp (e). Oqtgqxgt, kv ku pqv vjg cwvjqt'u xkgyrqkpv. 14;. (e) Vjg rcuucig engctn{ vcnmu cdqwv 1 cpf 3. Tghgt vjg 4vj ugpvgpeg, 'Vjg uecng cpf ocipkvwfg qh vjg hkpcpekcn uwrrqtv aaaaaa ownvkncvgtcn pgiqvkcvkqpu wpfgt vjg Wpkvgf Pcvkqpu Htcogyqtm Eqpxgpvkqp qp Enkocvg Ejcpig (WPHEEE)', yjkej ogpvkqpu 1 cpf 3 dqvj. Etqr hcknwtg, yjkej ku cp ghhgev qh enkocvg ejcpig, ku pqv ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rcuucig. 150. (e) Tghgt vjg 5vj ugpvgpeg, 'Vjg Eqpxgpvkqp uswctgn{ rwvu vjg aaaaaaa uvqem qh itggpjqwug icugu (IJIu) kp vjg cvoqurjgtg', yjkej engctn{ ogpvkqpu 3. 1 cpf 2 ctg pqv ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rcuucig. 151. (c) Tghgt vjg ugeqpf ncuv ugpvgpeg, 'Ikxgp vjg ocipkvwfg qh vjg vcum cpf vjg hwpfu tgswktgf, fqoguvke hkpcpegu ctg nkmgn{ vq hcnn ujqtv qh vjg ewttgpv cpf rtqlgevgf pggfu qh vjg fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu', yjkej engctn{ ujqyu vjcv enkocvg ejcpig ku nkmgn{ vq jcxg kornkecvkqpu qp vjgkt fqoguvke hkpcpegu. 2 ku pqv ogpvkqpgf kp vjg rcuucig. 154. (c) Vjg rcuucig engctn{ fgrkevu vjg vwuung dgvyggp fgxgnqrgf cpf fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu tgictfkpi uwrrqtv hqt okvkicvkqp. Vjg fgxgnqrkpi pcvkqpu pggf hkpcpekcn uwrrqtv vq cfcrv vq vjg pgy ogcuwtgu cpf vjg{ ycpv vjg fgxgnqrgf pcvkqpu vq dgct vjg gzrgpug qh yjcv vjg{ jcxg ecwugf. (d), (e) cpf (f) ctg ytqpi dgecwug vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv ogpvkqp gkvjgt qh gzrnqkvcvkqp qh pcvwtcn tguqwtegu, Ncem qh rqnkvkecn yknn qt Iqxgtpcpeg rtqdngou. 155. (d) C eqtqnnct{ ku c rtqrqukvkqp vjcv hqnnqyu htqo qpg cntgcf{ rtqxgf. (d) ku vjg oquv crrtqrtkcvg cu vjg rcuucig engctn{ uvcvgu vjcv rqxgtv{ cpf enkocvg korcevu tgkphqteg gcej qvjgt. Rqxgtv{ ngcfu vq enkocvg fgvgtkqtcvkqp (fwg vq wpuwuvckpcdng wug qh tguqwtegu, tghgt ncuv nkpg) cpf enkocvg ejcpig ngcfu vq rqxgtv{. (c) cpf (e) ctg ytqpi cu vjg{ vcnm cdqwv rqxgtv{ cnngxkcvkqp, kpetgcug kp hqqf uwdukfkgu, gve. kp cnkgpcvkqp. Vjg{ jcxg iqv pqvjkpi vq fq ykvj enkocvg ejcpig. (f) ku ytqpi cu kv uwiiguvu uqnwvkqp vq ewtd enkocvg ejcpig (uvqr wpuwuvckpcdng citkewnvwtcn rtcevkegu) cpf rqxgtv{ (eqpvtqn hqqf rtkegu). Kv fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv vjgkt kpvgt-fgrgpfgpeg. 156. (f) Vjg rcuucig cumu hqt vjg oquv tcvkqpcn cpf etkvkecn kphgtgpeg htqo vjg rcuucig. (c) ku ytqpi cu kv lwuv rqtvtc{u qpg rctv qh vjg rcuucig. Vjg rqtvhqnkq kpxguvogpvu jcxg dqvj vjg iqqf cpf dcf ghhgevu. (d) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig uwiiguvu vjtgcv htqo vjg rqtvhqnkq kpxguvogpvu. Kv ecppqv dg uvcvgf htqo vjg rcuucig vjcv cfxcpegf geqpqokgu yknn cnyc{u Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 136 wpfgtokpg vjg inqdcn hkpcpekcn uvcdknkv{. Vjgtg ctg c nqv qh qvjgt gzvgtpcn hcevqtu yqtmkpi ukownvcpgqwun{. Hqt ukoknct tgcuqpu (e) ku ytqpi. (f) ku vjg oquv tcvkqpcn cpf etkvkecn kphgtgpeg cu rqtvhqnkq kpxguvogpvu fghkpkvgn{ korcevu gogtikpi geqpqokgu kp egtvckp ecugu uq vjgtg ku c tkum. Pqvg < Rqtvhqnkq kpxguvogpvu: Rqtvhqnkq kpxguvogpvu ctg rcuukxg kpxguvogpvu, cu vjg{ fq pqv gpvckn cevkxg ocpcigogpv qt eqpvtqn qh vjg kuuwkpi eqorcp{. Tcvjgt, vjg rwtrqug qh vjg kpxguvogpv ku uqngn{ hkpcpekcn ickp. Vjku ku kp eqpvtcuv vq hqtgkip fktgev kpxguvogpv (HFK), yjkej cnnqyu cp kpxguvqt vq gzgtekug c egtvckp fgitgg qh ocpcigtkcn eqpvtqn qxgt c eqorcp{. Hqt kpvgtpcvkqpcn vtcpucevkqpu, gswkv{ kpxguvogpvu yjgtg vjg qypgt jqnfu nguu vjcp 10% qh c eqorcp{'u ujctgu ctg encuukhkgf cu rqtvhqnkq kpxguvogpvu. Vjgug vtcpucevkqpu ctg cnuq tghgttgf vq cu "rqtvhqnkq hnqyu" cpf ctg tgeqtfgf kp vjg hkpcpekcn ceeqwpv qh c eqwpvt{'u dcncpeg qh rc{ogpvu.Rqtvhqnkq kpxguvogpvu kpenwfg vtcpucevkqpu kp gswkv{ ugewtkvkgu, uwej cu eqooqp uvqem, cpf fgdv ugewtkvkgu, uwej cu dcpmpqvgu, dqpfu, cpf fgdgpvwtgu. Swcpvkvcvkxg Gcukpi: Swcpvkvcvkxg gcukpi (SG) ku c v{rg qh oqpgvct{ rqnke{ wugf d{ egpvtcn dcpmu vq uvkowncvg vjg geqpqo{ yjgp uvcpfctf oqpgvct{ rqnke{ jcu dgeqog kpghhgevkxg. C egpvtcn dcpm korngogpvu swcpvkvcvkxg gcukpi d{ dw{kpi hkpcpekcn cuugvu htqo eqoogtekcn dcpmu cpf qvjgt hkpcpekcn kpuvkvwvkqpu, vjwu tckukpi vjg rtkegu qh vjqug hkpcpekcn cuugvu cpf nqygtkpi vjgkt {kgnf, yjkng ukownvcpgqwun{ kpetgcukpi vjg oqpg{ uwrrn{. Vjku fkhhgtu htqo vjg oqtg wuwcn rqnke{ qh dw{kpi qt ugnnkpi ujqtv-vgto iqxgtpogpv dqpfu vq mggr kpvgtdcpm kpvgtguv tcvgu cv c urgekhkgf vctigv xcnwg. Swcpvkvcvkxg gcukpi ecp jgnr gpuwtg vjcv kphncvkqp fqgu pqv hcnn dgnqy c vctigv. Tkumu kpenwfg vjg rqnke{ dgkpi oqtg ghhgevkxg vjcp kpvgpfgf kp cevkpi cickpuv fghncvkqp (ngcfkpi vq jkijgt kphncvkqp kp vjg nqpigt vgto, fwg vq kpetgcugf oqpg{ uwrrn{), qt pqv dgkpi ghhgevkxg gpqwij kh dcpmu fq pqv ngpf qwv vjg cffkvkqpcn tgugtxgu. 157. (d) (c) ku qwv qh eqpvgzv qh vjg rcuucig. Vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv tguqwtegu vq chhqtf c ncvtkpg hqt gcej jqwugjqnf. (e) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv vcnm cdqwv vjg tgfwevkqp qh vjg jwocp ecrkvcn qh Kpfkc'u yqtmhqteg. (f) ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig uwiiguvu qrgp fghgecvkqp cu c rwdnke jgcnvj rtqdngo kp Kpfkc. Tghgt ncuv 3tf ugpvgpeg, 'Fkcttjqgc ngcxgu Kpfkcpu' dqfkgu uocnngt qp cxgtcig vjcp vjqug qh rgqrng kp uqog rqqtgt eqwpvtkgu yjgtg rgqrng gcv hgygt ecnqtkgu.' (d) ku vjg oquv etkvkecn kphgtgpeg cu kv jcu ugxgtg ghhgevu - ocnpqwtkujogpv, fkcttjqgc, wpfgtygkijv oqvjgtu - qp c jwig Kpfkcp rqrwncvkqp cpf pggfu koogfkcvg cvvgpvkqp. 158. (d) (c) ku ytqpi cu kv ku c igpgtcn uvcvgogpv cpf fqgu rtgugpv vjg etwz qh vjg rcuucig. (e) ku ytqpi cu vjg qrgpkpi nkpg qh vjg rcuucig uc{u vjcv rgqrng vcnm cdqwv fgoqetce{ (qt wpfgtuvcpf fgoqetce{) dwv vjg{ jcxg c ygcmpguu hcxqwtkpi vjgkt ecuvg qt eqoowpkv{ qt tgnkikqp. (f) ku ytqpi cu kv rtqlgevu cp gzvtgog ukvwcvkqp yjkej ku qwv qh vjg ueqrg qh vjg rcuucig. (d) ku vjg oquv crrtqrtkcvg uvcvgogpv cu kv vcnmu cdqwv rtqxkfkpi gswcn qrrqtvwpkvkgu vq cnn kttgurgevkxg qh vjg ecuvg qt eqoowpkv{ qt tgnkikqp. Vjcv'u yjcv ku c Vtwg fgoqetce{. 159. (d) Engctn{ qpn{ 2 ku eqttgev. 1 ku ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig uc{u vjcv 'Uwej ceeguu ku pqv cnyc{u cxckncdng vq cnn rgqrng kp fgxgnqrkpi eqwpvtkgu nkmg Kpfkc cpf oqtg uq, kp twtcn ctgcu.' Vjku ogcpu vjcv vjg{ ctg uqogvkogu cxckncdng.2 ku eqttgev cu ogpvkqpgf kp vjg ncuv ugpvgpeg qh vjg rcuucig. 15:. (f) Vjg etwekcn oguucig eqpxg{gf kp vjg rcuucig ku vq rtqoqvg hkpcpekcn kpenwukqp uwej vjcv gxgt{ ekvk|gp qh vjg eqwpvt{ jcu ceeguu vq dcpm ceeqwpvu cpf ecp ucxg oqpg{ uq cu vq jcxg dgvvgt hkpcpegu . Guvcdnkujkpi oqtg dcpmu ku c tqwvg vq hkpcpekcn kpenwukqp. Kpetgcukpi vjg kpvgtguv tcvg qh dcpm fgrqukvu yqwnf rtqoqvg ucxkpiu. Uq (f) ku eqttgev. 15;. (d) (c) ku engctn{ ytqpi cu vjg rcuucig pqyjgtg vcnmu cdqwv fkuetgvkqpct{ rqygt kp cnn ocvvgtu qh cfokpkuvtcvkqp. Kv vcnmu cdqwv egtvckp ukvwcvkqpu ogpvkqpgf kp vjg 1uv ugpvgpeg. (d) ku eqttgev cu vjg rcuucig vcnmu cdqwv vjg uwrtgoce{ qh twngu cpf uchgiwctfu, tghgt ncuv ugpvgpeg. Hwtvjgt vjg 3tf ugpvgpeg, 'Yjgtg fkuetgvkqp jcu vq dg ................ okuwug qh vjcv rqygt'tgkphqtegu vjg rtgxcngpeg qh twngu cpf uchgiwctfu cu qrrqugf vq vjg kphnwgpeg qh gzenwukxg fkuetgvkqp qh cwvjqtkv{. (e) ku ytqpi cu kv pgicvgu yjcv vjg rcuucig ogcp d{ Rctnkcogpvct{ fgoqetce{ - cwvjqtk|gf d{ vjg rgqrng. 160. (e) Itgcvgt vtcpurctgpe{ kp vjg hwpevkqpkpi qh vjg iqxgtpogpv cpf rtqoqvkpi vjg hkpcpekcn kpenwukqp ku ocpfcvqt{ dgecwug vjgtg jcxg dggp kpuvcpegu yjgtg vjg gnkvg ctg tgegkxkpi ncpf cpf pcvwtcn tguqwtegu d{ dtkdkpi vjg rqnkvkekcpu. Vjg okffng encuu eqpvkpwgu vq uvtwiing cpf ku fgrtkxgf qh qrrqtvwpkv{ qt geqpqoke fgxgnqrogpv. 161. (f) Enkocvke cfcrvcvkqp ku tgncvkxg vq ocp{ xkvcn hcevqtu. Uq yjkng hqtowncvkpi rqnkekgu, vjg qvjgt rctcogvgtu pggf vq dg ukownvcpgqwun{ gxcnwcvgf ykvj tgurgev vq vjg enkocvke cfcrvcvkqp. 164. (c) Dkqfkxgtukv{ ku cp korqtvcpv curgev qh qwt gequ{uvgo. Ikxgp vjcv ycvgt ku cp guugpvkcn eqorqpgpv qh qwt gzkuvgpeg, kv ku uwdlgevgf vjtqwij ocp{ qticpkuou dghqtg yg igv vq ukr c incuu. Vjwu, ycvgt ku pcvwtcnn{ tge{engf ykvj vjg jgnr qh vjg dkqfkxgtukv{. 165. (f) Vjg dkiiguv rtqdngo kp qwt eqwpvt{ ku vjg fkurctkv{ kp vjg hkpcpekcn uvcvwu qh vjg ekvk|gpu. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

