SSF 1033 DIGITAL BOOKLET

FAC IES
ULTY SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANIT

Charlie Chok Jossleu Justin Chin Yi Ting
Yean Khong 81812 79067

82283 Nurul Dinie
Nasuha
Darshika A/P 82280
Santhirasegaran
Tan Pei En
81711 82188

Nur Syuhada
Binti

Shaharun
82279

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HWIHSATT
ORIYS?

WHAT IS KEY CONCEPTS
HISTORY?
2.
1. History
Evidence
4.
3. Social History
Historiography

EVIDENCE

One or more factors for believing or disbelieving anything. It
requires evidence to write and study history
For instance, the majority of evidence is anecdotal, derived from
an individual's personal descriptions of their experience. Diaries,
letters, transcriptions of conversations or interviews, and
memoirs are all examples

HISTORY

Stories about ‘the past’ but retold in the present; long time ago
stories brought back to life again.
For example, studies of human activity in the past being retold to
future generations. By doing so, future generation can learn
about past generation and take it as a life lesson.

HISTORIOGRAPHY

Writing about the past with a perspective.
As an illustration, a historian who writes about history based on
the critical assessment of sources, the identification of specific
facts from authentic materials in those sources, and the
synthesis of those details into a narrative that can withstand
critical analysis.

SOCIAL HISTORY

Focuses on social structures and the interactions of different
groups in society.
To give an example, based on social history we can identify each
individual by their social structures and the communications of
different groups in society.

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THHEISUTS
OERSYOF

THE USES OF KEY CONCEPTS
HISTORY
2.
1. Creation of
Bias in
History Identity

3. 4.
Inter-linked National
Identity
History

BIAS IN HISTORY

Having unfair and unbalanced opinion.
Bias also occur in history. In the past, a male was a better leader
than female, though in this modern era, those statements are not
valid anymore.
In India, for example, male figures are referred to be fathers or
husbands, and they are expected to be in control as the formal
heads of homes.

CREATION OF IDENTITY

A process by which individuals create a clear and distinct image
of themselves and their personality.
Identity formation enables people to become members of groups
and obtain a sense of belonging in the social realm.
Example of social identities are ethnicity, gender, social status
and beliefs.

INTER-LINKED HISTORY

Inter-linked with event and decisions made both internally and
externally.
For instance, Independence for Malaya, Sarawak, Sabah;
Formation of Malaysia; democratic framework of the country and
women getting to vote.

NATIONAL IDENTITY

Who we are as a person and where we come from.
As an illustration, national identity is important to give a sense
of belonging and security to individuals.

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MIHSISSOITFNOFGRIY


CSIT&AOLRTIHEES

OFFICIAL HISTORY AND

THE MISSING STORY KEY CONCEPTS

1. 2.
COLONIAL MESSAGE

STORY

3.
MISSING
HISTORY

4.
NATIONALISM

COLONIAL STORY

When western countries seized control of Malaya, colonialism
began. Malacca was under Portuguese control from 1511 to 1642.
From 1642 till the mid-1700s, the Dutch were in charge of
Malacca. Following that, English/British rule began around 1786
and lasted until 1941.
The following year, foreign forces in Sarawak (ceded to the
Brooke Rajahs, 1841–1941) and Sabah grow increasingly
prevalent.
Western colonisation has left an indelible mark on us. Health
and educational services gradually spread beyond the towns and
political knowledge began to increase.

MESSAGE

Pre history :
One of the items discovered during the Palaeolithic period about
(40,000 BCE) includes human bones in Niah caves and stone
tools (Perak and Sabah). This is the evidence of ancient human
existence during the period.
Another prehistoric message may be found during the Neolithic
period (about 4000 BCE) and the Bronze Age, which shows
pottery, stone artefacts, and bronze drums being created. This
discovery proves that the time period was marked by advanced
communities and a rapidly evolving culture.

History :
Terengganu Stone Inscription (around 1303 CE) shows the
existence of islam on peninsular Malaysia.

MISSING HISTORY

Missing history is a historical moment that is forgotten and not
encrypted, and it has been a question until today.
For an example, a book that written by Agnes Khoo entitled “Life
as The River Flows”. According to (Khoo, 2005), this book is
describes about the struggles that woman faces in Malayan anti-
colonialist.
This book motivates us and others to read more often and seek
clarification in order to understand the causes of our present,
'negotiated' state of democracy and freedom.

