BQS554 ASSIGNMENT 1-MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING

FUNCTIONS, CONNECTIONS & POSITIONS OF ITS COMPONENTS

1. Crosshead 2. Upper car/lower car

Horizontally positioned at the upper ends of two At the top and bottom of a vertical shaft.
vertical stiles that form the frame of an elevator Transports people and objects to different
car A door header, door hanger assembly, door
levels of a building
operator assembly, and a cross-beam are all
supported by the cross-head

3. Servomotor

A servo motor is made up of four parts: a
standard DC motor, a gear reduction unit, a
position-sensing device, and a control circuit.
The DC motor is linked to a gear mechanism,

which provides feedback to a position
sensor, which is typically a potentiometer.
The output of the motor is delivered to the

servo arm via a servo spline from the
gearbox. The servo motor's function is to

receive a control signal representing a
desired output position of the servo shaft
and apply power to its DC motor until its

shaft turns to that position.

5. Plank 4. Ball Screw for Upper Car &
Lower Car
A pair of parallel extending plank beams
connected by a cross support member comprises Changing rotational motion into linear
motion.
a safety plank assembly for mounting on the
bottom of an elevator car in a traction-type 48

elevator system

The operation of an To accommodate the busy
elevator or lift is similar to
that of a pulley system. The elevator has two office environment,
The water is drawn from floors, dividing the
the well using a pulley arrival into odd and circulation in the Telekom
system. A bucket and a couple floors; the lower
rope with a wheel can be elevator arrives on the Tower is carefully planned.
used to create this pulley odd floor, while the upper
system. A bucket is elevator arrives on the Throughout, unique
attached to a rope that is coupled floor, with the
wound around a wheel. upper and lower doors circulation solutions have
This can make drawing being independent; in
water from the well very any case, the elevators been used to help users move
simple. Similarly, modern will move in the same
elevators employ the direction from space to space while
same concept. The main
difference between these interacting with the
two is that pulley systems
are manually operated, environment. The lift lobby,
whereas elevators use
sophisticated mechanisms located in the heart of the
to handle the elevator's
load. building, is where the

double-decker lifts pick up

and drop off passengers. The

entire structure has 18

double-decker lifts divided

into three zones, each with

its own location.

49

An escalator is a moving staircase that transports people between
building floors. It is widely acknowledged that an escalator is the
most efficient way to transport large groups of people between
floors.

Escalators are commonly used in buildings where a large number of
people must move, such as shopping malls, airports, transit systems,
exhibition halls, hotels, arenas, and public buildings.

50

the escalator system used in Menara Telekom Malaysia is the "Single
Unit System" where the only connection between two levels with
only one traffic direction. It is possible to change directions
depending on traffic flow. It is preferred in buildings where the
majority of traffic flows in only one direction. The direction of
movement can be changed. For example, up in the morning, down at
night.

1. Preparation 2. Install Baseplate 3. Joint, Hoisting and Centering
Prepare the tools and Determine the direction of
equipment such as chain the entrance or exit by Truss
block, hand pallet, wire drawing the truss Joint the bottom and top of
ropes, pipes, keys, and jack centerline. Adjust and truss, hoist the truss, install
rods install the base plate to the of centering column or
centerline and levelness piano wire, and center the
markings. truss

4. Set and Install Balustrade 5. Set and Install Moving Hand 6. Wiring
Install the safety devices,
and Glass Holder Rail
Set and install the Centering for the return the cable from top to
balustrade, and set and hand rail guide, skirt angle
install the glass above the centering, rubber handrail bottom, and the control
glass holder installation, and skirt angle
installation panel.

7. Set and Install Inner and 8. Cleaning, Lubrication and 9. Finish

Outer Deck Step
Install the outer deck, the Steps for cleaning,
inner deck, and the guard
railing. lubrication, and installation

51

01 Advantages 01 Problems

They have the ability to transport large It is not convenient for everyone. If you
groups of people are disabled or traveling with a stroller,
the escalator becomes extremely
02 Advantages inconvenient.

02 Problems

They can be installed in the same physical Safety concerns. There were injuries as a
space as stairs. result of people losing their balance or
falling on the moving stairs. Many people,
03 Advantages particularly children, are afraid of
escalators and are unable to use them.

03 Problems

They have no waiting period, except when Cost is incurred. To ensure its successful
there is extremely heavy traffic use and to keep it from becoming a dead
asset, it must always be powered, which
incurs significant costs, and the escalator
must be moving at all times.

04 Advantages 04 Problems

Their speed can be adjusted, which is Services. Escalators are typically incapable
convenient of serving more than three to four floors of
vertical transport. They take up a lot of
space and have a lot of structural
considerations.