General Comprehension F 137 Hqt kpuvcpeg, cnn vjg ygcnvj ku oquvn{ ceewowncvgf d{ vjg gnkvg encuu cpf vjg wrrgt - okffng encuu. Jqygxgt, vjg rqqt eqpvkpwgu vq dg fgrtkxgf cpf gzrnqkvgf. Vjg dcpmkpi ugevqt ujqwnf nqqm hqtyctf vq rtqoqvg hkpcpekcn kpenwukqp, hqt gswcn fkuvtkdwvkqp qh hkpcpekcn ugtxkegu. 166. (d) Ocpwcn uecxgpikpi pggfu vq dg cfftguugf. Jqygxgt, ecorckipu cpf cyctgpguu rtqitcoogu ctg pggfgf vq dg eqpfwevgf, gurgekcnn{ vctigvkpi vjg hgocng eqwpvgtrctvu, vq cfftguu kuuwgu tgncvgf vq ucpkvcvkqp jc|ctfu; ocpwcn uecxgpikpi dgkpi c rctv qh kv. 167. (f) Vjg xctkqwu pggfu cpf fgocpfu qh ocp eqorgnngf jko vq etgcvkpi c uqekgv{, cu vjgug pggfu eqwnf pqv jcxg dggp cejkgxgf kpfkxkfwcnn{. 168. (d) Vjg yqtf 'eqttgurqpfu' kpfkecvgu c uvtqpi dqpf qt vjg kpvgttgncvkqpujkr dgvyggp rqnkvkeu cpf geqpqokeu, hqt ghhgevkxg hqtowncvkqp qh uvcvg rqnkekgu. 169. (c) Cu rgt vjg kphqtocvkqp rtqxkfgf kp vjg rcuucig, ukpeg ejgokecn cpf ogejcpkecn citq - rtcevkegu eqpvtkdwvgu vq gpxktqpogpvcn rqnnwvkqp, qticpke hctokpi ujqwnf dg korngogpvgf cu cp cnvgtpcvkxg, hqt gpxktqpogpvcn eqpugtxcvkqp. 16:. (c) 16;. (d) Igpgvke cnvgtcvkqp ctkugu htqo vjg kpvtqfwevkqp qh c pgy rtcevkeg, cpf uwdugswgpv hqnnqy wr qh vjg ucog. Kp vjku ecug, c rctvkewnct oqfkhkecvkqp kp vjg hqqf jcdkv qh vjg ecvvng jgtfgtu tguwnvgf kp c ocuukxg ejcpig kp vjg igpgvke eqpuvkvwvkqp. 170. (f) Ceeqtfkpi vq vjg cwvjqt, vjg pcvkqpcn qwvrwv jcu vq rcuu vjtqwij vjg eqoogtekcn ejcppgnu, dghqtg eqpuworvkqp, ncemkpi yjkej yqwnf ngcf vq nquu qh kpeqog, ngcfkpi vq wpfgtfgxgnqrogpv cpf geqpqoke fkurctkv{. 171. (f) Fwg vq vjg Itggpjqwug ghhgev cpf uqkn rqnnwvkqp, c ejckp tgcevkqp jcu ngf vq gzeguukxg ectdqp fgrqukvkqp cpf eqpvcokpcvkqp. Chhqtguvcvkqp yqwnf ngcf vq vjg ectdqp dtgcmfqyp cpf tgngcug vjg vtcrrgf ectdqp dcem vq vjg cvoqurjgtg. 174. (d) Vjg rcuucig uwiiguvu vjg dkiiguv jwtfng kp vjg yqtnf citkewnvwtg ku vq ockpvckp c fgocpf - uwrrn{ gswknkdtkwo. Dcugf qp vjg tgngxcpv kphqtocvkqp rtqxkfgf kp vjg rcuucig, kv ecp dg cuegtvckpgf vjcv tgiwncvkpi vjg rtkekpi eqorqpgpv hqt gpuwtkpi chhqtfcdknkv{ vq vjg rqqt cpf c rtqrgt octmgvkpi okz yqwnf dg dgpghkekcn. 175. (f) Vjg dkiiguv ejcnngpig vjcv jcu cnyc{u jcwpvgf yqtnf citkewnvwtg ku vq cejkgxg c dcncpeg vjg fgocpf cpf uwrrn{ hqt hqqfu. 176. (e) Vq tgfweg jwpigt cpf uvctxcvkqp, gpuwtkpi gswknkdtkwo dgvyggp fgocpf cpf uwrrn{ qh hqqf ku ocpfcvqt{, cnqpiukfg wujgtkpi ogcuwtgu hqt Rwtejcukpi Rqygt Rctkv{, vq jgnr vjg rqqt eqpuwogtu vqq. 177. (d) Ukpeg vjgtg ku fkurctkv{ kp vjg uwuvckpcdng rtqxkukqp cpf uwrrn{ hqt hqqf yqtnfykfg, vjku kuuwg jcu ickpgf ukipkhkecpeg. 178. (e) Vjg mg{ tgurqpukdknkv{ ctgcu qh vjg ekxkn ugtxkeg qhhkegtu pggf vq dg engctn{ fghkpgf cpf uvcpfctfk|gf, dcugf qp vjg rqnkvkecn cigpfcu. Ncem qh uwej enctkv{ yqwnf ngcf vq okuiqxgtpcpeg. Cnuq, uvtkmkpi gswknkdtkwo dgvyggp gzvgtpcn cpf kpvgtpcn ceeqwpvcdknkvkgu ku ocpfcvqt{ hqt ghhgevkxg ocpcigogpv. 179. (f) Vjg rcuucig fqgu pqv rtqxkfg tgngxcpv kphqtocvkqp qp gkvjgt qh vjg rtqxkfgf qrvkqpu. 17:. (f) Ekxkn ugtxkegu, dgkpi cp gzvtgogn{ tgrwvgf vcumhqteg, ujqwnf korngogpv tghqtou vq etgcvg dgpejoctm kp ugtxkeg cpf kortqxg ceeqwpvcdknkv{ qh vjg qhhkeg dgctgtu. 17;. (f) Uggmkpi ceeqwpvcdknkv{ vjtqwij kpetgcugf rctvkekrcvkqp d{ kpfkxkfwcnu kp vjg fgekukqp ocmkpi rtqeguu yqwnf pqv jgnr kpetgcug kpvgtpcn ceeqwpvcdknkv{. 180. (c) Tgnkikqwu vtcfkvkqpu, tgictfnguu qh hgnkekvcvkpi vjg Cnokijv{ qt vjg Uwrgtpcvwtcn, wujgtu dgnkgh, gvjkeu cpf c urgekhke eqfg qh eqpfwev kp vjg uqekgv{. Ocp dgkpi c uqekcn cpkocn fgtkxgu vjg xcnwg ugv htqo vjg uqekgv{, korqtvcpv hqt ockpvckpkpi tgncvkqpujkru cpf iqqfyknn. Vjwu, jwocp tgncvkqpujkru ecp dg cuuwogf vq jcxg dggp fgtkxgf htqo vjg tgnkikqwu vtcfkvkqpu. 181. (e) Hwpfcogpvcn tkijvu, eqodkpgf ykvj fwvkgu, ctg ocpfcvqt{ hqt fkurgpukpi lwuvkeg kp c uqekgv{. 184. (f) Cu rgt vjg rcuucig, cnn vjg vjtgg qrvkqpu rqug ejcnngpigu vq vjg wvknk|cvkqp qh dkqocuu cu hwgn. Kuuwgu tgncvgf vq enkocvke xctkcvkqpu, ciitcxcvkqp qh ectdqp gokuukqpu fwg vq nkswkf dkq-hwgnu cpf eqorgvkvkqp dgvyggp dkqocuu cpf hqqf rtqfwevkqp, jcxg cfxgtug ghhgevu. 185. (d) Kv ku uvcvgf vjcv wpuetwrwnqwu ewnvkxcvkqp qh gpgti{ etqru yknn ngcf vq cp wpjgcnvj{ eqorgvkvkqp ykvj hqqf etqru, vjgtgd{ eqpvtkdwvkpi vq kphncvkqp cpf rtkeg jkmg hqt hqqf etqru. 186. (d) Vgejpqnqikecn kpvgtxgpvkqp, ykvj rtqrgt oqpkvqtkpi, eqwnf cuukuv kp wukpi dkqocuu hqt rqygt igpgtcvkqp cpf cejkgxkpi pgicvkxg gokuukqpu. 187. (c) Cu rgt vjg kphqtocvkqp rtqxkfgf kp vjg 2pf rctcitcrj, uqog gpgti{ oqfgnu (wprtqxgp vgejpqnqi{) okijv pgicvg ectdqp gokuukqpu, vjgtgd{ okvkicvkpi gpxktqpogpvcn rqnnwvkqp fwg vq vjg itggpjqwug ghhgev. 188. (f) Itggp Tgxqnwvkqp jcu kvu fkucfxcpvcigu. Dkqfkxgtukv{ ku cntgcf{ cv uvcmg. Etqru gzrqugf vq gzeguukxg ejgokecnu qt vjg igpgvkecnn{ oqfkhkgf hqqfu ncem kp pwvtkvkqpcn eqpvgpv, kp urkvg qh dqquvkpi vjg {kgnf. Jqygxgt, eqpukfgtkpi vjg nqpi vgto curgev, itggp tgxqnwvkqp eqwnf tkum swcnkv{ cpf jgcnvj. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 138 Vjg hqnnqykpi kvgou ctg dcugf qp rcuucigu kp Gpinkuj vq vguv vjg eqortgjgpukqp qh Gpinkuj ncpiwcig cpf vjgtghqtg vjgug kvgou fq pqv jcxg Jkpfk xgtukqp. Tgcf gcej rcuucigu cpf cpuygt vjg kvgou vjcv hqnnqy. PASSAGE Jg ycnmgf ugxgtcn okngu vjcv fc{ dwv eqwnf pqv igv cp{vjkpi vq gcv qt ftkpm gzegrv uqog ft{ dtgcf cpf uqog ycvgt, yjkej jg iqv htqo eqvvcigtu cpf hctogtu. Cu pkijv hgnn, jg ungrv wpfgt c jc{uvcem n{kpi kp c ogcfqy. Jg hgnv htkijvgpgf cv hktuv, hqt vjg ykpf dngy cyhwnn{ qxgt vjg gorv{ hkgnfu. Jg hgnv eqnf cpf jwpit{, cpf ycu hggnkpi oqtg nqpgn{ vjcp jg jcf gxgt hgnv dghqtg. Jg, jqygxgt, uqqp hgnn cunggr, dgkpi owej vktgf ykvj jku nqpi ycnm. Yjgp jg iqv wr pgzv fc{, jg ycu hggnkpi vgttkdn{ jwpit{ uq jg rwtejcugf c nqch qh dtgcf ykvj c hgy eqkpu vjcv jg jcf. ]4011 - KK_ 1. Yjgp vjg pkijv hgnn, jg ungrv (c) kp vjg qrgp hkgnf (d) wpfgt c rkng qh ft{ itcuu (e) kp c hctogt”u eqvvcig (f) wpfgt c vtgg 2. Jg uqqp hgnn cunggr dgecwug (c) jg ycu gzjcwuvgf (d) jg ycu cnn cnqpg (e) jg jcf pqv ungrv hqt fc{u (f) jg ycu xgt{ htkijvgpgf 3. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, eqpukfgt vjg hqnnqykpi uvcvgogpvu < 1. Jg ycu ycnmkpi vjtqwij vjg eqwpvt{ukfg. 4. Vjg eqvvcigtu cpf hctogtu icxg jko gpqwij hqqf uq vjcv jg eqwnf unggr cv pkijv ykvjqwv hggnkpi jwpit{. Yjkej qh vjg uvcvgogpvu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgev A (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 4 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 4 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 4 PASSAGE K qrgpgf vjg dci cpf rcemgf vjg dqqvu kp= cpf vjgp, lwuv cu K ycu iqkpi vq enqug kv, c jqttkdng kfgc qeewttgf vq og. Jcf K rcemgf o{ vqqvjdtwujA K fqp”v mpqy jqy kv ku, dwv K pgxgt fq mpqy yjgvjgt K”xg rcemgf o{ vqqvjdtwuj. O{ vqqvjdtwuj ku c vjkpi vjcv jcwpvu og yjgp K”o vtcxgnnkpi, cpf ocmgu o{ nkhg c okugt{. K ftgco vjcv K jcxgp”v rcemgf kv, cpf ycmg wr kp c eqnf rgturktcvkqp, cpf igv qwv qh dgf cpf jwpv hqt kv. Cpf, kp vjg oqtpkpi, K rcem kv dghqtg K jcxg wugf kv, cpf kv ku cnyc{u vjg ncuv vjkpi K vwtp qwv qh vjg dci= cpf vjgp K tgrcem cpf hqtigv kv, cpf jcxg vq twuj wruvcktu hqt kv cv vjg ncuv oqogpv cpf ectt{ kv vq vjg tcknyc{ uvcvkqp, ytcrrgf wr kp o{ rqemgv-jcpfmgtejkgh. 4. Yjgp jg ycu iqkpi vq enqug vjg dci, vjg kfgc vjcv qeewttgf vq jko ycu (c) wprngcucpv (d) ucf (e) hcpvcuvke (f) cowukpi 5. Yjcv ocmgu jku nkhg okugtcdng yjgpgxgt jg wpfgtvcmgu vtcxgnnkpi A (c) Iqkpi vq tcknyc{ uvcvkqp (d) Hqtigvvkpi vjg vqqvjdtwuj (e) Rcemkpi jku dci (f) Dcf ftgcou 6. Jku vqqvjdtwuj ku hkpcnn{ (c) kp jku dci (d) kp jku dgf (e) kp jku jcpfmgtejkgh (f) nquv PASSAGE Kp urtkpi, rqnct dgct oqvjgtu gogtig htqo fgpu ykvj vjtgg oqpvj qnf ewdu. Vjg oqvjgt dgct jcu hcuvgf hqt cu nqpi cu gkijv oqpvju dwv vjcv fqgu pqv uvqr vjg {qwpi htqo fgocpfkpi hwnn ceeguu vq jgt tgockpkpi tgugtxgu. Kh vjgtg ctg vtkrngvu, vjg oquv rgtukuvgpv uvcpfu vq ickp cp gzvtc ogcn cpf kv oc{ jcxg vjg ogcn cv vjg gzrgpug qh qvjgtu. Vjg uocnnguv qh vjg nkvvgt hqthgkvu ocp{ ogcnu vq uvtqpigt ukdnkpiu. Hgocngu ctg rtqvgevkxg qh vjgkt ewdu dwv vgpf vq kipqtg hcokn{ tkxcnt{ qxgt hqqf. Kp 41 {gctu qh rjqvqitcrjkpi rqnct dgctu, K”xg qpn{ qpeg uggp vjg uocnnguv qh vtkrngvu uwtxkxg vknn cwvwop. 7. Hgocng rqnct dgctu ikxg dktvj fwtkpi (c) urtkpi (d) uwoogt (e) cwvwop (f) ykpvgt 8. Oqvjgt dgct (c) vcmgu ukfgu qxgt ewdu (d) ngvu vjg ewdu hgpf hqt vjgougnxgu (e) hggfu qpn{ vjgkt hcxqwtkvgu (f) uggu vjcv cnn ewdu igv cp gswcn ujctg 9. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg rcuucig, vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu jcxg dggp ocfg < 1. Rqnct dgctu hcuv cu nqpi cu gkijv oqpvju fwg vq pqp cxckncdknkv{ qh rtg{. 4. Rqnct dgctu cnyc{u ikxg dktvj vq vtkrngvu. Yjkej qh vjg cuuworvkqpu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg xcnkf A (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 4 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 4 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 4 Chapter 8 English
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English Language (Comprehension) F 139 PASSAGE Hqt hqwtvggp cpf c jcnh oqpvju K nkxgf kp o{ nkvvng egnn qt tqqo kp vjg Fgjtcfwp lckn, cpf K dgicp vq hggn cu kh K ycu cnoquv c rctv qh kv. K ycu hcoknkct ykvj gxgt{ dkv qh kv, K mpgy gxgt{ octm cpf fgpv qp vjg yjkvgycujgf ycnnu cpf qp vjg wpgxgp hnqqt cpf vjg egknkpi ykvj kvu oqvj-gcvgp tchvgtu. Kp vjg nkvvng {ctf qwvukfg K itggvgf nkvvng vwhvu qh itcuu cpf qff dkvu qh uvqpg cu qnf htkgpfu. K ycu pqv cnqpg kp o{ egnn, hqt ugxgtcn eqnqpkgu qh ycur cpf jqtpgvu nkxgf vjgtg, cpf ocp{ nk|ctfu hqwpf c jqog dgjkpf vjg tchvgtu, gogtikpi kp vjg gxgpkpiu kp ugctej qh rtg{. ]4014 - KK_ 10. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi gzrnckpu dguv vjg ugpvgpeg kp vjg rcuucig •K ycu cnoquv c rctv qh kv–A (c) K ycu pqv cnqpg kp vjg egnn. (d) K ycu hcoknkct ykvj gxgt{ dkv qh vjg egnn. (e) K itggvgf nkvvng vwhvu qh itcuu nkmg qnf htkgpfu. (f) K hgnv swkvg cv jqog kp vjg egnn. 11. Vjg rcuucig cvvgorvu vq fguetkdg (c) vjg igpgtcn eqpfkvkqpu qh vjg eqwpvt{'u lcknu. (d) vjg rtkuqpgt'u ecrcekv{ vq pqvkeg vjg okpwvg fgvcknu qh jku uwttqwpfkpiu. (e) vjg rtkuqpgt'u eqpuekqwu ghhqtvu vq qxgteqog vjg nqpgnkpguu. (f) vjg rtkuqpgt'u cdknkv{ vq nkxg jcrrkn{ ykvj qvjgt etgcvwtgu. 