JOINT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023) UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS 4 – 5 SEPTEMBER 2023 WORLD TRADE CENTRE, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA
FORWARD Vice Chancellor of UniMAP | Page 3 Dean of faculty | Page 4 Chairman of CENVIRON 2023 | Page 5 PROGRAM SCHEDULE | Page 6 PARALLEL SESSION SCHEDULE | Page 7 - 11 KEYNOTE SPEAKER | Page 11 - 12 ABSTRACT CENVIRON 2023 Sustainable Structure and Green Material | Page 13 - 18 Water and Hydrology | Page 19 -24 Green Transportation Research | Page 25 -29 Sustainable Construction and Practices | Page 30 - 35 Water and Wastewater | Page 36 - 42 Solid and Hazardous Waste | Page 43 - 46 Air and Noise | Page 47 - 48 Health, Safety and Environmental Effects | Page 49 - 52 Energy, Sustainability and Green Environment | Page 53 - 56 LIST OF COMMITEES | Page 57 - 58 ORGANIZER, CO ORGANIZER AND SPONSORS | Page 59 Content CENVIRON PAGE | 2
3 Forward by the Vice Chancellor CENVIRON2023 takes an in-depth look at cutting-edge research and development that addresses major topics in various civil and environmental related fundamentals and applications towards achieving a green and sustainable environment. The conference goal is to bring together experienced and young researchers from all over the world to present and exchange breakthrough ideas in a stimulating exchange forum. It provides a unique platform for young entrants to interact with brilliant professionals and practitioners from various fields pertaining to civil and environmental related research. I believe that this conference will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists from all around the world, as it covers the entire range of basic and applied research and development on civil and environmental related advancement towards achieving the SDG’s targets. I am confident that this conference will allow presenters and attendees here today to examine issues of mutual and current interests, as well as to exchange views related to the conference themes. This is an opportunity for all researchers and academicians from all over the world to develop their professional network towards enhancing the quality of presently on-going research. The interactions and networking amongst fellow researchers are certainly important in the pursuance of knowledge and technological advancement. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank the organising team for their tireless commitment and involvement in ensuring the success of this conference. A conference of this magnitude would not have been possible without the dedication, support and concerted efforts from the committee members, industry colleagues, academic institutions and all supporting organisations. When different skills and experiences collide, eye-opening ideas and solutions emerge. Finally, on behalf of the organising committee, I would like to extend my sincerest thanks and appreciation to our local and international attendees for making this event a success. Thank you. Alhamdulillah, praise be to the Almighty Allah Azza Wajjalla for His countless blessings and bounties. It is with great pleasure that we are able to gather to acknowledge the commencement of the 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering 2023 (CENVIRON2023). CENVIRON2023 is the 6th cycle of the CENVIRON series and carries the theme ‘Enhancing Livability and Sustainability Through Green Technology’. Prof. Dato’ Ts Dr Zaliman Sauli Vice Chancellor Universiti Malaysia Perlis CENVIRON PAGE |
4 Greetings and warm regards, Alhamdulillah, it is with great pleasure and enthusiasm that I welcome you to the 6th cycle of the CENVIRON series, CENVIRON2023, under the captivating theme of ‘Enhancing Livability and Sustainability Through Green Technology’. This conference marks a significant milestone in our collective journey towards a greener and more sustainable future. Every year CENVIRON2023 embraces a profound exploration of diverse topics spanning civil and environmental fundamentals and applications. It is through such comprehensive endeavors that we are propelled towards the realization of a harmonious coexistence between human progress and the environment we inhabit. This conference does more than assemble minds; it serves as a dynamic platform for the exchange of breakthrough ideas and transformative insights. As we gather here, seasoned researchers alongside young talents, we set the stage for a spirited dialogue that transcends boundaries and disciplines. The synergy of experience and fresh perspectives promises to foster an environment of profound intellectual growth and collaboration. Through this exchange, we ignite a catalyst for change that reverberates beyond the confines of this conference, influencing the trajectory of our fields and, ultimately, the world at large. I extend my sincere gratitude to the organizing committee, whose tireless devotion has meticulously shaped this conference. My highest appreciation to all co-organizers and sponsors from industry. Their dedication has been the cornerstone of bringing together a diverse gathering of intellects, and their unwavering commitment to excellence shines through every aspect of CENVIRON2023. Finally, I wish all participants a productive and inspiring conference experience. Thank you for your presence, your passion and your contributions to the 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering 2023. Together, we embark on a journey of discovery and transformation. Forward by the Dean Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin Dean of Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology Universiti Malaysia Perlis CENVIRON PAGE |
5 On behalf of the organizing committee, I would like to extend a warmest welcome and greetings to all CENVIRON2023 participants. The focus of the conference is to gather researchers, academia and industry together to share and discuss current research in the field of civil engineering and environmental technology. CENVIRON2023 features keynote addresses by renowned speakers who have given their time to share their wisdom. The aim of this conference is to provide an invaluable networking opportunity and platform for knowledge sharing and interchange among researchers, academicians and industrial expertise. This includes current research and development, especially in civil and environmental related fundamentals and applications. I believed that this conference would lead to a broad discussion, generate new ideas scientifically and at the same time will create a strong collaboration among the participants. Putting together, the success of the conference is a team effort. This could not come together without the hard work and dedication of the committee members who worked very hard to make this event a successful one. I would like to say a huge thank you to our co-organizers and sponsors for their continuous support toward this conference. We would also like to thank all the authors who submitted their papers to the conference, and all the participants who helped in accomplishing the goals of the conference. We will do our best to make your stay at this conference a pleasant and fruitful one, both socially and scientifically. We hope that you will find this program interesting and thought-provoking and that this conference provides you with a valuable opportunity to share ideas, and pleasant memories. Forward by the Program Chairman Assoc. Prof. Dr. Farrah Aini Dahalan Chairman of CENVIRON2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