52

1 Landing Platforms: The curved sections of
the tracks, as well as the gears and motors.
Before stepping onto the moving steps,
users can stand on the floor plate. The comb
plate has a series of cleats (like comb teeth)
that mesh with matching cleats on the
steps' edges to reduce the gap between the
stair and the landing.

2 Truss: The structure that connects the
lower and upper landings and supports the
straight track sections. Steel or concrete
supports are used to connect the truss ends
to the top and bottom landing platforms.

3 Balustrade: This is the structure that
supports the escalator's handrail and can
be made of metal, sandwich panels, or
glass.

4 Handrail: The handrail is moved by a chain that is connected to the main drive gear via a series
of pulleys. It is typically made of a combination of synthetic polymers and rubber and is
intended to be extremely durable.

5 Tracks: The step-wheel track for the steps' front wheels and the trailer-wheel track for the steps'
back wheels cause the steps to form a staircase as they move from under the comb plate.

6 Steps: These are typically made of die-cast aluminum or steel and are solid. They have comb-like
protrusions that mesh with the comb plates and are cleated. A continuous metal chain that
forms a closed loop connects the steps. The connected steps are always step level as they move.
By collapsing on each other, the steps form a flat platform at both the top and bottom of the
escalator. This is accomplished through the use of two sets of wheels on each step. The upper set
of wheels is linked to the rotating chains that are pulled by the gears at the escalator's top. The
lower wheels trail behind and simply glide along on their track.

7 Motor: Inside the truss, an escalator is powered by a motor and chain system. A pair of chains are
looped around two pairs of gears at its heart. An electric motor turns the gears at the top of the
escalator, which rotates the chain loops. The electric motor also powers the moving handrail,
which is looped around a series of wheels and designed to move at the same rate as the steps

53

01 02

The escalator's main components are two Unlike a conveyor belt, which moves a
chains that rotate around two pairs of plane, a chain ring moves a series of steps.
gears. An electric motor at the top of the The movement of escalators is the most
escalator drives the transmission gear, fascinating aspect of them. As the chain
which rotates the chain ring. To turn the moves, the steps remain level. The steps at
gears on a typical escalator, a 100- the top and bottom of the escalator fold
horsepower engine is used. The engine into a platform. This makes getting up and
and chain systems are housed in trusses, down the escalator easier.
which are metal structures that span
multiple floors. 04

03 The two tracks are kept separate so that
each step remains level. The track is
Each escalator step has two sets of wheels horizontal at the top and bottom of the
that rotate along two separate tracks. The escalator, flattening the steps. During the
top gear (wheels near the top of the steps) leveling process, a series of grooves inside
is linked to a rotating chain and is pulled each step connects the front and back
by a drive gear at the escalator's top. The steps.
other wheels simply follow the first
wheels along the track. 06

05 The escalator system cannot lift people up
dozens of floors like elevators, but it is
In addition to rotating the main link, the adequate for short-distance
escalator's motor can move the handrails. transportation. This is due to the
The armrest is simply a rubber conveyor escalator's high load rate. When the
belt that circles a set of wheels. The elevator is full, no one else can board until
conveyor belt is precisely configured to it reaches and returns to the designated
move at the same speed as the steps, giving floor. On escalators, one person reaching
the rider a smooth sensation. the top makes room for others.

Space Limitation: In Menara Telekom Malaysia, Double Single Unit Escalators take users one floor

down to the lower ground, where they can access the double-decker lifts that take them up to odd-

numbered floors. A spiral staircase allows users to easily ascend one floor. 54

01 Part VI: Constructional Requirements

124. Lifts
At least one lift must be provided for all non-residential buildings with more than
four storeys above or below the main access level.

02 Part VII: Fire Requirements

151. Ventilation to lift shafts.
Openings to lift shafts that are not connected to protected lobbies must have vents
of at least 0.09 square meters per lift located at the top of the shafts. Where the
vent does not discharge directly to the open air, the lift shafts must be vented to
the interior via a duct made of the same FRP as the lift shafts.

152. Openings in lift shafts.
Unless other suitable means of protection to the opening is provided to the
satisfaction of the local authority, every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall
open into a protected lobby. These requirements do not apply to open-type
industrial and other special buildings that the D.G.F.S. may approve.
Landing doors must have an FRP of at least half that of the hoistway structure,
with a minimum FRP of half-hour.

153. Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.
Smoke detectors must be installed in all lift lobbies.
Lifts not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices
controlled by light beams or photodetectors unless equipped with a force close
feature that causes the door to close within a preset time after thirty seconds of
any interruption of the beam.

154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure.
In the event of a power outage, all lifts must return in sequence to the designated

floor, beginning with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and

parking with doors open.