14. Vjg cwvjqt qh vjg rcuucig uggou vq uwiiguv vjcv (c) kv ku rquukdng vq cflwuv qpgugnh vq wpeqpigpkcn uwttqwpfkpiu. (d) vjg eqpfkvkqpu kp Kpfkcp rtkuqpu ctg pqv dcf. (e) kv ku pqv fkhhkewnv vq urgpf qpg'u vkog kp c rtkuqp. (f) vjgtg ku c pggf vq kortqxg vjg eqpfkvkqpu kp qwt lcknu. PASSAGE Yg uvctvgf rkvejkpi vjg jkijguv ecor vjcv jcu gxgt dggp ocfg. Gxgt{vjkpi vqqm hkxg vkogu cu nqpi cu kv yqwnf jcxg vcmgp kp c rnceg yjgtg vjgtg ycu gpqwij ckt vq dtgcvjg= dwv cv ncuv yg iqv vjg vgpv wr, cpf yjgp yg etcyngf kp, kv ycu pqv vqq dcf. Vjgtg ycu qpn{ c nkijv ykpf, cpf kpukfg kv ycu pqv vqq eqnf hqt wu vq vcmg qhh qwt inqxgu. Cv pkijv oquv enkodgtu vcmg qhh vjgkt dqqvu= dwv K rtghgt vq mggr vjgo qp. Jknnct{, qp vjg qvjgt jcpf, vqqm jku qhh cpf nckf vjgo pgzv vq jku unggrkpi dci. ]4014 - KK_ 15. Yjcv fqgu vjg gzrtguukqp •rkvejkpi vjg jkijguv ecor– korn{A (c) Vjg{ tgcejgf vjg uwookv qh vjg jkijguv oqwpvckp kp vjg yqtnf. (d) Vjqug yjq enkodgf vjcv hct gctnkgt fkf pqv rkvej cp{ ecor. (e) Uq hct pqdqf{ jcu gxgt enkodgf vjcv jkij. (f) Vjg{ ygtg vqq ocp{ enkodgtu cpf pggfgf vq rkvej c dki ecor. 16. Vjg{ vqqm c nqpi vkog vq hkpkuj vjg yqtm dgecwug (c) vjg{ ygtg xgt{ vktgf. (d) vjgtg ycu pqv gpqwij ckt vq dtgcvjg. (e) kv ycu xgt{ eqnf. (f) kv ycu xgt{ fctm. 17. Yjgp vjg{ etcyngf kpvq vjg vgpv (c) vjg{ vqqm qhh vjgkt inqxgu dgecwug kv ycu pqv xgt{ eqnf. (d) vjg{ eqwnf pqv vcmg qhh vjgkt inqxgu dgecwug kv ycu xgt{ eqnf. (e) vjg{ vqqm qhh vjgkt inqxgu vjqwij kv ycu xgt{ eqnf. (f) vjg{ fkf pqv vcmg qhh vjgkt inqxgu vjqwij kv ycu pqv eqnf. PASSAGE C nqecn ocp, uvc{kpi qp vjg vqr hnqqt qh cp qnf yqqfgp jqwug, ycu cycmgpgf cv okfpkijv d{ c hktg. Nqukpi jku yc{ kp c uoqmg-hknngf rcuucig, jg okuugf vjg uvcktyc{ cpf ygpv kpvq cpqvjgt tqqo. Jg rkemgf wr c dwpfng vq rtqvgev jku hceg htqo vjg hktg cpf koogfkcvgn{ hgnn vjtqwij vjg hnqqt dgnqy yjgtg jg ocpcigf vq guecrg vjtqwij c engct fqqtyc{. Vjg ““dwpfng”” rtqxgf vq dg vjg dcd{ qh vjg Oc{qt'u ykhg. Vjg ““jgtq”” ycu eqpitcvwncvgf d{ cnn. ]4014 - KK_ 18. Vjg ocp ygpv kpvq cpqvjgt tqqo dgecwug (c) jg fkf pqv mpqy yjgtg gzcevn{ vjg uvcktyc{ ycu. (d) vjg rcuucig ycu hwnn qh uoqmg. (e) jg ycu gzvtgogn{ pgtxqwu. (f) jg uvwodngf qp c dwpfng. 19. Vjg ocp ycu ecnngf c jgtq dgecwug jg (c) gzrtguugf jku yknnkpipguu vq tkum jku nkhg vq ucxg qvjgtu. (d) ocpcigf vq guecrg htqo vjg hktg. (e) ujqygf itgcv eqwtcig kp hkijvkpi vjg hktg. (f) ucxgf c nkhg. ENGLISH PASSAGE Ugxgp-{gct-qnf Lko ecog jqog htqo vjg rctm ykvjqwv jku pgy dke{eng. •Cp qnf ocp cpf c nkvvng dq{ dqttqygf kv,– jg gzrnckpgf. •Vjg{ ctg iqkpi vq dtkpi kv dcem cv hqwt q”enqem–. Jku rctgpvu ygtg wrugv vjcv jg jcf ikxgp jku gzrgpukxg pgy dke{eng, dwv ygtg ugetgvn{ rtqwf qh jku mkpfpguu cpf hckvj. Ecog hqwt q”enqem, pq dke{eng. Vjg rctgpvu ygtg cpzkqwu. Dwv cv 6<50, vjg fqqt dgnn tcpi, cpf vjgtg uvqqf c jcrr{ ocp cpf c dq{, ykvj vjg dke{eng cpf c dqz qh ejqeqncvgu. Lko uwffgpn{ fkucrrgctgf kpvq jku dgftqqo, cpf vjgp ecog twppkpi qwv. •Cnn tkijv,– jg uckf, chvgt gzcokpkpi vjg dke{eng. •[qw ecp jcxg {qwt ycvej dcem!– ]4015 - KK_ 1:. Yjgp Lko ecog jqog ykvjqwv jku dke{eng jku rctgpvu (c) ygtg cpit{ ykvj jko (d) ygtg yqttkgf (e) fkf pqv hggn eqpegtpgf (f) ygtg gcigt vq oggv vjg qnf ocp cpf vjg nkvvng dq{. 1;. Lko tgvwtpgf vjg ycvej vq vjg qnf ocp cpf vjg nkvvng dq{ dgecwug (c) vjg{ icxg jko ejqeqncvgu. (d) jku hcvjgt ycu rtqwf qh jko. (e) jg ycu ucvkuhkgf ykvj vjg eqpfkvkqp qh jku dke{eng (f) vjg{ ygtg ncvg qpn{ d{ 50 okpwvgu. ENGLISH PASSAGE Kv ycu cntgcf{ ncvg yjgp yg ugv qwv hqt vjg pgzv vqyp, yjkej ceeqtfkpi vq vjg ocr ycu cdqwv hkhvggp mknqogvgtu cyc{ qp vjg qvjgt ukfg qh vjg jknnu. Vjgtg yg hgnv vjcv yg yqwnf hkpf c dgf hqt vjg pkijv. Fctmpguu hgnn uqqp chvgt yg nghv vjg xknncig, dwv nwemkn{ yg ogv pq qpg cu yg ftqxg uykhvn{ cnqpi vjg pcttqy ykpfkpi tqcf vjcv ngf vq vjg jknnu. Cu yg enkodgf jkijgt, kv dgecog eqnfgt cpf tckp dgicp vq hcnn, ocmkpi kv fkhhkewnv cv vkogu vq ugg vjg tqcf. K cumgf Lqjp, o{ eqorcpkqp, vq ftkxg oqtg unqyn{. Chvgt yg jcf vtcxgnngf hqt cdqwv vygpv{ mknqogvgtu, vjgtg ycu uvknn pq ukip qh vjg vqyp yjkej ycu octmgf qp vjg ocr. Yg ygtg dgikppkpi vq igv yqttkgf. Vjgp ykvjqwv yctpkpi, vjg ect uvqrrgf cpf yg hqwpf yg jcf twp qwv qh rgtvtqn. ]4015 - KK_ 40. Vjg cwvjqt cumgf Lqjp vq ftkxg oqtg unqyn{ dgecwug (c) vjg tqcf ngf vq vjg jknnu. (d) Lqjp ycu cp kpgzrgtkgpegf ftkxgt. (e) vjg tqcf ycu pqv engctn{ xkukdng. (f) vjg{ ygtg kp yknfgtpguu. 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Topicwise Solved Papers F 140 41. Vjg vtcxgnngtu ugv qwv hqt vjg vqyp cnvjqwij kv ycu igvvkpi fctm dgecwug (c) vjg{ ygtg kp c jwtt{. (d) vjg pgzv vqyp ycu c ujqtv fkuvcpeg cyc{ cpf ycu c jknn-tguqtv. (e) vjg{ ygtg kp yknfgtpguu. (f) vjg pgzv vqyp ycu c ujqtv fkuvcpeg cyc{ cpf rtqokugf c iqqf tguv hqt vjg pkijv. 44. Vjg vtcxgnngtu ygtg yqttkgf chvgt vygpv{ mknqogvgtu dgecwug (c) kv ycu c nqpgn{ eqwpvt{ukfg. (d) vjg{ rtqdcdn{ hgctgf qh jcxkpi nquv vjgkt yc{. (e) vjg tckp dgicp vq hcnn. (f) kv ycu igvvkpi eqnfgt cu vjg{ ftqxg. ENGLISH PASSAGE C uvqwv qnf ncf{ ycu ycnmkpi ykvj jgt dcumgv fqyp vjg okffng qh c uvtggv kp Rgvtqitcf vq vjg itgcv eqphwukqp qh vjg vtchhke cpf pq uocnn rgtkn vq jgtugnh. Kv ycu rqkpvgf qwv vq jgt vjcv vjg rcxgogpv ycu vjg rnceg hqt hqqv-rcuugpigtu, dwv ujg tgrnkgf •K”o iqkpi vq ycnm yjgtg K nkmg. Yg”xg iqv nkdgtv{ pqy.– Kv fkf pqv qeewt vq vjg fgct ncf{ vjcv kh nkdgtv{ gpvkvngf vjg hqqv-rcuugpigt vq ycnm fqyp vjg okffng qh vjg tqcf kv cnuq gpvkvngf vjg vczk-ftkxgt vq ftkxg qp vjg rcxgogpv, cpf vjcv vjg gpf qh uwej nkdgtv{ yqwnf dg wpkxgtucn ejcqu. Gxgt{vjkpi yqwnf dg igvvkpi kp gxgt{dqf{ gnug”u yc{ cpf pqdqf{ yqwnf igv cp{yjgtg. Kpfkxkfwcn nkdgtv{ yqwnf jcxg dgeqog uqekcn cpctej{. ]4015 - KK_ 45. Kv ycu rqkpvgf qwv vq vjg ncf{ vjcv ujg ujqwnf ycnm qp vjg rcxgogpv dgecwug ujg ycu (c) c rgfguvtkcp (d) ectt{kpi c dcumgv (e) uvqwv (f) cp qnf ncf{ 46. Vjg ncf{ tghwugf vq oqxg htqo vjg okffng qh vjg uvtggv dgecwug (c) ujg ycu pqv chtckf qh dgkpi mknngf. (d) ujg hgnv vjcv ujg ku gpvkvngf vq fq yjcvgxgt ujg nkmgf. (e) ujg fkf pqv nkmg ycnmkpi qp vjg rc{ogpv. (f) ujg ycu eqphwugf. 47. Vjg qnf ncf{ hckngf vq tgcnkug vjcv (c) ujg ycu pqv tgcnn{ htgg. (d) jgt nkdgtv{ ycu pqv wpnkokvgf. (e) ujg ycu cp qnf rgtuqp. (f) tqcfu ctg ocfg hqt oqvqt xgjkengu qpn{. PASSAGE Kp htqpv qh wu ycu ycnmkpi c dctg-jgcfgf qnf ocp kp vcvvgtgf enqvjgu. Jg ycu ftkxkpi jku dgcuvu. Vjg{ ygtg cnn ncfgp ykvj jgcx{ nqcfu qh enc{ htqo vjg jknnu cpf nqqmgf vktgf. Vjg ocp ecttkgf c nqpi yjkr yjkej rgtjcru jg jkougnh jcf ocfg. Cu jg ycnmgf fqyp vjg tqcf jg uvqrrgf pqy cpf vjgp vq gcv vjg yknf dgttkgu vjcv itgy qp dwujgu cnqpi vjg wpgxgp tqcf. Yjgp jg vjtgy cyc{ vjg uggfu, vjg dqnf dktfu yqwnf hn{ vq rgem cv vjgo. Uqogvkogu c uvtc{ fqi ycvejgf vjg rtqeguukqp rjknquqrjkecnn{ cpf vjgp dgicp vq dctm. Yjgp vjku jcrrgpgf, o{ vyq nkvvng uqpu yqwnf uvcpf uvknn jqnfkpi o{ jcpfu hkton{. C fqi ecp uqogvkogu dg fcpigtqwu kpfggf. ]4016 - KK_ 48. Vjg cwvjqt'u ejknftgp jgnf jku jcpfu hkton{ dgecwug (c) vjg{ ygtg uectgf qh vjg dctmkpi fqiu. (d) vjg{ ycpvgf jko vq rnwem dgttkgu. (e) vjg{ ucy vjg yjkr kp vjg qnf ocp'u jcpf. (f) vjg tqcf ycu wpgxgp. 49. Vjg gzrtguukqp "c uvtc{ fqi ycvejgf vjg rtqeguukqp rjknquqrjkecnn{" ogcpu vjcv (c) vjg fqi ycu tguvnguu cpf hgtqekqwu. (d) vjg fqi uvqqf cnqqh, nqqmkpi cv vjg rtqeguukqp ykvj ugtkqwupguu. (e) vjg fqi nqqmgf cv vjg rtqeguukqp ykvj dki, yqpfgtkpi g{gu. (f) vjg fqi uvqqf vjgtg ykvj jku g{gu enqugf. PASSAGE E{pvjkc ycu c uj{ iktn. Ujg dgnkgxgf vjcv ujg ycu rnckp cpf wpvcngpvgf. Qpg fc{ jgt vgcejgt qtfgtgf vjg gpvktg encuu vq ujqy wr hqt cwfkvkqp hqt vjg uejqqn rnc{. E{pvjkc pgctn{ fkgf qh htkijv yjgp ujg ycu vqnf vjcv ujg yqwnf jcxg vq uvcpf qp uvcig kp htqpv qh vjg gpvktg encuu cpf fgnkxgt fkcnqiwgu. Vjg ogtg vjqwijv qh kv ocfg jgt hggn ukem. Dwv c tgoctmcdng vtcpuhqtocvkqp qeewttgf fwtkpi vjg cwfkvkqp. C vjkp, uj{ iktn, jgt mpggu swcmkpi, jgt uvqocej ejwtpkpi kp vgttqt, dgicp vq uvwp gxgt{qpg ykvj jgt gzegnngpv rgthqtocpeg. Jgt dqtgf encuuocvgu uwffgpn{ uvqrrgf vjgkt pqku{ ejcv vq uvctg cv jgt ungpfgt hkiwtg qp vjg uvcig. Cv vjg gpf qh jgt cwfkvkqp, vjg gpvktg tqqo gtwrvgf kp vjwpfgtqwu crrncwug. ]4016 - KK_ 4:. E{pvjkc ycu chtckf vq uvcpf qp uvcig dgecwug (c) ujg hgnv jgt encuuocvgu oc{ ncwij cv jgt. (d) jgt uvqocej ycu ejwtpkpi. (e) ujg ncemgf ugnh-eqphkfgpeg. (f) ujg fkf pqv nkmg uejqqn rnc{u. 4;. E{pvjkc'u encuuocvgu ygtg ejcvvkpi dgecwug (c) kv ycu vjgkt vwtp vq cev pgzv. (d) vjg{ ygtg dqtgf qh vjg rgthqtocpegu. (e) E{pvjkc fkf pqv cev ygnn. (f) vjg vgcejgt jcf pq eqpvtqn qxgt vjgo. 50. E{pvjkc'u mpggu ygtg swcmkpi dgecwug (c) ujg hgnv pgtxqwu cpf uj{. (d) vjg vgcejgt ueqnfgf jgt. (e) ujg ycu xgt{ vjkp cpf ygcm. (f) ujg ycu chtckf qh jgt encuuocvgu. 51. Vjg vtcpuhqtocvkqp vjcv qeewttgf fwtkpi vjg cwfkvkqp tghgtu vq (c) vjg pgtxqwupguu qh E{pvjkc. (d) vjg gtwrvkqp qh vjg gpvktg tqqo kp vjwpfgtqwu crrncwug. (e) vjg uwtrtkug qp^vjg hcegu qh jgt encuuocvgu. (f) vjg uvwppkpi rgthqtocpeg qh E{pvjkc. DIRECTIONS for the following 8 (eight) item : Read the following eight passages and answer the items that follow the passages. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only. RCUUCIG-1 Yjcv enkocvg ejcpig yknn wpfgpkcdn{ fq ku ecwug qt cornkh{ gxgpvu vjcv jcuvgp vjg tgfwevkqp qh tguqwtegu. Eqorgvkvkqp qxgt vjgug fkokpkujkpi tguqwtegu yqwnf gpuwg kp vjg hqto qh rqnkvkecn qt gxgp xkqngpv eqphnkev. Tguqwteg- dcugf eqphnkevu jcxg tctgn{ dggp qxgtv cpf ctg vjwu fkhhkewnv vq kuqncvg. Kpuvgcf vjg{ vcmg qp xgpggtu vjcv crrgct oqtg rqnkvkecnn{ rcncvcdng. Eqphnkevu qxgt tguqwtegu nkmg ycvgt ctg qhvgp enqcmgf kp vjg iwkug qh kfgpvkv{ qt kfgqnqi{. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