6 Program Schedule Date : 4 - 5 September 2023 Location : World Trade Center, Kuala Lumpur Day 1: 4th September 2023 Time Event 9.00 am –10.00 am Registration 10.00 am – 1.00 pm GTEST Opening Ceremony 1.00 pm – 2.00 pm Lunch Break 2.00 pm – 3.00 pm GTEST Keynote Session 3.00 pm – 3.50 pm CENVIRON Keynote 1 Session 3.50 pm – 4.10 pm Afternoon Break 4.10 pm – 5.00 pm CENVIRON Keynote 2 Session 5.00 pm End of Day 1 Day 2: 5th September 2023 Time Event 8.00 am – 8.30 am Registration 8.30 am – 10.30 am Parallel Session 10.30 am – 11.00 am Morning Break 11.00 am – 1.00 pm Parallel Session 1.00 pm – 2.00 pm Lunch Break 2.00 pm – 5.00 pm Parallel Session 5.00 pm End of Day 2 CENVIRON PAGE |
7 Parallel Session Schedule Face to Face Session 1 Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ir. Hafnidar A. Rani 8.40 am – 9.00 am 9.00 am – 9.20 am 9.20 am – 9.40 am 10.20 am – 10.40 am 10.00 am – 10.20 am 9.40 am – 10.00 am 10.40 am – 11.00 am Sustainable Structure and Green Material Paper ID 2: New Corrugated Structural Metal Decking System under Tensile Strength Test Yip Chun Chieh Paper ID 65: Comparative Study of Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash for Stabilisation of Marine Clay Soil Ainaa Khairuddin, Rafiza Binti Abd Razak, khairunnisamuhamad, Muhammad Munsif Bin Ahmad Paper ID 21: Characterization of Air Voids and Permeability in Porous Asphalt Mixtures with Eggshell Ash as an Eco-Friendly Additive TamalkhaniSyammaun, Husaini, Abdullah Mahmud, Muhammad Isya Health, Safety and Environmental Effects Paper ID 26: Quantifying Desiccation Cracks for Expansive Soil using Machine Learning Technique in Image Processing Ling Hui Yean, Ng Jin Cheng, Lau See Hung, Chong Siaw Yah, Yasuo Tanaka Paper ID 27: Identification of Flood Vulnerability Index Parameter in Assessing Flood Risk in Selangor, Malaysia Nur Farah Asyiqin Tajuddin, Faizah Che Ros Air and Noise Paper ID 9: Household indoor microplastics in Kuala Lumpur: Quantification and Chemical Characterizations of Microplastics Ir Ts Dr Dewika Naidu, Sara Yasina Yusuf, Nor Ruwaida Binti Jamian, Prof. Mohammad Khalid, Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim, KalaimaniA/P Markandan, Dr Muhammad Amirul Aizat Mohd Abdah, N Ahmad Irfan Morning Break Session 2 Chairperson: Dr. Radin Maya Saphira binti Radin Mohamed 11.00 am – 11.20 am 11.20 am – 11.40 am 11.40 am – 12.00 noon 12.00 noon – 12.20 pm 12.20 pm – 12.40 pm Water and Hydrology Paper ID 45: Velocity Distribution and Bed Profile Variation of Inbank Flow in a Meandering Channel Zulkiflee Bin Ibrahim, Ridzuan Makhtar, Wan Nor Afiqa Wan Mustafah Kamal, Radzuan Sa’ari, Mohamad Syukri Sharom, Siti Nurhayati Mohd Ali, Azanni Nur Izzati Binti Jamaludin Zulkiflee Bin Ibrahim, RidzuanMakhtar, Wan Nor Afiqa Wan Mustafah Kamal, Radzuan Sa’ari, Mohamad Syukri Sharom, Siti Nurhayati Mohd Ali, Azanni Nur Izzati Binti Jamaludin Paper ID 74: Optimization of Ammonia Removal from Landfill Leachate by Aeration Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Haslina Husin, Nor Ruwaida Binti Jamian, Norfatiha Ishak, Dewika Naidu, Ammar Mohd Rashid, Sara Yasina Yusuf Water and Wastewater Paper ID 15: Oxygen Functionalized Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dye Shuit Siew Hoong, [email protected], Sim Lan Ching, Yee Pey Li Paper ID 22: Utilizing Eco-ZnO from Green Synthesis of Musa Acuminata Peels and Graphene Oxide for Removal of Cephalexin (CFX) Antibiotic in Water Radin Maya Saphira binti Radin Mohamed Paper ID 47: Effect of Aeration Rate on Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate (SOUR) in Treating Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in Domestic Wastewater. Farrah Aini Dahalan, Naimah Ibrahim, Arina Azmina Binti Ahmad Zubir Lunch and End of Day 2 CENVIRON PAGE |
8 Parallel Session Schedule online Time SESSION 1 Sustainable Structure and Green Material SESSION 2 Water and Hydrology SESSION 3 Green Transportation Research Google Meet Link https://meet.google.com/xuu-youd-owe https://meet.google.com/qre-cbbb-xea https://meet.google.com/rnx-xchx-jks 9.00 am – 9.20 am Paper ID 4: The Effect of Soaking on CBR Values in Soft Soils Stabilized with Stone Ash and Sand Paper ID 8: Distribution and Characteristic Sediment Material of Watershed Deli River- Sumatera, Indonesia Paper ID 5: A Comparative Study of Porous Asphalt Strength Reinforced with Expanded Polystyrene Foam and Ash-Based Fillers: Cantabro Test Findings 9.20 am – 9.40 am Paper ID 6: Carbonation of Shale Ceramsite HighStrength Lightweight Concrete Incorporating Graphene Oxide Paper ID 36: The Influence of Stilling Basin Length on Velocity Changes Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis Paper ID 18: Cold Mix Asphalt as Permanent Road Resurfacing Solution: A Review 9.40 am – 10.00 am Paper ID 16: The Effect of Seismic Design on Total Cost of Structural Work for Medium Rise Apartment Building Paper ID 40: The Capability of Rainwater Harvesting and Groundwater Systems as Alternative Water Supply Paper ID 20: Paving the Way for Sustainability: A Study on Porous Asphalt Mixtures Reinforced with LDPE Plastic Waste and Freshwater Mussel (Pilsbryoconcha Exilis) Shell Filler 10.00 am – 10.20 am Paper ID 34: Tropical Wisdom in Aceh Traditional House Paper ID 49: Investigation of Evaporation Rate for Covered and Uncovered Conditions in UiTM Shah Alam Paper ID 33: Design Chart of Trough Width Value for Rectangular Shaped Tunnel 10.20 am – 10.40 am Paper ID 38: The Effect of Cross-Sectional Area, Aspect Ratio and Side to Corner Radius Ratio of Concrete Column on The Performance of Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete as Repair Material: A Review Paper ID 53: Hydrological Modelling with HEC-HMS in Krueng Peudada Sub-watershed Bireuen Regency Paper ID 57: Subgrade Stabilization for Road Foundation in Application for Inundated Areas in Malaysia 10.40 am – 11.00 am Paper ID 41: Investigation of Particle Gradation Effect on Soil-Rock Mixture using Direct Shear Test Paper ID 72: Assessing Hydrological Response in the Timah-TasohReservoir Sub-Catchments: Calibration and Validation using the HECHMS Model 11.00 am – 11.20 am Paper ID 46: Effect of Calcination Processes to the Crystallite Size, Grain Size and Particle Size of Water-Washed Kaolin Particles Paper ID 73: Assessing the Influence of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Changes on Hydrological Response of the Timah-Tasoh Reservoir 11.20 am – 11.40 am Paper ID 55: Performance of Compressed Earth Bricks Incorporating Agrowaste in Comparison with Commercial Fired Bricks CENVIRON PAGE |
