UC6-Establishing agronomic crops

LO2. PREPARE FOR AGRONOMIC CROP ESTABLISHMENT

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

 Soil and weather conditions are monitored for optimal seeding
conditions according to farm work procedures.

 Soil conservation and sustainable land management practices are
recognized and confirmed in accordance with farm requirements and
environmental concerns.

 Seeding, fertilizer, and pest and weed control requirements are
confirmed against the work plan and prepared to manufacturers’
specifications using safe handling procedures.

 Contingency plans are prepared for unusual seasonal conditions and
pest/disease outbreaks according to farm work procedures.

CONTENTS:

 Sustainable land management and soil conservation techniques/Land
preparation

 Crop types, preparation of seeds, seeding methods and application
techniques

 Fertilizer types, rates of application and crop nutrient
requirements/Integrated nutrient management

 Types of chemical pesticides and alternative pest control methods (non-
chemical)/Integrated Pest Management

 Calculation of pesticide requirements and application rates
 Effects of weather conditions on seeding and fertilizer application
 Contingency planning
 Relevant provincial/municipal legislation, regulations and codes of

practice with regard to workplace OHS and the use and control of
hazardous substances

CONDITIONS:

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

 Workplace where agronomic crops are to be established
 Workplace information relating to crop establishment
 Farm procedures relating to crop establishment
 Legislation, regulations, and codes of practice on OHS and hazardous

substances

METHODOLOGIES:

 Demonstration

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 Simulation

ASSESSMENT METHODS:

 Direct observation
 Oral interview
 Portfolio assessment

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LEARNING EXPERIENCES

LEARNING OUTCOME 2

PREPARE FOR AGRONOMIC CROPS ESTABLISHMENT

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read Info sheet 6.2.1 on Optimal  Read and understand the leanings in the

seeding conditions module

 Perform all the activities
Answer self checks 6.2.1 on Optimal  Answer all the self checks
seeding conditions
 Evaluates your answer using the answer

Evaluates self checks using answer key
key 6.2.1  Always ask the assistance of your trainer

if arises

2. Read info sheet 6.2.2 on Soil
conservation

3. Answer self check 6.2.2 on Soil
conservation

Evaluates self checks using the
answer key 6.2.2

4. Read info sheet 6.2.3 on Guide on
seed, fertilizer, soil and
temperature/climatic requirement

Answer self check 6.2.3 on Guide on

seed, fertilizer, soil and
temperature/climatic requirement

Evaluates self checks using the
answer key 6.2.3

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Info sheet on 6.2.1

Optimal seeding conditions

Learning Objective: after the training the trainees will be able to learn
 what is seed germination and requirements of seeds to germinate,
 the optimal seeding conditions during seeding,
 effect of soil condition on plants stand, and germination problem due to

insect and diseases

Crop stand on Establishment for growers are important because it affects all
aspects of crop production (e.g., water, fertilizers, and pesticides), crop yield, and
quality. Non uniformity occurs for a variety of reasons, including poor seed
quality, planting equipment issues, poor soil conditions, and crop injury due to
weather and pests. But seed and soil quality are central to achieving healthy
stand establishment.

Seed germination

Requirements of germination
Moisture- Moisture is required for rehydration of the seed to levels that

can support greatly increased respiratory activity, the breakdown of complex
reserve materials such as starch, fats and oils, and proteins into simple, mobile,
and usable forms, and the synthesis of new materials for growth.

Oxygen- Oxygen is needed for a great increase in respiratory activity to
provide energy to drive the germination process.

Soil Temperature Soil temperature depends on solar radiation reaching
the soil surface, and then a soil’s thermal conductivity and heat capacity. 68°F is
the optimum temperature for the emergence of spring cereals, but their
germination may be initiated at soil temperatures as low as 39°F

Soil Condition and Seedbed Preparation Soil condition and seedbed
preparation are also important for stand establishment.

Seed bed Should be
 Weed free
 With adequate moisture
 With good aeration
 Well pulverized

Common plant stand problem due to poor soil
 Surface crusting
 Random soil clods

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 Variable seed furrow closure
 Soil texture
 Inadequate soil moisture
 Soil compaction
 Weeds

Common germination problem due to insect and disease includes
 Discoloration of seeds (Appearance of fungus) or diseases
 Damage cotyledon due to insect feeding

Soil Fertility Healthy, productive soil optimizes crop yield and quality. Although
a seed contains the necessary nutrients for initial seedling growth and
development, nutrient deficiencies and/or toxicities may affect plant stand
establishment and uniformity. Appropriate soil sampling and testing
methodology should be followed for each field prior to planting to ensure proper
soil fertility.

Weather conditions- Increment weather like heavy rainfall affects the seed
germination by
 Over saturation of water causes rotting of the seeds
 In furrows, excessive water drives the soil to bury the seeds deep thus it

harder for the seed to push out from the soil
 In seeding, just after the heavy rain makes the soil hard to cultivate

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The best weather in conducting seeding operation is on clear sky, with ample
moisture of the soil.

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Self check 6.2.1

Enumeration: enumerate the following, writ the correct answers on sheet of
paper

1. Enumerate the characteristic of seed bed for seeding
2. What are the common plant stand problem due to soil
3. Requirement’s for germination
4. Effect of heavy rainfall on seed germination

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Answer key 6.2.1

1.

 Weed free
 With adequate moisture
 With good aeration
 Well pulverized

2.

