(m7)Cambridge-English-Advanced-Grammar-in-Use

Appendix 1 Passive verb forms

Present simple John tells me that you're thinking of leaving.
active: tell(s) I'm told (by John) that you're thinking of leaving.
passive: am/is/are told

Past simple John told me that you were leaving.
active: told I was told (by John) that you were leaving.
passive: was/were told

Present perfect John has told me that you are leaving.
active: have/has told I have been told (by John) that you are leaving.
passive: have/has been told

Past perfect John had already told me that you were leaving.
active: had told I had already been told (by John) that you
passive: had been told were leaving.

Present continuous John is always telling me that you are leaving.
active: am/is/are telling I am always being told (by John) that you are leaving.
passive: am/is/are being told

Past continuous John was always telling me that you were leaving.
active: was/were telling I was always being told (by John) that you were leaving.
passive: was/were being told

Future simple I will tell John that you are leaving.
active: will tell John will be told (by me) that you are leaving.
passive: will be told

Future perfect By tomorrow I will have told John that you are leaving.
active: will have told By tomorrow John will have been told that you
passive: will have been told are leaving.

Present perfect continuous (rare in the passive)

active: has/have been telling John has been telling me for ages that you are leaving.

passive: has/have been being I have been being told (by John) for ages that you

told are leaving.

Other passive verb forms are very rare.

Modal verbs with passives

active: should/could/might/ought to (etc.) tell You should tell John.
passive: should/could/might/ought to (etc.) be told John should be told.

active: should/could/might/ought to (etc.) have told You should have told John.

passive: should/could/might/ought to (etc.) have been told John should have been told.

active: should/could/might/ought to (etc.) have You should have been telling
been telling John while I was outside.
John should have been being
passive: should/could/might/ought to (etc.) have been told while I was outside.
being told

Other passive verb forms are very rare.
242

Appendix 2 Quoting what people think or what they

have said

A You put single ('...') or double ("...") quotation marks at the beginning and end of a report
of someone's exact spoken or written words. This is often referred to as direct speech:
• 'It's a pity you can't come this weekend.'
• "I'm really hungry. I fancy a cheese sandwich."

B If there is a reporting clause (e.g. she said, exclaimed Tom) after the quotation, you put a
comma before the second quotation mark:
• "I think we should go to India while we have the opportunity," argued Richard.
If you are quoting a question or exclamation, you use a question mark or exclamation
mark instead of a comma:
• "Can I make an appointment to see the doctor?" asked Bill.
• 'You must be mad!' yelled her brother.
If the reporting clause comes within the quotation, you put a comma before the second
quotation mark of the first part of the quotation, a comma at the end of the reporting clause,
and start the second part of the quotation with a lower case (not a capital) letter:
• "It tastes horrible," said Susan, "but it's supposed to be very good for you."
If the second part of the quotation is a new sentence you put a full stop at the end of the
reporting clause, and start the second part of the quotation with a capital letter:
• "You should go home," Sandra advised. "You're looking really ill."
If the reporting clause comes before the quotation, you put a comma at the end of the
reporting clause, and a full stop (or question or exclamation mark) at the end of the
quotation:
• John said, "Put them all on the top shelf."
A colon is sometimes used at the end of the reporting clause instead of a comma:
• She stood up and shouted to the children: "It's time to go home!"

C When you quote what a person thinks, you can either use the conventions described in A
and B, or separate the quotation from the reporting clause with a comma (or colon) and
leave out quotation marks:
• "Why did she look at me like that?" wondered Mary.
• Perhaps the door is open, thought Chris.
• Suddenly she thought: Could they be trying to trick me?

243

Appendix 3 Irregular verbs

bare past simple past participle bare past simple past participle
infinitive (-ed form) infinitive (-ed form)
arose fly flew flown
arise awoke arisen forbid forbade forbidden
awake was/were awoken forecast forecast forecast
be bore been forget forgot forgotten
bear beat borne forgave forgiven
became beaten forgive froze frozen
beat began become freeze got got
become bent begun
begin bet bent get gave given
bend bound bet went gone
bet bit bound give grew grown
bind bled bitten hung hung
bite blew bled go had had
bleed broke blown grow heard heard
blow brought broken hang1 hid hidden
break broadcast brought have hit hit
bring built broadcast hear held held
broadcast burnt built hide hurt hurt
build burst burnt hit kept kept
burn1 bought burst hold knelt knelt
burst cast bought knit knit
buy caught cast hurt knew known
chose caught keep laid laid
cast clung chosen kneel1 led led
catch clung knit1 leant leant
choose came know leapt leapt
cling cost came lay learnt learnt
crept cost left left
come cut crept lead lent lent
cost dealt cut lean1 let let
dug dealt leap1 lay lain
creep did dug learn1 lit lit
divedJ done lost lost
cut drew dived leave made made
deal dreamt drawn lend meant meant
dig drank dreamt let met met
do drove drunk lie4 mowed mown
dive dwelt driven light1 paid paid
draw ate dwelt lose proved proven
dream1 fell eaten make
drink fed fallen mean put put
drive felt fed meet quit quit
dwell1 fought felt mow2 read5 read5
eat found fought rode ridden
fall fit found pay rang rung
feed fled fit prove2
feel flung fled rose risen
fight flung put ran run
find quit sawed sawn
fit' read
flee ride
fling
ring

rise
run
saw2

244

Appendix3

bare past simple past participle bare past simple past participle
(-ed form) infinitive (-ed form)
infinitive said said spread spread spread
saw- seen sprang
say sought sought spring stood sprung
sold sold stand stole stood
i see sent sent steal stuck stolen
seek set set stick stung stuck
sewed sewn sting stank stung
sell shook shaken stink struck stunk
sheared shorn strike strove struck
send shed shed strive swore striven
shone shone swear swept sworn
set shot shot sweep swelled swept
sew2 showed shown swell2 swim swollen
shake shrank shrunk swim swung swum
shear2 shut shut swing took swung
sang sung take taught taken
shed sank sunk teach tore taught
sat sat told torn
shine slept slept tear thought told
slid slid tell threw thought
shoot slung slung think thrust thrown
smelt smelt throw trod thrust
show sowed sown thrust understood trodden
shrink spoke spoken tread woke understood
sped sped understand wore woken
shut spelt spelt wake' wove worn
spent spent wear wept woven
sing spun/span spun weave2 wet wept
sink spilt spilt weep won
spit/spat spit/spat wound wet
sit split split wet' wrung won
spoilt spoilt win wrote wound
sleep wind wrung
wring
slide written
sling write
smell1
sow2

speak
speed1
spell1

spend
spin
spill1
spit

split
spoil1

1 These verbs have two past simple and two past participle forms, both the ones given and

regular forms (e.g. burn; burnt/burned; burnt/burned).
2 These verbs have two past participle forms, the one given and a regular form (e.g. mow;

mowed; mown/mowed).
3 'dove' in American English.
4 When lie means 'deliberately to say something untrue' it is regular ('lie/lied/lied'}.
5 Pronounced /red/.

245

Appendix 4 Typical errors and corrections

UNIT1
1 This large goat is only living in the mountains of Switzerland. X

<•" This large goat only lives in the mountains of Switzerland. \/

2 I call to thank you for the present you sent. X
«*" I'm calling to thank you for the present you sent. •

UNIT2
1 John is resembling his older sister. X

•" John resembles his older sister. \/

2 The rise in demand for timber destroys large areas of rainforest. X
<•" The rise in demand for timber is destroying large areas of rainforest. */

UNIT3
1 I work at the University for over ten years now. X

•" I have worked at the University for over ten years now. •

2 When have you got here? X
"•" When did you get here? 1/

UNIT4
1 'Have you read a book called Plaiting for AnyaV 'Who has written it?' X

<•• 'Have you read a book called Waiting for AnyaV 'Who wrote it?' */
2 Charles is a gifted footballer, but up to now he didn't play well in international matches. X

•" Charles is a gifted footballer, but up to now he hasn't played well in international
matches, t/

UNIT5
1 We've seen Jean in town the other day. X

<*• We saw Jean in town the other day. •
2 Have you ever been to the opera when you lived in Milan? X

•" Did you ever go to the opera when you lived in Milan? t/

UNIT6
1 I was meeting a lot of interesting people while I was working in Norway. X

•" I met a lot of interesting people while I was working in Norway. 1/

2 Being in large crowds was always making her feel nervous. X
<•" Being in large crowds always made her feel nervous. ^

UNIT7
1 How long are you wearing glasses? X

*• How long have you been wearing (or ...have you worn) glasses? (She is still wearing
them.) •

2 We've been staying with Paul and Jenny until last weekend. X
••" We were staying with Paul and Jenny until last weekend. • (We don't use the present
perfect continuous with an expression (e.g. 'until') that refers to a finished period of
time.)

246

Appendix4

UNIT8
1 That's twice I've been forgetting to bring my diary to work this week. X

•" That's twice I've forgotten to bring my diary to work this week. t/
2 I've never been listening to any of Aguado's music before. X

•" I've never listened to any of Aguado's music before. V*

UNIT9
1 The new bridge had been opened six months ago. X

•* The new bridge was opened six months ago. t/

2 He just heard the news and was rushing home to tell his family. X
••" He had just heard the news and was rushing home to tell his family. ^

UNIT10
1 When I saw the vase, I knew it was exactly what I had looked for. X

•" When I saw the vase, I knew it was exactly what I had been looking for. •

2 I had been knowing Helen for a number of years. X
w I had known Helen for a number of years. ^

UNIT11
1 When I grow up I'll be an astronaut. X

w When I grow up I'm going to be an astronaut. f'

2 Len shan't be able to join us after all. X
<•* Len won't be able to join us after all. %/

UNIT12
1 Take your umbrella; it'll rain. X

«•" Take your umbrella; it's going to rain. • (We don't use 'will' to predict, on the basis of
some external evidence, that something will happen soon (see Unit 11B). In this case, the
speaker might see that it is very cloudy, or perhaps they have heard a weather forecast.)

2 The world's supply of oil is soon running out. X
•" The world's supply of oil will soon run out. •/

UNIT13
1 Put your coat on before you'll go out. X

•* Put your coat on before you go out. i/

2 I promise I call you as soon as I get home. X
•" I promise I will call you as soon as I get home. •

UNIT14
1 I won't be able to meet you next week. I will stay in London for a few days. X

w I won't be able to meet you next week. I will be staying in London for a few days. ^
(The future continuous is more likely than 'will'. The present continuous for the future
(T'm staying in London...') and the future continuous have a similar meaning here
(see 14B).)