NATIONALISM

According to Hans Kohn (2020), Nationalism is a political
ideology based on the belief that an individual's patriotism and
devotion to the nation-state prioritises above other personal or
group interests.
Examples :
a. Formation of Malaysia, 1963
b. Confrontation with Indonesia 1963-1966
c. Against Neo-colonialism/George Soros, Westerners, etc

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PRTAEHRHECIHSIMTAP


OLERALYYAGAOONF

PREHISTORY OF THE KEY CONCEPTS
MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO

1. 2.
ARCHAEOLOGY NATIONALISM

3. 4.
OUT OF OUT OF
AFRICA MALAYSIA
THEORY THEORY

5.
PREHISTORY

ARCHAEOLOGY

Archeology is defined as a branch of study that investigates
historical humans and animals, as well as the objects they leave
behind, in order to collect a better knowledge of their lifestyles.
To this day, archaeology still helps a lot.
Through the study of artefacts, animal bones, and occasionally
human bones, archaeology allows us to gain an understanding of
past cultures.
The study of these artefacts can provide us with some insight
into what life was like for those who left no detailed record.

NATIONALISM

Why do we need a nationalism?
To establish a sense of national unity and to educate people
about our history. Develop a feeling of national identity based on
a shared history
To show that we (as a nation) have always been distinct,
outstanding, and evolving, even in prehistoric times
At Bukit Bunuh, a stone hand-axe dated more than 1.83 million
years was discovered. We, Malaysians, discovered that Malaysia
was the birthplace of modern humans as a result of this
discovery.

OUT OF AFRICA THEORY

Figure 1 shows the evidence for “Out of Africa Theory”
Bukit Bunuh can be linked to the early peopling of the Old World
by Homo erectus. The only "actual evidence" of an ancient
human presence in Malaysia 1.83 million years ago comes from a
rumoured hand-axe with unclear date and connection.

OUT OF MALAYSIA THEORY

The out of Malaysia theory is also closely related to the Proto-
Malay.
The term ProtoMalay means Melayu Asli (Aboriginal Malay) or
Melayu Purba (formerly Malay) or Melayu Tua (formerly Malay)
and probably refers to an Australian speaker from mainland
Asia. The archipelago attracted a series of migrations between
2500 and 1500 BC.
ProtoMalays are supposed to be mariners with advanced fishing
and farming skills who are connected with oceanography.

PREHISTORY

Archaeologists prefer the word "prehistory,"
According to Daniel F. McCall (1964) he stated that prehistory is
a disgrace and is backed up by evidence.
Paleolithic (about 35,000 years ago) (Early Stone Age) : Stone
tools discovered in the Mansuli valley, near Lahad Datu in Sabah,
have been given a far earlier date by archaeologists, but accurate
dating data has yet to be released.
Neolithic (New Stone Age): 10,000–5,000 years ago. People were
creating stone tools and creating jewellery, according to
archaeological discoveries from Perak's Lenggong valley.
Between 3–4000 years ago, Neolithic farmers are thought to
have arrived in this area.

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MAANLCAIYEONAFTRC

THHHIIESPTEOLRAYGO

ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE

MALAY ARCHIPELAGO KEY CONCEPTS

1.
Early
Hindu-Buddhist
States in the Malay
Archipelago

2.
Indian
Influences on
Malay culture

3.
Malay
Peninsula:
From Pre- to
Proto-history

EARLY HINDU-BHUDDIST
STATES IN THE MALAY
ARCHIPELAGO
1.Sailendra (e.g. Borobodur temple)

EARLY HINDU-BHUDDIST
STATES IN THE MALAY
ARCHIPELAGO

2. Mataram (e.g. Prambanan temple)

EARLY HINDU-BHUDDIST
STATES IN THE MALAY
ARCHIPELAGO

3. Khmer (Angkor Wat)

INDIAN INFLUENCES ON
MALAY CULTURE

Influence of India on Malay Culture:
Kingship
Ceremonial
Administration
Language
Literature
Arts and architecture
Beliefs
Practices

INDIAN INFLUENCES ON
MALAY CULTURE

Example: Mandi Safar
The festival of Mandi Safar have been celebrated by the Malays
in Peninsular Malaysia.
Ceremonial bathing in the river or sea.
Purpose: To clean oneself of spiritual impurity and to protect
oneself from misfortune.
Originated as a secular festivity to enable young men and women
to meet (to look for future life partners).
Mandi Safar might have been the result of Malay-Tamil
interaction in the past.
The addition of the term Safar to Mandi might have occurred
after the adoption of Islam especially during the time of the
Melaka Sultanate to make the practice more acceptable to the
Islamic society. In the same way, the added explanation of the
purpose to achieve spiritual purity.