 Surface crusting
 Random soil clods
 Variable seed furrow closure
 Soil texture
 Inadequate soil moisture
 Soil compaction
 Weeds

3.

 Moisture
 Oxygen
 Soil temperature

4.

 Over saturation of water causes rotting of the seeds
 In furrows, excessive water drives the soil to bury the seeds deep thus it

harder for the seed to push out from the soil
 In seeding, just after the heavy rain makes the soil hard to cultivate

Date Developed: Document No.
Date Revised:
Issued by: Page 58 of 134

TESDA-MAIS

Reference :

 https://www.extension.uidaho.edu/publishing/pdf/BUL/BUL951.pdf
 https://seednet.gov.in/CMS/QualityControl/Seed_Testing_Manual/CHAPTER-8.pdf

https://ir.library.msstate.edu/bitstream/handle/11668/14130/1990%261992-06-
DeloucheSeedGermination.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

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Info sheet on 6.2.2

Soil conservation

Learning objectives :
after the reading this module the trainees will be able to
 Define tillage
 Kinds of tillage
 Types of tillage
 Effect of tillage

Tillage is defined as the mechanical manipulation of the soil for the purpose of
crop production affecting significantly the soil characteristics such as soil water
conservation, soil temperature, infiltration and evapotranspiration processes.

Kinds of tillage

Primary tillage

Primary tillage is usually conducted after the last harvest, when the soil is
wet enough to allow plowing but also allows good traction. Some soil types can
be plowed dry. The objective of primary tillage is to attain a reasonable depth of
soft soil, incorporate crop residues, kill weeds, and to aerate the soil.

Secondary tillage
Tillage usually require less power, and this is done after primary tillage or

incorporating fertilizers improving the soil tilth or control weeds ex. Harrowing

Types of tillage

1. Intensive tillage
Intensive tillage leaves less than 15% crop residue cover.

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Intensive tillage often involves multiple operations with implements such as a
mold board, disk, and/or chisel plow. After this, a finisher with a harrow, rolling

basket, and cutter can be used to prepare the seed bed.

Intensive tillage machine

2. Conservation tillage

Conservation tillage leaves at least 30% of crop residue on the soil surface
This slows water movement, which reduces the amount of soil erosion.
Additionally, conservation tillage has been found to benefit predatory arthropods
that can enhance pest control. Conservation tillage also benefits farmers by
reducing fuel consumption and soil compaction. By reducing the number of
times the farmer travels over the field, farmers realize significant savings in fuel
and labor.
Types of conservation tillage

 No-till – Never use a plow, disk, etc. ever again. Aims for 100% ground
cover.

 Strip-Till – Narrow strips are tilled where seeds will be planted, leaving the
soil in between the rows untilled

 Mulch-till- in this system, crop residues are left on the surface, and
subsurface tillage leaves them relatively undisturbed.

 Rotational Tillage – Tilling the soil every two years or less often (every other
year, or every third year, etc.).

 Ridge-Till- Ridge-till, a tillage system involving scalping and planting on
ridges built during cultivation of the previous year's crop, usually involves
spring-planted row crops grown with a combination of herbicides and at least
one cultivation.

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3. Zone tillage
Zone tillage is a form of modified deep tillage in which only narrow strips

are tilled, leaving soil in between the rows untilled. This type of tillage agitates

the soil to help reduce soil compaction problems and to improve internal soil
drainage.]It is designed to only disrupt the soil in a narrow strip directly
below the crop row

Example of zone tillage

Contour farming

Contour cultivation (contour farming, contour plowing, or contour bunding) is a
sustainable way of farming where farmers plant crops across or perpendicular to
slopes to follow the contours of a slope of a field. This arrangement of plants
breaks up the flow of water and makes it harder for soil erosion to occur.

Example of contour farming

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Effect of tillage

Positive

Plowing:

 Loosens and aerates the top layer of soil or horizon A, which facilitates
planting the crop.

 Helps mix harvest residue, organic matter (humus), and nutrients evenly into
the soil.

 Mechanically destroys weeds
 Dries the soil before seeding (in wetter climates tillage aids in keeping the soil

drier).

Negative

 Dries the soil before seeding.
 Soil loses nutrients, like nitrogen and fertilizer, and its ability to store

water.
 Decreases the water infiltration rate of soil. (Results in more runoff and

erosion since the soil absorbs water more slowly than before)
 Tilling the soil results in dislodging the cohesiveness of the soil particles

thereby inducing erosion.
 Chemical runoff.
 Reduces organic matter in the soil.
 Reduces microbes, earthworms, ants, etc.
 Destroys soil aggregates.
 Compaction of the soil, also known as a tillage pan.
 Eutrophication (nutrient runoff into a body of water).
 Can attract slugs, cut worms, army worms, and harmful insects to the

leftover residues.
 Crop diseases can be harbored in surface residues.

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Self checks 6.2.2

True or false: Write true if the answer is true and false of the answer is false

1. Tillage is manipulating the crop for the purpose of crop production
2. Primary tillage is usually conducted after the last harvest
3. Intensive tillage leaves less than 15% residue cover
4. No till- in this system crop residues are left on the surface and

subsurface tillage leaves them relatively undisturbed
5. Contour cultivation (contour farming, contour plowing, or contour

bunding) is a sustainable way of farming where farmers plant crops
across or perpendicular to slopes to follow the contours of a slope of
a field.