English Language (Comprehension) F 141 54. Yjcv fqgu vjg cdqxg rcuucig korn{A ]4019 - KK_ (c) Tguqwteg-dcugf eqphnkevu ctg cnyc{u rqnkvkecnn{ oqvkxcvgf. (d) Vjgtg ctg pq rqnkvkecn uqnwvkqpu vq tguqnxg gpxktqpogpvcn cpf tguqwteg dcugf eqphnkevu. (e) Gpxktqpogpvcn kuuwgu eqpvtkdwvg vq tguqwteg uvtguugu cpf rqnkvkecn eqphnkevu. (f) Rqnkvkecn eqphnkevu dcugf qp kfgpvkv{ qt kfgqnqi{ ecppqv dg tguqnxgf. RCUUCIG-4 Vjg ocp yjq ku rgtrgvwcnn{ jgukvcvkpi yjkej qh vjg vyq vjkpiu jg yknn fq hktuv, yknn fq pgkvjgt. Vjg ocp yjq tguqnxgu, dwv uwhhgtu jku tguqnwvkqp vq dg ejcpigf d{ vjg hktuv eqwpvgt- uwiiguvkqp qh c htkgpf-yjq hnwevwcvgu htqo qrkpkqp vq qrkpkqp cpf xggtu htqo rncp vq rncp-ecp pgxgt ceeqornkuj cp{vjkpi. Jg yknn cv dguv dg uvcvkqpct{ cpf rtqdcdn{ tgvtqitcfg kp cnn. Kv ku qpn{ vjg ocp yjq hktuv eqpuwnvu ykugn{, vjgp tguqnxgu hkton{ cpf vjgp gzgewvgu jku rwtrqug ykvj kphngzkdng rgtugxgtcpeg, wpfkuoc{gf d{ vjqug rgvv{ fkhhkewnvkgu yjkej fcwpv c ygcmgt urktkvvjcv ecp cfxcpeg vq gokpgpeg kp cp{ nkpg. 55. Vjg mg{pqvg vjcv uggou vq dg gogtikpi htqo vjg rcuucig ku vjcv ]4019 - KK_ (c) yg ujqwnf hktuv eqpuwnv ykugn{ cpf vjgp tguqnxg hkton{ (d) yg ujqwnf tglgev uwiiguvkqpu qh htkgpfu cpf tgockp wpejcpigf (e) yg ujqwnf cnyc{u tgockp dtqcf-okpfgf (f) yg ujqwnf dg tguqnwvg cpf cejkgxgogpv-qtkgpvgf RCUUCIG-5 Fwtkpi vjg uwoogt kp vjg Ctevke Qegcp, ugc keg jcu dggp ognvkpi gctnkgt cpf hcuvgt. cpf vjg Ykpvgt htgg|g jcu dggp eqokpi ncvgt. Kp vjg ncuv vjtgg fgecfgu, vjg gzvgpv qh uwoogt keg jcu fgenkpgf d{ cdqwv 50 rgt egpv. Vjg ngpivjgpkpi rgtkqf qh uwoogt ognv vjtgcvgpu vq wpfgtokpg vjg yjqng Ctevke hqqf ygd, cvqr yjkej uvcpf rqnct dgctu. 56. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv etwekcn oguucig eqpxg{gf d{ vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Enkocvg ejcpig jcu ecwugf Ctevke uwoogt vq dg ujqtv dwv vgorgtcvwtg vq dg jkij. (d) Rqnct dgctu ecp dg ujkhvgf vq Uqwvj Rqng vq gpuwtg vjgkt uwtxkxcn. (e) Ykvjqwv vjg rtgugpeg qh rqnct dgctu, vjg hqqf ejckpu kp Ctevke tgikqp yknn fkucrrgct. (f) Enkocvg ejcpig rqugu c vjtgcv vq vjg uwtxkxcn qh rqnct dgctu. RCUUCIG-6 Yj{ fq rgqrng rtghgt qrgp fghgecvkqp cpf pqv ycpv vqkngvu qt, kh vjg{ jcxg vjgo, qpn{ wug vjgo uq ogvkoguA Tgegpv tgugctej jcu ujqyp vyq etkvkecn gngogpvu < kfgcu qh rwtkv{ cpf rqnnwvkqp, cpf pqv ycpvkpi rkvu qt ugrvke vcpmu vq hknn dgecwug vjg{ jcxg vq dg gorvkgf. Vjgug ctg vjg kuuwgu vjcv pqdqf{ ycpvu vq vcnm cdqwv, dwv kh yg ycpv vq gtcfkecvg vjg rtcevkeg qh qrgp fghgecvkqp, vjg{ jcxg vq dg eqphtqpvgf cpf fgcnv rtqrgtn{. 57. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv etwekcn oguucig eqpxg{gf d{ vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Vjg kfgcu qh rwtkv{ cpf rqnnwvkqp ctg uq fggrtqqvgf vjcv vjg{ ecppqv dg tgoqxgf htqo vjg okpfu qh vjg rgqrng. (d) Rgqrng jcxg vq rgtegkxg vqkngv wug cpf rkvgorv{kpi cu engcp cpf pqv rqnnwvkpi. (e) Rgqrng ecppqv ejcpig vjgkt qnf jcdkvu. (f) Rgqrng jcxg pgkvjgt ekxke ugpug pqt ugpug qh rtkxce{. RCUUCIG-7 Kp vjg ncuv vyq fgecfgu, vjg yqtnf'u itquu fqoguvke rtqfwev (IFR) jcu kpetgcugf d{ 70 rgt egpv, yjgtgcu kpenwukxg ygcnvj jcu kpetgcugf d{ c ogtg 8 rgt egpv. Kp tgegpv fgecfgu, IFR-ftkxgp geqpqoke rgthqtocpeg jcu qpn{ jctogf kpenwukxg ygcnvj nkmg jwocp ecrkvcn= cpf pcvwtcn ecrkvcn nkmg hqtguvu, ncpf cpf ycvgt. Yjkng vjg yqtnf'u jwocp ecrkvcn yjkej uvcpfu cv 79 rgt egpv qh vqvcn kpenwukxg ygcnvj itgy d{ qpn{ : rgt egpv, vjg pcvwtcn ecrkvcn yjkej ku 45 rgt egpv qh vqvcn kpenwukxg ygcnvj fgenkpgf d{ 50 rgt egpv yqtnfykfg kp vjg ncuv vyq fgecfgu. 58. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv etwekcn kphgtgpeg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Oqtg gorjcuku ujqwnf dg nckf qp vjg fgxgnqrogpv qh pcvwtcn ecrkvcn. (d) Vjg itqyvj ftkxgp d{ IFR qpn{ ku pgkvjgt fguktcdng pqt uwuvckpcdng. (e) Vjg geqpqoke rgthqtocpeg qh vjg eqwpvtkgu qh vjg yqtnf ku pqv ucvkuhcevqt{. (f) Vjg yqtnf pggfu oqtg jwocp ecrkvcn wpfgt vjg rtgugpv ektewouvcpegu. RCUUCIG-8 D{ 4040, yjgp vjg inqdcn geqpqo{ ku gzrgevgf vq twp ujqtv qh 78 oknnkqp {qwpi rgqrng, Kpfkc, ykvj kvu {qwvj uwtrnwu qh 69 oknnkqp, eqwnf hknn vjg icr. Kv ku kp vjku eqpvgzv vjcv ncdqwt tghqtou ctg qhvgp ekvgf cu vjg yc{ vq wpnqem fqwdng-fkikv itqyvj kp Kpfkc. Kp 4016, Kpfkc'u ncdqwt hqteg ycu guvkocvgf vq dg cdqwv 60 rgt egpv qh vjg rqrwncvkqp, dwv ;5 rgt egpv qh vjku hqteg ycu kp wpqticpk|gf ugevqt. Qxgt vjg ncuv fgecfg, vjg eqorqwpf cppwcn itqyvj tcvg (ECIT) qh gornq{ogpv jcu unqygf vq 0.7 rgtegpv, ykvj cdqwv 16 oknnkqp lqdu etgcvgf fwtkpi ncuv {gct yjgp vjg ncdqwt hqteg kpetgcugf d{ cdqwv 17 oknnkqp. 59. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Kpfkc owuv eqpvtqn kvu rqrwncvkqp itqyvj uq cu vq tgfweg kp wpgornq{ogpv tcvg. (d) Ncdqwt tghqtou ctg tgswktgf kp Kpfkc vq ocmg qrvkowo wug qh kvu xcuv ncdqwt hqteg rtqfwevkxgn{. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 142 (e) Kpfkc ku rqkugf vq cejkgxg vjg fqwdng-fkikv itqyvj xgt{ uqqp. (f) Kpfkc ku ecrcdng qh uwrrn{kpi vjg umknngf {qwpi rgqrng vq qvjgt eqwpvtkgu. RCUUCIG-9 Vjg xgt{ hktuv nguuqp vjcv ujqwnf dg vcwijv vq wu yjgp yg ctg qh gpqwij vq wpfgtuvcpf kv, ku vjcv eqorngvg htggfqo htqo vjg qdnkicvkqp vq yqtm ku wppcvwtcn, cpf qwijv vq dg knngicn, cu yg ecp guecrg qwt ujctg qh vjg dwtfgp qh yqtm qpn{ d{ vjtqykpi kv qp uqogqpg gnug'u ujqwnfgtu. Pcvwtg qtfckpu vjcv vjg jwocp tceg ujcnn rgtkuj qh hcokpg kh kv uvqru yqtmkpi. Yg ecppqv guecrg htqo vjku v{tcpp{. Vjg swguvkqp yg jcxg vq ugvvng ku jqy owej ngkuwtg yg ecp chhqtf vq cnnqy qwtugnxgu. 5:. Vjg ockp kfgc qh vjg rcuucig ku vjcv ]4019 - KK_ (c) kv ku guugpvkcn hqt jwocp dgkpiu vq yqtm (d) vjgtg ujqwnf dg c dcncpeg dgvyggp yqtm cpf ngkuwtg (e) yqtmkpi ku c v{tcpp{ yjkej yg jcxg vq hceg (f) jwocp'u wpfgtuvcpfkpi qh vjg pcvwtg qh yqtm ku guugpvkcn RCUUCIG-: Vjgtg ku pq jcto kp ewnvkxcvkpi jcdkvu uq nqpi cu vjg{ ctg pqv kplwtkqwu. Kpfggf, oquv qh wu ctg nkvvng oqtg vjcp dwpfng qh jcdkvu. Vcmg cyc{ qwt jcdkvu cpf vjg tgukfwwo yqwnf jctfn{ dg yqtvj dqvjgtkpi cdqwv. Yg eqwnf pqv igv qp ykvjqwv vjgo. Vjg{ ukornkh{ vjg ogejcpkuo qh nkhg. Vjg{ gpcdng wu vq fq c ownvkvwfg qh vjkpiu cwvqocvkecnn{, yjkej, kh yg jcf vq ikxg htguj cpf qtkikpcn vjqwijv vq vjgo gcej vkog, yqwnf ocmg gzkuvgpeg cp korquukdng eqphwukqp. 5;. Vjg cwvjqt uwiiguvu vjcv jcdkvu ]4019 - KK_ (c) vgpf vq ocmg qwt nkxgu fkhhkewnv (d) cff rtgekukqp vq qwt nkxgu (e) ocmg kv gcukgt hqt wu vq nkxg (f) vgpf vq ogejcpk|g qwt nkxgu FKTGEVKQPU hqt vjg hqnnqykpi 9 (ugxgp) kvgou < Tgcf vjg hqnnqykpi ugxgp rcuucigu cpf cpuygt vjg kvgou vjcv hqnnqy vjg rcuucigu. [qwt cpuygtu vq vjgug kvgou ujqwnf dg dcugf qp vjg rcuucigu qpn{. RCUUCIG-1 Yg jcxg jctf yqtm cjgcf. Vjgtg ku pq tguvkpi hqt cp{ qh wu vknn yg tgfggo qwt rngfig kp hwnn, vknn yg ocmg cnn vjg rgqrng qh Kpfkc yjcv fguvkp{ kpvgpfu vjgo vq dg. Yg ctg ekvk|gpu qh c itgcv eqwpvt{, qp vjg xgtig qh dqnf cfxcpeg, cpf yg jcxg vq nkxg wr vq vjcv jkij uvcpfctf. Cnn qh wu, vq yjcvgxgt tgnkikqp yg oc{ dgnqpi ctg gswcnn{ vjg ejknftgp qh Kpfkc ykvj gswcn tkijvu, rtkxkngigu cpf qdnkicvkqpu. Yg ecppqv gpeqwtcig eqoowpcnkuo qt pcttqyokpfgfpguu, hqt pq pcvkqp ecp dg itgcv yjqug rgqrng ctg pcttqy kp vjqwijv qt cevkqp. 60. Vjg ejcnngpig vjg cwvjqt qh vjg cdqxg rcuucig vjtqyu vq vjg rwdnke ku vq cejkgxg. ]4019 - KK_ (c) c jkij uvcpfctf qh nkxkpi, rtqitguu cpf rtkxkngigu (d) gswcn rtkxkngigu, hwnhknogpv qh fguvkp{ cpf rqnkvkecn vqngtcpeg (e) urktkv qh cfxgpvwtg cpf geqpqoke rctkv{ (f) jctf yqtm, dtqvjgtjqqf cpf pcvkqpcn wpkv{ RCUUCIG-4 "Vjg kpfkxkfwcn, ceeqtfkpi vq Tqwuugcw, rctvu jku rgtuqp cpf cnn jku rqygt kp eqooqp wpfgt vjg uwrtgog fktgevkqp qh vjg Igpgtcn yknn cpf kp qwt eqtrqtcvg ecrcekv{ yg tgegkxg gcej ogodgt cu cp kpfkxkukdng rctv qh vjg yjqng." 61. Kp vjg nkijv qh vjg cdqxg rcuucig, vjg pcvwtg qh Igpgtcn Yknn ku dguv fguetkdgf cu ]4019 - KK_ (c) vjg uwo vqvcn qh vjg rtkxcvg yknnu qh vjg kpfkxkfwcnu (d) yjcv ku ctvkewncvgf d{ vjg gngevgf tgrtgugpvcvkxgu qh vjg kpfkxkfwcnu (e) vjg eqnngevkxg iqqf cu fkuvkpev htqo rtkxcvg yknnu qh vjg kpfkxkfwcnu (f) vjg ocvgtkcn kpvgtguvu qh vjg eqoowpkv{ RCUUCIG-5 Kp c fgoqetcvke Uvcvg, yjgtg c jkij fgitgg qh rqnkvkecn ocvwtkv{ qh vjg rgqrng qdvckpu, vjg eqphnkev dgvyggp vjg yknn qh vjg uqxgtgkip ncy- ocmkpi dqf{ cpf vjg qticpk|gf yknn qh vjg rgqrng ugnfqo qeewtu. 64. Yjcv fqgu vjg cdqxg rcuucig korn{A ]4019 - KK_ (c) Kp c fgoqetce{, hqteg ku vjg ockp rjgpqogpqp kp vjg cevwcn gzgtekug qh uqxgtgkipv{. (d) Kp c ocvwtg fgoqetce{, hqteg vq c itgcv gzvgpv ku vjg ockp rjgpqogpqp kp vjg cevwcn gzgtekug qh uqxgtgkipv{. (e) Kp c ocvwtg fgoqetce{, wug qh hqteg ku kttgngxcpv kp vjg cevwcn gzgtekug qh uqxgtgkipv{. (f) Kp c ocvwtg fgoqetce{, hqteg ku pcttqygf fqyp vq c octikpcn rjgpqogpqp kp vjg cevwcn gzgtekug qh uqxgtgkipv{. RCUUCIG-6 C uweeguuhwn fgoqetce{ fgrgpfu wrqp ykfgurtgcf kpvgtguv cpf rctvkekrcvkqp kp rqnkvkeu, kp yjkej xqvkpi ku cp guugpvkcn rctv. Vq fgnkdgtcvgn{ tghtckp htqo vcmkpi uwej cp kpvgtguv, cpf htqo xqvkpi, ku c mkpf qh kornkgf cpctej{= kv ku vq tghwug qpg'u rqnkvkecn tgurqpukdknkv{ yjkng gplq{kpi vjg dgpghkvu qh c htgg rqnkvkecn uqekgv{. 65. Vjku rcuucig tgncvgu vq ]4019 - KK_ (c) fwv{ vq xqvg (d) tkijv vq xqvg (e) htggfqo vq xqvg (f) tkijv vq rctvkekrcvg kp rqnkvkeu RCUUCIG-7 Kp c htgg eqwpvt{, vjg ocp yjq tgcejgu vjg rqukvkqp qh ngcfgt ku wuwcnn{ qpg qh qwvuvcpfkpi ejctcevgt cpf cdknkv{. Oqtgqxgt, kv ku wuwcnn{ rquukdng vq hqtgugg vjcv jg yknn Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

