BQS554 ASSIGNMENT 1-MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING

MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING

BQS554

Team Members

AMY SYAZWINA BINTI HUSAIN FATIN ADIBAH BINTI MOHD FAUZI
202060
1688 202185
3274

SITI NABILAH BINTI RIZAUDIN NUR INTAN FATIHAH BINTI
2021601394 SHAHROL IZA
2021615306

PUTRI SAGHIRAH NUR BINTI ZAKIRAH HANNAN BINTI ZOHARI
MOHAMED NASRI 2020495664

2020816784 i

01 INTRODUCTION 1-4
5-18
02 FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM 19-32
33-42
03 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 43-55

04 TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEM

05 MECHANICAL HANDLING
SYSYTEM

06 HVAC SYSTEM 56-68

07 CONCLUSION 69

08 REFERENCES 70-74

ii

What is a Smart Building?

A smart building is any structure that is based on modern technology where it can
automatically control the building operations including HVAC, Lighting,
Telecommunications, and other systems. According to (Buckman et al., 2014) smart buildings
are buildings that integrate intelligence, control, materials, and construction as a complete
building system with adaptability to fulfill the urge to build buildings that are energy and
efficient, longevity, comfortable, and satisfaction. A smart building was defined as one that
provides an efficient environment by optimizing its structures, systems, services, and
management, as well as their interrelationships. The smart building can rely on four
technology include Building management system (BMS), Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial
Intelligence (AI), and Augmented reality (AR).

01 Building Management System

A computer-based system installed in 02 Internet of Things
buildings to manage and monitor
equipment. It consists of software, a The collection of data through the
server with a database and smart internet using a smartphone or
sensors. It acts as the brain of the computer. It has sensors that collect data
building instructing equipment on from surrounding and sent data to the
what to perform to ensure the cloud for data processing to come out
operations run efficiently. with meaningful observations to help
occupants in making the right decision to
03 Artificial Intelligence operate the building.

The science and engineering system 04 Augmented Reality
that make machines or building
components to think and act like The combination of the actual and
humans for example Siri, Alexa and virtual worlds, allows us to see the real-
other smart assistants. It enables to life environment right in front of us with
perform tasks that normally require the help of computer webcams, cameras,
human intelligence based on input or special glasses. Based on actual subjects
data such as decision making, object taken using a camera or video, an extra
detection, solving complex problems, layer of digital information will be added
increased accuracy, performing high- to the captured image so that it becomes a
level computations and so on. realistic image that may be seen in 2D or
3D view.

01

ADVANTAGES OF SMART BUILDING

1. Cost Reduction
Smart building controls the building's operations via automated
processes which help to lower the operation and maintenance cost
of the building by 30%. It provides the user with predictive
maintenance by identifying events that could affect equipment
inside a building and automatically warning users before they
become too expensive to repair.

Other than that, it provides real-time data where energy
consumption can be controlled by consumers, for example,
determining which rooms have a large number of people and
adjusting the temperature, lighting, and heating accordingly.

2. Health and Well-Being
Adapting with smart buildings helps to enhance the health and
comfort as well as reduce health risks to the occupants making them
a highly desirable place to work or live by offering good air quality.

Evolution of new technology in building able to monitoring gas
levels by using a sensor. It may detect pollutants that are hazardous
to human health, such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and
particulate matter, which can cause headaches and limit a person's
ability to interpret data and make decisions.

3. High Safety
The use of technology on the premises can aid in the response to
attacks and the elimination of dangers, as well as raise the level of
security for users and assets within the building. With the
integration of motion sensors and intruder alarm systems connected
to the Internet of Things (IoT), it will provide the user with a
comprehensive view of who and how their building is being utilized
by detecting entry and exit as well as the status of smart locks.

It may also recognize unexpected events, such as when someone
falls or loses consciousness inside the building, it will generate an
immediate alert to the administrator to notify them of the situation.

02

DISADVANTAGES OF SMART BUILDING

1. Cyber Security Concerns
The integration of new technology in smart buildings increases the
risk of cyber-attacks by bad people. They can break into a building's
security control system and hinder operation continuity by causing
considerable harm, including extended periods of interruption, data
loss, financial losses, and sometimes even dangers to public safety. It
is essential to employ expensive IoT devices with the greatest
security software and early detection capabilities.

2. High Initial Cost
To adopt a smart building is quite challenging especially for a small
company due to the high initial cost. It takes into account the
installation cost where it needs teams to design, construct and
commission those buildings are connected fully. This process is
important for ensuring integration across numerous layers, such as
cabling, routers, and network architecture.

Besides that, in ensuring the building can integrate with the smart
system it needs specialized workers to handle it. As a building
owner, he must invest money to send his employees to training in
order to gain a more in-depth understanding of smart building
technology.

3. Lack of Expertise
When there is a lack of awareness of technology such as the
Internet of Things (IoT) or Artificial Intelligence (AI), it may lead to
poor performance of smart building integration. Technology is
difficult to understand, like putting together a puzzle without a
picture to guide us. It takes time to learn and adapt to new
technologies to ensure that the operation can provide a comfortable
environment for the occupants.

03

Case Study

For our building proposal, we chose the office building as a multi-story smart building and
decided to take Menara Telekom as a case study by proposing improvements to some of the
building's existing systems.

Menara Telekom or known as Bamboo Tower is a supertall skyscraper in an area of almost
3.25 hectares of land located in Jalan Pantai Baru, Kuala Lumpur, 10.3 km from KLCC Tower.
It is the fifth tallest building in Malaysia which has 55 floors with a height of 310 meters. The
building was built in 1998 by a contractor from the company Deawoo Construction. The
design of the building symbolizes the identity of an Asian country inspired by a sprouting
bamboo with a grip of roots forming a solid foundation as well as combining traditional and
modern elements created by local architect, Latiff Mohidin. The building has two betel-leaf-
shaped towers, the North Tower and the South Tower, and a garden hanging on each of the
three floors in the center between the two towers.