Date Developed: Document No.
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Answer key 6.2.2

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True

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Reference:

 https://farmrevamp.wordpress.com/2015/08/13/intensive-tillage-machines/

 https://blogs.cornell.edu/agsci-interns/2013/06/25/zone-tillage-depth-study/

 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-contour-
farming.html#:~:text=Contour%20cultivation%20(contour%20farming%2C%20conto
ur,for%20soil%20erosion%20to%20occur.

 https://www.cropsreview.com/contour-farming.html

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage

Date Developed: Document No.
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Info sheet on 6.2.3

Guide on seeding, fertilizer, soil and climatic requirements of crops

Learning objectives . After the reading this info sheet the trainees will be ale to
learn
 how to compute for population density
 Different spacing, rate of seeding population equivalents and seed

requirements
 Nutrient requirements and application method
 Soil and temperature or climatic requirements of different crops

In this topic w will discuss the different guides in seeding like how to take
population density it advantages, also the table of different crops and their

corresponding fertilizer, planting distance and their soil ad climatic requirements

Plant population density

In crop establishment knowing the desired population density of crops to be
planted is necessary and with the advantage of.

 Right amount of seed to be applied to avoid excess
 Reduce over population/under population of plant

 Proper spacing
 Better management of crops

Methods of estimation of population density
1. Hill planting method

Plants /Ha = 10,000 sq. m/ha x No. Of plants

per hill

( Dist. bet. Furrows in m) x (Dist. Bet hills in m)

Corn spaced at 75 cm between rows and 50 cm betweenhills and maintained at
2 plants/hill

= 10,000 x 2 = 53,300 plants /ha
.75x.5

2. Drill method of seeding

Plants /Ha = 10,000 x No. Of plants/
linear meter

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( Dist. bet. Furrows in m) x (Dist. Bet hills in m)

Mungbean drilled at 30 seeds/ linear meter and rows are spaced at 50 cm.

= 10,000 x 30 plants /linear meter = 600,000 plants /ha
1 m x.5 m

Table 1. Spacing rate of seeding, population equivalents and seed requirements

Seed

Row Hill Number of Plant requirement
(cm) (cm)
Crop plants/hill or population per ha(kg)

linear meter (Thousand/ha)

Low land rice

Trans planted 20 20 3 plants/hill 750 40
Inbred 25 25 1-2 323 12
plants/hill 1000-2000 60-80
Hybrid 40-50 25-30
20 plants/m 66 17
Direct seeding 25 71 18
20 2 plants per 300-360 18
Corn 75 hill 400-600 24
OPV 70 1 plant/hill 500 32
Hybrid 50
50 15-18
Mungbean 20 plants/m
Wet season 20-30
Dry season 50 plants/m
50 2plants/hill
Paddy 25
cultivate 25 3 plant/hill 240 120
60 20 3 plant/hill 300 130
Peanut 50
Wet season 20 2 plants/hill 400 200
Dryseason
Paddy 18- 300-350 40
cultivation 300 55
22/plants/m
Soy beans 20-30
Wet season
plants/m
Dry season

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Paddy 20 20 2 plants/hill 400 70
cultivation
75-100 30 1 plant/hil 33-45
Sugar cane
20 100 3-6 plant/hill 3
cotton 9m 8m 1 plants /hill 139

Coconut 8m 7m 1 plants /hill 179
Tall TxT 8.5 m 7m 167
Dwarf DxD
DxT 200 300 1 plants /hill 1,667

Coffee 200 300 1 plants /hill 1,667
arabica
Rubosta

Table 2. Recommended fertilizer guide for different crops
.

Crop Seaso Soil NPK rate Method of Time of
n (kg/ha) application application

Rice Clay to 60+30+30 1/2N and all of Before last
A. Irrigated wet loam P and K basal harrowing
transplanted
+1/2 N top 40-45 days after
Dry dressing transplanting

All soils 90-30-30

1/2N and all of Before last
P and K basal harrowing

+1/2 N top 40-45 days after
dressing transplanting

Rain fed wet Clayey 60-30-0 1/2 N all of P Before last
Loamy basal harrowing
Transplante
d +1/4 N 20-30 DAT
+1/4 N Panicle
initiation
60-30-30 1/3 N and all
of P and K Before last
harrowing
+ 1/3 N

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Upland rice Wet All soils 90-30-30 +1/3 N 20-30 DAT
All soils Panicle
Corn Dry All soils 90-30-30 1/2 N and all initiation
All soils of Pand K Before last
Wet 90-30-30 +1/2 N harrowing
All soils
Sugar Cane Wet All soils 170-120- 1/2 N all of P 30-40 DAS
All soils 240 and K basal At seeding
Grain Dry 1/2 N
legumes Dry Seed Before hilling up
inoculatio 1/2 N all of P or 4-5 weeks
Cotton n and K basal after
20-40-40 1/2 N germination
Coconut 50- At seeding
100+25+2 1/2 N and all P
5 and K basal Before hilling up
(Furrow or 4-5 weeks
application, after
covered with germination
soil) One month after
planting and
+1/2 N at first weeding
Furrow
All NPK in 3 months after
Band planting

1/2 N all of P seeding
and K
1/2 N Transplanting
92 grms N 49.5 35-40 days after
grms P %.8 emerging
grms K Planting

+2-5 kls
compost /tree

Coffee
Legend
DAT- Days after transplanting

DAS - days after seed germination

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Note: the NPK rate(kg/ha) may vary from location and affected by many factor
therefore necessary to perform soil analysis for more accurate fertilizer rate.