2 Can I borrow your camera? I'll be giving it back to you tomorrow. X
•" Can I borrow your camera? I'll give it back to you tomorrow. \/ (a promise)

247

Appendix4

UNIT15
1 The army needs to change its image if more women will be recruited. X

*" The army needs to change its image if more women are to be recruited. ^

2 There's no point asking John for a lift - he will leave by now. X
*" There's no point asking John for a lift - he will have left by now. •

UNIT16
1 The last time I met John, he's getting on a train to go to Brussels. X

••" The last time I met John, he was getting on a train to go to Brussels. •

2 James was only to have discovered years afterwards that the painting he had sold for
a few dollars was actually worth thousands. X
'•" James was only to discover years afterwards that the painting he had sold for a few
dollars was actually worth thousands. V'

UNIT17
1 You'd better to leave now if you want to catch the last bus. X

*• You'd better leave now if you want to catch the last bus. • ('had fd) better' is followed
by a bare infinitive, without 'to')

2 If Tom can afford to go on holiday to the Bahamas, he should have lots of money. X
** If Tom can afford to go on holiday to the Bahamas, he must have lots of money. f'

UNIT18
1 I'm sure you will already hear the President's announcement. X

'•" I'm sure you will already have heard the President's announcement. ^

2 I didn't actually see the film, but from what I've read I'm sure I wouldn't enjoy it. X
<•" I didn't actually see the film, but from what I've read I'm sure I wouldn't have
enjoyed it. ^

UNIT19
1 We would have a cat, but one day it just disappeared. X

<*" We used to have a cat, but one day it just disappeared. ^

2 Before I went to university, I used to work as a carpenter for about five years. X
•" Before I went to university, I worked as a carpenter for about five years. »/

UNIT20
1 If the drought goes on much longer, there can be water rationing before the end of the

month. X
<*" If the drought goes on much longer, there may/might/could be water rationing before the

end of the month. ^ ('could' suggests that the speaker is less certain than if 'may' or
'might' are used)

2 May it snow this far south? X
*" Could it snow (or Is it likely to snow) this far south? ^

UNIT21
1 Her parents can have influenced her decision to resign. X

•" Her parents may/might/could have influenced her decision to resign. ^

2 I was in my office all day. You may have come to see me at any time. X
«•* I was in my office all day. You could/might have come to see me at any time. ^

248

Appendix4

UNIT22
1 I'm not able to believe she's 50. She looks much younger than that. X

«•" I can't believe she's 50. She looks much younger than that. •

2 After the trees have been cut back, we can see more of the garden from the sitting room. X
<•" After the trees have been cut back, we will be able to see more of the garden from the
sitting room. •

UNIT23
1 She was bruised quite badly in the accident. It has got to still hurt a lot. X

«" She was bruised quite badly in the accident. It must still hurt a lot. •

2 When I went to school we must learn Latin. X
*• When I went to school we had to learn Latin. t/

UNIT24
1 He didn't cook the dish himself so you mustn't eat it all. He won't be offended. X

*• He didn't cook the dish himself so you don't have to eat it all. He won't be offended. •

2 You needn't a special pass to get in. X
•" You needn't have a special pass to get in. or You don't need a special pass... •
('Needn't' acts as a modal verb here and should be followed by a bare infinitive.)

UNIT25

1 'Can I use the computer?' 'Of course you could'. X
«•" 'Can I use the computer?' 'Of course you can.' • ('can' is preferable to 'could' in giving
permission.)

2 He should like some milk, please. X
• • He would fd) like some milk, please, i/ (We only use 'should' with T or 'we' in making
a request.)

UNIT26

1 He appeared having trouble with his car. X
•" He appeared to be having trouble with his car. • (Notice that 'He appeared having
trouble with his car' would be possible if 'appeared' means something like 'arrived' or
'came into view'. We would understand the sentence to mean 'He appeared (= arrived) -
and he was having trouble with his car.')

2 The police got suspicious of two men looking into all the cars. X
«•" The police became (or grew) suspicious of two men looking into all the cars. */

UNIT27
1 He would have a distinction in the exam, but he answered question two badly. X

<•" He would have got a distinction in the exam, but he answered question two badly. %/

2 It's not worth having the trouble to write to him. He never replies. X
•*• It's not worth taking the trouble to write to him. He never replies. •

UNIT28
1 We made some research into the state of the Swedish car industry. X

<•• We did some research into the state of the Swedish car industry, i/

2 I'm afraid I did a mistake in the calculation. X
<•" I'm afraid I made a mistake in the calculation. ^

249

Appendix4

UNIT29
1 The fence was collapsed during the storm. X

»• The fence collapsed during the storm. • (With this meaning, 'collapsed' is intransitive.)

2 Before his lecture Professor Taylor was introduced us. X
•" Before his lecture Professor Taylor was introduced to us. ^

UNIT30
1 The orchestra was conducted. X

<•" Possible correction: The orchestra was conducted by Simon Rattle, (or The orchestra was
conducted well.) • We usually have to complete the 'sense' of some verbs by mentioning
the agent or giving some other additional information.

UNIT31
1 Jane was remembered leaving the house at about 2.00. X

•" (Somebody) remembered Jane leaving the house at about 2.00. • (No passive is
possible)

2 The children were wanted to come with me. X
'*" The children wanted to come with me. »/ (No passive is possible)

UNIT32
1 It has been told that the road will be closed tomorrow for repairs. X

'«• Suggested correction: It has been announced that the road will be closed tomorrow for
repairs. »/

2 John was decided to chair the meeting. X
** It was decided that John would/should chair the meeting. •

UNIT33
1 What you would like to drink? X

•" What would you like to drink? ^ (The auxiliary verb 'would' comes before the subject
'you')

2 I asked Tony how was he getting to Brussels. X
*" I asked Tony how he was getting to Brussels. »/ (The subject of the wh-clause 'he'
comes before the verb 'was (getting)')

UNIT34
1 Have not you finished your homework yet? X

•" Haven't you finished your homework yet? ^ (We use n't, not not after the auxiliary to
make a negative question.)

2 Haven't you got nobody to help you? X
<•* Haven't you got anybody to help you? or Have you got nobody to help you? ^ (In
standard English we don't use not with a negative word such as nobody, nothing,
nowhere, etc.)

UNIT35
1 I've forgotten my watch. Which time do you make it? X

'«• I've forgotten my watch. What time do you make it? (= What time is it?) ^

2 Who are coming to your party? X
** Who's coming to your party? ^

250

Appendix4

UNIT36
1 There's no need for you to help cook the meal. Just sit down and enjoy. X

*" Just sit down and enjoy it. • ('enjoy' is transitive) (In current informal spoken English,
some people - particularly young people - use 'enjoy' intransitively. For example, you
might hear 'Just sit down and enjoy.' or simply 'Enjoy!' This is particularly common in
North American English.)

2 A: Tom's 50 tomorrow. B: Yes, I know it. X
'•" Yes, I know. • (In most of its meanings, 'know' is transitive. However, in short
answers like this we don't use 'it' (an object).)

UNIT37
1 I refuse you to go on the trip. X

<•" Possible correction: I refuse to allow you to go on the trip. */

2 He made me to do it. X
<*" He made me do it. •/

UNIT38
1 Did you remember buying some milk on your way home? X

<•" Did you remember to buy some milk on your way home? •

2 If the stain doesn't come out of your shirt when you wash it, try to soak it first in bleach. X
<*" If the stain doesn't come out of your shirt when you wash it, try soaking it first in
bleach. •

UNIT39
1 He advised me giving up smoking. X

*• He advised giving up smoking, or He advised me to give up smoking, t/

2 I heard a bottle smashing. X
•" I heard a bottle smash. •

UNIT40
1 I told where we should meet. X

'*" I told him where we should meet. ^ (An object is necessary)

2 She asked me the way how to get to the city centre. X
** She asked me the way to the city centre, or She asked me how to get to the city centre, t/
(We don't use 'how' and 'the way' together)

3 She debated if to tell her mother about the accident. X
*" She debated whether to tell her mother about the accident. •*

UNIT41
1 When I went to the dentist last week I got two teeth taken out. X

<•" When I went to the dentist last week I had two teeth taken out. t/ (Although 'got' might
be used in informal English, 'had' is more likely here because it is normally dentists that
decide to take teeth out. The sentence with 'get' suggests that the speaker decided to have
the teeth taken out.) '...I had two teeth out.' is also possible.

2 I'd like this parcel to send to Malaysia, please. How much will it cost? X
*• I'd like this parcel sent to Malaysia, please, or I'd like to send this parcel to Malaysia,
please. ^

251

Appendix4

UNIT42
1 I asked the way to him. X

<•• I asked him the way. \/

2 She said me good-bye. X
*" She said good-bye to me. i/

UNIT43
1 'Why isn't David coming to eat with us?' 'He didn't say he was very hungry.' X

<•" 'Why isn't David coming to eat with us?' 'He said he wasn't very hungry.' •
(Reporting: 'I'm not very hungry.')

2 An announcement was made in parliament today there has been a sharp fall in
unemployment. X
•" An announcement was made in parliament today that there has been a sharp fall in
unemployment. ^

UNIT44
1 The doctor reassured that the operation was a very routine one. X

•" The doctor reassured me that the operation was a very routine one. ^ (An object is
needed before the that-clause.)

2 I suggested Bob that he should try the supermarket in the High Street. X
•" I suggested to Bob that he should try the supermarket in the High Street. ^ (The
preposition 'to' is needed before the object.)

UNIT45
1 Your mother tells me you were still hoping to become a vet. X

•" Your mother tells me you are still hoping to become a vet. %/

2 The student confessed that he hasn't done his homework. X
<•" The student confessed that he hadn't done his homework. ^

UNIT46
1 I've just been talking your mother. I understood (from her) that you're very worried about

your exams. X
<•" I've just been talking your mother. I understand (from her) that you're very worried

about your exams. ^

2 Mary said about her holiday to the rest of the class. X
** Mary talked about her holiday to the rest of the class, or Mary told the rest of the class
about her holiday. •

UNIT47
1 The doctor advised to cut down on fatty foods. X

<•" The doctor advised me to cut down on fatty foods. */ (An object is needed between the
verb and to-infinitive clause.)

2 I asked to my brother if I could borrow his bike. X
•" I asked my brother if I could borrow his bike. i/ (We ask someone something; we don't
ask 'to' someone.)

252

Appendix4

UNIT48
1 The conditions of the will state that he do not sell the property within five years. X

*• The conditions of the will state that he not sell the property within five years. • (In a
negative subjunctive we do not use 'do'. Note that '...he should not sell...' is also
possible.)

UNIT49
1 When Jenny phoned last week, she said that she will be arriving this morning. But she hasn't

turned up. X
** When Jenny phoned last week, she said that she would be arriving this morning. But she

hasn't turned up. f'

2 John told me he shall be in Hong Kong in August. X
'*• John told me he would be in Hong Kong in August, i/

UNIT50
1 The equipments were faulty. X

<•* The equipment was faulty. i/

2 The company is now doing a lot of businesses in South America. X
*• The company is now doing a lot of business in South America. V'

UNIT51
1 The contrast between Britain and other countries in Europe are striking. X

<•* The contrast between Britain and other countries in Europe is striking. •

2 The staff of the company is holding a meeting to discuss the pay offer. X
«•* The staff of the company are holding a meeting to discuss the pay offer. */

UNIT52
1 120 miles are too far to travel. X

*" 120 miles is too far to travel. ^

2 40% of people under the age of 25 is unemployed. X
•* 40% of people under the age of 25 are unemployed. «/

UNIT53
1 It belongs to a friend of him. X

<•" It belongs to a friend of his. i/ (We use a possessive pronoun in this ...of + noun...
pattern.)

2 They went on a three months training course. X
<•* They went on a three months' (or three month) training course. •

UNIT54
1 We put our empty bottles in a bottles bank for recycling. X

<•* We put our empty bottles in a bottle bank for recycling. • (A 'bottle bank' is a large
container which people put glass bottles in so that the glass can be used again.)

2 I've got two brother-in-laws. X
<•* I've got two brothers-in-law. »/

253

Appendix4

UNIT55
• 1 She bought me a chocolate box for my birthday. X

<•" She bought me a box of chocolates for my birthday. • (A 'chocolate box' would mean a
box designed for putting chocolates in, which seems unlikely here.)

2 There have been three breaks-in in this street this month. X
<•" There have been three break-ins in this street this month. t/ (A 'break-in' is when a
criminal gets into a building by, for example, smashing a window, in order to steal things.)

UNIT56
1 I hope to go on to study for a MA in Applied Linguistics. X

<•" I hope to go on to study for an MA in Applied Linguistics. •

2 Have you got one pen you could lend me? X
•" Have you got a pen you could lend me? f'

UNIT57
1 Lucy is lawyer, like her father. X

<•" Lucy is a lawyer, like her father. f'

2 For most of the journey there was the clear blue sky. X
«•" For most of the journey there was clear blue sky. •

UNIT58
1 Can you shut a door after you, please. X

•" Can you shut the door after you, please. • (The hearer will know which door we mean.)

2 She pointed to a mark on the carpet. A stain was about 4 centimetres across. X
<*" She pointed to a mark on the carpet. The stain was about 4 centimetres across. f' ('The
stain...' refers to 'the mark' previously mentioned.)