This building operates as the headquarters building of Telekom Malaysia which also
accommodates several tenants Mercedes-Benz, DHL, Henkel Malaysia, Takaful Nasional dan
Jabatan IT Tenaga Nasional. In order to provide convenience to occupants, this building is
equipped with the features of efficient energy use, building control, and management system,
namely Building Management System (BMS). The use of BMS technology has brought all the
subsystems including Electrical, HVAC, Fire Protection Systems, MHS, and
telecommunications under one center which is the Integrated Office Automation System.
This can be seen, if the staff wants to book a meeting room, they only need to make a
reservation via computer where it will store relevant information such as the location of the
conference room, the number of employees who will be participating, equipment required,
such as an LCD, and the duration of the meeting. This information will be processed and
certain systems such as HVAC and Electrical will be adjusted according to the number of
occupants of the meeting room and automatically shuts down certain pre-set equipment
when the energy user has reached a certain target.

04

BQS 554

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

05

In general, fire is an exothermic rapid oxidation process that combines with oxygen in the atmosphere
and some type of fuel to generate heat, light, and smoke.

Fire protection system and management is critical in the notion of ensuring overall building safety.
The engineering approach should be used to plan the system during the design stage of fire safety
measures. Without the necessary protection of a fire fighting system, the risk of material loss, physical
harm, and even death to occupants is greatly increased.

Fire safety is classified into two main categories which are Active and Passive fire protection system;

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Active fire protection (AFP) refers to a collection A set of measures aimed to prevent, control, or
of systems which require some form of motion delay the spread of fire from its source to other
or action in order to function properly in the parts of the building. Passive fire protection
event of a fire. Actions can be manual, such as a compartmentalised a structure to prevent and
fire extinguisher, or automated, such as a limit the spread of fire, reduce damage, and give
sprinkler, but they all demand some level of occupants a safer route to evacuate and more
activity. time to escape.

CASE STUDY SMART BUILDING: TELEKOM TOWER, KUALA LUMPUR

Fire Protection System at Menara TM have been designed and comply with BOMBA & UBBL
(Uniform Building By Law) standard.

06

A good design, installation, operation, and maintenance of fire alarm system
can minimize the risk and losses related to an unwanted fire outbreak in
any building. Property and, more significantly, human life are among the
losses. The fundamental objective for building and fire code requirements
for fire alarm systems is to provide early notice to building occupants so
they may evacuate the building and to alert the fire department so it can
put out the fire.

CASE STUDY SMART BUILDING: APPLICATION
TELEKOM TOWER, KUALA LUMPUR
There are different types of Fire Alarm
The smart build
ing selected for System available to be installed. The Fire
Alarm System that is proposed for the
case study uses Conventional multi-storey smart building is Intelligent
system of Fire Alarm System. Addressable Fire Alarm System.
Since the building is opened
since the year 2003, the The reason for the choice above is because
services used are old and it uses the current and latest technology
needed improvement for the and provides additional benefits especially
new age of smart buildings. to complex and large smart building. They
can reduce the number of false alarms.

07

SYSTEM

INTELLIGENT ADDRESSABLE FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

Intelligent fire alarm systems are built for adaptability with custom programming tailored
to each application. Inputs based on the programming matrix control dedicated outputs
logically. They can support numerous Signal Line Circuits (SLC), with each device on the SLC
issued a unique identifier known as an address. The number of devices on an SLC can
typically range from one to several hundred, depending on the number of detectors and
modules combined. Each device connects with the control panel in real time using
microprocessor technology to report its condition on the SLC. Alarms, supervisory and fault
conditions are informed to the control panel in seconds, and the exact position of the
incident is presented.

Control Panel Installation

Mounting the Control Panel
General assembly of cabinet installation.
Installation of all wiring and cable system

Power Supply Unit

General assembly of cabinet installation.
Mains Supply & Batteries Installation

Network

The network circuit should be installed as
a loop with a maximum length of up to 1
km between network nodes

Commissioning

The installer install the system wiring in
the form of 2-core and earth/screen loops
returning to the control panel.
The control panel back box mounted,
with the mains supply tested, connected
and isolated at the un-switched fused
spur, When the commissioning engineer
is satisfied with the continuity of the loop,
the devices may be installed

Testing

Loop Continuity & Insulation Test
PSU Cable Continuity & Insulation Test
Network Continuity & Insulation Test

08

Intelligent Addressable Fire Alarm System

There are five basic components that make up a complete fire alarm system.

FIRE ALARM NOTIFICATION

01 CONTROL PANEL 03 DEVICES

The electronics that manage and When a fire or emergency
occurs, notification devices alert
monitor the fire alarm system all building occupants. In
includes strobe lights, horns,
are housed in the fire alarm sirens, bells, or a mix of the
strobe and horns. They also
control panel, the brain of the feature audible alerts, such as
detailed instructions on how to
whole operation. When an properly exit a building.

initiating device is triggered, a

signal is sent to the fire alarm

control panel, which

subsequently activates the

notification devices or the alarm.

PRIMARY POWER
04 SUPPLY
INITIATING
02 DEVICES
The complete fire alarm system

In an emergency, initiating is powered by the primary
devices, which can be either electrical supply.
manual or automatic, activates Connecting to the local
the system. commercial power service often
provides primary power for fire

Manual - alarm systems.

Example: A manual pull station Fire Alarm System

It needs somebody to physically 05 SECONDARY
pull the lever, push a button, or POWER SUPPLY
break glass to manually activate
the alarm. A secondary power source is a
supplemental power supply that

Automatic - operates automatically when
the primary power fails and is
Include smoke, gas, flame, and capable of running the complete
heat detecting sensors. With system.
addressable devices, it can alert

the precise location of the 09
emergency.