Table 3. Crop soil and temperature or climatic requirements

Crops Soil Temperature or climatic
Cotton requirement
cotton plant performs best
Mung bean in deep, highly fertile, Favourable weather conditions for
Soya bean sandy loam soils with cotton production are when
Peanuts reasonably good drainage.
summer temperatures do not drop
below 25 °C.

Suitable in areas where Drought tolerant and requires
corn and rice are warm climate during its growth
successfully grown
Suitable in areas where Soy bean is photo period sensitive
corn and rice are crop soy bean production during
successfully grown dry season is successful only if soil
moisture is available and sufficient
best soil suited to peanut In general, dry season crop
production is well-drained, (October-January) gives higher
light colored, loose,friable, yields and better quality beans
sandy than the rainy season crop.
loam that contains high
levels of calcium, a
moderate amount of
organic matter, and with
moderate
to slightly acidic pH
ranging from 5.8 to 6.5.

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Self check 6.2.3

Compute for the following

1. Compute for Population density of hybrid corn required in 2000 sq
meter

2. Compute for Population density of coconut tall required in 20,000 sq
meter

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Answer key 6.2.3

1. Corn 28, 572 seeds
2. Coconut 357 seedlings

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Reference

 http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-
production/growth/planting#:~:text=Rice%20crops%20can%20be%20eith
er%20direct%20seeded%20or%20transplanted.&text=Direct%20seeding%2
0requires%2060%E2%88%9280,days%20of%20direct%20seeded%20crops
.

 http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/pinoyrkb/QuickGuide/english/Regio
n%203/Nueva%20Ecija/Quick%20guide%20for%20fertilizing%20direct-
seeded%20rice%20during%20the%20dry%20season%20in%20Nueva%20E
cija.pdf

 https://www.pioneer.com/home/site/philippines/farming/hybrid-corn-
production-guide/

 https://www.bar.gov.ph/index.php/biofuels-home/bioethanol/sugarcane

 https://philcoffeeboard.com/7-steps-in-planting-coffee/

 http://pca.da.gov.ph/coconutrde/images/gen4.pdf

 https://businessdiary.com.ph/9181/mongo-mung-bean-production-
guide/

 http://bpi.da.gov.ph/bpi/images/Production_guide/pdf/MUNGBEAN.pdf

 The science and practice of crop production, Ricardo M. Lantican

 Theres money in mungbean production after rice cropping, improving soil
fertility and sustaining farmers productivity

 Hand book on soy bean production technology and product utilization,
department of agriculture RFO No. 02, Tuguegarao City

Date Developed: Document No.
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L.O 3 SOW THE CROP

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

 Suitable personal protective clothing and equipment is selected, used
and maintained in accordance with OHS requirements.

 Seeding and fertilizer applications are carried out in accordance with
the seeding/application rate and the work plan.

 Pest and weed control treatment is coordinated with seeding and
fertilizer applications according to the work plan.

 Environmental implications associated with sowing operations are
identified, assessed and controlled in line with farm requirements and
environmental regulations.

CONTENTS:

 Seeding methods and application techniques
 Types of fertilizers and methods of application
 Pest and weed control treatments
 Environmental implications of seeding operations and fertilizer

application
 Selection, use and maintenance of personal protective equipment

CONDITIONS:

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

 Workplace where agronomic crops are to be established
 Workplace information relating to crop establishment
 Farm procedures on crop establishment
 Materials and supplies (seeds, planting materials, fertilizers, chemicals,

etc.)
 Tools, machinery, and equipment (tractor, seeder, planter, digging

tools, light hoe, bolo, etc.)

METHODOLOGIES:

 Demonstration
 Simulation

ASSESSMENT METHODS:

 Direct observation
 Oral interview

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 Portfolio assessment

LEARNING EXPERIENCES

LEARNING OUTCOME 3

SOW THE CROP

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read info sheet 6.3.1 on Selection  Read and understand the learnings

and maintenance of PPE in the module

 Perform all the activities

Answer self check 6.3.1 on Selection  Answer all the self checks

and maintenance of PPE t  Evaluates your answer using the

answer key

Evaluates self checks using answer  Always ask the assistance of your

key 6.3.1 trainer if arises

3. Read info sheet 6.3.2 on Planting

crops

4. Answer self check 6.3.2 on
Planting crops

Evaluates self checks using answer
key 6.3.2

Perform task sheet 6.1.1 on conduct
seed germination

Evaluate performance using
performance criteria checklist 6.1.1

Perform job sheet 6.1.1 on conduct
wet bed seeding method

Evaluate performance using
performance criteria checklist 6.1.1

Read Info sheet 6.3.3 on

Environmental implication of crop
establishment

Answer self check 6.3.3 on
Environmental implication of crop
establishment

Evaluates self checks using answer
key 6.3.3

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Information sheet 6.3.1
Selection and maintenance of personal protective equipment
Learning objectives:
After the reading the trainee must be able to
1. Identify different PPE
2. Use them properly

In this topic we will be discussing about the different PPE or Personal
Protective Equipment use in establishing agronomic crops its different
functions and its proper use
PPE refers to any specialized equipment or clothing worn by farmers and
ranchers for protection against health and safety hazards. PPE is designed
to protect many parts of the body; eyes, head, face, hands, feet, ears, or
torso. PPE does not prevent accidents, but it does prevent or reduce injury
and even fatalities when used.
Definitions of equipment protection

Eye protection -
To provide protec tion during exposure to
hazards like flying par- ticles, debries,
liquid chemicals,etc.