9 Parallel Session Schedule online Time SESSION 4 Sustainable Construction and Practices SESSION 5 Sustainable Construction and Practices & Sustainable Structure and Green Material SESSION 6 Water and Wastewater Google Meet Link https://meet.google.com/yym-itfm-uyw TBA TBA 9.00 am – 9.20 am Paper ID 1: Exploring The Causes and Effects of Variation Orders in The Sustainable Construction Industry in Developing Countries: A Review Paper ID 54: Effect Of Damper Mass on Soil-Structure Displacement In Dynamic Response To Earthquake Vibration Paper ID 7: A small-scale wastewater treatment method for rain garden based on photovoltaic photocatalysis technology 9.20 am – 9.40 am Paper ID 17: Ground Settlement and Volume Loss from Pipe Jacking and Microtunelling Activities for Sewerage Pipe Installation in Ipoh, Perak Paper ID 58: Indicative MicrozonationMap of the Contact Zone between the Kenny Hill and Limestone Formation using Active, Passive and Hybrid MASW Methods Paper ID 12: Manganese Detection and Removal from Surface Water: A case study from MengkubauWater Treatment Plant 9.40 am – 10.00 am Paper ID 28: Geotechnical Analysis of The GeumpangTutut Road STA 59+850 Aceh Province, Indonesia Paper ID 63: Awareness Of the Seismic Effect on Existing Highrise Building in Malaysia Paper ID 23: Reduction of Microplastic in Wastewater Via Electrocoagulation Process 10.00 am – 10.20 am Paper ID 30: Safety Practice Assessment Plan Review in Railway Engineering Industrial Towards Construction Sustainable Paper ID 71: Bearing capacity of Percut Sei Tuan clay stabilized with palm shell ash Paper ID 24: Analysis of Algae and Bacteria Mixture in Removing Pollutants from Laundry Wastewater 10.20 am – 10.40 am Paper ID 39: Awareness Of Alternative Disputes Resolution (ADR) Among Malaysian Contractors Paper ID 60: Durability of Slag Based Geopolymer Stabilized Clay with High Moisture Condition Paper ID 29: Effect of Flowrate and Pressure on the Crossflow Filtration in Textile Wastewater Treatment by Commercial UF Membrane 10.40 am – 11.00 am Paper ID 43: Household Income and Expenditure as a Causes of Home Ownership Affordability Paper ID 62: Awareness of using plastic brick in construction Paper ID 48: Investigation of biosand filter (BSF) on the treatment performance of industrial latex wastewater. 11.00 am – 11.20 am Paper ID 61: A Framework of Contractual Protocol for Building Information Modelling (BIM) Implementation in Water Treatment Plant Projects CENVIRON PAGE |
10 Parallel Session Schedule online CENVIRON PAGE | Time SESSION 7 Solid and Hazardous Waste SESSION 8 Air and Noise SESSION 9 Energy, Sustainability and Green Environment Google Meet Link https://meet.google.com/h rp-spmt-fso TBA https://meet.google.com/fqm -vyyu-kdp 2.20 pm - 2.40 pm Paper ID 11: Residents' attitudes, behavior, and willingness to recycle e-waste in Brunei Darussalam Paper ID 51: Relationships between Air Pollutants and Meteorological Factors during Southwest and Northeast Monsoon at Urban Areas in Peninsular Malaysia Paper ID 25: Investigation of MicrowaveAssisted Ethanol PreTreatment Towards Delignification Efficiency of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch 2.40 pm – 3.00 pm Paper ID 14: Soil Contamination Assessment at Pasir Gudang Industrial Area Paper ID 10: Risk Management Planning by Risk Register in Building Construction Project Paper ID 35: Floodplain Development in Aceh River; exploring the synergies between flood risk and urban needs 3.00 pm – 3.20 pm Paper ID 32: A Study on Recycling Waste Materials in Construction Industry Paper ID 13: Optical Fibre Inclinometer Using Distributed Optical Fibre Sensing Technology for RealTime Landslide Monitoring System Paper ID 50: Influence of Temperature and Blending Ratio on Product Yield for Cogasification of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell (TPKS) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 3.20 pm - 3.40 pm Paper ID 42: Elucidation of the Influence of Construction Waste Causative Factors and Strategies towards Sustainable Construction Waste Management Improvement Paper ID 19: Effects of Irrigation Water Sodicity And Salinity On Soil Hydraulic Conductivity Of Agriculture Land Paper ID 52: Energy Efficient Design of Building Based on Building Information Modelling (BIM) 3.40 pm – 4.00 pm Paper ID 44: End-of-life waste management practices: A brief review Paper ID 31: Evaluation of Changes in the Function of Green Open Spaces in Public Facilities in the City of Banda Aceh (Case Study of the Blang Padang Field Area) Paper ID 64: The Impacts of ICT and innovation on Carbon Emissions in G20 Countries
11 Keynote Speaker Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University , Australia [email protected] Assoc.Prof. Dr. Filippo Giustozzi Smooth Landings, Seamless Journeys: The Role of Asphalt Innovations in Road and Airport Systems Asphalt, a versatile composite, embodies a complex amalgamation of elements: aggregates composing the structural matrix, bitumen acting as the cohesive 'glue,' and an array of additives and polymers. Within this intricate interplay, this presentation delves into the promising prospects unlocked through the integration of recycled constituents into asphalt blends designed for both roadways and airports. Among these recycled components are discarded vehicle tires and repurposed waste plastics, highlighting a multi-faceted approach to material optimization. Through a multi-attribute approach, this presentation investigates performance enhancement, ecological advantages, and long-term durability, anchored in the latest investigations and practical implementations overseen by the author at RMIT University and throughout Australia. In particular, the author will shed light on some of the controversial aspects associated with the use of recycled materials in transport infrastructure; namely, the emergence of microplastics from wear and tear due to vehicles, the emission of fumes and noxious pollutants at high construction temperatures, and the ageing of assets that incorporate recycled materials. The presentation will cover pioneering studies conducted by the author and their research team on the effects of UV radiation from the Sun on ageing, an aspect that has not been widely investigated and has often been neglected. Current and past field implementations and case studies across Australia will also be presented to showcase possible hurdles associated with the actual construction of transport infrastructure using recycled materials. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies that investigate the environmental impacts of such projects and materials will be discussed to reinforce the idea that sustainability has a far wider reach than using recycled materials per se. Overall, the presentation will provide valuable information to academics, road authorities, and practitioners regarding the use of novel materials that can enhance the sustainability of the transport infrastructure network. CENVIRON PAGE |