Fire Alarm Detectors, Panel

Heat Detector Smoke Detector Sounder

Located at ceiling area at 2699 total of quantity and An alarm sounder should
Common and Office area. located at ceiling area at be sitted next to Smoke
When the temperature Common and Office area. Detector
rises to a certain level, the Ionization Smoke detectors Operate to warn
eutectic alloy inside the operate by reducing the occupants in the building
heat detector, which is heat current flow through the that there may be fire
sensitive to the specified interior chamber due to and to evacuate.
temperature, transforms ionization, which causes
from solid to liquid. the alarm to sound.

Manual Call Point Multi Sensor Detector Control Panel

Located at entrance of Located at ceiling area at Located at Building Control
Office Common and Office area.
In the event of an An intelligent multi- Room
emergency or fire, a sensor alarm employed for
manual call point (also precise and verified Important to provide
known as a break glass operation.
point) is a device that is Detect optical, heat, CO, building's occupants
used to activate the alarm and flames because it can
circuit by breaking the detect various signals and prompt warning in the case
glass. deliver to the control
panel of fire outbreak

Communicate with

detector devices and

transfer of relevant

information about them
10

In intelligent fire alarm system, each All addressable systems communicate
device may assess its surroundings and the position of every device on the
communicate with the central control system to the control panel and newer
panel to take immediate action in the "analogue addressable" systems
event of a failure, fire, or the device communicate much more information,
requiring cleaning or periodic such as how much smoke or heat the
maintenance of the detectors. detector detects. This data enables the
control panel to make "intelligent"
decisions, such as whether or not to
enter alert mode.

The devices connected in loops in the
intelligent system, which comes in 2, 4
or 8 settings. A single loop may be
stretched up to 3.3km and can link up
to 99 devices like sounders, detectors,
and call points. A broad area may
therefore be controlled and monitored
from a single control panel.

11

The  systems provide information on individual detectors, while
conventional systems only provide information on certain
circuits.

Most addressable systems provide an early pre-alarm notice,
allowing the responsible person to examine possible alarms
before the system's sirens activate.

For example, in the event of a fire, Intelligent Fire Systems in
the numerous sensors may gather Complex and Large Building
data on the heat intensity, smoke
density, gases type, occupancy
level, lighting level, and so on
before ringing the alarm.

This saves the hassle and expense
of evacuating a building or
contacting the fire department
needlessly due to a false alarm.

The systems cost more than
conventional fire alarm systems.
However, the amount of
intelligence they provide makes
the price difference worthwhile.

For example, peripheral devices

such as smoke detectors  are

typically more costly with an

intelligent panel than

conventional devices.

Problems This panel is computer based,
and there may be troubles
Intelligent Fire Systems in caused by the panel software at
Complex and Large Building times. However, this is
uncommon, and the benefits of
an intelligent panel much
exceed any firmware
difficulties.

12

The wire is looped and connected to the control panel Fire Alarm System

P R I N C I P L E Sat each point. The loop includes all detectors, sounders,

call points, and interface modules. Each of the loops has its own address.
Each end of the loop is powered. There is no loss of devices if the loop breaks
at any point. Additionally, circuit isolators in the system limit the area of
coverage lost when short-circuiting occurs.

SPACE IMPLICATION

Smoke detectors should never be
placed within four inches of a ceiling
or a side wall. This is termed dead air
space, and it may impact the
detector's activation time.

UNIVERSAL BUILDING BY LAW (UBBL)

Section 237 - Fire Alarm

Fire alarm systems are required for buildings defined under the 10th Schedule

Section 238 - Fire Command Centre

A fire command center is required for all buildings above 30.5 meters or
exceeding 9,290 sq. meters in gross area. The fire command centre shall be
located on the designated floor with easy fire appliances access and shall
contain a panel to monitor the public address, fireman intercom, sprinkler,
waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a computerized
monitoring system connected to the appropriate fire station by-passing the
switchboard.

Section 241 - Special requirement for Fire Alarm System

In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by nature of the

occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, special requirement for fire

alarm systems shall be installed in accordance with MS 1745. 13

Many structures being designed and
built nowadays require automatic
sprinklers. Since their introduction
about 150 years ago, they have an
established track record of fighting fires
within structures. Building and fire
codes all throughout the globe
acknowledge their value in the design
of buildings, particularly high-rise ones.
Hence why it is proposed for this smart
building's fire protection system.

The automatic fire sprinkler system is a
critical first line of defense in fire
prevention. The system extinguishes or
stops the spread of fire at an early stage,
keeping the fire under control. Water is
used to extinguish a fire by passing via
pipes and sprinkler heads.

APPLICATION

The system is located at the ceiling at Common and
Office area. Since the Telekom Tower is a 55-storey high
rise office building full with workers, the application is
necessary because of the building's height, fighting a fire
from the outside is impracticable, forcing rescue workers
to enter the property to combat the fire. Because building
occupants are unlikely to be able to fully escape, fire
control is crucial to the overall fire safety feature of high
rise building. The size and nature of high buildings
represent a unique threat to life and property protection.

Detects and Controls HOW IS IT FUNCTIONING?

01 The sprinkler works to detect 02 Extinguishes fires
heat, control  the temperature of
the combustion process and keep A relatively small fire can be
it from spreading to other areas.
extinguished with the

sprinkler. 14

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM

A sprinkler system installation includes There are two sources of supply, one
a set of pumps (duty, jockey, and from the town main (1) and the other
standby), a system water storage tank, a from a secondary source supply (2).
primary control valve set, a sprinkler
head, flow-switches, pressure switches, Both fitted with stop valves and non-
a flow pipe, and a valve. return valves to ensure that water from
either supply will not flow into the other.
These supplies unite in the main supply
pipe (3), which is fitted with a main stop
valve (4).