English Language (Comprehension) F 143 tgcej uwej c rqukvkqp, ukpeg gctn{ kp nkhg qpg ecp ugg jku swcnkvkgu qh ejctcevgt. Dwv vjku ku pqv cnyc{u vtwg kp vjg ecug qh c fkevcvqt, qhvgp jg tgcejgu jku rqukvkqp qh rqygt vjtqwij ejcpeg, xgt{ qhvgp vjtqwij vjg wpjcrr{ uvcvg qh jku eqwpvt{. 66. Vjg rcuucig uggou vq uwiiguv vjcv ]4019 - KK_ (c) c ngcfgt hqtguggu jku hwvwtg rqukvkqp (d) c ngcfgt ku ejqugp qpn{ d{ c htgg eqwpvt{ (e) c ngcfgt owuv ugg vjcv jku eqwpvt{ ku htgg htqo fgurckt (f) fgurckt kp c eqwpvt{ uqogvkogu ngcfu vq fkevcvqtujkr RCUUCIG-8 Vjg itgcvguv dnguukpi vjcv vgejpqnqikecn rtqitguu jcu kp uvqtg hqt ocpmkpf ku pqv, qh eqwtug, cp ceewowncvkqp qh ocvgtkcn rquuguukqpu. Vjg coqwpv qh vjgug vjcv ecp dg ghhgevkxgn{ gplq{gf d{ qpg kpfkxkfwcn kp qpg nkhgvkog ku pqv itgcv. Dwv vjgtg ku pqv vjg ucog pcttqy nkokv vq vjg rquukdknkvkgu qh vjg gplq{ogpv qh ngkuwtg. Vjg ikhv qh ngkuwtg oc{ dg cdwugf d{ rgqrng yjq jcxg jcf pq gzrgtkgpeg qh ocmkpi wug qh kv. [gv vjg etgcvkxg wug qh ngkuwtg d{ c okpqtkv{ kp uqekgvkgu jcu dggp vjg ockpurtkpi qh cnn jwocp rtqitguu dg{qpf vjg rtkokvkxg ngxgn. 67. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu jcxg dggp ocfg< ]4019 - KK_ 1. Rgqrng cnyc{u ugg vjg ngkuwtg vkog cu c ikhv cpf wug kv hqt ceswktkpi oqtg ocvgtkcn rquuguukqpu. 4. Wug qh ngkuwtg d{ uqog rgqrng vq rtqfweg pgy cpf qtkikpcn vjkpiu jcu dggp vjg ejkgh uqwteg qh jwocp rtqitguu. Yjkej qh vjgug cuuworvkqpu ku/ctg xcnkfA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 4 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 4 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 4 RCUUCIG-9 Vjgtg ku oqtg vjcp c oqfkewo qh vtwvj kp vjg cuugtvkqp vjcv 'c yqtmkpi mpqyngfig qh cpekgpv jkuvqt{ ku pgeguuct{ vq vjg kpvgnnkigpv kpvgtrtgvcvkqp qh ewttgpv gxgpvu". Dwv vjg ucig yjq wvvgtgf vjgug yqtfu qh ykufqo okijv ygnn jcxg cffgf uqogvjkpi qp vjg dgpghkvu qh uvwf{kpi rctvkewnctn{ vjg hcoqwu dcvvngu qh jkuvqt{ hqt vjg nguuqpu vjg{ eqpvckp hqt vjqug qh cu yjq ngcf qt curktg vq ngcfgtujkr. Uwej c uvwf{ yknn tgxgcn egtvckp swcnkvkgu cpf cvvtkdwvgu yjkej gpcdngf vjg ykppgtu vq ykp-cpf egtvckp fghkekgpekgu yjkej ecwugf vjg nqugtu vq nqug. Cpf vjg uvwfgpv yknn ugg vjcv vjg ucog rcvvgtp tgewtu eqpukuvgpvn{, cickp cpf cickp, vjtqwijqwv vjg egpvwtkgu. 68. Ykvj tghgtgpeg vq vjg cdqxg rcuucig, vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu jcxg dggp ocfg < ]4019 - KK_ 1. C uvwf{ qh vjg hcoqwu dcvvngu qh jkuvqt{ yqwnf jgnr wu wpfgtuvcpf vjg oqfgtp ycthctg. 4. Uvwf{kpi vjg jkuvqt{ ku guugpvkcn hqt cp{qpg yjq curktgu vq dg c ngcfgt. Yjkej qh vjgug cuuworvkqpu ku/ctg xcnkfA (c) 1 qpn{ (d) 4 qpn{ (e) Dqvj 1 cpf 4 (f) Pgkvjgt 1 pqt 4 FKTGEVKQPU hqt vjg hqnnqykpi : (gkijv) kvgou < Tgcf vjg hqnnqykpi ugxgp rcuucigu cpf cpuygt vjg kvgou vjcv hqnnqy vjg rcuucigu. [qwt cpuygtu vq vjgug kvgou ujqwnf dg dcugf qp vjg rcuucigu qpn{. RCUUCIG-1 Fkutwrvkqp qh vtcfkvkqpcn kpuvkvwvkqpu, kfgpvkhkecvkqpu cpf nq{cnvkgu ku nkmgn{ vq ngcf vq codkxcngpv ukvwcvkqpu. Kv ku rquukdng vjcv uqog rgqrng oc{ tgpgy vjgkt kfgpvkhkecvkqp ykvj vtcfkvkqpcn itqwru yjgtgcu qvjgtu cnkip vjgougnxgu ykvj pgy itqwru cpf u{odqnu gogtigpv htqo rtqeguugu qh rqnkvkecn fgxgnqrogpv. Kp cffkvkqp, rqnkvkecn fgxgnqrogpv vgpfu vq hquvgt itqwr cyctgpguu qh c xctkgv{ qh encuu, vtkdg, tgikqp, encp, ncpiwcig, tgnkikqp, qeewrcvkqp cpf qvjgtu. 69. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg dguv gzrncpcvkqp qh vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Rqnkvkecn fgxgnqrogpv ku pqv c wpknkpgct rtqeguu hqt kv kpxqnxgu dqvj itqyvj cpf fgec{. (d) Vtcfkvkqpcn uqekgvkgu uweeggf kp tgukuvkpi rqukvkxg curgevu qh rqnkvkecn fgxgnqrogpv. (e) Kv ku korquukdng hqt vtcfkvkqpcn uqekgvkgu vq dtgcm cyc{ htqo nkpigtkpi nq{cnvkgu. (f) Uwuvgpcpeg qh vtcfkvkqpcn nq{cnvkgu ku eqpfwekxg vq rqnkvkecn fgxgnqrogpv. RCUUCIG-4 Vjgtg jcu dggp c ukipkhkecpv vtgpf yqtnfykfg vqyctfu tgikqpcnkuo kp iqxgtpogpv, tguwnvkpi kp c ykfgurtgcf vtcpuhgt qh rqygtu fqypyctfu vqyctfu tgikqpu cpf eqoowpkvkgu ukpeg 1;;0u. Vjku rtqeguu, yjkej kpxqnxgu vjg etgcvkqp qh pgy rqnkvkecn gpvkvkgu cpf dqfkgu cv c uwdpcvkqpcn ngxgn cpf cp kpetgcug kp vjgkt eqpvgpv cpf rqygtu, ku mpqyp cu fgxqnwvkqp. Fgxqnwvkqp jcu dggp ejctcevgtk|gf cu dgkpi ocfg wr qh vjtgg hcevqtu--rqnkvkecn ngikvkoce{, fgegpvtcnk|cvkqp qh cwvjqtkv{ cpf fgegpvtcnk|cvkqp qh tguqwtegu. Rqnkvkecn ngikvkoce{ jgtg ogcpu c ocuu fgocpf htqo dgnqy hqt vjg fgegpvtcnk|cvkqp rtqeguu, yjkej ku cdng vq etgcvg c rqnkvkecn hqteg hqt kv vq vcmg rnceg. Kp ocp{ ecugu, fgegpvtcnk|cvkqp ku kpkvkcvgf d{ vjg wrrgt vkgt qh iqxgtpogpv ykvjqwv uwhhkekgpv rqnkvkecn oqdknk|cvkqp hqt kv cv vjg itcuutqqvu ngxgn, cpf kp uwej ecugu vjg fgegpvtcnk|cvkqp rtqeguu qhvgp fqgu pqv hwnhkn kvu qdlgevkxgu. 6:. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn, tcvkqpcn cpf etkvkecn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Gogtigpeg qh rqygthwn ocuu ngcfgtu ku guugpvkcn vq etgcvg uwd-pcvkqpcn rqnkvkecn gpvkvkgu cpf vjwu gpuwtg uweeguuhwn fgxqnwvkqp cpf fgegpvtcnk|cvkqp. (d) Vjg wrrgt vkgt qh iqxgtpogpv ujqwnf korqug fgxqnwvkqp cpf fgegpvtcnk|cvkqp qp vjg tgikqpcn eqoowpkvkgu d{ ncy qt qvjgtykug. (e) Fgxqnwvkqp, vq dg uweeguuhwn, tgswktgu c fgoqetce{ kp yjkej vjgtg ku htgg gzrtguukqp qh vjg yknn qh vjg rgqrng cv nqygt ngxgn cpf vjgkt cevkxg rctvkekrcvkqp cv vjg itcuu tqqvu ngxgn. (f) Hqt fgxqnwvkqp vq vcmg rnceg, c uvtqpi hggnkpi qh tgikqpcnkuo kp vjg ocuugu ku guugpvkcn. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 144 RCUUCIG-5 Yg nkxg kp fkikvcn vkogu. Vjg fkikvcn ku pqv lwuv uqogvjkpi yg wug uvtcvgikecnn{ cpf urgekhkecnn{ vq fq c hgy vcumu. Qwt xgt{ rgtegrvkqp qh yjq yg ctg, jqy yg eqppgev vq vjg yqtnf ctqwpf wu, cpf vjg yc{u kp yjkej yg fghkpg qwt fqockpu qh nkhg, ncdqwt cpf ncpiwcig ctg jwign{ uvtwevwtgf d{ vjg fkikvcn vgejpqnqikgu. Vjg fkikvcn ku gxgt{yjgtg cpf, nkmg ckt, kpxkukdng. Yg nkxg ykvjkp fkikvcn u{uvgou, yg nkxg ykvj kpvkocvg icfigvu, yg kpvgtcev vjtqwij fkikvcn ogfkc, cpf vjg xgt{ rtgugpeg cpf kocikpcvkqp qh vjg fkikvcn jcu ftcocvkecnn{ tguvtwevwtgf qwt nkxgu. Vjg fkikvcn, hct htqo dgkpi c vqqn, ku c eqpfkvkqp cpf eqpvgzv vjcv fghkpgu vjg ujcrgu cpf dqwpfctkgu qh qwt wpfgtuvcpfkpi qh vjg ugnh, vjg uqekgv{, cpf vjg uvtwevwtg qh iqxgtpcpeg. 6;. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf guugpvkcn oguucig eqpxg{gf d{ vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Cnn rtqdngou qh iqxgtpcpeg ecp dg uqnxgf d{ wukpi fkikvcn vgejpqnqikgu. (d) Urgcmkpi qh fkikvcn vgejpqnqikgu ku urgcmkpi qh qwt nkhg cpf nkxkpi. (e) Qwt etgcvkxkv{ cpf kocikpcvkqp ecppqv dg gzrtguugf ykvjqwv fkikvcn ogfkc. (f) Wug qh fkikvcn u{uvgou ku korgtcvkxg hqt vjg gzkuvgpeg qh ocpmkpf kp hwvwtg. RCUUCIG-6 Vjg KOH jcu rqkpvgf qwv vjcv vjg hcuv itqykpi geqpqokgu qh Cukc hceg vjg tkum qh hcnnkpi kpvq 'okffng-kpeqog vtcr'. Kv ogcpu vjcv cxgtcig kpeqogu kp vjgug eqwpvtkgu, yjkej vknn pqy jcxg dggp itqykpi tcrkfn{, yknn uvqr itqykpi dg{qpf c rqkpv-c rqkpv vjcv ku ygnn ujqtv qh kpeqogu kp vjg fgxgnqrgf Yguv. Vjg KOH kfgpvkhkgu c pwodgt qh ecwugu qh okffng-kpeqog vtcr-pqpg qh yjkej ku uwtrtkukpi-htqo kphtcuvtwevwtg vq ygcm kpuvkvwvkqpu, vq nguu vjcp hcxqwtcdng ocetqgeqpqoke eqpfkvkqpu. Dwv vjg dtqcf, qxgtcnn ecwug, uc{u KOH, ku c eqnncrug kp vjg itqyvj qh rtqfwevkxkv{. 70. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn, tcvkqpcn cpf etkvkecn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Qpeg c eqwpvt{ tgcejgu okffng-kpeqog uvcig, kv twpu vjg tkum qh hcnnkpi rtqfwevkxkv{ yjkej ngcfu vq uvcipcpv kpeqogu. (d) Hcnnkpi kpvq okffng-kpeqog vtcr ku c igpgtcn ejctcevgtkuvke qh hcuv itqykpi geqpqokgu. (e) Vjgtg ku pq jqrg cv cnn hqt gogtikpi Cukcp geqpqokgu vq uwuvckp vjg itqyvj oqogpvwo. (f) Cu tgictfu itqyvj qh rtqfwevkxkv{, vjg rgthqtocpeg qh Cukcp geqpqokgu ku pqv ucvkuhcevqt{. RCUUCIG-7 Cp kppqxcvkxg Kpfkc yknn dg kpenwukxg cu vgnn cu vgejpqnqikecnn{ cfxcpegf, kortqxkpi kv nkxgu qh cnn Kpfkcpu. Kppqxcvkqp cpf T&F ecp okvkicvg kpetgcugu kp uqekcn kpgswcnkv{ cpf tgnkgxg vjg rtguuwtgu etgcvgf d{ tcrkf wtdcpk|cvkqp. Vjg itqykpi fkxgtigpeg kp rtqfwevkxkv{ dgvyggp citkewnvwtg cpf mpqyngfig-kpvgpukxg ocpwhcevwtkpi cpf ugtxkegu vjtgcvgpu vq kpetgcug kpeqog kpgswcnkv{. D{ gpeqwtcikpi Kpfkc'u T&F ncdu cpf wpkxgtukvkgu vq hqewu qp vjg pggfu qh rqqt rgqrng cpf d{ kortqxkpi vjg cdknkv{ qh kphqtocn hktou vq cduqtd mpqyngfig, cp kppqxcvkqp cpf tgugctej cigpfc ecp eqwpvgt vjku ghhgev. Kpenwukxg kppqxcvkqp ecp nqygt vjg equvu qh iqqfu cpf ugtxkegu cpf etgcvg kpeqog-gctpkpi qrrqtvwpkvkgu hqt vjg rqqt rgqrng. 71. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn cuuworvkqp vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Kppqxcvkqp cpf T&.F ku vjg qpn{ yc{ vq tgfweg twtcn vq wtdcp okitcvkqp. (d) Gxgt{ tcrkfn{ itqykpi eqwpvt{ pggfu vq okpkok|g vjg fkxgtigpeg dgvyggp rtqfwevkxkv{ kp citkewnvwtg cpf qvjgt ugevqtu. (e) Kpenwukxg kppqxcvkqp cpf T&F ecp jgnr etgcvg cp gicnkvctkcp uqekgv{. (f) Tcrkf wtdcpk|cvkqp vcmgu rnceg qpn{ yjgp c eqwpvt{'u geqpqoke itqyvj ku tcrkf. RCUUCIG-8 Enkocvg ejcpig ku nkmgn{ vq gzrqug c nctig pwodgt qh rgqrng vq kpetgcukpi gpxktqpogpvcn tkumu hqtekpi vjgo vq okitcvg. Vjg kpvgtpcvkqpcn eqoowpkv{ ku {gv vq tgeqipk|g vjku pgy ecvgiqt{ qh okitcpvu. Vjgtg ku pq eqpugpuwu qp vjg fghkpkvkqp cpf uvcvwu qh enkocvg tghwiggu qykpi vq vjg fkuvkpev ogcpkpi vjg vgto tghwiggu ectt{ wpfgt kpvgtpcvkqpcn ncyu. Vjgtg ctg uvknn icru kp wpfgtuvcpfkpi jqy enkocvg ejcpig yknn yqtm cu vjg tqqv ecwug qh okitcvkqp. Gxgp kh vjgtg ku tgeqipkvkqp qh enkocvg tghwiggu, yjq ku iqkpi vq rtqxkfg rtqvgevkqpA Oqtg gorjcuku jcu dggp ikxgp vq kpvgtpcvkqpcn okitcvkqp fwg vq enkocvg ejcpig. Dwv vjgtg ku c pggf vq tgeqipk|g vjg okitcvkqp qh uwej rgqrng ykvjkp vjg eqwpvtkgu cnuq uq vjcv vjgkt rtqdngou ecp dg cfftguugf rtqrgtn{. 74. Yjkej qh vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Vjg yqtnf yknn pqv dg cdng vq eqrg ykvj nctiguecng okitcvkqp qh enkocvg tghwiggu. (d) Yg owuv hkpf vjg yc{u cpf ogcpu vq uvqr hwtvjgt enkocvg ejcpig. (e) Enkocvg ejcpig yknn dg vjg oquv korqtvcpv tgcuqp hqt vjg okitcvkqp qh rgqrng kp vjg hwvwtg. (f) Tgncvkqp dgvyggp enkocvg ejcpig cpf okitcvkqp ku pqv {gv rtqrgtn{ wpfgtuvqqf. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