12 Keynote Speaker Prof. Dr. Sumate Chaiprapat Opportunities for Biowaste Utilization in Circular Economy The return of high demand for goods and energy after COVID period and during international conflict has affected electricity production cost and carbon emission target. The supply of green energy needs to continue expanding by about 13% annually over 2022-2030 to align with the Net Zero Scenario set out in the Paris Climate Agreement. The search for a continuous supply of sustainable feedstock for energy production is an urgent matter. Thailand’s main agricultural industries include oil palm, rice, rubber, sugarcane, and tapioca, while meat and seafood products are also intensely produced. To comply with the national policy of Bio-Circular-Green Economic Model, all waste streams in solid, liquid, or slurry forms need to be valorized and recycled to their fullest potential with more efficient and appropriate technologies. Anaerobic digestion (AD) has widely been used to produce consistent biomethane as a biofuel for electricity generation, and effectively serves as a waste management unit in various industrial operations in Thailand. The nutrient-rich digestate is a good source of soil amendment or organic fertilizer that can be used in many ways to circumvent its ultimate purification to meet industrial discharge standards. Coupling with the avoided energy expenditure for such digestate treatment, multiple carbon emission reductions can be realized, aligning with Thailand’s carbon neutrality target 2050. For solid residues or wastes, the elements therein are of value and can be extracted with recycled water prior to the final use as combustible solid biofuel or compost. Cases of our research can demonstrate the development from research questions to laboratory experiments and pilot scale studies in Thai industries. Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, Thailand [email protected] CENVIRON PAGE |
13 Sustainable Structure and Green Material ABSTRACT CENVIRON PAGE |
14 Carbonation of Shale Ceramsite High-Strength LightweightConcrete Incorporating Graphene Oxide Xiaojiang Hong, Jin Chai Lee,May Yen Chu, Lin Li, Zhengjie Zhou _____________________________________________________________ Abstract. The growing demand of concrete for improving durability has stimulated extensive research on graphene oxide (GO). Carbonization, as an irreversible deterioration, should be paid more attention to high-strength lightweight concrete (HSLWC) with the characteristics of porous structure. In this study, the effect of different low content of GO on the carbonation depth of HSLWC made from shale ceramsite was experimentally investigated. Subsequently, the effect of GO on pore distribution of HSLWC was analyzed. Four groups of grade 60HSLWC were designed for comparative experiments, in which 0.00%, 0.01%, 0.03%and0.05% (by weight of cement) GO were added, respectively. The results indicated that GO could effectively reduce the carbonization depth of HSLWC. When GO content was 0.05%, the carbonization depth was reduced by approximately 23%. The main reason was that GOnot only reduce the total porosity but also refine the pores, thus improving the carbonization resistance of HSLWC. The Effect Of Seismic Design On Total Cost Of Structural Work For Medium Rise Apartment Building Nur Shairah Zulkhibri, Mohd Irwan Adiyanto, Hanis Athirah Roslan ________________________________________________________________ Abstract. For decades, people believed Malaysia did not affected by earthquakes because the country is not in the Pacific Ring of Fire. However, the fact has changed because latest findings included Malaysia in the Pacific Ring of Fire region. A medium earthquake of magnitude, Mw 6.1 struck Ranau, Sabah in 2015. This event proving that Malaysia is no longer safe from the effects of seismic catastrophes. This is especially true when most buildings in Malaysia are not made to withstand the shaking that comes from earthquakes. Considering the seismic design might result in higher steel reinforcement, which also raising cost for structural works. This is the dilemma of developers to implement seismic design for new buildings even the national Annex to Eurocode 8, which provide seismic design provision for Malaysia had been launched in December 2017. Hence, this paper studies the effect cost on Sabah's 6-story reinforced concrete apartment building. The study used three levels of reference peak ground acceleration: αgR = 0.08 g, 0.12 g, and 0.16 g, on soil type D with Ductility Class Medium. In the comparison between the non-seismic and each seismic models, the findings suggested that the amount of steel reinforcement per 1 m3 of concrete increased by 7% to 31%, respectively. Other than that, the cost increment for structural work by 3.3% to 12.7% compared to the non-seismic model. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