Above the main stop valve is an alarm
valve (5) from which a pipe is led off to
the alarm motor and gong (6).

When the alarm valve functions some
water passes through the annular groove
in the alarm valve seating to the water
turbine causing it to rotate and the
clapper to strike the gong.

Diagram shows a typical wet pipe installation Adjacent to the alarm valve there is a test
and drainpipe (7) and the discharge from
the pipe is controlled by a test and drain
valve (8).

Sprinkler system

15

Safety Automated Fire Sprinkler Cost

If the fire is kept under control by a Installing automatic fire sprinklers in
sprinkler system, occupants and fire a building may incur additional costs;
fighters are put in far less risk. this includes more piping as well as
the cost of equipment and installation,
Environmental Advantages and might  necessarily require
more  water storage tanks and/or
Sprinkler systems consume far less backflow preventions, depending on
fire water than hydrants, hydraulic its complexities.
hose reels, or the fire brigade.
Fire Sprinklers Require
Reduced Property Damage Maintenance

Keeping the spread of fire to other Fire sprinkler heads must be
rooms of the building can minimize maintained on a regular basis to
property damage. prevent buildup of debris, and fire
sprinkler heads can become damaged,
Rapid and Effective blocked, or rusted and must be
replaced.
Sprinkler systems are automated and
always operate immediately. As a Sprinkler heads can become
result, fire suppression is quick and misaligned and may need to be
requires no human intervention. readjusted manually to maintain
appropriate coverage of the zones
When a fire is extinguished at the they were meant to water.
start, it produces far less heat and
smoke - exactly what sprinklers are Corrosion can develop a buildup
supposed to achieve. within the system, causing the fire
sprinklers to not operate at all or to
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM spray so little water that it hardly
impacts the fire.

If they are not properly

maintained, inspected, and

tested on a regular basis, it

leaves  them totally ineffective

and costly to replace. 16

The primary components of a sprinkler system Sprinklers are directly connected to pipes
are as follows: known as branch lines.

Water supply Branch lines receive water from cross mains or
Water distribution pipes, both horizontal and feed mains that connect directly to the system
vertical riser. The water line is pressured, and the
A series of sprinklers used to spread water on sprinkler heads are set to open and release
a fire. water automatically when they reach a
Alarm and system control valves are also specified temperature.
required in most systems.

Each sprinkler has its own heat sensitive element whose sole
purpose is to detect a set temperature of around 68°C/155°F. These
heat components are solely impacted by heat and not by smoke. The
sprinkler element is triggered when the temperature reaches a fixed
temperature of roughly 68°C/155*F. A glass bulb filled with fluid, for
example, is utilised in this sprinkler. The fluid swells and shatters the
glass bulb casing as it heats up.

Glass bulb sprinkler heads

Filled with a liquid that expands and bursts when it reaches a specified temperature. The colour of the

liquid within the glass tube indicates the temperature range at which it will operate and drop water

onto the heat source. 17

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM

SYSTEM - WET PIPE SYSTEM PRINCIPLES

All of the pipes leading from the water (I) A stop valve on each separate
sources to the sprinkler heads supply source.
throughout the building are kept (II) A non-return valve on each
permanently supplied with water with supply source. 
this type of system.  (iii) A main stop valve installation to
turn off the flow of water to the
SPACE IMPLICATIONS system when a head has opened and
the fire has been extinguished.
Space made available  for a water tank, (IV) The alarm valve has two
a pump room, system piping, and other junctions.
system accessories and appliances . (V) A test and drain valve used to
evaluate the installation's water flow
and to empty the system if necessary.

UBBL 1984 PART VIII
Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Clause 226 - Automatic System for hazardous occupancy

Where hazardous processes, storage, or occupancy necessitate the use of
automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing systems, they must be
of a type and standard suitable for extinguishing fires in hazardous materials
stored or for the protection of the occupants.

Clause 228 - Sprinkler Valves

1) Sprinkler valves must be installed on an external wall in a safe and enclosed

location that is easily accessible to the Fire Authority.

2) When activated, all sprinkler systems must be electrically linked to the

nearest fire station to allow rapid and automated relay of the alarm.

18

BQS 554

CHAPTER 2

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

19

Day by day, we are surrounded by modern equipment and
technology. Our daily life is incomplete without machines.
Let’s begin with our own house, electricity is required to
operate all appliances such as entertainment, lights, etc. It
can be seen electricity is important to maintain our current
lifestyle and advancements in life. The moment when the
idea about electricity has been presented to the world, was
the moment where human life changed completely. In
Malaysia, Tenaga Nasional Berhad is the largest electricity
utility that generate, transmits, and distributes the
electricity around the Peninsular and it use three major
fossil fuels sources namely natural gas, coal, and fuel-oil.

Incoming from TNB,
Then, to distribute to

electricity is transferred to
every level of the

the electricity distribution
building, Low Voltage

devices and monitoring
Substation is located at

devices that available in
various level of the floor.
the building control room.
Electricity is required for

It contains High Voltage
most of the building

Substation, TNB
service to function such as

Summation Meters,
lighting system, alarm

Switchgears (VCB) High
system, elevators, etc
Voltage Substation

Control System.

20

Electrical Services that available

The case study that we used in this assignment is Menara Telekom Berhad. The electrical
supply system is managed by LFE Engineering Sdn Bhd. TNB had distributed high voltage
of electricity where this tower had 4Nos TNB’s 11kV incoming supplies make the total
capacity power reached 44kV. In addition, 2Nos TNB summation meters (Tariff C2),
Switchgears (VCB) automation change over controlled by high-tech relays. Furthermore,
there are 7Nos of Main Switchboard (MSB) located at various Low Voltage Substation and
14Nos Cast Resin Tx 11/0.433kV on 50% load each. Besides, this building also completes
with many electrical components as follow:

Lighting Standby Generator Sets

Using electronic ballast for energy 3Nos. 2MVA 11kV Diesel Standby
saving Sets
Passive Infrared Motion Detector Supply 50% back-up power supply
Pre-programmed decorative lighting at when 3Nos. of TNB incoming
sky garden power failure
Addressable Lighting Control System Auto Synchronizing facilities
(ALCS) is monitoring and controlling controlled by PLC (load demand)
from BCR.