Mandi Safar: Parallels with Indian bathing festivities
Journey to the river on bullock carts
Participants include maidens and young men
Young girls chaperoned by grey-haired elderly women
Merry-making, songs, dances

MALAY PENINSULA: FROM
PRE- TO PROTO-HISTORY

By the 4th century AD, coastal states in what is now Peninsular
Malaysia regularly conducted intra- and extra-regional trade.
Several kingdoms and entrepôts appeared on the Malay
Peninsula and other parts of Southeast Asia. The majority of
these were situated on the coast (e.g. Kuala Selinsing, Bujang
Valley, Santubong)
1. Kuala Selinsing

（ ）Human burials and artefacts, including pottery, beads, shells and

glassware 3rd century BC to 11th century AD

MALAY PENINSULA: FROM
PRE- TO PROTO-HISTORY

2. Santubong
Maritime trade: gold objects, glass beads, Chinese ceramics, gold,

（ ）local iron production, Hindu-Buddhist objects, “Tantric” shrine
10th-13th century AD

MALAY PENINSULA: FROM
PRE- TO PROTO-HISTORY

3. Bujang Valley
Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that flourished from the fourth to the
seventh century in the Bujang Valley
Important trade centre
Bujang Valley surveyed in the 1930s by Quaritch-Wales (found
some 30 sites in the area)
Area known as Kampung Sungei Mas is rich in trade artifacts
and Buddhist monuments
Before sea route around Malay peninsula was firmly established,
trade between India and China was conducted across peninsular
isthmus
Kedah as 7th century trading center for overland trade

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PEENCIOOSNNNOAFSORRUMTSALIWH.ACAE



BKMHOAAIARSLSNINATEADYO,OSRIYA,

ECONOMIC HISTORY OF S.E

ASIA, PENINSULA MALAYSIA, KEY CONCEPTS

SARAWAK AND NORTH BORNEO

1.
Colonialism and the
coming of Capitalism to
the Malay Peninsular,
Sarawak and North

Borneo

2.
Economic
History:
Trade and its
Consequences

3.
Movement of
Capital, Labour
and Migration
into SE Asia

COLONIALISM AND THE
COMING OF CAPITALISM TO THE
MALAY PENINSULAR, SARAWAK
AND NORTH BORNEO

Colonialism & Capitalism could be two sides of the same coin
Fall of Malacca cause the rise of Portugese power in SE Asia, but
Portugese economic and political power in the region not
complete.
Portuguese wealth and trade threatened by Acehnese trade
Aceh’s control of trade also threatened trading networks of ex-
Malacca elite in Johor
In response to high demand for tin and pepper, Aceh attacks
Kedah, Perak and Pahang
Aceh enslaves thousands from Pahang/Kedah to overcome
labour shortage
All very good for the Rulers and Aristocrats of Aceh but horrible
for the people of Aceh who did the dying and labouring as slaves

COLONIALISM AND THE
COMING OF CAPITALISM TO THE
MALAY PENINSULAR, SARAWAK
AND NORTH BORNEO

In 1629, Aceh challenge defeated by the Portuguese. End of Aceh as
a regional trading and political power.
In 1640, Dutch-Portuguese rivalry erupts into war. Johor assists
Dutch in exchange for development support.
1641, Malacca falls to the Dutch. Malacca used as a tin collecting
centre by Dutch who preferred to keep Batavia as the key regional
port.
Late 16th Century, The Spanish Galleon Trade brought about
increase in trade and network links for Brunei
Brunei and Sulu participated in this trade by supplying jungle
produce like bird’s nest, pepper, mother of pearl, tortoise-shell, sea
cucumbers, camphor, wax for Chinese goods
By end 18th Century, New power configuration developed over 200
years is the consequence of trade rivalry, contracts & alliances.
Effectively meant the decline of Malay control over the entreport
trade which now passed into the hands of the white ‘Capitalist’
traders.
In addition, Tausug/Sulu engaged in human slave trade in late 18th
Century and sold to wealthy SEAsians and Europeans.

ECONOMIC HISTORY: TRADE
AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

Desire for wealth and resources via Trade brought about contracts
and alliances and political-economic control of trade routes.
Trade led to huge movements/migration of peoples whether for
trade or due to slavery.

MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL,
LABOUR AND MIGRATION INTO
S.E ASIA

Kingdoms and Countries survive, rise and fall on trade.
For trade to flourish, contracts and alliances built on mutual
economic interests (either long or short-term) required.
Thus, from the 15th century onwards, diplomacy was the art of
striking economic and political deals to maintain strategic interests
of each kingdom.
Entry of Capitalism in SE Asia brought about major political,
economic and social changes through Contracts, Shifting Alliances,
Conflict.

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OORRAANNAGGN

DAASSLALI

ORANG ASAL KEY CONCEPTS
AND ORANG ASLI

1.
Orang Asli

after
World War 2

2.
Orang Asli in

Malaysia

3.
The
emergency
period

ORANG ASLI AFTER
WORLD WAR 2

In nowadays, Pahang and Perak have the most population of
Orang Asli while Perlis and Pulau Pinang have the least. Around
76.9% of Orang Asli population lives in poverty, while 35.2% of
Orang Asli stated as extremely poor. They have the lowest
fertility rate due to new birth death. Only around 2% of the
population lives in town and city, the rest are still in rural area.
37% of all of them found lives in rural area that extremely hard
to access.

1. Education
Orang Asli has high drop out cases in Malaysia. The education
level is low in Orang Asli community is because of less chance to
go to kindergarten and lack of context curriculum. In 2016 to
2018, the drop out rate for Orang Asli student is around 17% in
secondary education while the nation dropout rate only 4%. And
the dropout rate for Orang Asli increased to 26% in the year of
2017. The low educational level also due to geographic position,
and socio-economic issue.

ORANG ASLI AFTER
WORLD WAR 2

2. Health
Orang Asli has bad health condition. The main problem of
having bad health is lack of healthcare centers in their area.
Even though the Orang Asli have the privilege of having free
healthcare service, but due to low mobility level in their area,
they hardly to have a good healthcare. 80% of Orang Asli
children are undernourished and stunted, many have intestinal
worms, protozoa, anaemia, dental caries and vitamin A
deficiency. This is due to Orang Asli tend to believe in their
traditional medicine. Many of their traditional medicine were not
medically tested and may cause serious disease to body.

ORANG ASLI AFTER
WORLD WAR 2

3. Development
Orang Asli has different traditional lifestyle compared to modern
world. They can so call the ‘Primitive’. To increase their stages of
life, development in their place is a must. However, the
government use Orang Asli land to develop without prior notice
causing them to face more problem. Logging and mining
activities in Orang Asli territory is slowly destroying their home.

ORANG ASLI IN MALAYSIA

The Orang Asli also known as the “Original Peoples”. Orang Asli
people in Malaysia is a heterogeneous group. They are also known as
first inhabitants in Peninsula Malaya. Generally, they are divided
into 3 groups: Negrito, Senoi and the Aboriginal (Proto) Malay.
1. Spoken Language
The Senoi and Negrito spoke the language under the Mon-Khemer
or Autroasiatic group language, which also known as Aslian.
The Aboriginal Malay, the Proto-Malay, spoke Malay, which is
belongs to the original Austronesian group of language.

ORANG ASLI IN MALAYSIA

2. Origins
The Senoi. The biggest group of Orang Asli in Malaysia. The word
‘Senoi’ means ‘people’ in the Semai or Temiar ethnic language. They
mainly lives in Middle and North of Peninsula Malaysia. “ The Senoi
group moved from Cambodia or Vietnam around 8000 years ago.”
(Sidek, 2019). Largest group of Senoi people lives in Perak and
boundary of Selangor, and also in other state of Malaysia.

The Negrito is the smallest ethnic group of Orang Asli in Malaysia.
Because of their geographical position, they have mix dialect. They
often use the Proto Mon-Khemer language from Vietnam and
Khemer and Munda from India. Anthropologists believe that they are
the earliest group of ethnic in Peninsula Malaysia which around
25000 years ago.

The Proto-Malay is the second largest group of Orang Asli and can be
divided into 6 groups, the Jakun, Temuan, Semelai, Kuala, Kanaq and
Seletar. First group of Proto-Melayu was here around 2500 years ago.
They practice the same way of life with the Malay. Proto-Malay was
from middle of Asia which believe that around Yunnan, China area.

THE EMERGENCY PERIOD

After the World War 2, the government of Federation of Malayan
declare a emergency period to against the communism. This
emergency period starts from 1948 to 1960.
During the World War 2, Orang Asli had a good relationship
with the Chinese community. Some of the Chinese men married
with Orang Asli and assimilated with their culture, language, and
lives in their tribes.
Generally, Orang Asli and Chinese community work together to
fought Japanese during the World War 2. Orang Asli seen as a
critical matter of national security for the first time by the British
administration.