CENVIRON PAGE | 15 Tropical Wisdom in Aceh Traditional House Mufti Ali Nasution, Astrid Annisa _______________________________________________________________________ Abstract. Tropical architecture is a building design concept that adapts to tropical climate conditions. In adapting to the tropical climate, the building must be able to overcome the tropical climate problems, so that comfort can be obtained by the users. Aceh traditional house or commonly called ‘Rumoh Aceh’, is the traditional house that is still inhabited by the Acehnese community nowadays. The building design of Aceh traditional houses is proven to have many advantages compared to modern houses nowadays, in terms of structure, construction, and also thermal comfort. The purpose of this paper is to identify the tropical wisdom in Aceh traditional houses, to learn the implementation of design strategies in Aceh traditional houses to overcome the tropical climate problems, and to know how it provides comfort for the users. Visual observation is a method used to identify the effectiveness of the building design strategy of Aceh traditional houses in an attempt to adapt to tropical climates. The result of the observation shows that the design of Aceh's traditional house conforms to the rules of tropical architecture. The wisdom of tropical design elements in Aceh traditional houses are the orientation of building mass that extends from north to south, the use of stage-form in the building to optimize air circulation, the appropriate placement of air ventilation, open space for the interior concept, the use of environmentally friendly local material, and the use of sloping roof with a wide overhang to avoid the rainfall. The Effect of Cross-Sectional Area, Aspect Ratio And Side to Corner Radius Ratio of Concrete Column on The Performance of Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete as Repair Material’: A Review Saleh Ahmed Alhaj Ali, MOHD ZULHAM AFFANDI BIN MOHD ZAHID, Nur Liza Rahim, Ts. Ir. Dr. Izwan Johari, Sk Muiz Bin Sk Abd Razak _______________________________________________________________________ Abstract. The utilization of Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) as a repair material for concrete structures holds immense promise and potential, UHPFRC usage in concrete has been a significant rise in the interest surrounding the enhancement and renovation of concrete structures, particularly focusing on columns. UHPFRC has demonstrated exceptional adhesive strength to concrete and an impressive capability to restore the load-bearing capacity of damaged reinforced concrete columns. However, the limited application of UHPRFC as a repair material for concrete columns is primarily attributed to a lack of understanding regarding the influence of shape and size effects specifically related to square and rectangular columns. In this paper, a framework is presented to comprehend the fundamental principles behind the impact of cross-sectional area, aspect ratio, and side to corner radius ratio of concrete columns on the effectiveness of UHPFRC as a repair material. Therefore, it can be adopted by engineers to predict the improvement made by UHPFRC confinement on fire damaged. It is believed that this paper can increase the human capital with the knowledge and expertise in strengthening work for concrete structures. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023
16 Effect of Calcination Processes to the Crystallite Size, Grain Size and Particle Size of WaterWashed Kaolin Particles Shahrul Azwan Shakrani, Afizah Ayob, Mohd Asri Ab Rahim, Salina Alias _______________________________________________________________________ Abstract. Sustainable kaolin particles can be used as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in the construction industry, helping to achieve the goal of promoting sustainability. In this study, water-washed kaolin particles were calcined by using general purpose furnace at elevated temperatures of 600°C, 700°C and 800°C for period of 3 hr and 4 hr at a heating rate of 10°C/min. The effect of calcination processes to the crystallite size, grain size and particle size of waterwashed kaolin particles were investigated. The crystallite size was calculated using the Scherrer equation and the phase composition in X-ray diffraction (XRD), the grain size was measured using ImageJ software and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, and the particle size was determined using the Zetasizer particle size analyzer and cumulants analysis via dynamic light scattering. When the temperature was raised from 600 to 800°C for 3 to 4 hours, the size of the crystallite increased from 302.94 nm to 680.93 nm. Similarly, as calcination temperatures and periods increased, the average grain size increased from 580.15 nm to 843.19 nm. Meanwhile, as calcination temperatures and periods increased, the average particle size increased from 4168.88 nm to 4295.35 nm. It can be seen that the gap value shows only very slightly increases with increasing calcination processes to the crystallite size, grain size and particle size of water-washed kaolin particles. Investigation of Particle Gradation Effect on Soil-Rock Mixture using Direct Shear Test Norsyafiqah Salimun, Hisham Mohamad ________________________________________________________________________ Abstract. Soil-rock mixture is a special geomaterial that composed soil and of certain percentage of rock block with various size and strength. It has high structural strength and renewable resources that used as filler in subgrade, construction material and embankment dam. However, the mechanical properties of the SRM are more sophisticated than other geomaterial due to the complicated interaction between soil and rock particle. As a result of their variabilities in formation, lithology, and mechanical properties, the measurement and analysis of the engineering characteristics and their mechanical behaviors are more complicated than other geomaterials. Previously, many experimental investigations were conducted to focus on shear behaviours and its influencing factors of SRM. Yet, limited work had been done to underline the effect of particle size distribution towards SRM shear strength parameters. Various soil densities, porosities and different framework structures have resulted from different rock particle concentrations. Thus, this study conducted SRM shear test with three different types of gradation and rock block percentages. A well graded SRM shows non-linear trend of cohesion value while uniformly graded and gap graded SRM shows contradicting trend respectively. The result and analysis helped to enhance our understanding the impact of the factors towards the shear strength parameters i.e., internal friction angle and cohesion which is beneficial for geotechnical evaluation on SRM. Each particle size distribution chart shows a different soil gradation and is very useful in analyzing its influence on the shear strength parameters of SRM with different rock block percentages. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