After all, lifts have been parked, the emergency lifts must resume normal

operation: This mode of operation is not required if sufficient emergency power is

available to operate all lifts. 55

BQS 554

56

WHAT
IS A HVAC

SYSTEM?

HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)
refers to the different systems used for moving air
between indoor and outdoor areas, along with
heating and cooling buildings.

HVAC SYSTEM

57

HAT IS HVAC SYSTEM An HVAC system serves purposes other than only heating
or cooling a space. Instead, it helps to enhance the comfort
of everyone in a facility and improve indoor air quality.
HVAC systems come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but
they all start with the same components.

According to the weather outside, outside air is brought
into the structures, heated or cooled, and then distributed
to the occupied spaces before being discharged to the
outside air or recycled inside the system.

High rise and commercial buildings have heating and

The choice of HVAC systems in acooling challenges that are not present in structures with

fewer storeys. For instance, as a building rises in height, the

particular building will beair temperature outside drops and the wind speed rises,

which can affect both the inside air quality and the

fiunncftliounaelintycoef odutdbooyr eqtuhipemecnlt.imate, the age

of the structure, the owner's and

project designer's personal

preferences, the project budget, and

the architectural style of the

buildings.

HVAC SYSTEM
58

CASE STUDY

In this assignment, we have chosen Menara Telekom Berhad building as our case
study. Some of the HVAC system used in the Menara Telekom Berhad building is the
District Cooling System and the air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation system.
Chilled water requirement for the building is supplied by TNEC (District Cooling
System) through a 500mm diameter supply and return pipes. Centrally monitored and
control by EMCS (Energy Management Control System) at BCR.

0 1 . District Cooling System

The chilled water circulation schematic diagram allocates that heat

is transferred at the heat exchangers at Level LG4 and L29.

Secondary circulation of chilled water using 15 nos chilled water

pumps at LG4, LG3 and L29.

02. Air-Conditioning System

air-conditioning to typical floors is by underfloor air conditioning

system. External fresh air is cooled before supplying to the Under

Supply Unit at each zone/wing. Continuous Extract fans are

provided for each wing.

03. Mechanical Ventilation System

The ventilation arrangement prevents recirculation of room air

without supplement of external fresh air. EMCS is able to monitor

and control 15 nos of chilled water pump, >.500 units USU, FCU,

AHU, >1000 ventilation fans according to preprogrammed

schedule from BCR.

HVAC SYSTEM
59

HVAC SYSTEMS (VENTILATION)

60

WHAT IS HYBRID

VENTILATION?

Hybrid ventilation or mixed mode ventilation is a relatively new


concept that is a sustainable and cost-effective way to provide

thermal comfort to occupants by regulating the indoor

temperature.

Hybrid ventilation systems combine all the best features of natural

ventilation by controlling building openings automatically and

intelligently with window actuators and a mechanical system.

A scheme designed to use natural
ventilation for the majority of
occupied hours can be assisted or
augmented by mechanical systems
under peak heating or cooling
conditions.

In principle, this hybrid solution is able to accommodate greater extremes of
internal heat gains and external temperature fluctuations than can be handled by a
purely natural ventilation strategy. The result is that energy consumption is
minimised under normal day-to-day conditions, whilst ensuring sufficient
ventilation capacity under a wide range internal/external scenarios.

61

HVAC SYSTEM

PROPOSED HVAC SYSTEM

VARIABLE

REFRIDGERATE FLOW

(VRF) SYSTEMS

WHAT IS VRF
WHAT IS THE PROCESS
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS
WHAT ARE THE LIMITATION
CODES AND STANDARDS

62

Variable Refridgerate Flow (VRF)


Systems

What is VRF?
This versatility means VRF products are

customizable to meet the specifications of

VRF stands for variable refrigerant flow, virtually any project, making them

which goes a surprisingly long way particularly appealing for commercial

toward describing how this system uses spaces and facility managers.
refrigerant for both air conditioning and
heating. In a nutshell, VRF is a ductless,
large-scale system for HVAC that
performs at a high capacity.

Inverter compressors are used in VRF Each VRF system acts as a multi-split
systems to achieve their great efficiency. system – connecting multiple indoor
According to the demands of each space, units with one centralized outdoor
inverter systems enable the compressor condensing unit assembly. This
to ramp up or down. A non-inverter allows them to provide simultaneous
system continuously ramps up the heating and cooling and heat
compressor to full capacity. It's basically recovery in various zones.
either on or off.

Efficiency gains can be significant when
using inverter systems at lower speeds
and capacities.

HVAC SYSTEM 63

THE PROCESS OF THE VRF

SYSTEM

1. THREE-PIPE VRF HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM

A three-pipe VRF heat recovery system enables users to heat one

zone while simultaneously cooling another.

Three-pipe systems can be useful for facility managers of buildings with

mixed temperature needs who are striving to reduce energy

consumption.