Respiratory protection -
To provide protection from inhalation hazards
such as vapors, mists, particulates, pesticides,
and gases

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Hearing protection -
To provide protection during exposure to high
pitch and loud noise levels.

Hand protection -
To provide protection dur- ing exposure to
potential hazards such as sharp objects,
abrasive surfaces, temperature extremes, and
chemical contact.

Head protection -
To provide protection to potential hazards such
as falling objects, striking against low-hanging
objects, electrical hazards, or chemical
application.

Foot protection -
To provide protection for situations with the
potential of injuries such as falling or rolling
objects, chemical or liquid exposures, piercing
objects, and where feet are ex- posed to electrical
hazards.

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Self check 6.3.1

True or false: Read Information sheet 6.3.1 and write T if the answer is true and
F if the answer is false write you answer in the space provided.

 PPE refers to any specialized equipment or clothing worn by farmers and
ranchers for protection against health and safety hazards.

 PPE is designed to protect many parts of the body; eyes, head, face, hands,
feet, ears, or torso.

 PPE does not prevent accidents, but it does not prevent or reduce injury
and even fatalities when used

 Eye and face protection provide protection during exposure to
hazards likeflying particles, debris, liquid chemicals,etc.

 When selecting PPE choose good quality products which are CE marked in
accordance with the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations

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Answer key 6.3.1

1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T

Date Developed: Document No.
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TESDA-MAIS

References:

 https://www.ishn.com/articles/108854-gateway-safety-introduces-new-
hybrid-foam-lined-eye-protection-with-optifit-foam-technology

 https://agfax.com/2020/04/24/california-personal-protective-equipment-
in-short-supply-for-farm-work/

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Date Developed: Document No.
Date Revised:
Issued by: Page 81 of 134

TESDA-MAIS

Info sheet 6.3-2

Planting crops

Learning objectives :
After the training the trainees will be able to learn

 Germination test
 Methods of planting
 Plantation planting
 Selecting good quality seed and seedlings
 Planting guides

In this topic we will be discussing about the how crops are being planted but
prior to planting there are activities to be done like conducting germination tests
to learn the viability of seed, learn the different method of planting, conducing
seeding for direct seeding and for nursery seedlings as well as planting guides of
some agronomic crops

Germination Test
A germination test is often the only test a farmer can conduct on his seed before
planting. Monitoring the time taken to germinate will also give an indication of
vigor. This
procedure is very easy, inexpensive and portable.

Procedure
1. Place water absorbent material inside waterproof tray.
2. Take random sample from each seed lot and mix in a container.
3. Take at least three seed samples from the mixed grain.
4. Count out 100 seeds from each sample and place on absorbent paper inside
the tray.
5. Carefully saturate absorbent material.
6. Each day check that absorbent materials remain moist and record number of
germinated seeds. Do this for 7-10 days.
7. Compute germination test for five days and ten days
8. Rate of germination is an indicator of vigor. Rapid seed germination increases
the

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chance that seed will establish in the field.

Calculating germination rate
Germination rate is the average number of seeds that germinate over the
five‐ day and
10‐ day time period.
Germination (%) = Number seeds germinated / Number seeds on tray x100
Example If 86 seeds germinated in a tray of 100 seeds
Germination (%) = 86 x 100/100 = 86 %
“Good quality seed should have a 85‐ 90% germination in 10days”

Methods of Plantings

1. Directs seeding- this method is perform where in the seed is planted directly
to the soil

2. Transplanted Done for lowland rice, seeds are sown in specially prepared
seedbed or seed boxes

Direct seeding- this is planting seed directly to the soil .

Broadcasting
Broadcasting is the process of random
scattering of seed on the surface of
seedbeds. It can be done manually or
mechanically both. When broadcasting
is done manually, uniformity of seed
depends upon skill of the man. Soon
after broadcasting the seeds are
covered by planking or some other
devices. Usually higher seed rate is
obtained in this system. Mechanical
broadcasters are used for large-scale
work. This machine scatters the seeds
on the surface of the seedbed at
controlled rates.

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Dibbling l
Dibbling is the process of placing
seeds in holes made in seedbed and
covering them. In this method, seeds
are placed in holes made at definite
depth at fixed spacing. The equipment
used for dibbling is called dibbler. It is
a conical instrument used to make
proper holes in the field. Small hand
dibblers are made with several conical
projections made in a frame. This is
very time consuming process, so it is
not suitable for small seeds. Mostly
vegetables are sown in this way.
Furrow seeding
This is a process of seeding where in
seed is planted in a furrow and
covered with a soil, crops like corn or
mungbean as well as peanut is plant
to this methods

Drilling
Drilling consists of dropping the seeds
in furrow lines in a continuous flow
and covering them with soil. Seed
metering may be done either manually
or mechanically. The number of rows
planted may be one or more. This
method is very helpful in achieving
proper depth, proper spacing and
proper amount of seed to be sown in
the field. Drilling can be done by (1)
Sowing behind the plough (2) Bullock
drawn seed drills (3) Tractor drawn
seed drills.

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Direct seeding in a puddled field

This method is done by directly
planting the seeds in a puddle field
with a optimal water.