17 Performance of Compressed Earth Bricks Incorporating Agrowaste in Comparison with Commercial Fired Bricks Fetra Venny Riza, Sri Frapanti, Josef Hadipramana ________________________________________________________________________ In particular, for basic homes for natives in Indonesia, fired brick remains the material of choice for construction. This study compared the qualities of compressed earth brick (CEB), which integrates the readily accessible and local agrowaste, to those of traditional burnt brick. Recycling agricultural waste should result in eco-friendly and reasonably priced building materials. The agrowaste incorporated in this study was rice husk ash (RHA), bagasse ash (BA) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA). This study utilised the grey and red clay soil that was readily available in the area, with indices of plasticity of 28 and 40. Binders include cement and hydrated laboratory-grade lime. There were sixteen (16) mix designs for the CEB samples made for this experiment. The result of the CEB samples were compared to the commercially available fired brick in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The standard used to corroborate the result is Indonesian Standard for fired brick since there is no standard for earth brick yet. The compressive strength data showed the CEB has equivalent strength with traditional commercially available burnt brick. The CEB exhibits superior qualities than burnt bricks, according to the water absorption and efflorescence test results. The employment of agricultural waste CEB as building materials might be strongly suggested by the findings. Durability of Slag Based Geopolymer Stabilized Clay with High Moisture Condition Muhammad Munsif Bin Ahmad, Mohd Faiz Mohammad Zaki, Zuhayr Md. Ghazaly, Nor Faizah Binti Bawadi, Masyitah Md Nujid, khairunnisa muhamad ________________________________________________________________________ Clay soils, characterized by their cohesiveness and water retention capacity, exhibit low aeration and tend to swell when water is absorbed, leading to subsequent contraction. The moisture content significantly affects the properties of marine clay, resulting in low strength and high compressibility. Traditional stabilizers like lime, cement, gypsum, fly ash, GGBS, and zeolite have been extensively studied for their ability to enhance the compressive strength, reduce swelling potential, and improve the overall durability of the soil. These stabilizers offer numerous benefits in terms of soil properties and have been extensively researched. A total of 27 GGBS-treated specimens and 7 cement-treated specimens were cast and tested for the strength and durability characteristic. In the study, the variables are binder content of 10%, 20%, and 30%, activator/binder ratio of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, and initial moisture content of 0.75wL, wL, and 1.25wL. Several kinds of experiments were carried out in order to investigate the qualities of stabilized clays, such as their unconfined compressive strength and their resistance to the effects of wetting and drying cycles. As the initial moisture content of the soil increased, the strength of the treated specimens decreased under unconfined compression and flexure. As a result, increasing the binder dose was necessary in order to achieve the strength requirements for high water content soils. Thus, it showed the use of a slag-geopolymer binder for the purpose of stabilizing soft soil is an alternative that is both effective and environmentally friendly. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
18 Awareness of using plastic brick in construction Md Motiar Rahman, Ira Faizal ____________________________________________________________________________ In line with versatile use, abundance in production and easy availability, various plastic products form a considerable part of waste after their use. Such wastes are not managed properly, resulting in to different environmental problems and health concerns. The utilization of such plastic wastes as construction materials, e.g. plastic bricks, can potentially be an effective way of managing plastic wastes, with many other benefits like, recued GHG emission, reduced cost of energy and construction materials, and conservation of natural resources. However, the concept is relatively new, so a preliminary study was designed to gauge the awareness of Brunei construction industry through assessing the relevant key benefits. A questionnaire survey collected opinions of 73 construction industry experts and professionals working with clients, contractors and consultants. The Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.911> 0.70 suggested the reliability, i.e. the observed sample is representative of the entire population. Statistical t-tests confirmed that all the 13 key benefits used in the survey are statistically significant, and they all are of high general importance. Despite different priority of the three groups of respondents, ANOVA results showed that they broadly agreed on the priority of importance of various factors. Such results were interpreted to have some good awareness of Brunei construction on using plastic bricks in construction. Factor analysis extracted three interrelated components, suggesting a consolidated and holistic approach for wider adoption of plastic bricks in construction. The next step will be to undertake further research with wider scope in terms of identifying and assessing large scale benefits, problems/challenges and relevant strategies for wider adoption of plastic bricks and collecting data from larger number of industry participants. Comparative Study of Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash for Stabilisation of Marine Clay Soil Ainaa Khairuddin, Rafiza Binti Abd Razak, khairunnisa muhamad, Muhammad Munsif Bin Ahmad _____________________________________________________________________ This study examines the effectiveness of fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) as alternative stabilising agents for marine clay soil. The mechanical strength of the soil treated with FA and RHA is assessed through the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test. The results demonstrate that fly ash treatment significantly enhances the soil's mechanical properties. At the same time, using RHA as a substitute for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is investigated, revealing improvements in the physical characteristics of the soil. Notably, the UCS values for FA with 50% of additions fall short with 0.43 MPa and 0.83 MPa on 7 and 28 days. However, the highest UCS values recorded are 0.36 MPa at seven days and 0.84 MPa at 28 days with 30% RHA additives. The findings contribute to developing sustainable soil stabilisation techniques for marine clay soil construction projects, offering potential alternatives to cement-based stabilisation methods. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
Water and Hydrology 19 ABSTARCT ABSTRACT CENVIRON PAGE |