Typical applications would include multifamily buildings, large office

complexes and religious buildings with multiple classrooms, among

others.

HVAC SYSTEM 64

THE PROCESS OF THE VRF

SYSTEM

2. THE VRF HEAT PUMP

SYSTEM

A VRF heat pump system
typically uses two pipes and can
also heat and cool but not at the
same time.

Two-pipe systems have their
own advantages, such as less pipe
and connections to create
opportunities for leaks.

Less lifetime maintenance means
more savings on the system over
the long term.

3. AIR-COOLED VRF SYSTEMS

Air-cooled VRF systems rely on
outside air (even using ducts
occasionally).

Water-cooled VRF can be hidden
away inside and, in some situations,
can use geothermal systems already in
place for increased efficiency.

HVAC SYSTEM 65

BENEFITS OF THE VRF

A massive condensing unit that supplies multiple

smaller air handlers dispersed around the area makes up

the VRF system. Because it is air-cooled, there is no risk

of water leaks and no need for chemical cleaning agents


to stop the spread of bacteria.

The VRF system is becoming more popular among builders for high rise

construction projects for the reasons listed below.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY: CUSTOM COMFORT:

The VRF system's technology reduces
VRF technology has the unmatched
energy consumption. The system can also
capacity to provide customised heating and
be utilised as supplemental heating because
cooling across several zones inside a space
it is built to recycle heat released during
since the system can alter the amount of
the condensing process to heat other parts
refrigerant being pumped to individual air
of the space. handlers (hence the name). The concerns
with the disparity in demand between
QUIET OPERATION: upper and lower floors are also alleviated
by this customisation.

The use of smaller air handlers, and lack of
MORE

ducts for many installations, means quiet

for the homeowner. DEPENDABLE:

LESS SPACE
Since the compressor runs at a lower

REQUIREMENTS: capacity in a VRF system, there is less wear

and tear, which results in fewer

Those smaller air handlers also translate to
breakdowns.
less indoor space required to house the

units.

HVAC SYSTEM

66

While opting for a VRF system, it is recommended to check on

the holistic approach as it comes with some complicated

components. Below are some of the prominent ones:

ENVIRONMENTAL

CONCERNS

One of the major limitations is the
sustainability factor in accordance
with environmental concerns.
VRF systems use high refrigerant
charge, acts as a lethal addition to
the environment.

RELIABILITY AND

MAINTENANCE

The VRF systems are equipped
with many compressors, there is a
misconception in the minds of
contractors and engineers if one
compressor gets less reliable or
ineffective.

PERFORMANCE

GUARANTEE

VRF systems are typically used
for energy savings as it is quite
mandatory to check for the exact
amount of help it provides. It is
quite hard to be measured in
respect of performance as there
are no specific ARI standards
formulated.

Apart from all the positive things about VRF systems, there


are also limitations of the same, where it it vital to be taken


care of. It is also recommended to take professional


precautions before using VRF systems. 67

If you’re thinking about renovating your VRF system, it’s essential that


you’re implementing the most current codes and standards.

All VRF systems must comply with ASHRAE Standard 15 (packaged

with Standard 34): Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems and

Designation and Classification of Refrigerants.

This adheres to refrigerant capacities and possible leakage for systems

that serve small rooms, and could cause oxygen depletion.

0 1 . All VRF systems use the refrigerant R-410A

The safety classification of R-410A in ASHRAE Standard 34 is classified in group
A1: nontoxic and nonflammable refrigerant with zero ozone-depletion potential.
Due to the ability of oxygen depletion ASHRAE has established the maximum
refrigerant concentration limit (RCL). The RCL is 26 lbs/1,000 ft3 of room volume
for occupied spaces.

02. Referring to Standard 15

A VRF system is classified as A direct system/high-probability system. This is
because a refrigerant leak can potentially enter into the occupied space.

APPLICATION OF THE VRF SYSTEM 68

Apply ASHRAE Standard 15 requirements

Determine the occupancy classification for the rooms
Calculate room volume
Determine the amount of refrigerant in the system including

the outdoor unit, indoor units, and associated piping
Verify that the room is not too small using the following

formula:

Today's buildings are too inefficient, resulting in higher energy
consumption, building utilization, and cost-effectiveness. However, this
issue can be resolved by the application of modern technology in the
buildings or known as Smart buildings. It helps to make building
operations more efficient which can benefit users in a long term.
Although it requires a significant initial investment, it can save money
throughout its application such as saving maintenance and operating
costs. The rapid development of electrical and robotics technology leads
to the creation of smart equipment and hardware that can provide
more convenience and safety to building owners. Therefore, smart
buildings are a necessity for a developed society to move toward a more
modern and developed country.

69

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70

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