Transplanted- it is a method of planting seedlings where the seed is taken care
of in seedlings in nursery and upon reaching the desire age or growth it will be
planted in a well prepared field

1. Wet bed method -
 Procedure puddled a Plot 1-1.5 m wide and convenient length
 In puddling a plot, plow the soil then add water to facilitates easier breaking

and harrowing and level the area before plotting
 400 sqm and 40-50 kg of seeds is require for 1 ha
 Soil is fertilized with 4 kg of 14-14-14
 Broad cast the seeds uniformly 2
 apply 5-10 g 14-14-14 or 16-20-0/m2 if nutrient deficiency symptoms are

observed
 Seeds are pre germinated ( 24 hours of soaking and 24-28 hours of

incubation)
 Sow 1 kg per 10 sqm bed seedlings are irrigated and drained alternately
 The seedlings are ready for transplanting in 25-30 days

Wet bed method of seeding

2. Dapog method
 Pre germinate seeds are sown on cement or puddled soil covered with banana

leaves or plastic sheet

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 60 kg and 400 sqm is required for 1 ha
 Seedlings are ready in 20-32 days

Dapog method of seeding
3. Dry bed method
 This type of nursery is prepared dry and beds should be 50‐ 100 cm wide

and 5‐ 10 cm high. A layer of semi burnt paddy husk or sawdust can be
incorporated in the nursery bed to make pulling of seedlings easier.
 Broad cast the seeds
 water the seedbed periodically as seedlings emerge and grow. Regulate the
water supply, if necessary, to control the rate of seedling growth
 Pulling of the seedlings should be done between 15 ‐ 21 days after
establishment and transplanted as soon as possible. The nursery should be
kept moist at all times. A basal fertilizer mixture using either organic
fertilizers or N and P should be applied and incorporated before sowing.

Dry bed method of seeding

4. Mechanical transplanter seedlings
Seedling used in mechanical transplanter can be planted in a seedling trays
and can be planted in a field
How to prepare seedlings for mechanical transplanting

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Mechanical transplanters have built-in trays or seedling boxes.

Grow seedlings on a thin layer of soil in 30 cm x 60 cm trays per seedling box. In
some instances, seedlings are grown on larger areas and then cut into
rectangular strips (mats of seedlings) that fit into the planting trays of the
transplanter.

The rice field must be well prepared for machine transplanting.

 Raise seedlings in special mat nurseries or in seedling trays. Use 18−25 kg of
good seed per 100 m2 of nursery for each ha. Seedlings will be ready for
transplanting in 15−21 days after seeding (DAS).

 Ensure that fields are well puddled and leveled.
 Drain fields and allow mud to settle for 1−2 days after the final puddling.
 The subsurface soil layers need to be hard enough to support the

transplanting machine.

The soil is ready when a small “V” mark made in the puddled soil with a stick
holds its shape. At this moisture level, the soil can hold the seedlings
upright.

Soil should not be so dry that it sticks to and interferes with planting parts
or wheels of the transplanter.

 Load the seedling mats on the machine and transplant the seedlings at the
selected machine setting.

Procedure in Pre‐ germinating seed
Pre‐ germinating the seed increases the rate and percentage of seedlings

established. Pre‐ germinating, or soaking of seeds, reduces the time required for
seeds to uptake sufficient moisture to initiate the germination process. Seeds are
normally pre‐ germinated for direct seeding into wet puddled seedbeds or
standing water.

Procedure
1. Submerge the bag of seed in water for 24 hours or until small shoots appear

at end of seed. In some cases this may take 36 hours.

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2. Dry the seed in bag for 24 hours.
3. When drying seed make sure it is kept in the shade and air is allowed to

circulate around bags. If bag temperatures exceed 42 degrees Celsius, then
some seed will be damaged.
4. Broadcast the seed before roots exceed 5 mm in length.
5. When calculating the planting rate, make allowance for expansion in seed
volume.

Depending on variety, the seed may increase by 10 to 30 percent of its original
weight.

Orchard planting pattern
square,
square planting, one plant or a group of plants
in a common hill occupies the corners of a
square which has 4 sides of equal lengths

Rectangular,
Rectangular arrangement is similar to a square
pattern except that a rectangle has two sets of
opposite sides having different lengths. A
rectangular planting with 10 m x 12 m will
mean that two adjacent rows will be 12 meters
apart and plants within each row will be spaced
10 m apart
Quincunx or diagonal
pattern of arranging row-planted crops is a
modified form of the square pattern. It consists
of a square that is formed by 4 closest plants
with an additional plant at the center of these 4
plants.

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Triangular

pattern of planting arrangement is based on an
equilateral triangle, a triangle with three equal
sides, that is formed by connecting 3 closest

plants with an imaginary line.

Selecting good quality seeds for planting

Prior to seed planting we should select good quality seeds for planting to ensure
good quality seedlings

Tips in selecting good quality seeds:
1. Use certified seeds, they have fewer weeds seeds and free from other varieties
2. Seeds should be uniform in size
3. Free from seed borne pests and diseases
4. Have atleast 85 % viability
5. No damage and discoloration

Selecting good quality seedlings
Good quality seedlings are:
1. Uniform in size
2. Uniform in growth
3. With strong stem not lanky
4. Leaves are green not yellowish
5. Free of damage by insects or diseases
6. Have a good and well developed root system
7. Free of weeds and other impurities

Seeding and fertilizer application

Rice planting

Note. Directs seeding uses about 60-80 kg of seed per ha, while transplanting
require 40 kg /ha at 2 plants per hill

Transplanted rice
Pulling of seedling is done at 18-21 days , plant about 1-2 seedlings every

hill with a depth of 2-3 cm. there should be adequate water during planting
season at around 2-3 cm.