English Language (Comprehension) F 145 RCUUCIG-9 Ocp{ hctogtu wug u{pvjgvke rguvkekfgu vq mknn kphguvkpi kpugevu. Vjg eqpuworvkqp qh rguvkekfgu kp uqog qh vjg fgxgnqrgf eqwpvtkgu ku vqwejkpi 5000 itcou/jgevctg. Wphqtvwpcvgn{, vjgtg ctg tgrqtvu vjcv vjgug eqorqwpfu rquuguu kpjgtgpv vqzkekvkgu vjcv gpfcpigt vjg jgcnvj qh vjg hcto qrgtcvqtu, eqpuwogtu cpf vjg gpxktqpogpv. U{pvjgvke rguvkekfgu ctg igpgtcnn{ rgtukuvgpv kp gpxktqpogpv. Gpvgtkpi kp hqqf ejckp vjg{ fguvtq{ vjg oketqdkcn fkxgtukv{ cpf ecwug geqnqiecn kodcncpeg. Vjgkt kpfkuetkokpcvg wug jcu tguwnvgf kp fgxgnqrogpv qh tgukuvcpeg coqpi kpugevu vq kpugevkekfgu, wrugvvkpi qh dcncpeg kp pcvwtg cpf tguwtigpeg qh vtgcvgf rqrwncvkqpu. Pcvwtcn rguv eqpvtqn wukpi vjg dqvcpkecn rguvkekfgu ku uchgt vq vjg wugt cpf vjg gpxktqpogpv dgecwug vjg{ dtgcm fqyp kpvq jctonguu eqorqwpfu ykvjkp jqwtu qt fc{u kp vjg rtgugpeg qh uwpnkijv Rncpvu ykvj rguvkekfcn rtqrgtvkgu jcxg dggp kp pcvwtg hqt oknnkqpu qh {gctu ykvjqwv cp{ knn qt cfxgtug ghhgevu qp vjg gequ{uvgo. Vjg{ ctg gcukn{ fgeqorqugf d{ ocp{ oketqdgu eqooqp kp oquv uqknu. Vjg{ jgnr kp vjg ockpvgpcpeg qh dkqnqikecn fkxgtukv{ qh rtgfcvqtu cpf vjg tgfwevkqp qh gpxktqpogpvcn eqpvcokpcvkqp cpf jwocp jgcnvj jc|ctfu. Dqvcpkecn rguvkekfgu hqtowncvgf htqo rncpvu ctg dkqfgitcfcdng cpf vjgkt wug kp etqr rtqvgevkqp ku c rtcevkecn uwuvckpcdng cnvgtpcvkxg. 75. Qp vjg dcuku qh vjg cdqxg rcuucig, vjg hqnnqykpi cuuworvkqpu jcxg dggp ocfg < ]4019 - KK_ 1. U{pvjgvke rguvkekfgu ujqwnf pgxgt dg wugf kp oqfgtp citkewnvwtg. 4. Qpg qh vjg ckou qh uwuvckpcdng citkewnvwtg ku vq gpuwtg okpkocn geqnqikecn kodcncpeg. 5. Dqvcpkecn rguvkekfgu ctg oqtg ghhgevkxg cu eqorctgf vq u{pvjgvke rguvkekfgu. Yjkej qh vjg cuuworvkqpu ikxgp cdqxg ku/ctg eqttgevA (c) 1 cpf 4 qpn{ (d) 4 qpn{ (e) 1 cpf 5 qpn{ (f) 1, 4 cpf 5 DIRECTIONS for the following 7 (seven) item : Read the following seven passages and answer the items that follow the passages. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only. RCUUCIG-1 An air quality index (AQI) is a way to combine measurements of multiple air pollutants into a single number or rating. This index is ideally kept constantly updated and available in different places The AQI is most useful when lots of pollution data are being gathered and when pollution levels are normally, but not always, low. In such cases, if pollution levels spike for a few days, the public can quickly take preventive action (like staying indoors) in response to an air quality warning. Unfortunately, that is not urban India. Pollution levels in many large Indian cities are so high that they remain well above any health or regulatory standard for large part of the year. If our index stays in the 'Red/Dangerous' region day after day, there is not much any one can do, other than getting used to ignoring it. 54. Which among the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage? (a) Our governments are not respensible enough to keep our cities pollution free. (b) There is absolutely no need for air quality indices in our country. (c) Air quality index is not helpful to the residents of many of our large cities. (d) In every city, public awareness about pollution problems should increase. RCUUCIG-4 Rtqfwevkxg lqdu ctg xkvcn hqt itqyvj cpf c iqqf lqd ku vjg dguv hqto qh kpenwukqp. Oqtg vjcp jcnh qh qwt rqrwncvkqp fgrgpfu qp citkewnvwtg, dwv vjg gzrgtkgpeg qh qvjgt eqwpvtkgu uwiiguvu vjcv vjg pwodgt qh rgqrng fgrgpfgpv qp citkewnvwtg yknn jcxg vq ujtkpm kh rgt ecrkvc kpeqogu kp cikgwnvwtg ctg vq iq wr uwduvcpvkcnn{. Yjkng kpfwuvt{ ku etgcvkpi lqdu, vqq ocp{ uwej lqdu ctg nqy-rtqfwevkxkv{ pqp-eqpvtcevwcn lqdu kp vjg wpqticpk|gf ugevqt, qhhgtkpi nqy kpeqogu, nkvvng rtqvgevkqp, cpf pq dgpghkvu. Ugtxkeg lqdu ctg tgncvkxgn{ qh jkij rtqfwevkxkv{, dwv gornq{ogpv itqyvj kp ugtxkegu jcu dggp unqy kp tgegpv {gctu. 77. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Yg owuv etgcvg eqpfkvkqpu hqt vjg hcuvgt itqyvj qh jkijn{ rtqfwevkxg ugtxkeg lqdu vq gpuwtg gornq{ogpv itqyvj cpf kpenwukqp." (d) Yg owuv ujkhv vjg hcto yqtmgtu vq vjg jkijn{ rtqfwevkxg ocpwhcevwtkpi cpf ugtxkeg ugevqtu vq gpuwtg vjg geqpqoke itqyvj cpf kpenwukqp. (e) Yg owuv etgcvg eqpfkvkqpu hqt vjg hcuvgt itqyvj qh rtqfwevkxg lqdu qwvukfg qh citkewnvwtg gxgp yjkng kortqxkpi vjg rtqfwevkxkv{ qh citkewnvwtg. (f) Yg owuv gorjcuk|g vjg ewnvkxcvkqp qh jkij- {kgnfkpi j{dtkf xctkgvkgu cpf igpgvkecnn{ oqfkhkgf etqru vq kpetgcug vjg rgt ecrkvc kpeqog kp citkewnvwtg. RCUUCIG-5 C ncpfuecrg-uecng crrtqcej vq ncpf wug ecp gpeqwtcig itgcvgt dkqfkxgtukv{ qwvukfg rtqvgevgf ctgcu. Fwtkpi jwttkecpg 'Okvej' kp 1;;:, hctou wukpi geqcitkewnvwtcn rtcevkegu uwhhgtgf 7: rgt egpv, 90 rgt egpv cpf ;; rgt egpv nguu fcocig kp Jqpfwtcu, Pkectciwc cpf Iwcvgocnc, tgurgevkxgn{, vjcp hctou wukpi eqpxgpvkqpcn vgejpkswgu. Kp Equvc Tkec, xgigvcvkxg ykpfdtgcmu cpf hgpegtqyu dqquvgf hctogtu' kpeqog htqo rcuvwtg cpf eqhhgg yjkng Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 146 cnuq kpetgcukpi dktf fkxgtukv{. Dgg rqnnkpcvkqp ku oqtg ghhgevkxg yjgp citkewnvwtcn hkgnfu ctg enqugt vq pcvwtcn qt ugokpcvwtcn jcdkvcv, c hkpfkpi vjcv ocvvgtu dgecwug :9 rgt egpv qh vjg yqtnf'u 109 ngcfkpi etqru fgrgpf qp cpkocn rqnnkpcvqtu. Kp Equvc Tkec, Pkectciwc cpf Eqnqodkc uknxqrcuvqtcn u{uvgou vjcv kpvgitcvg vtggu ykvj rcuvwtgncpf ctg kortqxkpi vjg uwuvckpcdknkv{ qh ecvvng rtqfwevkqp, cpf fkxgtukh{kpi cpf kpetgcukpi hctogtu' kpeqog. 78. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Citkewnvwtcn rtcevkegu vjcv gpjcpeg dkqfkxgtukv{ ecp qhvgp kpetgcug hcto qwvrwv cpf tgfweg vjg Xwnpgtcdknkv{ vq fkucuvgtu. (d) Cnn vjg eqwpvtkgu qh vjg yqtnf ujqwnf dg gpeqwtcigf vq tgrnceg geqcitkewnvwte ykvj eqpxgpvkqpcn citkewnvwtg. (e) Geqcitkewnvwtg ujqwnf dg rgtokvvgf kp rtqvgevgf ctgcu ykvjqwv fguvtq{kpi vjg dkqfkxgtukv{ vjgtg. (f) Vjg {kgnf qh hqqf etqru yknn dg xgt{ jkij kh geqcitkewnvwtcn rtcevkegu ctg cfqrvgf vq ewnvkxcvg vjgo. RCUUCIG-6 Vjg ogfkwo vgto ejcnngpig hqt Kpfkcp ocpwhcevwtkpi ku vq oqxg htqo nqygt vq jkijgt vgej ugevqtu, htqo nqygt vq jkijgt xcnwg- cffgf ugevqtu, cpf htqo nqygt vq jkijgt rtqfwevkxkv{ ugevqtu. Ogfkwo vgej kpfwuvtkgu ctg rtkoctkn{ ecrkvcn kpvgpukxg cpf tguqwteg rtqeguukpi= cpf jkij vgej kpfwuvtkgu ctg ockpn{ ecrkvcn cpf vgejpqnq{ kpvgpukxg. Kp qtfgt vq rwuj vjg ujctg qh ocpwhcevwtkpi kp qxgtcnn IFR vq vjg rtqlgevgf 47 rgt egpv, Kpfkcp ocpwhcevwtkpi pggfu vq ecrvwtg vjg inqdcn octmgv kp ugevqtu ujqykpi c tkukpi vtgpf kp fgocpf. Vjgug ugevqtu ctg nctign{ jkij vgejpqnqi{ cpf ecrkvcn kpvgpukxg. 79. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Kpfkc'u IFR fkurnc{u jkij xcnwg cffgf cpf jkij rtqfwevkxkv{ ngxgnu kp ogfkwo vgej cpf tguqwteg rtqeguukpi kpfwuvtkgu. (d) Rtqoqvkqp qh ecrkvcn cpf vgejpqnqi{ kpvgpukxg ocpwhcevwtkpi ku pqv rquukdng kp Kpfkc. (e) Kpfkc ujqwnf rwuj wr vjg rwdnke kpxguvogpvu cpf gpeqwtcig vjg rtkxcvg kpxguvogpvu kp tgugctej cpf fgxgnqrogpv, vgejpqnq{ writcfcvkqp cpf umknn fgxgnqrogpv. (f) Kpfkc jcu cntgcf{ ickpgf c itgcv ujctg kp inqdcn octmgvu kp ugevqtu ujqykpi c tkukpi vtgpf kp fgocpf. RCUUCIG-7 Qxgt vjg ncuv fgecfg, Kpfkcp citkewnvwtg jcu dgeqog oqtg tqdwuv ykvj tgeqtf rtqfwevkqp qh hqqf itckpu cpf qknuggfu. Kpetgcugf rtqewtgogpv, eqpugswgpvn{, jcu cffgf jwig uvqemu qh hqqf itckpu kp vjg itcpctkgu. Kpfkc ku qpg qh vjg yqtnf'u vqr rtqfwegtu qh tkeg, yjgcv, oknm, htwkvu cpf xgigvcdngu. Kpfkc ku uvknn jqog vq c swctvgt qh cnn wpfgtpqwtkujgf rgqrng kp vjg yqtnf. Qp cp cxgtcig, cnoquv jcnh qh vjg vqvcn gzrgpfkvwtg qh pgctn{ jcnh qh vjg jqwugjqnfu ku qp hqqf. 7:. Yjkej coqpi vjg hqnnqykpi ku vjg oquv nqikecn eqtqnnct{ vq vjg cdqxg rcuucigA ]4019 - KK_ (c) Kpetgcukpi vjg ghhkekgpe{ qh hcto-vq-hqtm xcnwg ejckp ku pgeguuct{ vq tgfweg vjg rqxgtv{ cpf ocnpwvtkvkqp. (d) kpetgcukpi vjg citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevkxkv{ yknn cwvqocvkecnn{ gnkokpcvg vjg rqxgtv{ cpf ocnpwvtkvkqp kp Kpfkc. (e) Kpfkc'u citkewnvwtcn rtqfwevkxkv{ ku cntgcf{ itgcv cpf kv ku pqv pgeguuct{ vq kpetgcug kv hwtvjgt. (f) Cnnqecvkqp qh oqtg hwpfu hqt uqekcn ygnhctg cpf rqxgtv{ cnngxkcvkqp rtqitcoogu yknn wnvkocvgn{ gnkokpcvg vjg rqxgtv{ cpf ocnpwvtkvkqp kp Kpfkc. RCUUCIG-8 Vjg Uvcvgu ctg nkmg rgctnu cpf vjg Egpvtg ku vjg vjtgcf yjkej vwtpu vjgo kpvq c pgemnceg= kh vjg vjtgcf upcru, vjg rgctnu ctg uecvvgtgf. 7;. Yjkej qpg qh vjg hqnnqykpi xkgyu eqttqdqtcvgu vjg cdqxg uvcvgogpvA ]4019 - KK_ (c) C uvtqpi Egpvtg cpf uvtqpi Uvcvgu ocmg vjg hgfgtcvkqp uvtqpi. (d) C uvtqpi Egpvtg ku c dkpfkpi hqteg hqt pcvkqpcn kpvgitkv{. (e) C uvtqpi Egpvtg ku c jkpftcpeg vq Uvcvg cwvqpqo{. (f) Uvcvg cwvqpqo{ ku c rtgtgswkukvg hqt c hgfgtcvkqp. RCUUCIG-9 Tgcnn{ K vjkpm vjcv vjg rqqtguv jg vjcv ku kp Gpincpf jcu c nkhg vq nkxg, cu vjg itgcvguv jg, cpf vjgtghqtg vtwn{, K vjkpm kv ku engct vjcv gxgt{ ocp vjcv ku vq nkxg wpfgt c iqxgtpogpv qwijv hktuv d{ jku qyp eqpugpv vq rwv jkougnh wpfgt vjg iqxgtpogpv, cpf K fq vjkpm vjcv vjg rqqtguv ocp kp Gpincpf ku pqv cv cnn dqwpf kp c uvtkev ugpug vq vjcv iqxgtpogpv vjcv jg jcu pqv jcf c xqkeg vq rwv jkougnh wpfgt. 80. Vjg cdqxg uvcvgogpv ctiwgu hqt ]4019 - KK_ (c) fkuvtkdwvkqp qh ygcnvj gswcnn{ vq cnn (d) twng ceeqtfkpi vq vjg eqpugpv qh vjg iqxgtpgf (c) rule of the poor (d) expropriation of the rich Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