UNIT59
1 When I was young, I used to collect some stamps as a hobby. X

<•• When I was young, I used to collect stamps as a hobby. ^

2 For some reasons, Megan doesn't want to come on holiday with us. X
•* For some reason, Megan doesn't want to come on holiday with us. •

UNIT60
1 Soup I had last night was too salty. X

•" The soup I had last night was too salty. •

2 A can opener was invented in 1862. X
•" The can opener was invented in 1862. • (We use 'The', not 'A', because we are talking
about the invention of can openers in general (= a class of items).)

UNIT61
1 Woodwards live in the house next door. X

<•" The Woodwards (= the Woodward family) live in the house next door. •

2 She plans to go to the college after she's finished the school. X
*" She plans to go to college after she's finished school. ^ (We use zero article if the speaker
is talking about 'college' and 'school' as institutions, rather than a particular college and a
particular school known to the hearer.)

254

Appendix4

UNIT62
1 The day after the Christmas Day is called the Boxing Day. X

*• The day after Christmas Day is called Boxing Day. i/

2 You can see the stars most clearly around the midnight. X
*" You can see the stars most clearly around midnight. ^

UNIT63
1 Did you buy any tomato when you went shopping? X

w Did you buy any (or some) tomatoes when you went shopping? t/ ('Any' and 'some' are
not usually used with singular countable nouns. 'Some' might be used here when we
expect the answer to be 'yes'.)

2 I've never seen somebody that tall before. X
<•" I've never seen anybody (or anyone) that tall before. */ ('Somebody' is not usually used
in sentences with a negative meaning.)

UNIT64
1 There isn't many traffic along the street where I live. X

*•" There isn't much traffic along the street where I live. */ (We use 'much', not 'many' with
uncountable nouns.)

2 She has to do lot of travelling in her job. X
*" She has to do a lot of travelling in her job. ^ (We say 'a lot of, not 'lot of.)

UNIT65
1 All seemed to go wrong. X

•" Everything seemed to go wrong. t^

2 The whole Auckland was affected by the power cut. X
«• The whole of Auckland was affected by the power cut. ^ (With proper nouns, 'of is
necessary. Other examples include 'The whole of the Midlands', 'The whole of Wall
Street...'.)

3 Their both children had chickenpox at the same time. X
<•* Both (of) their children had chickenpox at the same time. • (We put 'both' before a
determiner (their, his, the, etc.), not after it.)

UNIT66
1 Each buses owned by the company are washed once a week. X

"•" Each bus owned by the company is washed once a week. *^

2 Before going into the temple, everyone has to take off his shoes. X
•~ Before going into the temple, everyone has to take off their shoes. • (We use 'their',
referring back to 'everyone', when 'everyone' does not indicate a specific gender.)

UNIT67
1 When I tried on my three white shirts, I found that not any of them fitted me any more. X

•* When I tried on my three white shirts, I found that none of them fitted me any more. ^
2 None of the furniture have arrived yet. X

<•" None of the furniture has arrived yet. ^

255

Appendix 4

UNIT68
1 Unfortunately, few of our houseplants died while we were away on holiday. X

•" Unfortunately, a few of our houseplants died while we were away on holiday. ^

2 It cost fewer than twenty pounds. X
*• It cost less than twenty pounds. \/

UNIT69
1 All us were exhausted after flying back from Japan. X

*" All of us were exhausted after flying back from Japan, (or We were all exhausted) i/

2 All of the reptiles lay eggs. X
<•" All reptiles lay eggs, t/ (This is more likely if we are talking about the class (reptiles) in
general.)

UNIT70
1 The boy threw the stone who is wearing the yellow shirt. X

w The boy who is wearing the yellow shirt threw the stone. t/

2 The car that I had it in 1990 was blue. X
<*- The car that I had in 1990 was blue. •

UNIT71
1 My mother who is in her seventies enjoys hill walking. X

<•* My mother, who is in her seventies, enjoys hill walking. • (In 'My mother who is in her
seventies enjoys' the underlined clause is a defining relative clause (see Unit 70). This
would suggest I had more than one mother and I am talking about the one who is in her
seventies. This would be nonsense.)

2 My older brother, you'll meet later, is a dentist. X
<*" My older brother, who you'll meet later, is a dentist, t/

UNIT72
1 He lived at the top of an old house which attic had been converted into a flat. X

*" He lived at the top of an old house whose attic had been converted into a flat. •"

2 'Do you like your present?' 'It's just the thing what I was hoping for.' X
<•" 'Do you like your present?' 'It's just the thing (that) I was hoping for.' (or It's just
what...) •

3 You are free to do whatever you will want. X
«•• You are free to do whatever you want. */ (We use the present simple to refer to the
future after whatever, etc.)

UNIT73
1 The valley in which the power station is located in is to the north of the city. X

*• The valley in which the power station is located is to the north of the city, i/ (If the
relative clause begins with a preposition, we don't use a second preposition later.)

2 You don't mean to tell me that's the man to whom you paid the money. X
«• You don't mean to tell me that's the man (who/that) you paid the money to? • ('...to
whom you paid the money?' would be very unlikely in this informal context.)

256

Appendix4

UNIT74
1 The man breaking the window wants to see you. X

'*" The man who broke the window wants to see you. •" (We can't use an -ing clause
instead of a defining relative clause to talk about a single, completed action.)

2 I recognised Joan easily. She was the only woman worn a red and green hat. X
•" I recognised Joan easily. She was the only woman (who was) wearing a red and green
hat. (or woman who wore) • (We don't use a past participle clause instead of a
defining relative clause with an active verb.)

UNIT75
1 Opening the book, the pages had been drawn on. X

** Opening the book, I noticed that the pages had been drawn on. U' (The subject of the
main clause should be the same as the implied subject of the -ing clause, T.)

2 Waiting in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realised that he had left his wallet at
home. X
«•" Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realised that he had left his
wallet at home. • ('Waiting in the queue for half an hour' is relatively long compared
with 'suddenly realising...', so we use a clause beginning 'Having + past participle')

UNIT76
1 'What did you do to your hand?' 'I cut me when I was chopping vegetables.' X

••" 'What did you do to your hand?' 'I cut myself when I was chopping vegetables.' •
2 My sister drew herself the picture. X

<*" My sister drew the picture herself. ^

UNIT77
1 The coffee in this coffee shop is the best one in town. X

<*" The coffee in this coffee shop is the best in town. •
2 There are a number of reasons I don't like him, but his meanness is the main. X

«•" There are a number of reasons I don't like him, but his meanness is the main one. •

UNIT78
1 The car's in good condition. They told so at the garage. X

<•" The car's in good condition. They told me so at the garage, (or They told me at the
garage.) • (We only use tell + so after an object ('me') referring to a person.)

2 'Do you think Paul will remember your birthday?' i don't suspect so.' X
«•"• 'Do you think Paul will remember your birthday?' 'I suspect not.' i/

UNIT79
1 Nobody else seemed to enjoy Simon's singing - but I did so. X

<•" Nobody else seemed to enjoy Simon's singing - but I did. ^
2 I never dreamed the exhibition would be a such success. X

'«• I never dreamed the exhibition would be such a success. • (We put 'such' before 'a/an'.

257

Appendix4

UNIT80
1 He has a shave every morning, but you wouldn't think he had. X

•" He has a shave every morning, but you wouldn't think he did. •
2 John was late, as I predicted he might. X

<•" John was late, as I predicted he might be. ^

UNIT 81
1 'Will you see Beth when you're in Sydney?' 'Yes, I hope.' X

*• 'Will you see Beth when you're in Sydney?' 'Yes, I hope to.' »/ ('Yes, I hope so.' is also
possible.)

2 They asked me to go fishing with them, but I didn't want. X
<•• They asked me to go fishing with them, but I didn't want to. i/

UNIT82
1 The sorry boy apologised to his teacher. X

*• The boy was sorry and he apologised to his teacher. ^
2 She asked the opposite man the time. X

«•" She asked the man opposite the time, i/

UNIT83
1 ...a very impossible job... X

*• Possible correction: ...a completely impossible job... •/
2 ...absolutely rich... X

<•" Possible correction: ...hugely rich... ^
3 'How are you?' 'I'm very fine, thanks.' X

*• Possible correction: 'How are you?' 'I'm very well, thanks.' • (When 'fine' means
'well', it is an ungradable adjective, so we don't say 'very fine'.)

4 ...a Brazilian very good coffee... X
•* Possible correction: ...a very good Brazilian coffee... %/

UNIT84
1 ...a terrible difficult problem... X

•" ...a terribly difficult problem... • (We use the adverb 'terribly' to modify the adjective
'difficult'.)

2 She speaks French very good. X
•" She speaks French very well. ^

UNIT85
1 We apologise for any caused inconvenience. X

•" We apologise for any inconvenience caused. ^
2 The report provides worried evidence of the spread of the disease. X

•* The report provides worrying evidence of the spread of the disease. •

258

Appendix4

UNIT86
1 The strikes were mainly concerned about working conditions. X

'«" The strikes were mainly concerned with working conditions. »/

2 He's keen on play football. X
•" He's keen on playing football. »/

UNIT87
1 I felt confident to pass my driving test. X

•" I felt confident that I would pass my driving test, (or I felt confident about passing...) •

2 I find amazing that she has turned down the opportunity to go to California. X
<•" I find it amazing that she has turned down the opportunity to go to California, t/

UNIT88
1 A good curry is my most favourite meal. X

•" A good curry is my favourite meal. ^

2 He was not sufficiently informed enough to understand all the implications. X
*" He was not sufficiently informed to understand... or He was not informed enough to
understand... i/

3 I haven't got enough cash on me for paying the bill. X
<*" I haven't got enough cash on me to pay the bill. \/

UNIT89
1 She was doing as efficient job as she could. X

«•" She was doing as efficient a job as she could. •

2 Applications have risen this year by as many as 50%. X
<•* Applications have risen this year by as much as 50%. \/

UNIT90
1 I see often my uncle. X

** I often see my uncle. \/

2 Clive is in Germany a teacher. X
"•" Clive is a teacher in Germany. f'

UNIT91
1 We had always to wear a uniform at school. X

'•" We always had to wear a uniform at school. »/

2 We tomorrow are flying to Kuala Lumpur. X
<*" Tomorrow we are flying to Kuala Lumpur, or We are flying to Kuala Lumpur
tomorrow, t/

UNIT92
1 We very admired their music. X

'«• We (very) much admired their music, (or ...greatly admired...) ^

2 She's quite younger than me. X
•" She's rather / a lot younger than me. • (We can't use 'quite' before a comparative
form.)

259

Appendix4

UNIT93
1 She even may help you if you ask. X

<*• She may even help you if you ask. ^ ('even' goes in mid position)

UNIT94
1 Have something to eat before you will go. X

*" Have something to eat before you go. f'

2 When you will have finished, do exercise 6. X
•" When you have finished, do exercise 6. f'

UNIT95
1 I was driving under the bridge as a football hit my window. X

*" I was driving under the bridge when a football hit my window. ^

2 We stayed in Jim's flat during he was on holiday. X
'*• We stayed in Jim's flat while/when he was on holiday. • (or ...during the time that he
was on holiday.) ('During' is a preposition, not a conjunction, so it comes at the
beginning of a noun phrase, not a subordinate clause.)

UNIT96
1 Because I'd lost my watch, so I was late for the meeting. X

(•• Because I'd lost my watch, I was late for the meeting, or I'd lost my watch, so I was late
for the meeting, t/ (We don't use 'because' and 'so' together in a sentence.)

2 We couldn't go sailing because the weather. X
<»" We couldn't go sailing because of the weather. ^

3 I couldn't understand the instructions due to I don't know German. X
*• I couldn't understand the instructions because I don't know German. •

UNIT97
1 I got up at 6 o'clock not to be late for the interview. X

*• I got up at 6 o'clock so as not to be late for the interview. »/

2 He went to Scotland for playing golf. X
<•" He went to Scotland to play golf. •

UNIT98
1 Although they played well, but they never looked like winning. X

•" Although they played well, they never looked like winning, or They played well, but they
never looked like winning. %/ (We don't normally use two conjunctions in the same
sentence.)

2 Despite the snow was still falling heavily, she went out. X
•" Despite the heavy snow, she went out. (or Although it was snowing heavily, or Despite
the fact that it was snowing heavily) ^ ('Despite' is a preposition, so it can't be followed
by a clause with a finite verb.)