As the price for electricity going to rise, it is better for the TM Tower to apply a smart solar
system to generate and supply electricity for the whole building and joining Net Energy
Metering to gain additional profit by selling electrical power to TNB.

21

SMART SOLAR

SYSTEM

Solar System refer to the electricity generating
structures by absorb sunlight to generate direct
current electricity through Photovoltaic effect. A
tiny semiconductor insides photovoltaic panel is
responsible for the energy conversion.

A “Hybrid Smart Solar System” simply means, a
system that is connected to a smart meter and
powered by a solar inverter as well as supply the
real time data on the performance of the system,
completed with advance and up to date features
which completely different with the system 10
years ago.

Additionally, a building will always have electricity
in any situations. In a hybrid system, both solar
electricity and grid power are coupled to our
building’s electrical sources.

BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV)

A Photovoltaic modules in this system will act as
both a power generator and the exterior
structure of the building
The incremental cost of Photovoltaics is
decreased and its life-cycle cost is enhanced by
eliminating the expense of conventional
material.
Simply, the BIPV system is suitable for high-rise
building and it overall costs is more cheaper than
PV system requiring separate, dedicated and
mounting system

22

RISING

SYSTEM

It is divided in two type which as
a. Vertical Supply System
b. Horizontal Supply System

Vertical System is where the
electricity power is supplied to
every floor of the building
Horizontal Supply is use to
distribute the power to all
appliances in that particular floor.
The arrangement of the rising
system is depends on the size and
shape of the building as well as it
suitability in size of shafts for
installing all electrical wiring.

IN SOLAR

PHOTOVOLTAIC


SYSTEM

The type of system use is the same. Here the
difference only at the sources of the
electricity. For Solar Photovoltaic System, the
solar power once it change to the alternating
current (AC), it will distribute the power by
using the rising system.

23

INSTALLATION

PROCESS

01 Site Survey 02 Authorities Application

A surveyor will double check all the It is important to ensure the
measurement and everything that was installation can be done legally.
done using the original computer-based All the proposal document that had
design been prepare and agreed by the
Verify everything is going to fit as building owner is sent to the local
planned during the installation day and authorities
prevent surprise event
04 Final Inspection
03 Installation Work
Once all the components had been
Installation of every component of solar installed, an expertise will conduct a
system this includes: final inspection to ensure a system
able to function properly and safely.
Set up scaffolding
Mount Installation
Solar Panel Installation
Electrical Wiring
Solar Inverter and Solar Battery
Installation

05 Install net meter &
System Activation

The solar installer will submit all the
forms to the authorities for system
activation
A TNB will analyse the document and
open the building owner account.

24

INSTALLATION

PROCESS

Site Survey

Authorities Application

Installation
Work

Final Inspection

Install net meter
and System Activation




25

BENEFITS
Renewable Energy Source
Renewable source is a power that long lasting and cannot be used up
As long as we have the sun, solar energy will be accessible. It is
optimised to generate the most power during all daylight hours.
It also reduced carbon footprint as there is no burning process is needed
like coal and oil resources.

Reduce dependency on the local power grid
You will still get the electricity power if the local power
goes out.
In addition, you also can make a profit by selling an extra
electricity power to the local grid.

Environmentally Friendly
This is because the energy production is clean as the process of
converting sunlight does not contribute to pollution.
It is reduced carbon footprint as there is no burning process or other
activities that related with non-renewable energy sources like coal and
oil sources.
It does not cause any pollution to the environment, air, water, land, or
noise are among the examples.

Reduce the Electricity Bills
This is because solar system is generated and replaced
electricity to meet our energy needs.

High Reliability and Low Maintenance Costs
Basically, one of the most importance things that need to pay full
attention to this system to increase its efficiency is its cleanliness. It
must be free from dust and debris to ensure the photovoltaics cell in
the panel able to absorb the sunlight and heat more efficiently.
Additionally, solar system components are composed of very high-
quality materials to ensure they have an ability to withstand rain,
wind and many more. It is also come with a very long warranty of
between 25 and 30 years.

26

PROBLEMS

HIGHER CAPITAL

This is because, the system includes a lot of installation of expensive
equipment which are solar panels, inverter, batteries, storage, and wiring.
Therefore, it is advisable to hire a professional to help in planning and
costing the system accurately to ensure a value for money.

LOW ENERGY CONVERSION RATE

A lot of study shows, the solar system can only generate the electricity
around 20 – 25 percent of sun. However, due to a concern over the
pollution, this technology has received a lot of intention worldwide to
become sustainable method to save the environment.
Thus, this system has a huge potential to evolve and provide a best
technology in generating an electrical power.

LOCATION OBSTRUCTIONS

If the building is surrounded by tall trees and buildings, the solar
system cannot work efficiently as the sunlight might be blocked by
those nature and physical structures although the weather
condition is good.
Therefore, a building inspection is needed in order to recognize the
most suitable location to install the all the solar components.

WEATHER-DEPENDENT

As we know this system required the sunniest weather for them
to generate more electricity effectively. Hence, during a night and
monsoon season, this system will produce low electricity and
might not be able to collect the solar energy at all.
To overcome this issue, a battery backup is needed to allow the
power can be stored up.