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During wet season transplant rice at about 20x20 cm distance and 20x15
cm during dry season

Using mechanical rice transplanter

Mechanical rice transplanter decreases time and labor requirements than
manual transplanting. One person is required to plant 1 ha.

It uses seeds that are raise using seedling tray , it uses 18-25 kg of good

seed per 100 m2 and transplanting is preforme in 15-20 days after seeding

Snail problems is critical at 10 days after transplanting

Direct seeding- Direct seeding is planting of rice in puddled and an
puddled soil that properly prepared

Methods of direct seeding

Broad casting –usually practiced for in dry soil surface and incorporates the

seed. This can be perform in rain fed and deep water ecosystem
Broad casting-

1. Make shallow furrows by passing a furrower along the prepared field

2. After broad casting, cover the seeds using a spike tooth harrow
3. Or in a well prepare soil scattered the seeds properly and uniformly

Drilling- .

Seeds are place by machine into both dry and moist soil and then irrigated

Level seedbed is necessary to ensure that seeds are not planted at depths

greater than 10-15 mm.

In this technique, fertilizers can be applied at the same time as the seed.
Manual weeding also is easier in machine-drilled crops than in broadcast.

Dibbling- is usually practiced along mountain slopes or where plowing and
harrowing are difficult.

1. Use a long wood or bamboo pole with a metal scoop attached at the end for
digging holes

2. Drop the seeds into the holes and cover them with soil

Wet direct seeding

Broadcasting- pre germinated seeds ( soaks seeds for 24 hrs, then incubate for
48 hours) to recently drained well puddled seedbeds or into shallow standing
water

- If water in the field is muddy, allow 1-2 days for it to dry before
broadcasting

- If water is drained from the fields after broad casting, seed are re-
introduced 10-15 days after first seeding

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TESDA-MAIS

Drum seeding
Drum seeders are used for fast planting . it operates best on well-leveled,

smooth, and wet seedbed.
However , seeds may be clogged if the soil is sticky or if the machine is

poorly designed.

Prepare 80 kg of pre germinated seeds per ha.

Use of herbicides
For effective weed control, apply a pre- emergence herbicide, 1-3 DAS(days

after sowing) while post emergence should be aplplied at 15-25 DAS.

Snail management can be employ at first 21 days

Corn Planting

Land preparation
- Plow at depth of 15-20 cm when soil moisture is right
- Harrow twice with 2-3 passing to break the clods
- If discplow is used plow under corn stubbles at a 18-20 cm depth
- Planting spaced at 75 cm X 8 cm depth

Planting
- Irrigate the soil soil prior to planting
- Plant 1-2 seeds per hill at spaced of 25 cc at 3-5 cm deep
- Apply fertilizer(14-14-14) for basal

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-

Thin seedlings to one per hill about 7-10 days after emergence to minimize
overcrowding and competetion

Using of transplanter

When available, use mechanical planters for more depth of planting and
consequent germination

Mungbean

Land Preparation
Prepare the land thoroughly so that mungbean seeds can germinate

uniformly, establish rapidly, and compete well with weeds. For the uplands,

prepare the soil thoroughly by plowing alternated with harrowing at weekly
interval. For post-rice culture, zero or minimum tillage can be practiced

Seed inoculation Application of rhizobium bacteria inoculum to the seeds
before seed sowing before sowing for every 10 kgs. Of seeds will be mixed with

100 grms of inoculant

Procedure:
- Place the seeds in a basin
- Sprinkle adequate amount of water to moisten the seed coat pour the
inoculant and mix thoroughly with the seeds
- Do not expose the inoculated seed to direct sunlight and broad cast the
inoculated seeds just after mixing

Planting

Drill the seeds along shallow furrows spaced 60 centimeters apart.

Twenty (20) kgs of seeds is enough to plant a hectare. At planting,

sufficient soil moisture is necessary so that the seeds can germinate

uniformly.

Make furrows add fertilizer as basal

Date Developed: Document No.
Date Revised:
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TESDA-MAIS

Zero tillage post-rice culture, flood the paddy 1-2 days before planting.
- Immidiately broadcast 30 kgs/ha of mungbean seeds
- If moisture is not enough after broad casting of seeds flush irrigation is
needed

Soy bean

Land preparation

Generally thorough land preparation is required to attain good tilth for

high seed germination, uniform emergence of seedlings, proper root

development, better water- retention and weed control.

Tillage Soil type Carabao- Tractor Slope

Practices drawn plow

Complete Clay 2-3x plowing 2 plowing flat

tillage 2 harrowing 1 harrowing

Sandy loam 1 plowing 1 plowing

1 harrowing 1 harrowing

Minimum Clay 1 plowing 1 plowing flat

tillage 1 harrowing 1 harrowing

Zero tillage Terrain

Planting as intercrop

Depending on planting distance, height and age of the main crops plant
soy bean at least 1-2 meter away from the base of the main crop

Prior to planting
Seed inoculation

- Place the seeds in a basin
- Sprinkle adequate amount of water to moisten the seed coat pour the

inoculant and mix thoroughly with the seeds
- Do not expose the inoculated seed to direct sunlight and broad cast

the inoculated seeds just after mixin
Conventional production
 In absence of soil analysis use 2 bags of 14-14-14 as basal per ha.
 In organic production use 10 bags of organic fertilizer per ha. Before seed

sowing
 Seed sowing and seeding rate

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 Hill method Drop 2 seeds /hill at 10 cm along the furrows of 40-50 cm
distance

 Drill method drop seeds of about 15-20 seeds/linear meter
 It require 30-40 kg seeds/ha

Peanut production

Planting
Liming
Acidic soil with pH below 5.8 is not profitable for peanut production.