UNIT99
1 Peter had avoided the traffic jam if he'd set out a bit earlier. X

•* Peter would have avoided the traffic jam if he'd set out a bit earlier. •

2 If I would know what you wanted, I'd help you. X
<•" If I knew what you wanted, I'd help you. \/

260

Appendix4

UNIT100
1 If Schumacher will win today he would become world champion. X

'*" If Schumacher were to win today he would become world champion. ^

2 I will be grateful if you will send me a copy of your latest catalogue. X
<*" I would (or should) be grateful if you could (or would) send me a copy of your latest
catalogue. • (In a formal request in a letter we use the pattern 'I would/should be
grateful if you could/would')

UNIT101
1 He won't be able to go to university unless he doesn't pass his exams. X

<•* He won't be able to go to university unless he passes his exams, (or ...to university if he
doesn't pass...) */

2 I don't know if or not it's true. X
*" I don't know whether or not it's true, or I don't know if it's true or not. •

3 Supposing if you don't get the job. What will you do then? X
<•" Supposing you don't get the job - what will you do then? ^ (We don't use 'supposing'
and 'if together.)

UNIT102
1 Since setting up, the charity has raised a million dollars. X

<•* Since being set up, the charity has raised a million dollars. ^ (A passive is more
appropriate here.)

2 Don't use the computer without to ask Mark's permission first. X
<*" Don't use the computer without asking Mark's permission first. ^ ('Without' is a
preposition and should be followed by the -ing form of a verb.)

UNIT103
1 She got low grades for her exams, therefore she had to retake them to get into college. X

•" She got low grades for her exams. Therefore, she had to retake them to get into college.
(or ...exams, and therefore she had to...) ^

2 I had to go into work even so I was feeling terrible. X
«•" I had to go into work even though I was feeling terrible, t/

UNIT104
1 We land in Kansai Airport, at Japan, at 3.00 on Wednesday. X

•~ We land at Kansai Airport, in Japan, at 3.00 on Wednesday. •

2 She lives in 38 Middle Street. X
•" She lives at 38 Middle Street. •

UNIT105
1 He'd left his papers all across the room. X

•" He'd left his papers all over the room, (or ...right across the room.) t/

2 She'd hung her coat above the back of her chair. X
•" She hung her coat over the back of her chair. ^

261

Appendix4

UNIT106
1 I would never find him between the thousands of refugees in the camp. X

•*" I would never find him among the thousands of refugees in the camp. •
2 I sat nearby your sister at the concert. X

<•" I sat near your sister at the concert. \/ ('Nearby' is not used as a preposition. It can be
used as an adverb, e.g. She lives nearby, or as an adjective, e.g. In a nearby house...) \/

UNIT107
1 Air travel expanded enormously at the second half of the twentieth century. X

•* Air travel expanded enormously in the second half of the twentieth century. */
2 We went for dinner at Dorothy's on last night. X

<*" We went for dinner at Dorothy's last night. »/

UNIT108
1 David accompanied me in my trip to Nepal. X

*• David accompanied me during my trip to Nepal. \/
2 Competition entries must be received until 12.00 on 30 September. X

<•" Competition entries must be received by 12.00 on 30 September. •

UNIT109
1 The island was uninhabited except sheep. X

••* The island was uninhabited except for sheep, t/
2 She's incredibly rich. She has two other houses except for her house in London. X

<*" She's incredibly rich. She has two other houses besides (or as well as / in addition to) her
house in London. ^

UNIT110
1 He's always complaining on his younger brother. X

<«• He's always complaining about his younger brother. \/
2 I'd lost my front door key and I had to smash a window by a brick to get in. X

<•" I'd lost my front door key and I had to smash a window with a brick to get in. •

UNIT 111
1 I know the break-in, but haven't heard any details yet. X

•* I know about/of the break-in, but haven't heard any details yet. \/ ('of is more formal
than 'about')

2 Hello, I'm phoning to enquire after the availability of tickets for tonight's concert. X
<•" Hello, I'm phoning to enquire about the availability of tickets for tonight's concert. •

3 Why on earth were you waving that knife around? What were you thinking about? X
** Why on earth were you waving that knife around? What were you thinking of? f'
(When we want to express our shock or anger at somebody's actions, we can ask the
question 'What were you thinking of?' (not ...thinking about?)

262

Appendix4

UNIT112
1 'Why are you leaving?' 'I don't like being laughed about.' X

«•" 'Why are you leaving?' 'I don't like being laughed at.' ^

2 The arrangements were agreed with at the meeting on the 3rd June last year. X
"•" The arrangements were agreed to (or on) at the meeting on the 3rd June last year.
(= everybody agreed that the arrangements should be approved) •*

UNIT113
1 Do you care if I smoke a cigar? X

<•" Do you mind if I smoke a cigar? ^ (We use 'Do (or Would) you mind...' (not 'Do you
care...') as a polite way of asking permission to do something. We also use 'don't mind'
(not 'don't care') if we say that we don't object to something, e.g. I don't mind the smell
of garlic. However, we can use either 'don't mind' or 'don't care' without a following
preposition to say that we have no strong preference for a particular thing, e.g. I don't
care/mind which way we go.)

2 I've been wondering at taking up skating as a hobby. X
<*" I've been wondering about taking up skating as a hobby. ^

UNIT114
1 She went to Helsinki to polish her Finnish up. X

«•" More likely is: She went to Helsinki to polish up her Finnish. •

2 My father was always ordering about my sister. X
•~ My father was always ordering my sister about. ^

UNIT115
1 Suddenly, it was a loud bang from outside. X

•" Suddenly, there was a loud bang from outside. i/

2 There has been many problems with the new bridge. X
<•" There have been many problems with the new bridge. ^

UNIT116
1 Difficult to know is why she left her job. X

"•" It is difficult to know why she left her job. •

2 It was accepted to send a letter of complaint. X
'•" It was accepted that a letter of complaint should be sent, or It was accepted that I/we
should send a letter of complaint. \/ (We don't use a to-infinitive clause after 'It was/is
(etc.) accepted...')

UNIT117
1 I find difficult to understand how she could have got lost. X

<•" I find it difficult to understand how she could have got lost. •"

2 I view it unacceptable that students should be late for my classes. X
*" I view it as unacceptable that students should be late for my classes. ^

UNIT118
1 It was because of his headache why he didn't come to the party. X

•* It was because of his headache that he didn't come to the party. •

263

Appendix4
UNIT119
1 Outside his house were playing two children on bicycles. X
*" Outside his house two children on bicycles were playing. •
2 The door opened and in went we. X
•" The door opened and in we went. \/ (We don't invert subject and verb when the subject
is a pronoun.)
UNIT120
1 There never had been a tennis match like it. X
<•" There had never been a tennis match like it. v' (We don't use inversion when the
negative adverbial is not at the beginning of a clause.)
2 So tired David was that he went straight to bed. X
** So tired was David that he went straight to bed. ^

264

Glossary speaking; adverbs of indefinite
frequency (e.g. always, never);
active degree adverbs (e.g. completely,
In an active clause or active sentence, quite) which give information about
the grammatical subject is the person the extent or degree of something;
or thing that performs the action focus adverbs (e.g. just, even) which
given in the verb (e.g. Geoff wrote we use to focus on a particular word
the book). Compare PASSIVE. or phrase.

adjective adverbial clause
A word that describes a noun (e.g. an A type of SUBORDINATE CLAUSE that
interesting book) or a pronoun (e.g. a says when, how, where, etc.
big one). Gradable adjectives can be something happens (e.g. Before I
used to say that a person or thing has went to school this morning, I did
more or less of this quality (e.g. She's my homework).
very happy), while ungradable
adjectives can't (e.g. It's impossible. adverbial phrase
We can't say '...very impossible'). A group of words that says when,
Classifying adjectives say that how, where, etc. something happens
something is of a particular type (e.g. (e.g. with a great deal of noise, about
atomic, initial). Emphasising a week ago).
adjectives stress how strongly we feel
about something (e.g. utter affirmative sentence
nonsense). A statement (i.e. not a question) that
is positive, not negative.
adjective phrase
A group of words where the main agent
word is an adjective (e.g. It's The person or thing that performs
extremely important; It wasn't strong the action described in a verb.
enough). Usually it is the subject in an active
clause and comes after 'by...' in a
adverb passive clause.
A word that describes or gives more
information (when, how, where, etc.) auxiliary verbs
about a verb (e.g. He ran quickly),
adjective (e.g. an extremely expensive The verbs be, have and do when they
car), another adverb (e.g. She's doing are used with a main verb to form
very well), or phrase (e.g. They live questions, negatives, tenses, passive
just across the road.). Types of forms, etc. MODAL VERBS are also
adverb include: adverbs of manner auxiliary verbs.
which we use to say how something
is done (e.g. slowly, violently); clause
connecting adverbs (e.g.
consequently, similarly); time A group of words that contains a
adverbs (e.g. tomorrow, already); verb. A clause may be a complete
place adverbs (e.g. upstairs, outside); sentence or a part of a sentence. A
comment adverbs (e.g. apparently, main clause can exist as a separate
personally) which we use to make a sentence, while a subordinate clause
comment on what we are saying; cannot (e.g. If I see Tony at work
viewpoint adverbs (e.g. financially, (= subordinate clause), I'll invite him
politically) which we use to make over this evening (= main clause)).
clear from what point of view we are Types of clause include: since-clause
(e.g. I haven't seen him since we left

265

Glossary

school); that-clause (e.g. She said that conjunction
she was thirsty); wh-clause (e.g. I A word such as and, but, if, while,
asked Sandra where she was going); after, because which connects words,
it-clause (e.g. It's not surprising that phrases, or clauses in a sentence.
you're feeling cold); what-clause (e.g.
What I want to do is buy a better countable
computer); if-clause (e.g. If you leave A countable noun can be both
now, you'll be home by 10.00); singular and plural (e.g. cup/cups).
whether-clause (e.g. You have to take An uncountable noun doesn't have a
the exam whether you want to or plural form (e.g. electricity, but not
not); -ing clause (e.g. Feeling hungry, 'electricities').
I went into the kitchen); past
participle (-ed) clause (e.g. Built determiner
during the 1950s, the building is now A word that goes in front of a noun to
in need of repair); being past identify what the noun refers to (e.g.
participle (-ed) clause (e.g. Being this, some, the, a/an, each, all, my).
unemployed, Tom had a lot of time
on his hands); having past participle direct speech
(-ed) clause (e.g. Having seen the Speech that is written using the exact
doctor, I went straight home). words of the speaker, without any
changes. Compare REPORTED SPEECH.
complement
A word or phrase that follows a dynamic verb
LINKING VERB and describes the A verb that describes an action (e.g.
SUBJECT (e.g. Linda is a lawyer) or walk, throw). Compare STATE VERB.
OBJECT (e.g. I found the food inedible).
finite verb
completion A verb that has a tense (e.g. She
A completion is an ADVERBIAL or waited; She is waiting for you). Non-
finite verb forms are INFINITIVES
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE w h i c h (e.g. He came to see me) and
PARTICIPLE forms (e.g. Shouting
completes the meaning of a verb. loudly, I was able to make myself
Some verbs need a completion (e.g. heard; Born in Germany, he now
The disease originated in Britain; lives in France).
'The disease originated' would be
incomplete). imperative
An imperative clause uses the BARE
compound INFINITIVE form of a verb for such
A compound noun consists of two or things as giving orders and making
more words together used as a noun suggestions (e.g. Go to bed!).
(e.g. a language school). A compound
adjective consists of two or more infinitive
words together used as an adjective The form of a verb that usually goes
(e.g. They were well-behaved). after 'to'. The form can be either the
to-infinitive (e.g. to sing, to eat) or
conditional the bare infinitive (e.g. sing, eat).
A conditional clause usually starts
with 'if, but other patterns are intransitive verb
possible (e.g. Had it not rained, A verb that doesn't take an object
England would have won). A (e.g. She smiled). Compare
conditional sentence is one
containing a conditional clause. TRANSITIVE VERB.