27

Solar Photovoltaic Panel

COMPONENT
Solar Photovoltaic Panel is the key component in smart solar system

installation.
In PV panel contains solar cells that consist with electrons. It is made

with semiconductor materials and sandwiched between the protective

materials to withstand the outdoors
its primary function is to absorb the direct current (DC) from the

sunlight

POSITION
The most suitable position to install the PV Panel is at the rooftop of the

building as well as building facades to allow the panels can get higher

intensity of sunlight during a day.
The panel is installed with inclined angle and facing a south.
In this proposed building, the building is installed with thin film PV

panels. It is very popular type as it is the cheapest type of solar panels,

lightweight, flexibility, variety of application as well as having a

variety feature in terms colour, but it is less efficient and have lower

capacities than mono and polycrystalline solar cell types. Its efficiency

is approximate to be between 7% and up to 18&.

Solar Inverter

Components
Then, the DC electricity is flow to a solar inverter. Solar
inverter is a brain of solar system as it plays an important role
to change the direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC)
that can be used by all the electrical appliances.

Position
This is installed under each of the Solar Photovoltaic Panel
In this proposed building, it use a Power Optimizers Inverters
where is a combination between the micro-inverters and string
inverters.
This type of inverters allow to maximize the electricity
production and will not disturb other panel if one of the
inverter is down or having maintenance.

28

Solar Charge Controller

POSITION
This devices is located at every level of the
building before allowing the solar
alternating current reach any electrical
appliance

COMPONENT
It is use to regulate electrical charge by
controlling the rate of suitable level of
electricity appliances

Monitoring Equipment Solar Storage Battery

COMPONENT
After the solar power had been turn a alternating
current (AC), the power will be stored in this
components.
This devices is functioning to act as a power storage
and power backup for the building to consume after
sundown, during energy demand peaks and during a
power outage

POSITION
This device will be installed at the building utility
room and connected with the solar inverter by wiring
cables for the current flow.

COMPONENT POSTION
This device is functioning to provide a detailed
information about the overall performance of the solar This device is located at building control room and will

power system. be monitored by the electrical supervisor.
For instance:

- A building owner able to see and track the amount of
solar power that the system produces on an hourly bases
during a day.
- It also provide a significant value over the system
lifetime.
- Able to identify performance issues and take early
precaution measure to avoid any further damages.

As the system applied is a smart system, it has a remote
monitoring for the owner to access online or via
mobile devices.

29

The system of Solar Panel can be categorized in three
type which are grid tied system, off tied system, and
hybrid system. Each system offers a unique power
generation and power storage experience. As mentioned
before, the main function of solar panel system is
converting and harvesting from sunlight to the
electrical energy that be distribute to all the electrical
appliances in a one building.

According to Daware (2021), This system function
according to the Photovoltaic effect’s theory. The
efficiency of the system to generate the huge amount of
electricity solar power is dependent on the level of heat
and light had been absorbed by the Photovoltaic cells as
well as the number of Photovoltaic cells are mounted
and connected to every component to form a
Photovoltaic model. This phenomenon is known as the
Photoelectric effect. It turns the sunlight into direct
current electricity (DC).

As in this planned building, a smart hybrid solar
system is chosen. Generally, the process of the system
to generate electricity is same with other solar system
type available in Malaysia. The difference in this
system can be seen in a connected section or model of
this system. According to SolarReviews (2022), having
a backup battery system to store extra power while
still having the system is linked to the grid is known as
a hybrid system.

In this system, during a day the Photovoltaic Panel will
absorb the sunlight and send it to the inverter to
change the direct current (DC) to alternating current
(AC). Then, electricity either goes to the building, to
storage battery, or to the grid. But the main idea of this
system is that when the sun is shining, first of all, it
will generate electricity to the building and store the
power in a battery. Then, you may use the power to
for electrical appliances during a night or during a
rainy season. If there is any extra power, it can be
exported to the utility grid.

30

SPACE
IMPLICATION

Since high rise building usually has a In addition, except from the Solar
smaller and limited rooftop space or being
use for building infrastructures such as Photovoltaic Panel, it also includes many
ventilator and elevator engines, making it
impossible to makes a rooftop solar power other solar components such as,
system. This is because, generally the
installation of solar panels required a large inverter, racking, monitoring
area of land or flat surface in order to let
the whole photovoltaic panel is exposing to equipment, charge controller and
the sun. Therefore, other initiatives have
been discovered where the Photovoltaics battery storage. Hence, an extra utility
panel can also be installed without
requiring a large area for maximum room is needed to install the equipment
efficiency. It is known as Building-
Integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) where a and maintain its long lasting. This cause
part of the building components can be a
part in generating a solar power such as the total are of ancillary area in a
facades, roofs, or windows.
building to increase, while the total area
Besides, the location of solar Photovoltaics
panel also needs to take into a of usable area is decrease. Furthermore,
consideration. Since the main function of
this system is to absorb the sunlight during the installer needs to plan properly the
a day to generate the electricity, the
Photovoltaic panel must be located path of solar wiring cable. This is
strategically. For instance, the areas that
are surrounded and frequently shaded by because, the cables will playing a main
trees and tall buildings would decrease the
effectiveness of the system. role in connecting each solar

components and deliver the voltage and

power up the electrical units and charge

the battery bank completely as well as

maintain the building aesthetic value.

Thus, before the installation of the solar
system, a strategic planning is required to
achieve the maximum use of space and
avoid any useless space.

31

65% Electricity Supply Act 1990
80%
The electrical supply system for this building is a Smart Hybrid Solar System.
Therefore, it is necessary to comply and abide by the guidelines for connecting
solar photovoltaic installation for commercial usage provided by Suruhanjaya
Tenaga under the Electricity Supply Act 1990. The allowable maximum
capacity of the Photovoltaic System installed is 1MWp or 75% of maximum
demand or 60% of fuse and current transformer rating respectively.

Electricity Regulation of 1994

Moreover, the Electricity Regulation of 1994. This regulation must be followed
as part of the electricity that is supplied to the building in order to provide for
the installation, operation, and maintenance of the building’s electrical
equipment. Furthermore, it also must comply with the Uniform Building by
Laws Regulation 1984. For example, the electrical system in a building must
meet the Lighting Requirement, Lightning Protection Requirement and many
more.