Apply lime

Into the soil 2 months before planting
In acidic soil apply lime in split doses for 3-4 years

Where lime is not needed, sidedress 200 to 300 kilograms per hectare of calcium
nitrate at the peak of flowering. Immediately cover the applied fertilizer by

hilling-up.

Do not apply lime together with fertilizers to avoid unfavorable chemical
reactions.

Land Preparation

Peanut requires a thoroughly prepared field to provide favorable conditions

for good crop establishment as well as conditions necessary for effective weed

control and proper pod development.

Plow and harrow the field 2 to 3 times at weekly interval to allow weed

seeds to germinate, and achieve good soil tilth. Set furrows 50-60 centimeters

apart to allow relative ease of weeding, cultivation and spraying without

disturbing the growing crop. If possible, rows should run from east to west

direction to allow better peanut crop light interception. Furrow when the

soil has the right moisture for planting or when soil does not stick to the plow

during the operation.

Seed Inoculation

- Place the seeds in a basin
- Sprinkle adequate amount of water to moisten the seed coat pour the

inoculant and mix thoroughly with the seeds
- Do not expose the inoculated seed to direct sunlight and broad cast the

inoculated seeds just after mixing
- Do not mix inoculants with seeds that have been treated with pesticides.

Planting

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Sow peanut seeds using hill or drill method. In hill method, plant one seed

per hill at a distance of 5- 10centimeters during the dry season and 10-

15centimeters during the wet season.

With drill method, plant 18-20 seeds per linear meter during the dry
season and 10-15 seeds per linear meter during the wet season.

Distribute the seeds uniformly into the furrows. Approximately 120-150
kilograms unshelled peanut is required per hectare in both methods.

Cotton

Soil preparation

The purpose of primary cultivations is to aerate the seedbed, improve

saturation of irrigation and incorporate large quantities of plant residue into

the soil. The soil water status should be low for efficient and cost-effective

cultivation. Soil that is too wet or too dry when cultivation takes place may

result in breakdown of the soil structure.

Planting

Cotton should only be planted when the soil temperature is at least 18,3
°C.

Generally, seeds should be sown at a depth of 0,25 cm with 3 to 6 seeds

sown in each hole.

Soil ridging is recommended as it promotes drainage in wet conditions and
water conservation in dry conditions. Plant spacing depends on the variety;
however, generally 20 to 100 cm should be left between plants.

Precision planters which space seeds in groups of three to four at a desired
intra- row spacing are also available on the market.

For the development of strong, healthy seedlings, seeds should be planted

about 20 mm deep in clayey soil, or to a maximum depth of 30 mm in sandy

soil. Plant populations of approximately 70 000 plants per hectare under

irrigated conditions and 30 000 plants per hectare under dry land

conditions, are recommended.

Date Developed: Document No.
Date Revised:
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TESDA-MAIS

Self check 6.3.2

Matching type Match column A to Column B write the letter of your answer in a clean
paper

AB
1. This is used to test the viability of the a) Direct seeding

seeds
2. Method of planting where in the seed b) Square planting

is planted directly to the soil

3. method of planting seedlings where c) Have atleast 85 % viability
the seed is taken care of in seedlings
in nursery

Date Developed: Document No.
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4. it increases the rate and percentage d) Germination test
of seedlings established.

5. one plant or a group of plants in a e) Uniform in growth

common hill occupies the corners of a
square which has 4 sides of equal

lengths

6. Good quality seeds f) Mechanical rice transplanter
7. Good quality seedlings g) Transplanted
8. decreases time and labor h) 20x20 cm

requirements

9. Planting space of corn i) 75 cm

10. Planting distance of rice Transplanted j) Pre germination of seeds

Answer key 6.3.2

1. D H

2. A

3. G
4. J
5. B

6. C
7. E
8. F

9. I
10.

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TESDA-MAIS

Task sheet 6.1.1 Conduct seed germination

Title: Conduct seed germination

Performance Objective: Given the different materials the trainee should
be able to conduct seed germination properly
20 mins.

Materials 300 seeds randomly selected, cloth 10x12
inches, string

Equipment

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TESDA-MAIS

Steps/Procedure:
Procedure
1. Place water absorbent material inside waterproof tray.
2. Take random sample from each seed lot and mix in a container.
3. Take at least three seed samples from the mixed grain.
4. Count out 100 seeds from each sample and place on absorbent paper

inside the tray.
5. Carefully saturate absorbent material.
6. Each day check that absorbent materials remain moist and record number

of germinated seeds.

7. Compute germination test for five days and ten days

Assessment Method: Actual demonstration

Performance Criteria checklist 6.1.1 Yes No

Criteria
Did the trainee…
Randomly selects seeds

Properly followed the procedure in making samples
Compute the correct germination rate of the seeds

Date Developed: Document No.
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Issued by: Page 99 of 134

TESDA-MAIS

Job sheet 6.1.1 Conduct wet bed seeding method

Title: Conduct wet bed seeding method

Performance Objective: Given the different equipment materials and
tools the trainee should be able to prepare and
perform on how to conduct wet bed seeding 1
hours and 15 mins.

Materials Pre-germinated seeds, shovel, pail

Date Developed: Document No.
Date Revised:
Issued by: Page 100 of 134

TESDA-MAIS