266

Glossary

inversion passive
Changing the usual word order so In a passive clause or passive
that the verb comes before the sentence, the grammatical subject is
subject (e.g. Up went the balloon). the person or thing that experiences
the effect of the action given in the
linking verb verb (e.g. The book was written by
A verb (e.g. be, become, appear) that Geoff.). Compare ACTIVE.
connects a SUBJECT with its
performative verb
COMPLEMENT. A verb which states the action that is
performed when a speaker uses the
modal verbs verb (e.g. I promise I'll do it
A group of verbs (can, could, dare, tomorrow; I apologise).
may, might, must, need, ought to,
shall, should, will, would, used to) possessive
that give information about such The possessive form of a noun ends
things as possibility, necessity, and in either -'s (e.g. Mark's car) or -s'
obligation. (e.g. the girls' changing room).

noun preposition
A word that refers to a person, place, A word such as in, on, by that comes
thing, quality, etc. A proper noun is before a noun, pronoun, noun phrase
the name of a particular person, or -ing form (e.g. in March, above
place or thing (e.g. John Todd, my uncle's head, by investing).
Berlin, Sydney Opera House).
prepositional phrase
noun phrase A group of words that consists of a
A group of words where the main preposition and its prepositional
word is a noun (e.g. I've been talking object (a noun, pronoun, noun
to the woman across the road; We phrase or -ing form) (e.g. behind our
spoke to several small children). house, across it).

object pronoun
The person or thing affected by the A word that is used instead of a noun
action of the verb or that is involved or noun phrase. Pronouns include
in the result of the action (e.g. I put personal pronouns (e.g. I, she, me),
the book back on the shelf). reflexive pronouns (e.g. myself,
Compare SUBJECT. herself), and RELATIVE PRONOUNS
(e.g. who, which).
participle
The present participle is the '-ing' quantifier
form of a verb (e.g. walking, singing, A word or phrase that goes before a
eating) used, for example, in noun or noun phrase to talk about
continuous tenses. The past participle the quantity of something (e.g. a little
is the '-ed' form of a verb (e.g. water, many of the women in the
walked, sung, eaten) used, for room).
example, in perfect tenses. A
participle adjective is one formed relative clause
from the present or past participle of A kind of SUBORDINATE CLAUSE that
a verb (e.g. the candidates applying, describes a noun that comes before it
a broken plate). in a MAIN CLAUSE. A defining relative

267

Glossary

clause says which person or thing is subjunctive
being talked about (e.g. A friend who The subjunctive is a set of verb forms
lives in London is getting married). used, mainly in rather formal
A non-defining relative clause gives English, to talk about possibilities
more information about the noun rather than facts (e.g. We recommend
(e.g. My bicycle^ which I've left that he be given the job; If I were
outside your house, is over 20 years you, I'd go home now).
old).
transitive verb
relative pronoun A verb that takes an object (e.g. She
A pronoun such as who, which, or was holding a bunch of flowers.).
that which is used at the beginning of
a relative clause. Compare INTRANSITIVE VERB.

reported speech two-word verbs & three-word verbs
Speech that is reported without using Verbs that are commonly used with a
the exact words of the speaker. particular particle (adverb or
Sometimes called 'indirect speech'. preposition) are referred to here as
two-word verbs (e.g. She looked after
reporting clause & reported clause her elderly parents). Verbs that are
A statement that reports what people commonly used with two particular
think or say is often divided into a particles (adverb + preposition) are
reporting clause and a reported referred to here as three-word verbs
clause (e.g. She said (= reporting (e.g. He looked up to his older
clause) that the building was unsafe brothers). These are sometimes called
(= reported clause)). 'prepositional verbs' and 'phrasal
verbs'.
simple sentence
A sentence consisting of one clause. wh-words
A group of words (e.g. who, where,
state verb when, how) that are used in WH-
A verb that is used to describe a state
(e.g. believe, think) rather than an QUESTIONS.
action. Compare DYNAMIC VERB.
wh-question
subject A question that begins with a WH-
The person or thing that does the WORD (e.g. Where are you going?).
action of the verb (e.g. Tommy went
home). Compare OBJECT. yes/no question
A question that can be answered with
'yes' or 'no' (e.g. Do you like coffee?).

268

Additional exercises UNITS 1, 2 & 6
Present and past; simple and continuous tenses

1 In these texts, use one of the following tenses for the verb in brackets: present simple, present
continuous, past simple, past continuous. Where alternatives are possible, think about any
difference in meaning or emphasis.

A A: John ID (not looking) well these days. Is he okay?

B: Apparently, he (2) (not sleep) well just now, although he usually pi

(sleep) really soundly.

A: Sounds like something (4) (worry) him.

B: Well, that's part of the problem. You (5) (know) that he (6) (work) for

Tardown, the engineers, don't you?

A: Yes, ever since he <7) (leave) university.

B: That's right. Well, at the moment he (8) (work) on a major road-building scheme

in Liverpool, so he e» (drive) up there every day, which am (take) a

couple of hours each way. And on top of that, he ui) (suffer) from a cold and

(in (have) difficulty breathing.

B Concern m (mount) for the safety of two British climbers who (2) (miss) in

the Andes. Their three companions, all French, p) (raise) the alarm when the

climbers (4) (fail) to arrive back at their base camp two days ago. It (5)

(now become) clear that a number of avalanches («) (hit) the area last week, and

local experts i7) (blame) these on the very warm weather conditions for the time of

year.

C Alex in (work) in the accounts department when I (2) (become) advertising

manager at the firm. At first I p) (find) him to be very efficient, but after a while his

work (4) (start) to deteriorate. He is) (forever lose) important documents

and (6) (make) excuses when there were delays. The final straw was when he

(7) (spend) three weeks on a piece of work that should have taken only a day or so.

By the time he (8> (finish), I (9) (feel) pretty annoyed and (io)

(complain) to the managing director.

D I (i) (buy) a new alarm clock the other day in Taylor's the jewellers, when I actually

(D (see) somebody shoplifting. I'd just finished paying for my clock and as I

(?) (turn) round, an elderly woman (4) (slowly put) a silver plate into a bag

that she isi (carry). Then she (6) (walk) over to another part of the shop

and, when she (7) (think) that nobody (8) (look), she (9) (put) an

expensive-looking watch into the bag. Before I no) (have) a chance to tell the staff in

the shop, she an (notice) that I (n> (watch) her and (13) (hurry)

out. Unfortunately for her, two police officers (14) (walk) past just at that moment

and she (is) (run) straight into them.

269

Additional exercises

Present and past; simple and perfect tenses UNITS 1-5 & 9

Fill the gaps with an appropriate verb using one of the following tenses: present simple, present
perfect, past simple, past perfect. Give alternative tenses where they can be used. Sometimes
various verbs are possible.

A A French engineer m an urban car that (2> only on compressed air. The

latest version of the ZP car - ZP (3) for ' Z e r o Pollution'- (4) a small family

saloon. It (5) a top speed of about 100 kmh and (6) for 10 hours. That

(7) a better performance than any electric car currently in production.

B 'Cockroach' m the name given to one of the most successful of all animal groups.

Fossils (2) that they (3) little in appearance in 320 million years, and today

about 25 species (4) world-wide distribution.

C For many years now, Carmen m a card to me on my birthday. However, this year
I (2> one from her, so I (3) her in Brazil to check that she was okay. It
(4) out that she <5)
her address book.

D We (i) (only just) breakfast when Derek (2) to take us to the airport. He
to the dentist over an hour
really (3) to be late. In fact, last week he (4)

before the time of his appointment.

E Before they d) in the match last Saturday, Redfern T o w n (2) every cup final

they (3> (ever) in.

F In the hockey championships in Melbourne, Shahbaz Ahmad, the Pakistan captain,
ID a dazzling second-half performance to ensure a 2 - 1 victory over Australia after

the home team m 1-0 at half time.

The future UNITS11-15

3 Study these sentences and say which of the alternatives given is correct or more likely,
270 and why.

1 'Can I speak to Mrs Lillie, please?' 'I'm sorry, she's not at her desk at the moment.' 'Okay,
I'll I I'm going to call back later.' (on the telephone)

2 The Taylors are going to go I are going on a cruise around the Mediterranean to celebrate
their 50th wedding anniversary.

3 The directors are working hard to save the company from bankruptcy, but it seems unlikely
that their efforts will succeed I succeed.

4 If you're sitting comfortably, then I'm going to I I'll begin the story.
5 Don't forget to unplug the television before you will go /go to bed.
6 You won't believe this, but Lucy will be having I is having a baby.
7 There are being I are going to be ten pages of sports news in 'The Globe', the new daily

newspaper planned by Newsco.
8 Scientists are predicting that the disease will I is to affect over half a million people over the

next ten years.
9 You can borrow the car provided that you will bring I bring it back before 9 o'clock.
10 Tomorrow, ABC television is devoting I is going to devote almost the entire day to

programmes first broadcast in the 1950s.

Additional exercises

11 Dr Wheaton will be very delighted if he gets I is to get funding for the research.
12 The firework display, part of the city's centenary celebrations, is going to take I is taking

place on the 21st August in Cannon Park.
13 Excuse me, I think I'm going to 11 will sneeze.
14 The players must improve their fitness if they have I are to have any chance of success.
15 Kay really likes children, so I'm sure she'll I she's going to be happy to baby-sit for us.
16 I'll bring the post to you in your office when it arrives I will arrive.
17 The fog is clearing I will clear by mid-morning in most western parts of the country.
18 It now seems unlikely that Webb will play I plays in the match against France.
19 Apparently, they're going to I they will build a new by-pass around the town.
20 The examination will I is going to begin at 10.30. Latecomers will not/ are not going to be

admitted to the examination room.
21 When it's complete, the new sports arena is seating I will seat 50, 000 spectators.
22 The transfer from Athens airport to your hotel takes I is going to take 45 minutes.
23 I'll be waiting 11 wait for you around 2 o'clock outside the station.

Modals UNITS 17-24

4 Which one of the verbs given can complete all three sentences in each set?

1 used to I will I would

a Most days my father get up first and make breakfast.

b When I was training for the marathon, I run over 100 kilometres a week.

c We went back to Dublin to see the house where we live in the 1960s.

2 should I ought to I must

a Students be encouraged to type their assignments.

b 'Whose car is that outside Bill's house?' 'It belong to Bill's sister. I heard that she's

staying with him this weekend.'

c You have some of this cake. It's brilliant!

3 needn't I mustn't I don't have to

a I'll be quite late getting to London, but you change your plans for me.

b I'm afraid I owe quite a lot of money to the bank - but you worry about it.

c Next time, read the small print in the document before you sign it. You make the

same mistake again.

4 must I need to I have to

a People with fair skins be particularly careful when they go out in the sun.

b The Browns have won the lottery - they've bought another new car!

c We give at least six months' notice if we want to leave the house.

5 may I could I might

a Ray told me that someone had bought the old house next door he be right about

that, I wondered.

b The major changes to the timetable cause delay and confusion.

c I asked in the bookshop about Will Dutton's latest book, but all they tell me was

that it would be published before the end of the year.

271

Additional exercises

6 can I could I is (or was) able to

a Val had always wanted to go scuba diving and do so last summer.
read music.
b I hope Jim help you tomorrow.

c She played the piano quite well even before she

Passives UNTIS29-32

Complete these extracts from newspaper articles with an appropriate tense of the verbs given.
Decide whether active or passive forms are needed.

A Rush hour crashes cause chaos

Two rush-hour accidents u)...ftM*$s4-.... chaos for Glasgow motorists last night. In the first,

traffic (2) on the M8 after a section of the road (3> to allow an air-ambulance to

pick up an injured motorist. The victim (4) to the General Hospital with serious

injuries. Six vehicles (5) in the accident which (6) at 5.30 on the southbound

carriageway.

build up cause close fly happen involve

B Award for local musician

A promising young clarinet player (i) a scholarship to a top European music academy.