32

BQS 554

CHAPTER 3

33

Telecommunication is the electronic transfer of information over great distances,
including voice, data, and video and also can be called as telecom. This is a broad phrase
that covers a variety of information-transmitting technologies and communications
infrastructures that including telegraphs, landline phones, mobile phones, satellites,
microwave communications, fibre optics, radio and television broadcasts. Sender, channel,
and receiver are the basic components of all communication systems. In order to transfer
the information, the carrier waves which is might be analogue or digital signals that are
used to carry the data. The most important thing is the content of the transferred data
will not change.

01 SENDER 02 CHANNEL 03 RECEIVER

The information The information The signal sent
is created. is carried. through channel is
then converted back
Then, the Then, the into usable
information will information will information.
be converted into be send through Then, the transmitted
a signal. channel in the information is received
form of signal. without any changes
made.

34

PBAX SYSTEM / IP PBX SYSTEM

Case study - TM Tower
PBAX system
Application
IP PBX system
How it works ?
Benefits
Limitations
Components and
connections
Building regulations

35

PBAX SYSTEM

Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PBAX) is a technology used by
the large organizations that allows a single access number to provide
a lot of lines to outside callers while giving a range of external lines to
inside callers or staff. PBAX performs all the switching needed to
make the internal calls between extensions within the organizations.

CASE STUDY SMART BUILDING:

TELEKOM TOWET,KUALA LUMPUR

One of the telephone system use in
the chosen smart building is PBAX

system system since 2003. The
Local Area Network (LAN) is also
one of the feature adopted in this
building as a telecommunication

system.



The proposed application for telephone system is IP PBX system. This is because the IP

PBX system is the upgraded version of PBAX system for telephone system in a building.


The Local Area Network should continues being adopted since it is very crucial to a

building as it is one of the main feature should have in a building as a

telecommunication system.

36

A communications tool called an IP PBX
WHAT IS IP
connects desk phones in a building to the
PBX SYSTEM ?

voice network. Using an internet
37
connection, it manages incoming and


outgoing calls across its telephone

network.



Data transmission to another server is

done using IP, or the Internet Protocol.

Calls are formed via the internet thanks


to this technology.



An internal telephone network is called a

PBX, or private branch exchange. A PBX

can be safely hosted in the cloud or on-


premises.



In-office analogue phones can still be

used with an IP PBX phone system to

place and receive calls via the internet.

.

IP PBX phone systems use the Session Initiation Protocol serves as the
internet to make and receive foundation of IP-based voice services
calls. By transforming analogue (SIP). The VoIP phone systems now use
voice signals into digital ones. this universal protocol as the standard.
From there, calls are routed to a SIP trunking, which provides
VoIP service provider that numerous voice channels, would be
handles the beginning and end used for a PBX.
of each call.
A VoIP provider would supply a
That doesn't alter on the form of authentication for one or
inside of a PBX. Users more SIP trunking accounts to be
can still make outgoing used on the outside of a PBX.
calls, listen to their Incoming calls are delivered to
voicemail as well as your PBX for acceptance after
create call groups. authentication.

Additionally, users can instantly
connect to an external phone line
through your SIP trunk. Calls are
dealt with internally or
forwarded to the PSTN at the
discretion of the PBX.

38

01. Lower communication
02. Cloud-based reliability
costs
- The existing PBX can be connected
- Provide higher cost-savings to the cloud. The reliable VoIP
when using Internet-connected service will have multiple data
PBXs than the analog
predecessors. centers for dependable performance.
The calls can be route elsewhere, if
03. Keep existing
hardware the PBX goes down.

- Can be productive and keep the
04. Minimal change
hardware costs low by using the

- The SIP trunking as a

same hardware that already
getaway to experience the

existed to PBX. The thing that

value of a VoIP phone

should be added are the SIP
system. The number of voice

address, password, and domain. channels can be scale up with


minimal configuration.

39

TECHNICAL SKILLSET

It takes a strong person to manage an on-premises PBX.
Linux operating systems should be simple to install and
configure for systems administrators.

UNABLE TO WORK REMOTELY

Most of the on-site PBX phone systems cannot support working
from home even with IP connectivity.
This kind of capability is a must-have for remote employees
nowadays.

LIMITED SCALABILITY

The IP PBX only can be scale as have users to answer the phone
calls.
As the burden expands beyond PBX can handle, the challenges
may happen such as busy signals.

FEWER FEATURES

Traditional office phone systems lack the features seen in
Unified Communications (UCaaS) platform.
Some of the features such as video conferencing, softphones
for mobile devices, and instant messaging are separated.

40

THE CORPORATE NETWORK

The company's local network.
The SIP clients such as softphones running
through which computers.
IP Phones is connecting directly to PBX.

THE COMPANY ROUTER / FIREWALL

It connects to Internet and from there it will
connect to remote extensions.
The router can also connect to the PTSN
network if there is a VoIP provider is
adopted.

VOIP GATEWAY

It connects directly with PBX to the PSTN
network.
Can make and answer incoming calls from
analog phone lines.

41

1. TELECOMMUNICATION ROOM (TR)
- The Fibre Termination Box (FTB) should
located at the most right as the nearest
point leading to internal riser.
- The Network Facility Provider's should
located adjacent to FTB.

2. FIBRE TERMINATION BOX (FTB)
- Must be provided by the developer and the
type use must be approved by the SIRIM.
- Must be robust and weather proof especially
for outdoor installation.

3. RISER ROOM
- More than one cable riser should have at the
strategic points on each storey for the large
areas that longer than 90m.
- The riser hole should be sealed with fire
resistant barrier.
- There is no other services allowed in this
enclosure.
- The room should have fire resistant locked
doors with 2.1 minimum height and
displayed the words "TELECOM RISER" on it.