20 Distribution and Characteristic Sediment Material of Watershed Deli RiverSumatera, Indonesia yunita pane, Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan, Zulkarnain Hassan, Wiwin Nurzanah ____________________________________________________________________ Deli River is one of the rivers used by the people of Medan-North Sumatra as a supply of clean water and various other daily activities and is also used as a transportation route for fishermen. However, if this condition occurs in a state of crisis, which is caused, among other things, by shallow rivers and narrow river bodies, eventually floods often occur. In this study, the quantitative method, the sampling method used is the probability that is used randomly which is representatively along the river from upstream, middle, and downstream. River sediment material along the Deli River from upstream to downstream generally has a grain size of 65% sand, 26% clay grain size, 6.3% silt grain size, and 3.7% gravel grain size. The river deposits upstream are dominated by sandsized sediments and in the middle (between upstream and downstream) sediments are dominated by clayey-sand-sized sediments, while downstream the dominant sediments are sandy-clay. Deli river flooding is caused by reduced river capacity, high rainfall intensity upstream, and narrowing of the river and high sediment deposits in the middle to downstream The Influence of Stilling Basin Length on Velocity Changes Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis Didit Puji Riyanto, Pranu Arisanto, Febri Fahmi Hakim _____________________________________________________________________ There are many ways to model hydraulic structures. Making prototype of hydraulic structures are costly, so alternative methods need to make an efficient model. Computational Fluid Dynamics is reliable to perform the variations model of hydraulic structures, which means enabling to create of many simulations without dangering people and safely at the cost. This paper discussed the influence of the stilling basin length variation on velocity changes. The stilling basin model draws on a 3-dimensional computer-aided design with three differences in length and export files as .stl. The analysis of Computational Fluid Dynamics is using Simflow open-source CFD software. The simulation is performed at a constant Flow Rate of 65 m³/s. There are three points of velocity monitoring, namely P1, P2, and P3. The position of P1 is located at the center of the stilling basin. P2 and P3 are located at the bottom and the top of the End Sill. The final stage of simulation showed that the stilling basin with the 10 meters length has a velocity at P1, P2, and P3 of 9.43, 7.16, and 5.25 m/s. Other velocity results for 9.5 meters length (P1, P2, P3) are approximately 9.55, 7.92, and 5.78 m/s. The last case using 9 meters length has results of 9.61, 8.30, and 5.83 m/s of velocity. The conclusions of the results showed that shortening the stilling basin length is affecting an increase in the velocity. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
21 The Capability of Rainwater Harvesting and Groundwater Systems as Alternative Water Supply Duratul Ain Tholibon ____________________________________________________________________ This Rainwater Harvesting System (RWH) is considered the Best Management Practice (BMP) which is being implemented in Malaysia. This system is not only intended to slow down the flow of runoff the surface is even used as a free and safe alternative source of water supply used. Although, it is mentioned that the system is not viable and impractical considering the construction and maintenance costs that had to be borne by the users of the system. However, several studies inside and outside the country show the Return on Capital (ROC) factor for this system only in a short period, i.e., between two and three years. This article aims to identify the capability of the experimental study site of Rabbitland Jengka Pahang, Malaysia in providing the most suitable or potential location to apply the RWH system. Moreover, to predict the capability of the RWS system as well as the ROC ability of the system. Results indicate that the level of the system's reliability is high and the ROC for the investment of the system takes only 36 months to recover the cost of the investment. The National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) for Malaysia proved that RWH and groundwater used is in class 3 that is suitable for livestock drinking, external domestic uses, and need extensive treatment for drinking purposes. Velocity Distribution and Bed Profile Variation of Inbank Flow in a Meandering Channel Zulkiflee Bin Ibrahim, [email protected], Wan Nor Afiqa Wan Mustafah Kamal, Radzuan Sa’ari, Mohamad Syukri Sharom, Siti Nurhayati Mohd Ali, Azanni Nur Izzati Binti Jamaludin ____________________________________________________________________ Meandering is one of the most common river planforms in Malaysia. The erosion and deposition of sediment transported within the channel are the main reason of meandering river formation. This resulted when the outer bend experienced higher velocities while lower velocities occurred at the inner bend which resulting in sedimentation processes along the river. Hydraulic characteristics in meandering river are considerably more complex and unique as compared to the straight river. Therefore, an experimental investigation was carried out in the Hydraulic Laboratory, UTM Johor Bahru to enhance the understanding of the hydraulics behaviour and bed profile changes of an inbank flow in a sand bed meandering channel. Flow classification, streamwise velocity distribution and bed profile changes are discussed in this paper. The findings prevailed that the maximum velocity reduced up to 10% from the upstream to downstream due to the resistance from the meanders. Furthermore, erosion and deposition processes along the channel significantly influenced by the velocity distribution. The maximum velocity shifted from the inner toward the outer bend and decreased at the inner of the meander resulting in the deposition and erosion. Higher erosion and deposition were observed at the outer and inner bends, respectively during high flow discharge. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