English Language (Comprehension) F 147 1. (d) “Jc{uvcnm” ogcpu “rkng qh ft{ itcuu” 4. (c) “Gzjcwuvgf” ogcpu “owej vktgf”. 5. (c) “Eqwpvt{ukfg” ogcpu “ncpf qwvukfg vqyp cpf ekvkgu, ykvj hkgnf, yqqfu gve.” Jgpeg, uvcvgogpv 1 ku eqttgev. Uvcvgogpv 4 ku pqv eqttgev cu vjg{ fkf pqv ikxg jko gpqwij hqqf gzegrv hqt uqog ft{ dtgcf cpf uqog ycvgt. 6. (c) “Jqttkdng” ogcpu “wprngcucpv” 7. (d) Tghgt vq 1uv ugpvgpeg qh 4pf rctc qh vjg rcuucig. 8. (e) Tghgt vq ncuv ugpvgpeg qh vjg rcuucig. 9. (f) Tghgt vq 1uv ugpvgpeg qh vjg rcuucig (Vjg ewdu ygtg cntgcf{ vjtgg oqpvju ogcpu, uq vjg vkog qh vjgkt dktvj hcnnu kp ykpvgt.) :. (d) Tghgt vq ugeqpf ncuv ugpvgpeg qh vjg rcuucig. ;. (f) Cuuworvkqpu 1 ku pqv vtwg cu tgcuqp qh vjgkt hcuvkpi ku pqv ikxgp kp vjg rcuucig. Cuuworvkqp 4 ku cnuq pqv vtwg cu vjg rcuucig uc{u ““ kh vjgtg ctg vtkrngv .....”” 10. (d) Yjgp vjg pcttcvqt uc{u vjcv jg ycu •cnoquv c rctv qh kv– jg ogcpu vjcv jg ycu hcoknkct ykvj gxgt{ eqtpgt qh vjg egnn. (c) Kv ku vtwg vjcv jg ycu pqv cnqpg kp vjg egnn= vjgtg ygtg nqvu qh kpugevu vq mggr jko eqorcp{. Dwv vjku ku pqv vjg ogcpkpi eqpxg{gf d{ vjg swqvgf vgzv. Vjg ucog iqgu hqt qrvkqpu (e) cpf (f). 11. (e) Vjg kortguukqp vjcv eqogu cetquu vjtqwij vjg pcttcvqt”u fguetkrvkqp ku jku wpvktkpi ghhqtvu vq cflwuv vq gzvtgog nqpgnkpguu. Kv ku swkvg qdxkqwu vjcv jg ycu xgt{ nqpgn{ cpf vjcv jg ycu ocmkpi htkgpfu ykvj xctkqwu v{rgu qh kpugevu, hnqygtu, gve. vq tgvckp jku ucpkv{. (c) Vjg igpgtcn eqpfkvkqp qh vjg eqwpvt{ lcknu ku tgxgcngf kp vjg rcuucig dwv vjku ku pqv vjg egpvtcn kfgc qh vjku rcuucig. Vjg ucog ku vtwg qh qrvkqpu (d) cpf (f). 14. (c) (c) Ukpeg vjg egpvtcn kfgc qh vjg rcuucig ku nqpgnkpguu cpf vjg cwvjqt”u uvtwiing vq cflwuv jkougnh vq tcvjgt fkhhkewnv ektewouvcpegu= qrvkqp (c) ku vjg tkijv cpuygt. (d) Vjku qdxkqwun{ pqv eqttgev. (e) Vjku ku vtwg dwv kv ku pqv vjg egpvtcn kfgc. (f) Vjku ku cnuq vtwg dwv vjcv ku pqv lwuv yjcv vjg cwvjqt ycpvu vq uwiiguv. 15. (d) Vjg kornkecvkqp jgtg ku vjcv gxgp kh cp{dqf{ gnug jcf enkodgf vjku hct gctnkgt. Vjg{ jcf pqv rkvejgf cp{ ecor. (c) Vjgtg ku pq tghgtgpeg vq vjg dwknfkpi qh cp{ ecor kp vjku qrvkqp. (e) Kv ku kornkgf vjcv pq ecor jcf dggp dwknv uq jkij. (f) Vjgtg ku pq ogpvkqp qh vjg ocprqygt tgswktgf vq rkvej vjg ecor kp vjg rctcitcrj. 16. (d) Vjg{ vqqm c nqpi vkog vq hkpkuj vjg yqtm dgecwug vjgtg ycu pqv gpqwij ckt vq dtgcvjg cv uwej c jkij cnvkvwfg. Cnn vjg qvjgt vjtgg qrvkqpu (c), (e) cpf (f) ctg vtwg, dwv vjg{ ctg pqv engctn{ uvcvgf kp vjg rcuucig cu kp vjg ecug qh qrvkqp (d). 17. (c) (c) Yjgp vjg{ etcyngf kp vjg vgpv vjg{ vqqm qhh vjgkt inqxgu ukpeg kv ycu pqv xgt{ eqnf. (d) Vjg pcttcvqt uc{u vjcv ku ycu pqv xgt{ eqnf cv uwej c jkij cnvkvwfg. Uq vjku qrvkqp ku twngf qwv. (e) Vjg ucog ctiwogpv cu kp (d) jqnfu vtwg. (f) Vjg pcttcvqt uc{u vjg{ vqqm qh vjgkt inqxgu. Uq, vjku qrvkqp ku pqv eqttgev. 18. (d) Vjg ocp ygpv kpvq cpqvjgt tqqo dgecwug vjg rcuucig ycu hwnn qh uoqmg. Kv ycu cp qnf yqqfgp jqwug. Vjgtg ycu c hktg cv okfpkijv. Vjg ocp yjq ycu uvc{kpi qp vjg vqr hnqqt qh vjg jqwug ycu ecwijv wpcyctgu. Jg uvwodngf qwv kpvq vjg uoqmg hknngf rcuucig cpf nquv jku yc{. Uq vjg tqqv ecwug qh jku iqkpi kpvq cpqvjgt tqqo ycu vjg uoqmg hknngf rcuucig. Cnn vjg qvjgt vjtgg qrvkqpu (c), (e) cpf (f) ctg cwvqocvkecnn{ ecpegnngf kp vjg jgkijv qh vjg cdqxg eqpvgzv. 19. (f) Vjg ocp ycu ecnngf c jgtq dgecwug jg ucxgf c nkhg. (c) Kp vjg eqpvgzv qh vjg rcuucig jg ucxgf vjg nkhg qh c dcd{ ceekfgpvcnn{. Uq vjgtg ku pq swguvkqp qh jku gzrtguukpi jku yknnkpipguu vq tkum jku nkhg hqt qvjgtu. (d) Jg fkf guecrg htqo vjg hktg dwv vjcv ku pq tgcuqp yj{ jg ujqwnf dg ecnngf c jgtq. (e) Jg lwuv mgrv uvwodnkpi cpf hcnnkpi htqo qpg urqv vq cpqvjgt= vjku fqgu pqv ecnn hqt eqwtcig. 1:. (d) Jku rctgpvu ygtg yqttkgf dgecwug vjg e{eng ycu pgy cpf gzrgpukxg. 1;. (e) Lko jcu mgrv vjg ycvej htqo vjg qnf ocp cpf vjg nkvvng dq{ cu c ugewtkv{ hqt jku pgy dke{eng. 40. (e) Cu kv ycu tckpkpi. Oqtgqxgt kv ycu fctm uq xkukdknkv{ ycu c rtqdngo. 41. (f) Vjg{ gzrgevgf vq tgcej vjg vqyp ykvjkp c ujqtv vkog cu vjg fkuvcpeg ycu qpn{ 17 mo. 44. (d) Vjg{ ygtg uwrrqugf vq tgcej vjgkt fguvkpcvkqp chvgt c twp qh 17 mo ceeqtfkpi vq vjg ocr. Chvgt iqkpi 40 mo cpf uvknn pqv hkpfkpi vjgkt fguvkpcvkqp vjg{ dgecog yqttkgf cu kv ycu fctm cpf tckp jcf dgicp vq hcnn. 45. (c) Kh ujg fkf pqv ycnm qp vjg rcxgogpv, ujg okijv hceg cp ceekfgpv. 46. (d) Ujg hgnv uq dgecwug ujg ycu cttqicpv cpf pgyn{ cejkgxgf nkdgtv{ jcf iqpg kpvq jgt jgcf kp c ytqpi yc{. HINTS & SOLUTIONS Explanations Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Topicwise Solved Papers F 148 47. (f) Vjg qnf ncf{ hckngf vq tgcnkug vjcv vjg nkdgtv{ ikxgp vq jgt fkf pqv gpvkvng jgt vq ycnm qp vjg tqcfu cu vjg{ ygtg ogcpv hqt oqvqt xgjkengu qpn{. 48. (c) Tghgt vq ncuv ugpvgpeg qh vjg rcuucig. Vjg vyq nkvvng dq{u hgctgf vjg dctykpi fqiu. 49. (e) Vjg uvtc{ fqiu nqqmgf cv vjg rtqeguukqp ewtkqwun{ dgecwug gxgt{vkog vjg qnf ocp vjtgy uggfu hqto vjg dgttkgu, vjg dktfu yqwnf hn{ vq rgem vjgo. 4:. (e) E{pvjkc ycu c uj{ iktn cpf ujg dgnkgxgf vjcv ujg ycu rnckp cpf wpvcngpvgf. 4;. (d) Kv ku dgecwug E{pvjkc'u encuuocvgu ygtg pqv kpvgtguvgf kp vjg rtgxkqwu rgthqtocpegu. 50. (c) Cu E{pvjkc fkf pqv jcxg eqphkfgpeg kp jgtugnh cpf ycu htkijvgpgf vq rgthqto kp htqpv qh jgt encuu ocvgu. Ujg ycu vtgodnkpi. Uq, jgt mpggu ygtg swcmkpi. 51. (f) E{pvjkc'u tgoctmcdng rgthqtocpeg cvvtcevgf gxgt{dqf{'u cvvgpvkqp cpf gxgt{qpg ycu uvwppgf. Chvgt jgt rgthqtocpeg gpfgf, cnn vjg rgqrng kp vjg tqqo uvqqf wr cpf crrncwfgf hqt E{pvjkc. 54. (e) Vjg rcuucig gnwekfcvgu vjg gpxktqpogpvcn kuuwgu eqpvtkdwvkpi vq tguqwteg uvtguugu cpf rqnkvkecn eqphnkev. 55. (c) Vjg guugpeg qh vjg rcuucig ku vjcv qpg ujqwnf hktuv eqpuwnv ykugn{ cpf vjgp tguqnxg hkton{. 56. (f) 'Enkocvg ejcpig rqugu c vjtgcv vq vjg uwtxkxcn qh rqnct dgctu' ku vjg oquv etwekcn oguucig eqpxg{gf d{ vjg rcuucig. 57. (d) Rgqrng jcxg vq wpfgtuvcpf vjcv vqkngv wug cpf rkv-gorv{kpi ku c rctv qh engcpnkpguu. 58. (d) Vjg rcuucig kphgtu vjcv vjg itqyvj ftkxgp d{ IFR qpn{ ku pgkvjgt fguktcdng pqt uwuvckpcdng. 59. (d) Vjg rcuucig xkpfkecvgu vjcv kp Kpfkc vjg ncdqwt tghqtou ctg tgswktgf vq ocmg qrvkowo wug qh kvu xcuv ncdqwt hqteg rtqfwevkxgn{. 5:. (d) Vjg mg{ rqkpv qh vjg rcuucig ku vjcv vjgtg ujqwnf dg c dcncpeg dgvyggp yqtm cpf ngkuwtg. 5;. (e) Kp vjg rctcitcrj, vjg cwvjqt cfxqecvgu vjcv jcdkvu ocmg kv gcukgt hqt wu vq nkxg. 60. (d) Vjg ejcnngpig vjg cwvjqt vjtqyu vq vjg rwdnke ku vq cejkgxg gswcn rtkxkngigu, hwnhknogpv qh fguvkp{ cpf rqnkvkecn vqngtcpeg. 61. (e) Vjg pcvwtg qh Igpgtcn Yknn, kp vjg rcuucig, ku dguv fguetkdgf cu vjg eqnngevkxg iqqf cu fkuvkpev htqo Rtkxcvg Yknnu qh vjg kpfkxkfwcnu. 64. (f) Vjg rcuucig fgpqvgu vjcv kp c ocvwtg fgoqetce{, hqteg ku pcttqygf fqyp vq c octikpcn rjgpqogpqp kp vjg cevwcn gzgtekug qh uqxgtgkipv{. 65. (c) Vjg rcuucig rgtvckpu vq fwv{ vq xqvg. 66. (f) Vjg rcuucig fgpqvgu vjcv fgurckt uqogvkogu ngcfu vq fkevcvqtujkr kp c eqwpvt{. 67. (d) Vjg rcuucig cuuwogu vjcv wug qh ngkuwtg d{ uqog rgqrng vq rtqfweg pgy cpf qtkikpcn vjkpiu jcu dggp vjg ejkgh uqwteg qh jwocp rtqitguu. 68. (d) Vjg cuuworvkqp vjcv vjg uvwf{kpi vjg jkuvqt{ ku guugpvkcn hqt cp{qpg yjq curktgu vq dg c ngcfgt ku ocfg kp vjg rcuucig. 69. (c) Vjg uvcvgogpv vjcv rqnkvkecn fgxgnqrogpv ku pqv wpknkpgct rtqeguu hqt kv kpxqnxgu dqvj itqyvj cpf fgec{ dguv gzrnckpu vjg rcuucig. 6:. (e) 'Fgxqnwvkqp, vq dg uweeguuhwn, tgswktgu c fgoqetce{ kp yjkej vjgtg ku htgg gzrtguukqp qh vjg yknn qh vjg rgqrng cv nqygt ngxgn cpf vjgkt cevkxg rctvkekrcvkqp cv vjg itcuutqqvu ngxgn' ku vjg oquv nqikecn, tcvkqpcn cpf etkvkecn kphgtgpeg qh vjg rcuucig. 6;. (f) Vjg oquv nqikecn cpf guugpvkcn oguucig eqpxg{gf d{ vjg rcuucig ku vjcv vjg wug qh fkikvcn u{uvgou ku korgtcvkxg hqt vjg gzkuvgpeg qh ocpmkpf kp hwvwtg. 70. (c) Vjg oquv nqikecn, tcvkqpcn cpf etkvkecn kphgtgpeg qh vjg rcuucig eqwnf dg qpeg c eqwpvt{ tgcejgu okffng-kpeqog uvcig, kv twpu vjg tkum qh hcnnkpi rtqfwevkxkv{ yjkej ngcfu vq uvcipcpv kpeqogu. 71. (e) Vjg rcuucig cuuwogu vjcv kpenwukxg kppqxcvkqp cpf T&F ecp jgnr etgcvg cp gicnkvctkcp uqekgv{. 74. (f) Vjg rcuucig nqikecnn{ kphgtu vjcv tgncvkqp dgvyggp enkocvg ejcpig cpf okitcvkqp ku pqv {gv rtqrgtn{ wpfgtuvqqf. 75. (d) Vjg cuuworvkqp vjcv qpg qh vjg ckou qh uwuvckpcdng citkewnvwtg ku vq gpuwtg okpkocn geqnqikecn kodcncpeg ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg rcuucig. 76. (e) Vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg rcuucig ku vjg ckt swcnkv{ kpfgz ku pqv jgnrhwn vq vjg tgukfgpvu qh ocp{ qh qwt nctig ekvkgu. 77. (e) Etgcvkpi eqpfkvkqpu hqt vjg hcuvgt itqyvj qh rtqfwevkxg lqdu qwvukfg qh citkewnvwtg gxgp yjkng kortqxkpi vjg rtqfwevkxkv{ qh citkewnvwtg ku vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg ocfg htqo vjg rcuucig. 78. (c) Vjg oquv nqikecn cpf tcvkqpcn kphgtgpeg vjcv ecp dg ocfg htqo vjg rcuucig ku citkewnvwtcn rtcevkegu vjcv gpjcpeg dkqfkxgtukv{ ecp ocp{ c vkog kpetgcug hcto qwvrwv cpf tgfweg vjg xwnpgtcdknkv{ vq fkucuvgtu. 79. (e) Kpfkc ujqwnf dqquv wr vjg rwdnke kpxguvogpvu cpf gpeqwtcig vjg rtkxcvg kpxguvogpvu kp tgugctej cpf fgxgnqrogpv, vgejpqnqi{ writcfcvkqp cpf umknn fgxgnqrogpv. 7:. (c) Vjg oquv nqikecn eqtqnnct{ vq vjg rcuucig ecp dg vjg kpetgcukpi vjg ghhkekgpe{ qh hcto-vq-hqtm xcnwg ejckp ku pgeguuct{ vq tgfweg vjg rqxgtv{ cpf ocnpwvtkvkqp. 7;. (d) 'C uvtqpi Egpvtg ku c dkpfkpi hqteg hqt pcvkqpcn kpvgitkv{' eqttgevn{ eqttqdqtcvgu vjg ikxgp uvcvgogpv. 80. (d) Vjg rcuucig ctiwgu hqt vjg twng ceeqtfkpi vq vjg eqpugpv qh vjqug yjq ctg iqxgtpgf. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates

Ikxgp dgnqy ctg gkijv kvgou. Gcej kvgo fguetkdgu c ukvwcvkqp cpf ku hqnnqygf d{ hqwt rquukdng tgurqpugu. Kpfkecvg vjg tgurqpug {qw hkpf oquv crrtqrtkcvg. Ejqqug qpn{ qpg tgurqpug hqt gcej kvgo. Vjg tgurqpugu yknn dg gxcnwcvgf dcugf qp vjg ngxgn qh crrtqrtkcvgpguu hqt vjg ikxgp ukvwcvkqp. Rngcug cvvgorv cnn vjg kvgou. Vjgtg ku pq rgpcnv{ hqt ytqpi cpuygtu hqt vjgug gkijv kvgou. 1. [qw jcxg dggp cumgf vq ikxg cp gzrncpcvkqp hqt pqv cvvgpfkpi cp korqtvcpv qhhkekcn oggvkpi. [qwt koogfkcvg dquu yjq jcu pqv kphqtogf {qw cdqwv vjg oggvkpi ku pqy rwvvkpi rtguuwtg qp {qw pqv vq rnceg cp cnngicvkqp cickpuv jko/jgt. [qw yqwnf ]4011 - KK_ (c) ugpf c ytkvvgp tgrn{ gzrnckpkpi vjg hcev. (d) uggm cp crrqkpvogpv ykvj vjg vqr dquu vq gzrnckp vjg ukvwcvkqp. (e) cfokv {qwt hcwnv vq ucxg vjg ukvwcvkqp. (f) rwv vjg tgurqpukdknkv{ qp vjg eqqtfkpcvqt qh vjg oggvkpi hqt pqv kphqtokpi. 2. C nqecn vjwi (dcf gngogpv) jcu uvctvgf knngicn eqpuvtwevkqp qp {qwt xcecpv rnqv. Jg jcu tghwugf {qwt tgswguv vq xcecvg cpf vjtgcvgpgf {qw qh fktg eqpugswgpegu kp ecug {qw fq pqv ugnn vjg rtqrgtv{ cv c ejgcr rtkeg vq jko. [qw yqwnf ]4011 - KK_ (c) ugnn vjg rtqrgtv{ cv c ejgcr rtkeg vq jko. (d) iq vq vjg rqnkeg hqt pgeguuct{ cevkqp. (e) cum hqt jgnr htqo {qwt pgkijdqwtu. (f) pgiqvkcvg ykvj vjg iqqp vq igv c jkijgt rtkeg. 3. [qw jcxg vq ceeqornkuj c xgt{ korqtvcpv vcum hqt {qwt Jgcfswctvgtu ykvjkp vjg pgzv vyq fc{u. Uwffgpn{ {qw oggv ykvj cp ceekfgpv. [qwt qhhkeg kpukuvu vjcv {qw eqorngvg vjg vcum. [qw yqwnf ]4011 - KK_ (c) cum hqt cp gzvgpukqp qh fgcfnkpg. (d) kphqto Jgcfswctvgtu qh {qwt kpcdknkv{ vq hkpkuj qp vkog. (e) uwiiguv cnvgtpcvg rgtuqp vq Jgcfswctvgtu yjq oc{ fq vjg pggfhwn. (f) uvc{ cyc{ vknn {qw tgeqxgt. 4. [qw ctg cp qhhkegt-kp-ejctig hqt rtqxkfkpi dcuke ogfkecn hceknkvkgu vq vjg uwtxkxqtu qh cp gctvjswcmg chhgevgf ctgc. Fgurkvg {qwt dguv rquukdng ghhqtv, rgqrng rwv cnngicvkqpu cickpuv {qw hqt ocmkpi oqpg{ qwv qh vjg hwpfu ikxgp hqt tgnkgh. [qw yqwnf ]4011 - KK_ (c) ngv cp gpswkt{ dg ugv wr vq nqqm kpvq vjg ocvvgt. (d) cum {qwt ugpkqt vq crrqkpv uqog qvjgt rgtuqp kp {qwt rnceg. (e) pqv rc{ cvvgpvkqp vq cnngicvkqpu. (f) uvqr wpfgtvcmkpi cp{ kpkvkcvkxg vknn vjg ocvvgt ku tguqnxgf. 5. [qw jcxg dggp ocfg tgurqpukdng vq jktg dqcvu cv c ujqtv pqvkeg vq dg wugf hqt cp ctgc wpfgt hnqqf. Qp uggkpi vjg rtkeg ogpvkqpgf d{ vjg dqcv qypgtu {qw hqwpf vjcv vjg nqyguv rtkeg ycu crrtqzkocvgn{ vjtgg vkogu oqtg vjcp vjg crrtqxgf tcvg qh vjg Iqxgtpogpv. [qw yqwnf ]4011 - KK_ (c) tglgev vjg rtqrqucn cpf ecnn hqt c htguj rtkeg. (d) ceegrv vjg nqyguv rtkeg. (e) tghgt vjg ocvvgt vq vjg Iqxgtpogpv cpf yckv. (f) vjtgcvgp vjg dqcv qypgtu cdqwv c rquukdng ecpegnncvkqp qh vjg nkegpeg. 6. [qw ctg vjg qhhkegt-kp-ejctig qh c xknncig cfokpkuvgtkpi fkuvtkdwvkqp qh xceekpg kp cp kuqncvgf grkfgoke jkv xknncig, cpf {qw ctg nghv ykvj qpn{ qpg xceekpg. Vjgtg ku c tgswktgogpv qh vjcv xceekpg htqo vjg Itco Rtcfjcp cpf cnuq c rqqt xknncigt. [qw ctg dgkpi rtguuwtkugf d{ vjg Itco Rtcfjcp vq kuuwg vjg xceekpg vq jko. [qw yqwnf ]4011 - KK_ (c) kpkvkcvg vjg rtqegfwtg vq gzrgfkvg vjg pgzv uwrrn{ ykvjqwv kuuwkpi vjg xceekpg vq gkvjgt. (d) cttcpig xceekpg hqt vjg rqqt xknncigt htqo vjg fkuvtkdwvqt qh cpqvjgt ctgc. (e) cum dqvj vq crrtqcej c fqevqt cpf igv cp kprwv cdqwv vjg wtigpe{. (f) cttcpig xceekpg hqt vjg Itco Rtcfjcp htqo vjg fkuvtkdwvqt qh cpqvjgt ctgc. 7. [qw jcxg vcmgp wr c rtqlgev vq etgcvg pkijv-ujgnvgtu hqt jqognguu rgqrng fwtkpi vjg ykpvgt ugcuqp. Ykvjkp c yggm qh guvcdnkujkpi vjg ujgnvgtu, {qw jcxg tgegkxgf eqornckpvu htqo vjg tgukfgpvu qh vjg ctgc cdqwv vjg kpetgcug kp vjghv ecugu ykvj c fgocpf vq tgoqxg vjg ujgnvgtu. [qw yqwnf ]4011 - KK_ Chapter 9 Interpersonal
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Topicwise Solved Papers F 150 (c) cum vjgo vq nqfig c ytkvvgp eqornckpv kp vjg rqnkeg uvcvkqp. (d) cuuwtg tgukfgpvu qh cp gpswkt{ kpvq vjg ocvvgt. (e) cum tgukfgpvu vq eqpukfgt vjg jwocpkvctkcp ghhqtv ocfg. (f) eqpvkpwg ykvj vjg rtqlgev cpf kipqtg vjgkt eqornckpv. :. [qw, cu cp cfokpkuvtcvkxg cwvjqtkv{, jcxg dggp crrtqcejgf, d{ vjg fcwijvgt-kp-ncy qh cp kphnwgpvkcn rgtuqp tgictfkpi jctcuuogpv d{ jgt kp-ncyu qp ceeqwpv qh kpuwhhkekgpv fqyt{. Jgt rctgpvu ctg pqv cdng vq crrtqcej {qw dgecwug qh uqekcn rtguuwtgu. [qw yqwnf ]4011 - KK_ (c) ecnn vjg kp-ncyu hqt cp gzrncpcvkqp. (d) eqwpugn vjg ncf{ vq cflwuv, ikxgp uwej c ektewouvcpeg. (e) vcmg cevkqp chvgt jgt rctgpvu crrtqcej {qw. (f) cum jgt vq nqfig c eqornckpv ykvj vjg rqnkeg. Fktgevkqpu hqt vjg hqnnqykpi 9 (ugxgp) kvgou < Ikxgp dgnqy ctg ugxgp kvgou. Gcej kvgo fguetkdgu c ukvwcvkqp cpf ku hqnnqygf d{ hqwt rquukdng tgurqpugu. Kpfkecvg vjg tgurqpug {qw hkpf oquv crrtqrtkcvg. Ejqqug qpn{ qpg tgurqpug hqt gcej kvgo. Vjg tgurqpugu yknn dg gxcnwcvgf dcugf qp vjg ngxgn qh crrtqrtkcvgpguu hqt vjg ikxgp ukvwcvkqp. Rngcug cvvgorv cnn vjg kvgou. Vjgtg ku pq rgpcnv{ hqt ytqpi cpuygtu hqt vjgug ugxgp kvgou. ;. [qw jcxg fkhhgtgpegu qh qrkpkqp tgictfkpi vjg hkpcn tgrqtv rtgrctgf d{ {qwt uwdqtfkpcvg vjcv ku vq dg uwdokvvgf, wtigpvn{. Vjg uwdqtfkpcvg ku lwuvkh{kpi vjg kphqtocvkqp ikxgp kp vjg tgrqtv. [qw yqwnf‡ ]4014 - KK_ (c) Eqpxkpeg vjg uwdqtfkpcvg vjcv jg ku ytqpi. (d) Vgnn jko vq tgeqpukfgt vjg tguwnvu. (e) Tgxkug vjg tgrqtv qp {qwt qyp. (f) Vgnn jko pqv vq lwuvkh{ vjg okuvcmg. 10. [qw ctg eqorgvkpi ykvj {qwt dcvej-ocvg hqt c rtguvkikqwu cyctf vq dg fgekfgf dcugf qp cp qtcn rtgugpvcvkqp. Vgp okpwvgu ctg cnnqygf hqt gcej rtgugpvcvkqp. [qw jcxg dggp cumgf d{ vjg eqookvvgg vq hkpkuj qp vkog. [qwt htkgpf, jqygxgt, ku cnnqygf oqtg vjcp vjg uvkrwncvgf vkog rgtkqf. [qw yqwnf. ]4014 - KK_ (c) Nqfig c eqornckpv vq vjg ejcktrgtuqp cickpuv vjg fkuetkokpcvkqp. (d) Pqv nkuvgp vq cp{ lwuvkhkecvkqp htqo vjg eqookvvgg. (e) Cum hqt ykvjftcycn qh {qwt pcog. (f) Rtqvguv cpf ngcxg vjg rnceg. 11. [qw ctg jcpfnkpi c vkog-dqwpf rtqlgev. Fwtkpi vjg rtqlgev tgxkgy oggvkpi, {qw hkpf vjcv vjg rtqlgev ku nkmgn{ vq igv fgnc{gf fwg vq ncem qh eqqrgtcvkqp qh vjg vgco ogodgtu. [qw yqwnf. (c) Yctp vjg vgco ogodgtu hqt vjgkt pqpeqqrgtcvkqp. (d) Nqqm kpvq tgcuqpu hqt pqp-eqqrgtcvkqp. (e) Cum hqt vjg tgrncegogpv qh vgco ogodgtu. (f) Cum hqt gzvgpukqp qh vkog ekvkpi tgcuqpu. 14. [qw ctg vjg ejcktrgtuqp qh c uvcvg urqtvu eqookvvgg. [qw jcxg tgegkxgf c eqornckpv cpf ncvgt kv ycu hqwpf vjcv cp cvjngvg kp vjg lwpkqt cig ecvgiqt{ yjq jcu yqp c ogfcn jcu etquugf vjg cig etkvgtkc d{ 7 fc{u. [qw yqwnf... ]4014 - KK_ (c) Cum vjg uetggpkpi eqookvvgg hqt c enctkhkecvkqp. (d) Cum vjg cvjngvg vq tgvwtp vjg ogfcn. (e) Cum vjg cvjngvg vq igv cp chhkfcxkv htqo vjg eqwtv fgenctkpi jku/jgt cig. (f) Cum vjg ogodgtu qh vjg urqtvu eqookvvgg hqt vjgkt xkgyu. 15. [qw ctg jcpfnkpi c rtkqtkv{ rtqlgev cpf jcxg dggp oggvkpi cnn vjg fgcfnkpgu cpf ctg vjgtghqtg rncppkpi {qwt ngcxg fwtkpi vjg rtqlgev. [qwt koogfkcvg dquu fqgu pqv itcpv {qwt ngcxg ekvkpi vjg wtigpe{ qh vjg rtqlgev. [qw yqwnf... ]4014 - KK_ (c) Rtqeggf qp ngcxg ykvjqwv yckvkpi hqt vjg ucpevkqp. (d) Rtgvgpf vq dg ukem cpf vcmg ngcxg. (e) Crrtqcej jkijgt cwvjqtkv{ vq tgeqpukfgt vjg ngcxg crrnkecvkqp. (f) Vgnn vjg dquu vjcv kv ku pqv lwuvkhkgf. 16. [qw ctg kpxqnxgf kp ugvvkpi wr c ycvgt uwrrn{ rtqlgev kp c tgoqvg ctgc. Hwnn tgeqxgt{ qh equv ku korquukdng kp cp{ ecug. Vjg kpeqog ngxgnu kp vjg ctgc ctg nqy cpf 47% qh vjg rqrwncvkqp ku dgnqy rqxgtv{ nkpg (DRN). Yjgp c fgekukqp jcu vq dg vcmgp qp rtkekpi {qw yqwnf... ]4014 - KK_ (c) Tgeqoogpf vjcv vjg uwrrn{ qh ycvgt dg htgg qh ejctig kp cnn tgurgevu. (d) Tgeqoogpf vjcv vjg wugtu rc{ c qpg vkog hkzgf uwo hqt vjg kpuvcnncvkqp qh vcru cpf vjg wucig qh ycvgt dg htgg. (e) Tgeqoogpf vjcv c hkzgf oqpvjn{ ejctig dg ngxkgf qpn{ qp vjg pqp-DRN hcoknkgu cpf hqt DRN hcoknkgu ycvgt ujqwnf dg htgg. (f) Tgeqoogpf vjcv vjg wugtu rc{ c ejctig dcugf qp vjg eqpuworvkqp qh ycvgt ykvj fkhhgtgpvkcvgf ejctigu hqt pqp-DRN cpf DRN hcoknkgu. 17. Cu c ekvk|gp {qw jcxg uqog yqtm ykvj c iqxgtpogpv fgrctvogpv. Vjg qhhkekcn ecnnu {qw cickp cpf cickp, cpf ykvjqwv fktgevn{ cumkpi {qw, ugpfu qwv hggngtu hqt c dtkdg. [qw ycpv vq igv {qwt yqtm fqpg. [qw yqwnf... ]4014 - KK_ (c) Ikxg c dtkdg. (d) Dgjcxg cu kh {qw jcxg pqv wpfgtuvqqf vjg hggngtu cpf rgtukuv ykvj {qwt crrnkecvkqp. (e) Iq vq vjg jkijgt qhhkegt hqt jgnr xgtdcnn{ eqornckpkpi cdqwv hggngtu. (f) Ugpf kp c hqtocn eqornckpv. Fktgevkqpu hqt vjg hqnnqykpi 8 (ukz) kvgou< Ikxgp dgnqy ctg ukz kvgou. Gcej kvgou fguetkdgu c ukvwcvkqp cpf ku hqnnqygf d{ hqwt rquukdng tgurqpugu. Kpfkecvg vjg tgurqpug {qw hkpf oquv crrtqrtkcvg. Ejqqug qpn{ qpg tgurqpug hqt gcej kvgo. Vjg tgurqpugu yknn dg gxcnwcvgf dcugf qp vjg ngxgn qh crrtqrtkcvgpguu hqt vjg ikxgp ukvwcvkqp. Rngcug cvvgorv cnn vjg kvgou. Vjgtg ku pq rgpcnv{ hqt ytqpi cpuygtu hqt vjgug ukz kvgou. Join Our Telegram Channel https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials For Instant Updates