Katie Slater, aged 17, (2) the Danish Academy of Music in Copenhagen in September,

where she oi by leading musicians. She (4) since the age of six when she

is) a clarinet by her grandfather. She (6) to go on to become a professional

musician.

award give join plan play teach

C Health workers freed

Three UN health workers and a pilot m yesterday, after they (2) in captivity by

the separatist rebels for over 10 weeks. The two men and two women oi to the

capital where they (4> with colleagues and relatives. The captives (5) two

Germans, a Belgian and a Norwegian. A spokesman for the UN (6> that no ransom

money (7) to the kidnappers.

drive free hold include insist pay reunite

Questions UNITS 33-35

Study this conversation between a doctor and a patient and suggest corrections to the questions
where necessary.

D: Good morning, Mr Lewis. (i) How I can help you?
P: Hello, Doctor. The side of my face is swollen and I've got an itchy rash on it.
D: Hmm. (2) When it did first appear?
P: I suppose about a week ago now.
D: (3) Have not you been to see me before about this?

272

Additionalexercises

P: Yes, that's right. About six months ago.
D: I gave you some ointment then, I think. (4) What did happen to the rash when you put it on?
P: It cleared up after a month or so. But it's come back again.
D: I see. (5) Are there any animals in your house? (6) Have you a cat, for example?
P: Well, I take care of my neighbour's cat when she is away. She's away at the moment, in fact.
D: (7) And were you looking after it when you last had the rash?
P: Yes, I was, actually.
D: It may be that you're allergic to it.
P: (8) So what do you advise what I do about it?
D: Well first, try to avoid the cat. (9) When your neighbour will be back?
P: Not until next month.
D: (io) Isn't there nobody you could ask to look after it during that time?
P: Well, there's another person in the street who might do it, I suppose.
D: Fine. I'm also going to prescribe two medicines; a cream and some tablets.
P: (in What of them should I use first?
D: Use them at the same time.
P: (i2) How are the tablets for?
D: The tablets should reduce the swelling and the cream should clear up the rash.
P: (i3) How long it is likely to be before the rash clears up?
D: If it hasn't gone in two weeks, come back and see me.
P: Thank you, Doctor.

Verbs: infinitives, -ing forms, etc. UNITS 37-39

Complete these sentences with your own ideas, using a to-infinitive, bare infinitive or -ing
form. Think about whether or not you should include an object before the to-infinitive, bare
infinitive or -ing form.

1 'I'm afraid Dr Sanders won't be free to see you for another hour.' 'That's okay, I don't
mind...'

2 I wanted to borrow Jim's bike, but he refused...
3 If Steve doesn't work harder at school he risks...
4 Baker told the police that someone got into the car, put a gun to his head, and forced...
5 Peter kept on asking me to go out with him, and eventually I agreed...
6 The two companies have been discussing the merger for some weeks now, but a

spokesperson has said that they hope...
7 When I took my shoes back to the shop, they said that they couldn't refund my money, but

they offered...
8 I was always scared of dogs when I was a child, and even now I can't bear...
9 Paula wanted to see a film, but I told her I didn't feel like...
10 At first she said she was nowhere near the office at the time of the robbery, but later she

admitted...
11 Suzanne has got a wonderful voice, but we couldn't persuade...
12 We had to complain to the children's mother when we discovered...
13 Frances says she handed the money to me last Monday, but I don't remember...
14 We were beginning to think we would never get out of the maze, but finally we managed...

273

Additional exercises

Nouns UNITS 37-39

Complete these sentences using the following nouns. Use each noun twice: once as a singular
countable noun (with a) and once as an uncountable noun (with some or zero article^.

business competition land sight thought time war

1 If the countries do go to , many people will die needlessly.

2 As he stared at the locked door, struck him. 'Perhaps Jim has left a key with a

neighbour.'

3 We've bought near the coast and we're going to build a new house on it.

4 With the recession in Asia, is terrible at the moment.

5 Although Sarah is rich now, I remember when she worked in a restaurant washing

dishes.

6 Major complications in treating this eye disease are very rare, but these can sometimes

impair

7 The class is having for the best short story. The prize is £20 in book tokens.

8 Many people emigrated to the United States because they saw it as of opportunity.

9 The government claims that in the telecommunications industry will mean lower

prices for customers.

10 The conflict in 1967 was that changed the Middle East for ever.

11 In the field, a farmer was using two horses to pull his plough, I had not seen since

my childhood.

12 I've given your proposals , but I don't think they would be appropriate in our

company.

13 The work has to be finished by the end of the week, so is very short.

14 He'd always wanted to work for himself, so last year he left his job at the bank and is now

running making garden tools.

Articles UNITS 57-62

9 All the articles (the and a/an,) have been taken out of these texts. Replace them where
necessary.

1 School classrooms have changed very little over last century. Walls may be a little more
colourful and chairs may be more comfortable, but school-child of 100 years ago would
have no difficulty in recognising today's classroom. There are still rows of desks, perhaps
blackboard, and shelves of books. However, these days there is something found in
classrooms that would bewilder them - computer. And it is this that is completely changing
way we learn at school, at college and in home.

2 When crime is first discovered, police often don't know who has done it or why. Usually,
though, person who has committed crime will have left some evidence of their identity at
scene such as footprint, blood, or fibres from clothing. This evidence often forms basis of
any case against suspect who police may take to court.

274

Additionalexercises

Space satellite does not need to be streamlined in order to fly since there is no air in space to
slow it down. However, it does need source of energy to power its electronic circuitry, so
satellite has large solar panels that convert sunlight into electricity. In addition, it is
necessary for satellite to stay in exactly right position so that its antennae face radio stations
on ground. For this reason it is equipped with gas thrusters which can move satellite into
correct orbit, high above Earth.

Determiners and quantifiers UNITS 63-69

10 For each sentence do two things. In the first space, write of if it is necessary, (oi) if it is
optional, and - ifyou can't use of. In the second space, write an appropriate present simple
tense verb with either a plural or singular form.

1 I've got two brothers and both them to go into the navy when they leave school.
2 My children are nagging me to buy them Chokoflakes. Apparently, every packet a

free toy.
3 Some cars in the company's range more than $100, 000.
4 Each her three most recent novels on her experience teaching in universities.
5 We've been studying the symbols for some time now, but only a few them any

sense to us.
6 Not all parents bedtime stories to their children.
7 Both her parents blonde hair and blue eyes.
8 All my closest relatives in or around London.
9 I think we should have an extra day's holiday at Christmas, and I know that many my

colleagues with me.
10 I was surprised to hear that some the most poisonous spiders in the world in

Australia.
11 Only a few hectares of rainforest in the area.
12 Under the new electoral system each region five representatives to parliament.
13 Carbon dioxide contributes to the greenhouse effect, which many scientists causes

global warming.

275

Additional exercises

Relative clauses UNITS 70-75

11 Use the information given to make one sentence beginning with the word or words shown.
Give all possible relative pronouns, but if you can leave them out, put them in brackets. Make
sure you put in commas where necessary.

1 Sheila Brown is giving a concert at Webley Hall. I have long admired her.
SneiU. Brown, who/whom I have long admired, Is giving a. concert at WebLey Hail.

2 I picked up the paper. Richard had written his address on it. I...
3 My grandfather is the fittest person I know. His house is at the top of a steep hill.

My grandfather...
4 Gail led the way to the office. It had windows on three sides. TVie office...
5 The choir is touring Norway next month. Its members are all over 60. TVie choir...
6 She'd recently bought the motorbike. She took me for a ride on it. She took me...
7 The Earls of Euston were landowners in London. Euston Station is named after them.

TVie Earls of Ewston...
8 He set about cleaning off the dirt. It was covering the floor and walls. He set about...
9 I went to stay with the Watson family. They were friends of my mother's. I went...
10 Sue saw Joseph off at the airport. Then she went back to work. Having...
11 Alderson wrote a number of books about British coal miners. He specialised in their

history. Alderson wrote...
12 I put the papers on her desk and left. I didn't wish to disturb her. Not...
13 The agreement ended six months of negotiation. It was signed yesterday. TVie agreement...

Prepositions after adjectives and prepositions after verbs UNITS 86; 111-113

12 Write an appropriate preposition in each space. Some of these adjective/verb + preposition
combinations are looked at in Units 86 and 111-113, but you may need to use a dictionary to
help you with others.

A John had been missing m home for two days now, and I was beginning to feel

afraid (2) his safety. He had left because I was annoyed (3) his poor exam

results and had shouted (4) him.

B When she was at school, Catherine was very keen m music and languages. She

was involved (2) the school orchestra and I remember that she was responsible

0) setting up the German Society. She was always very popular m her

fellow pupils.

C It was important (ii me to get home early as Maggie and Colin were coming over

for dinner. But when I got to the station I saw that it was crowded (2) people

waiting for trains delayed because of the bad weather. Just then, a car pulled up and a man

inside shouted (3) me, offering me a lift. My first reaction was to be suspicious

(4> him, until I realised that it was Maggie's brother. He said he was going my way

and he'd be glad (5) the company on the drive home through the snow.

276

Additional exercises

D Before the interview started, Gill felt confident o) getting the post. She knew that

she was qualified (2) the job, that she was good (?) children, and was

interested m taking on the challenge that the new job would present. However, the

interview panel didn't seem to care <s) her qualifications or teaching experience, but

were more concerned (6) her ability to do administrative work.

Adverbs and conjunctions: Reasons, purposes and results, contrasts UNITS 96-98

13 Match the ideas in (i) and (ii) and write a single sentence for each using the words in brackets.

i 1 I took my raincoat and umbrella... ii a ...because we want to save money for a

2 I still won't be able to get to a meeting at new car.

8.30... b ...and so she called in on her sister,

3 The team is likely to do well this season... c ...as the weather forecast was so bad.

4 The building work is still on schedule... d ...despite a problem in digging the

5 We've decided not to go on holiday this foundations,

year... e ...but we really enjoyed visiting the

6 The council have planted trees at the Alhambra when we were in Spain.

side of the road... f ...because Davies is its captain,

7 The parcel had been delayed... g ...because there had recently been a

8 We've put a table and chair in the spare strike by postal workers,

bedroom... h ...in an attempt to reduce traffic noise,

9 She didn't have to be at work until i ...whether or not I catch an earlier train,

10.00 that morning... j ...to give Dave somewhere private to

10 We had to queue for two hours... study before his exams.

1 (seeing that) (1 + c) Seeing that the weather -forecast was so bad, I took my raincoat
and an umbrella, (or I took my raincoat and umbrella, seeing that the weather -forecast
was so bad.)

2 (even if)
3 (with)
4 (even though)
5 (in order to)
6 (so as to)
7 (due to)
8 (in order that)
9 (since)
10 (in spite of)

277

Additionalexercises

It and there UNITS 115-117

14 A It or there?

1 seems to be little evidence to suggest that the recent wage rises have pushed up

the rate of inflation.

2 He said that was his intention to open a second shop as soon as he had the

money.

3 We're completely lost! 's only one thing to do now, and that's to go back and

start again.

4 The Foreign Minister said,' is our hope that the two sides will work towards

peace.'

5 is hard to believe that Peter is already three years old.

6 Although 's a cold wind blowing, may be that the snow won't come

until the morning.

7 We'd been waiting for over an hour, and was a relief when Max eventually

appeared at the door.

8 I heard a noise from the kitchen, but when I opened the door was no-one in

the room.

9 We thought was a good idea to put on warmer clothes before we went out

into the snow.

10 There will one day be permanent settlements on the Moon is no dispute

about that.

B Complete the sentences in any appropriate way.

1 Polly was bitten by a dog when she was a child, so it's no wonder ihaJt she \& -frightened.
of them MOW.

2 As the party had lost its majority in parliament, there was no alternative...
3 Having your own private swimming pool is an expensive luxury, although there's no

denying...
4 James didn't want to play his violin in front of the whole school, so it was no accident...
5 You worked hard during your course and you prepared well for your exams, so there's

no reason...

278

Additional exercises

Inversion UNITS119-120

15 Make new sentences with a similar meaning. In the new sentences the verb should come before
the subject (inversion), and the sentences should begin with one of the following words or
phrases.