42

BQS 554

MECHANICAL HANDLING

SYSTEM

43

According to Heragu & Ekren (2009), material handling systems are made up of
discrete or continuous resources that are used to transport entities from one location
to another.

A mechanical handling system is a type of method for transporting loads from one
location to another. A conveyor system is simply a mechanical method of
transferring material from one location to another, typically in a linear fashion.

Material handling (MH) is defined as "short-distance movement that typically occurs
within the confines of a building such as a plant or a warehouse, as well as between a
building and a transportation agency." 1 It can be used to create "time and place
utility" through material handling, storage, and control, as opposed to manufacturing
(i.e., fabrication and assembly operations), which can be used to create "form utility"
by changing the shape, form, and makeup of the material.

Lift/Elevator: The elevator, also known as a lift, is a car
that moves vertically in a shaft to transport passengers
or freight between levels of a multistory building

Double-Deck Elevator: Double-deck lifts are made up
of two passenger cars that are connected to one
suspension/drive system. As a result, the upper and
lower decks can serve two adjacent floors at the same
time. During peak periods, the decks are configured to
serve the 'even' and 'odd' floors, with passengers
directed to the appropriate deck for their destination.
At the lobby, special arrangements are made for
passengers to walk up/down a half flight of
stairs/escalators to reach the lower or upper main
lobby

To transport as many people as possible at once,

Menara Telekom Malaysia Berhad employs double-

story lifts. The user must take the lift from the ground

floor to move to an even number of floors. To travel an

odd number of floors, the user must use the lift from

the lower lobby. There are 18 double-decker lifts in

total, divided into three zones. 44

An elevator control system is in charge of synchronizing and managing all elevator
functions, such as acceleration, deceleration, door opening speed and delay, leveling, and
even hall lantern signals. The primary goal of such control systems is to direct the lift car to

the floor specified. Furthermore, these control systems aid in minimizing travel by
accelerating and decelerating the lift car within a predetermined speed limit. Overall, these

control systems make the passengers' journey from one floor to another much more
comfortable.

Intervals (seconds) Quality of Service Speed(m/s)
25 - 35 Excellent 0.25-0.375

35 - 45 Acceptable for 0.50
60 offices 0.75
1.00
Acceptable for 1.50
hotels 2.50

90 Acceptable for 3.50
flats 5.00

Control System of the Elevator in Menara Telekom Malaysia: Selective Collection.

The system function with each landing has up and down push buttons, and the car has a set
of buttons for each landing served. The landing push buttons register the passenger's
preferred direction, and once all car and landing doors are closed, the car will respond to all
car and landing calls in-floor sequence. When the car is at ground level, any call from the car
or landing will cause the car to travel upwards with the control system set. During the
upward journey, the car will not respond to down calls, but these will be recorded; however,
the car will respond to all up calls within the car or from landings in-floor order. It may also
reverse at an intermediate floor after dealing with the highest floor. If no further calls are
registered, the car is a "free" passenger who can register a call upon entering. The lift's speed is
a min of 2.5m/sec and a max of 6m/sec. The average waiting time is between 30 sec to 60 sec
which is appropriate for office buildings.

45

Connect the three-phase power supply to the hoist and test the hoist's safety
functions.
Using the suspension bar, secure the hoist-driven pulley to the shaft top's center
hook and connect the hoist rope to the hoist.
Lower the hoist down into the shaft. Maintain hoist control on the lowest floor.
Using a hoist test bracket, determine the load hook capacity.
Correctly position the over-speed governor hanger rod in the shaft top load hook.
Place the over-speed governor on the rod, secure it, and align the base plate.
Insert the rope into the over-speed governor groove, allowing the rope ends to
fall into the pit.

Position the shaft plumbing jig by the shaft dimensions and distance between
guide rails (DGB)
Attach the plumbing jig support to the front wall of the topmost landing floor
Mount the plumbing jig onto the jig support and adjust the plumbing jig position
per the layout drawing and tighten the jig with clamps
Hang four plumbing weights into the pit (two for the car guide rail location and
two for the front wall location) and ensure that the plumb is steady and not
moving.
Take lift shaft measurements and, if necessary, adjust the plumbing jig position.
Measure the dimensions of the lift wells at each landing and fill out the plumbing
table.
Secure the plumbing wires in the pit with the steadier brackets and double-check
the distances between the plumbing wires.

Using the hoist, lift the car platform into the shaft and slide it correctly into the

car guide rails.

Secure the platform to the car buffers and ensure that it is level.

Align the car safety gear rollers with the guide rails.

Attach the over-speed governor rope to the vehicle's safety equipment.

Place the upper beam on the platform, hoist it up, and hang it on the top in the

approximate location.

Attach the uprights to the platform and the upper beam. Check and double-

check the uprights' verticality.

Use the platform and uprights to secure the car enclosure panels on three sides.

Fix the ceiling panels to the car enclosure panels rigidly.

Install the car roof's kick plate and balustrade.

Attach the rope from the safety gear arm to the pedal and install the safety

pedal on the car roof. 46

01 Advantages 01 Problems

The number of hoistways could be Increased capital and operational costs for
reduced significantly with proper design vertical transportation

02 Advantages 02 Problems

Energy is saved during peak periods when If one lift fails, both lift cars will be out of

both decks are fully loaded. service

03 Advantages 03 Problems

Improves passenger capacity The double-deck will dictate the design of
the lobby. Double-deck requires a fixed
04 Advantages floor-to-floor distance of at least 4.5
meters, depending on the speed

04 Problems

High-speed travel and space-saving design Dual-level lobbies are required to achieve
for high-rise buildings operational efficiency by allowing
simultaneous loading and unloading of
upper and lower lift cars, which
prospective users may perceive negatively.

47