Barely Had In no way Little Never before Only by Only when
Rarely Should So eager Such Were

1 If Mr Morgan were still head teacher, he would not permit such bad behaviour.
Were Mr Morgan still head, teacher, He would, not permit swdi bad, behaviour.

2 I had never tasted such a wonderful combination of flavours before.
3 Keith certainly can't be held responsible for the accident.
4 It is very unusual for a military campaign to have been fought with so little loss of life.
5 People were so ignorant of the disease at the time, that sufferers were simply told to go to

bed and rest.
6 If you should change your mind, there will always be a job for you here.
7 The researchers only realised that they had made an error in their calculations when the

findings had been published.
8 Julia wanted so much to move away from Newtown that she sold her house for much less

than it was worth.
9 If Australia had been beaten, Taylor would certainly have resigned as captain.
10 I didn't think that one day I'd be appearing in films rather than just watching them.
11 He had only just walked into the house when the telephone rang.
12 The archaeologists had only discovered the secret chamber in the tomb by chance.

279

Study guide

If you need help in deciding which units you should study, use this study guide. Which of
the four alternatives completes the sentences in the correct or most likely way? Sometimes
more than one alternative is possible.
If you are not sure which alternatives are correct, study the unit(s) given on the right.
Where more than one unit is given, you will find the correct sentence in the first one.
You can find an answer key to this study guide on page 328.

STUDY
UNIT

Tenses

1.1 Each July we to Turkey for a holiday.

A are going B go C went D were going

1.2 The growing number of visitors the footpaths.

A is damaging B damages C are damaging D was damaging

1.3 Jane just a few minutes ago.

A left B has left C leaves D had left

1.4 Timson 13 films and I think her latest is the best.

A made B had made C has made D was making

1.5 Robert lately?
A Did you see B Have you seen C Do you see D Are you seeing

1.6 When I was a child the violin.

A I was playing B I'm playing C I play D I played

1.7 until midnight last night.
A I have been reading B I read C I was reading D I have read

1.8 He for the national team in 65 matches so far.

A has played B has been playing C played D is playing

1.9 Sorry we're late, we the wrong turning.

A had taken B were taking C took D are taking

1.10 She from flu when she was interviewed.

A was suffering B had been suffering C had suffered D suffered

The future

2.1 If you look carefully, you find writing scratched on the glass.
A can B are going to C shall D will

2.2 I think it soon.

A is going to rain B rains C will rain D is raining

2.3 Wait here until I you.

A will call B am calling C am going to call D call

2.4 I won't be able to meet you next week, I in London for a few days.

A will be staying B will stay C stay D am staying

280

2.5 Next month I Derek for 20 years. Studyguide
281
A know B will have known C am knowing

D will have been knowing

2.6 I with the performance, but I got flu the day before.

A was to have helped B helped C was to help D had helped

Modals

3.1 You mad if you think I'm going to lend you any more money.

A should be B are supposed to be C must be D ought to be

3.2 I happy to see him, but I didn't have time.

A will have been B would be C will be D would have been

3.3 We Switzerland four times during the 1970s.

A used to visit B would visit C visited D will visit

3.4 'Why isn't Tim here yet?' 'It be because his mother is ill again.'

A may B can C might D could

3.5 If I hadn't come along at that moment, Jim the one arrested

instead of the real thief.

A might have been B may have been C can have been

D could have been

3.6 Jenny leave the hospital only six hours after the baby was born.

A was able to B could C can D is able to

3.7 The car broke down and we a taxi.

A must have got B had got to get C had to get D must get

3.8 You whisper. Nobody can hear us.

A needn't B don't have to C mustn't D need to

3.9 Although he didn't have a ticket, Ken come in.

A could B can C might D was allowed to

Be, have, do, make, etc.

4.1 The traffic lights green and I pulled away.

A became B turned C got D went

4.2 I could much more for the painting if I'd sold it overseas.

A have got B get C have D has got

4.3 We into the state of the Swedish car industry.

A did some researches B made some research C made research

D did some research

Passives

5.1 during the storm.
A They were collapsed the fence B The fence was collapsed
C They collapsed the fence D The fence collapsed

Study guide

5.2 The new computer system next month.

A is being installed by people B is be installed C is being installed

D is been installed

5.3 The children to the zoo.

A were enjoyed taken B enjoyed being taken C were enjoyed taking

D enjoyed taking

5.4 chair the meeting.
A John was decided to B There was decided that John should
C It was decided that John should D John had been decided to

Questions

6.1 Who was coming to see me this morning?

A you said B did you say C did you say that D you did say

6.2 Why return the money?

A did you not B you did not C you didn't D didn't you

6.3 want to do this weekend?
A What you B Which do you C What do you D What you do

Verbs: infinitives, -ing forms, etc.

7.1 I always associate
A red wine B red wine by France C French red wine
D red wine with France

7.2 She noticed away from the house.

A him to run B him run C him running D him ran

7.3 I'd advise more exercise.

A to take B you to take C you taking D taking

7.4 I remembered the race.

A the horse's winning B the horse to win C the horse winning

D the horse's to win

7.5 She reminded the papers.

A me where to leave B me where I had to leave

C where I had to leave D where to leave

7.6 We needed
A the house to be redecorated B the house redecorating
C the house to be redecorating D the house redecorated

7.7 The suspect confessed
A his crime B the police his crime C his crime to the police
D his crime the police

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Reporting

8.1 'I suppose you've heard the latest
A news,' said she B news.' she said C news', she said
D news,' she said

8.2 I notified I had changed my address.

A with the bank that B the bank that C that D to the bank that

8.3 She reassured me that she the card.

A had posted B has posted C posted D posts

8.4 She her holiday in Finland.

A said me about B told about C said about D told me about

8.5 She encouraged the job.

A to take the job B that Frank should take C Frank to take

D to Frank to take

8.6 They directed that the building
A be pulled down B to be pulled down C should be pulled down
D is to be pulled down

8.7 He asked me where he put the box.

A shall B ought to C will D should

Nouns and compounds

9.1 The faulty.

A equipments are B equipment was C equipments were

D equipment were

9.2 Many leading members of the opposition party to justify the

decision.

A have tried B has tried C have been trying D tries

9.3 thinks that Judith should be given the job.
A Neither of us B The majority of my colleagues
C Practically everyone D A number of people

9.4 We had holiday in Spain.

A a two week's B two weeks' C two-week D a two-week

9.5 The company owns in the city centre.

A a cars park B several car parks C a car park

D several cars parks

9.6 The government has introduced
A a children's clothes tax B a tax on children clothes
C a children clothes tax D a tax on children's clothes

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Studyguide

Articles

10.1 I'll be with you in
A one quarter of an hour B a quarter of an hour
C a quarter of one hour D a quarter of hour

10.2 Against her parents' wishes, she wants to be
A the journalist B journalist C a journalist D journalists

10.3 This tastes lovely. What's in ?

A a sauce B the sauce C sauces D sauce

10.4 arrived for you this morning.
A Furniture B A furniture C Some furniture D Some furnitures

10.5 the most popular form of fiction writing.
A The novel is B Novel is C The novels are D Novels are

10.6 Frank works as
A a security guard at a university B a security guard at university
C a security guard at the university D security guard at a university

10.7 What have we got ?

A for the dinner B for a dinner C for dinner D to dinner

Determiners and quantifiers

11.1 Did you buy when you went shopping?

A any tomato B any water C any tomatoes D some water

11.2 my friends knew I was getting married.
A Not much of B Not many of C Not much D Not many

11.3 hard work had been of no use.

A All their B Their all of C All of their D Their all

11.4 Following the flood, in the area major repair work.

A each of building...needs B every building...need

C each buildings...need D every building...needs

11.5 the children awake.

A None of...was B Not any of...were C No children....was

D None of...were

11.6 We should use time we have available to discuss Jon's proposal.

A the little of B the little C the few D little

11.7 I've given to Bob.

A all them B all of them C them all D them all of

Relative clauses and other types of clause D which I know

12.1 She's one of the kindest people
A that I know B I know C who I know

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12.2 One of the people arrested was Mary Arundel, a member of
the local council.
A is B that is C whom is D who is

12.3 The newspaper is owned by the Mearson Group, is Sir James Bex.

A which chairman B whose chairman C who chairman

D chairman

12.4 She is one of the few people C I look up to
A who I look up to B to whom I look up
D to who I look up

12.5 There are a number of people be asked.

A should B that should C whom should D who should

12.6 at the party, we saw Ruth standing alone.
A Arrived B We arrived C Arriving D We were arriving

Pronouns, substitution and leaving out words

13.1 The scheme allows students from many countries to communicate
A each other B with each other C themselves D with one another

13.2 'We need new curtains.' 'Okay, let's buy '

A ones with flowers on B ones C one D some

13.3 'I don't suppose there'll be any seats left.' 'No, I '

A don't suppose B suppose C don't suppose so D suppose not

13.4 They needed someone who was both an excellent administrator

and manager was not easy to find.

A Such a person B A such person C Such D Such person

13.5 'They could have been delayed by the snow.' 'Yes, they '

A could have B could C could been D could have been

13.6 The report is very critical and is clearly
A intended to be B intended to C intended D intend to be

Adjectives

14.1 The party was excellent, and I'd like to thank all the
A concerned people B responsible people C people responsible
D people concerned

14.2 Our teacher gave us problem to solve.

A a very impossible B a completely impossible

C an absolutely impossible D an extremely impossible

14.3 I asked Francis to clean the car, and he did
A a well job B the job good C a good job D the job well

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14.4 My watch was among the
A things taken B taken things C things stolen D stolen things

14.5 She felt good the prize.

A about win B with winning C to win D about winning

14.6 He was busy his homework.

A doing B to do C that he was doing D he was doing

14.7 We are not in financial position to cut taxes.
A an enough strong B a strong enough C sufficiently strong enough
D a sufficiently strong

14.8 She was as anyone could have had.

A as patient teacher B a patient a teacher C as patient as teacher

D as patient a teacher

Adverbs and conjunctions

15.1 I her birthday and I how to make it up to her.

A completely forgot...don't just know

B forgot completely...don't just know

C completely forgot...just don't know

D forgot completely...just don't know

15.2 I at six o'clock, but to be up by five.

A normally get up...I have sometimes

B normally get up...sometimes I have

C get normally up...sometimes I have

D get normally up...I sometimes have

15.3 It's disappointing.

A very much B very C much D much very

15.4 brought some food.
A My mother has only B My mother only has
C My only mother has D Only my mother has

15.5 I'll look after the children while you dinner.

A will make B are making C will be making D make

15.6 I still feel very tired in the morning.

A when I wake up B as I wake up C when I will wake up

D while I wake up

15.7 We were delayed an accident.

A because B because of there was C because there was

D because of

15.8 I carried the knife carefully cut myself.

A so as not to B so not to C not to D in order not to

15.9 , they slept soundly.
A Hot though was the night air B Hot though the night air was
C Hot as the night air was D Hot although the night air was

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15.10 If I a more reliable car, I to Spain rather than fly.

A would have...would drive B had...had driven

C had...would drive D would have had...would drive

15.11 If he a chance of success, he to move to London.

A will have...would need B will have...will need

C were to have...will need D were to have...would need

15.12 They couldn't decide it was worth re-sitting the exam.

A if B whether or not C whether D if or not

15.13 John was the first person I saw hospital.

A by leaving B on leaving C in leaving D on to leave

15.14 Much of the power of the trade unions has been lost , their
political influence should not be underestimated.
A Even so B Although C Even D Even though

Prepositions

16.1 She lives Perth. She owns a house the Swan River.

A at...on B at...in C in...at D in...on

16.2 He suddenly saw Sue the room. He pushed his way the

crowd of people to get to her.

A across...through B over...through C across...across

D over...along

16.3 I first met Steve on a beach Adelaide. I later found out that he had

been a carpenter and a dustman, other things.

A by...among B near...between C by...between D near among

16.4 'It's Ann's birthday some time the middle of May, I think.' 'Yes,

it's her birthday the 21st.'

A at...on B in...on C in...at D at...in

16.5 About ten of us were taken ill a party we were at in

York. I felt ill a couple of days, but was fine after that.

A for...during B for...for C during...during D during...for

16.6 cricket, I enjoy watching football and basketball.
A Apart from B Except C Except for D Besides

16.7 I told him that he couldn't hope to catch a big fish a small rod like

that, but he insisted trying.

A with...on B by...about C with...about D by...on

16.8 'What do you think my car? I've just bought it.' 'It's really good.

Actually, I'm thinking my motorbike and getting a car, too.'

A about...to sell B about...about selling C of...to sell

D of...of selling

Studyguide

16.9 'When did you last hear Don?' 'He phoned me just this morning.

He's coming to Bristol next week, so we agreed a time and place

to meet.'

A from...on B about...on C from...with D of...to

16.10 'John has looked tired recently, and I've started to wonder his

health.' 'You're right. And he doesn't seem to care the effect

smoking has on him.'

A at...for B about...for C about...about D at...about

16.11 She tried to
A talk me the plan out of B talk out of me the plan
C talk me out of the plan D talk out me of the plan

Organisinginformation

17.1 '.. people trying to get into the football stadium. 115,
A There were too much B There were too many 116,64
C It was too many D There was too many

17.2 to celebrate his 75th birthday.
A It was decided B It was accepted C It was determined
D It was agreed

17.3 I you can swim so well and I can't.

A hate B hate it that C hate that D hate it

17.4 Dave lost his job and was short of money, so his flat and

move in with his brother.

A that he did was to sell B what he did was to sell

C what he did sold D what he did was sell

17.5 resigned, we would have been forced to sack him.
A Had he not B Hadn't he C He had not D He not had

17.6 that Marie was able to retire at the age of 50.
A So successful her business was, B So successful was her business,
C Her business was so successful D So was her successful business,

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Key to exercises

UNIT1 b costs 2 (iii)
2 a love/enjoy; b am loving/ 3 (iii)
1.1 4 (i)
Some possible verbs are given. enjoying 5 (i)
2 collects 3 a disagree; b are disagreeing 6 (iii)
3 is (or are) currently 7 (ii) 'has gone' implies that he is
('disagree' is also possible)
offering/selling 4 a are preferring ('prefer' is also still in town
4 locks/shuts
5 are leaving/deserting possible); b prefers 8 (i)
6 work 5 a is having; b has 9 (ii) 'have worked' implies that
7 is working 6 a owns; b are owning ('own'
8 speaks I'm still working there
9 I'm reading/writing is also possible)
10 are staying • UNIT 4
2.2
1.2 1 passes...shoots...are attacking 4.1
2 I'm saying...are doing... 1 have discovered
i. comes...is waiting...says 2 has (or have) developed
I'm telling... 3 is cooking...chop up...put
3 promise...suggest...hope 2.3 3 invented
4 are negotiating...are 2 You're forever asking me 4 has (or have) produced
5 discovered
threatening...are even talking for money.
5 apologise...recommend...warn 3 You're constantly criticising 4.2
Most likely verbs are given.
1.3 my driving. 1 a have asked; b asked
1 cook or are (normally) cooking. 4 You're continually changing 2 a worked; b has worked
3 a have enjoyed; b enjoyed
'Cook' implies that we start your mind. 4 a received; b have received
cooking at 6.00; 'are cooking' 5 You're forever moaning about 5 a has sold; b sold
implies that we are cooking 6 a have regretted; b regretted
around this time. (your) work.
2 are phoning. More likely than 4.3
'phone' as this seems to be a 2.4 1/
temporary situation. Exampleanswers: 1V
3 sees. More likely than 'is seeing' I understand that the health
as 'most weekends' suggests a service is going to get more L•y V /
long-lasting situation.
4 get up or are getting up. 'Get money. 3 has now been
up' implies that 7.00 is the time It says here that scientists have 4/
at which we get up (e.g. that found the brightest star. 5/
the alarm clock goes off); 'are I gather Iran's been hit by an 6 has fallen
getting up' implies that we are earthquake again.
in the process of getting up 7 took
around that time. UNIT 3 • 8 was done
9 were introduced
5 go or am going. 'Go' implies a 3.1 10 sold
regular, possibly permanent, 2 appeared 11 /
arrangement (perhaps I need to 3 have reached 12 have cycled
do this regular exercise to 4 has disappeared 13 have (or has) done
prevent weight gain); 'am 5 agreed 14 /
going' implies a more
temporary arrangement 6 wrote
(perhaps once I have lost 7 have solved
weight I will stop swimming in 8 continued
the evening). 9 moved

UNIT 2 3.2 UNIT 5
Mostlikelyverbsaresuggested.
2.1 1 a has risen; b rose 5.1
Some possible verbs are given. 2 a wore; b have worn 1/
1 a is costing ('at the moment' 3 a has survived; b survived 2 knew
4 a has been; b was 3 has already done
emphasises that this is a 5 a have stayed; b stayed 4 remembered
temporary situation); 6 a saw; b have never seen 5 / ('did you meet her before'

3.3 is also possible. Present
1 (ii) 'has agreed' implies that perfect simple implies 'at any
time up to now; past simple
this is something that happened implies 'on another particular
recently occasion')

289

Key to exercises

6/ In 4, the past simple suggests two 3 have been wanting
7 talked actions that followed each other - 4 I've been learning
8 bought his mother looked away and then 5 phone's ringing
9• Steve slipped away; the past 6 have you been learning
10 have lived continuous implies that she was 7 has been working
looking away for a longer period,
5.2 and during this time Steve slipped 7.4
The most likely verbs are given away. 2 have been fighting
1 crashed 3/
2 have worked In 6, the past simple is unlikely to 4 was looking
3 started replace the past continuous. 5•
4 have been 6 was working
5 haven't missed 6.3 7 have been receiving
6 wore 1 a were having or had; b had 8/
7 has happened 2 a lived; b were living
8 have spent UNIT 8
9 rescued or lived
3 a was; b were being or were 8.1
5 .3 4 a was enjoying or enjoyed; 1 a has disappeared; b have
2 Did you ever eat (a)
3 Have you ever met b enjoyed been disappearing ('have
4 Have you ever thought disappeared' is also possible)
5 Did you ever learn 6.4 2 a has been giving ('has given'
6 Did you ever talk 1 ...was talking... is also possible); b has given
7 Have you ever heard 2 / ('I spent' is also possible) 3 a have ('has' is also possible,
8 Did you ever have 3 ...won... but less likely) moved;
4 ...had to... b have been moving ('have
UNIT 6 5 / ('were going to the beach' is moved' is also possible)
4 a has been claiming ('has
6.1 also possible) claimed' is also possible);
2 broke...was skiing b has claimed
3 met...was working UNIT 7 5 a have been stopping ('have
4 was looking...slipped stopped' is also possible);
5 ordered...was waiting 7.1 b has stopped
6 arrived...was getting Most likely verbs are given.
7 closed...sat 1 have been risking 8.2
8 shut...started 2 has been helping lb; 2a 3b; 4a 5a; 6b 7a; 8b
9 wasn't concentrating...was 3 have been preparing/working/
thinking 8.3
10 was writing...was driving revising 1 have enjoyed
11 came...put 4 have been thinking 2 has been snowing ('has
12 took...place 5 have been carrying
6 has been holding/organising snowed' is also possible)
6.2 3 have ('has' is also possible, but
The past simple could be used 7.2
instead of the present continuous 2 The project to send astronauts less likely) been playing ('have
in 2, 3 and 5 with a similar (or has) played' is also possible)
meaning. to Mars has been going on 4 have never understood. (Note
In 1, the past simple implies that I since 1991. the word order: 'have' comes
was already in the bath when the 3 Campbell has been serving a before 'never')
fire alarm went off; the past life sentence for murder since 5 haven't read
continuous implies that I was in 1992. 6 have been putting ('have put' is
the process of getting in - 1 wasn't 4 Colin James has been running also possible)
in yet. the company for six months.
5 Graham has been suffering 8.4
290 from a knee injury since the US 1 Inflation has been falling since
Open earlier this year.
6 Local authorities have been 1990. ('has fallen' is also
investing heavily in new possible)
computer systems since the 2 Industrial output has grown
beginning of the 1990s. (Note from $2 billion in 1945 to $6
the preposition 'in' after billion today.
'heavily',) 3 The number of deaths from
lung cancer has been rising
7.3 since 1950.
1 has been going on
2 always find

Keyto exercises

4 Production of wool has UNIT 10 3 '11 walk (C: 'will' is more
declined by a million tonnes likely here if this is a decision
since 1985. 10.1 made at the moment of
2 had been cycling quite fast speaking; if the decision was
UNIT 9 3 had been smoking a cigar (or ... made some time before
speaking, 'going to' would be
9.1 smoking cigars) used)
1 had found 4 hadn't been attending classes
2 asked 5 hadn't been paying his bills 4 will enter (B: prediction -
3 had overflowed 6 hadn't been trying to steal the opinion)
4 had left
5 remembered car 5 '11 see (C: spontaneous
6 had died decision)
7 looked 10.2
8 resigned Suggestedverbsaregiven. 6 'm going to paint
1 a had been carrying ('had (C: intention or a previous
9.2 decision)
1 By the time I got to the party, carried' is also possible);
b had carried 7 'm going be sick!
most people had gone home. 2 a had applied; b had been (B:prediction—evidence)
2 When Glen opened the book, applying ('had applied' is also
possible) 8 will re-open
some pages fell out. 3 a had flown; b had been (C: intention - formal written
3 When we went back to look flying style. Notice that in an
4 a had been working ('had informal spoken style we
for the fox, it had disappeared. worked' is also possible); would prefer 'going to'. 'Will'
4 When she picked up her bag, b had finally worked is also preferred because a
(The past simple could be used in previous detailed arrangement
the handle broke. lb, 2a, 3a, and 4b.) is involved.)

9.3 10.3 9 '11 have (B: prediction -
2 I had meant to call my parents 1 had been suffering ('had opinion)
3 She hadn't expected to see
suffered' is also possible) 10 're going to eat. (C: a previous
David again 2 had seen decision)
4 She had wanted to leave the 3 had been fighting ('had fought'
11 will leave (C: intention —
meeting early is also possible) formal style)
5 I had hoped for a relaxing day 4 had known
5 had been talking ('had talked' 12 's going to collapse. (B:
9.4 prediction - evidence)
1 had typed ('typed' is also is also possible)
6 had broken down 13 're going to increase (C:
possible)...gave 7 we had always agreed (Notice reporting a previous decision)
2 came...started
3 had checked...went the word order here: 'had' 14 '11 show (C: spontaneous
4 turned...caught comes before 'always') decision)
5 collapsed...phoned
6 had eaten ('ate' is also 10.4 15 '11 phone (C: spontaneous
1 a They finished renovating the decision)
possible)...picked
cathedral before I went to 11.2
9.5 Moscow, b They were still 2 I'll / I'm going to tell
order ofevent renovating the cathedral when 3 we'll / we're going to miss
Roy went with Neil - Roy's I went to Moscow. 4 I'll give
mother thought... 2 a Clara was still crying. 5 you'll / you're going to catch
Roy stayed behind - Neil b Clara was no longer crying. 6 he'll / he's going to die.
believed... 7 will drive
Roy vanished - they realised... UNIT 11 8 you'll be (made)

order ofaccount 11.1 11.3
Roy's mother thought... - Roy The most likely verbs are given. 1 will is more likely here
went with Neil
(-> Roy had gone with Neil) 1 's going to explode. (B: (B: prediction - opinion)
Neil believed... - Roy stayed prediction - evidence) 2 / (will or '11 are also possible)
behind 3 won't
(-> Roy had stayed behind) 2 's going to retire (C: reporting 4 will or '11
They realised... - Roy vanished a previous decision) 5 / (will or '11 are also possible)
(-»Roy had vanished) 6 're going to is more likely here

(C: reporting a previous
decision)
7 '11 (C: spontaneous decision)
8•

291