CENVIRON PAGE | 22 The Capability of Rainwater Harvesting and Groundwater Systems as Alternative Water Supply Duratul Ain Tholibon ____________________________________________________________________ This Rainwater Harvesting System (RWH) is considered the Best Management Practice (BMP) which is being implemented in Malaysia. This system is not only intended to slow down the flow of runoff the surface is even used as a free and safe alternative source of water supply used. Although, it is mentioned that the system is not viable and impractical considering the construction and maintenance costs that had to be borne by the users of the system. However, several studies inside and outside the country show the Return on Capital (ROC) factor for this system only in a short period, i.e., between two and three years. This article aims to identify the capability of the experimental study site of Rabbitland Jengka Pahang, Malaysia in providing the most suitable or potential location to apply the RWH system. Moreover, to predict the capability of the RWS system as well as the ROC ability of the system. Results indicate that the level of the system's reliability is high and the ROC for the investment of the system takes only 36 months to recover the cost of the investment. The National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) for Malaysia proved that RWH and groundwater used is in class 3 that is suitable for livestock drinking, external domestic uses, and need extensive treatment for drinking purposes. Velocity Distribution and Bed Profile Variation of Inbank Flow in a Meandering Channel Zulkiflee Bin Ibrahim, [email protected], Wan Nor Afiqa Wan Mustafah Kamal, Radzuan Sa’ari, Mohamad Syukri Sharom, Siti Nurhayati Mohd Ali, Azanni Nur Izzati Binti Jamaludin ____________________________________________________________________ Meandering is one of the most common river planforms in Malaysia. The erosion and deposition of sediment transported within the channel are the main reason of meandering river formation. This resulted when the outer bend experienced higher velocities while lower velocities occurred at the inner bend which resulting in sedimentation processes along the river. Hydraulic characteristics in meandering river are considerably more complex and unique as compared to the straight river. Therefore, an experimental investigation was carried out in the Hydraulic Laboratory, UTM Johor Bahru to enhance the understanding of the hydraulics behaviour and bed profile changes of an inbank flow in a sand bed meandering channel. Flow classification, streamwise velocity distribution and bed profile changes are discussed in this paper. The findings prevailed that the maximum velocity reduced up to 10% from the upstream to downstream due to the resistance from the meanders. Furthermore, erosion and deposition processes along the channel significantly influenced by the velocity distribution. The maximum velocity shifted from the inner toward the outer bend and decreased at the inner of the meander resulting in the deposition and erosion. Higher erosion and deposition were observed at the outer and inner bends, respectively during high flow discharge. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023
23 Investigation of Evaporation Rate for Covered and Uncovered Conditions in UiTM Shah Alam Zaizatul Zaki, Fatma Fatimah Rahman, Irma Noorazurah Mohamad ____________________________________________________________________ The evaporation rate varies according to temperature, humidity, and wind. The evaporation rate tends to be higher in the hot, dry months and lower in the wetter ones. This may affect the nation's energy use, indoor air quality, and water availability. This study conducted experiments under three conditions—uncovered, partially, and fully covered—to ascertain the evaporation rate at UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia. Recycled materials such as bottle caps were used in the experiment. The study examined the evaporation rate at UiTM Shah Alam in Selangor. The study discovered that the uncovered surface area evaporated at the highest rates in the morning, noon, and afternoon due to direct solar exposure. As some or all of the surface was shielded from the sun's rays, partially-covered and fully-covered surface areas had lower evaporation rates. The study offers important information about the variables influencing evaporation rate, which can be used to enhance understanding of evaporation processes and optimize evaporation in various applications. The findings may shed important light on the evaporation process and the variables that influence it, such as temperature, humidity, and cover material. The research results can be used to enhance building design and construction methods, increase building energy efficiency, and guide water management and conservation policies. Hydrological Modelling with HEC-HMS in Krueng Peudada Sub-watershed Bireuen Regency Akmal, Yulia, Husnul Khaira ____________________________________________________________________ The flood that occurred in Krueng Peudada was influenced by several factors, such as watershed conditions. Heavy rains caused Krueng Peudada to overflow so that a number of villages adjacent to the river were submerged. Based on these problems, to minimize the occurrence of flooding in Krueng Peudada building, namely by carrying out occurrence of flooding in Krueng Peudada to be used to obtain peak discharge as a reference in building planning in Krueng Peudada using HECHMS (Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modelling System). The benefit of the research is that the resulting model can be useful as a guide in calculating flood discharge considerations. The scope of this research includes the research location at Krueng Peudada using annual maximum daily rainfall data, calculating the return period of rainfall using of Gumbel probability distribution, Normal Log, Normal, and Pearson III Log as the basis for calculating the discharge and continuing the calculation of the hours with Manonobe and ABM. The results of calculations of the Nakayasu Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method and running from HEC-HMS found that the flow that occurred in the Krueng Peudada sub-watershed was 2903m3 /second and 2723,0 m3 /second, it can be concluded that in determining watershed management the flood discharge obtainded has error as much as 6,2%. The difference in the results obtained is due to the number of sub-watersheds in the watershed based on different flows and the value of the curve number for each area of the sub-watershed. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
24 Assessing Hydrological Response in the Timah-Tasoh Reservoir SubCatchments: Calibration and Validation using the HEC-HMS Model Nor Aisyah Syafiqah Nordin, Zulkarnain Hassan, Norazian Mohamed Noor, Ain Nihla Binti Kamarudzaman, Ag Shaffie Ag Ahmadni ___________________________________________________________________ Hydrological modelling is a tool that is frequently used for assessing the hydrological response of a basin as a result of precipitation. It is also a vital component as water resources and environmental planning management. The study deals with calibrating and validating the hydrological response in the sub-catchments of the Timah-Tasoh reservoir using the hydrological model named Hydrologic Engineering Center – Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS). This study uses the SCS Curve Number, the SCS Unit Hydrograph, the constant monthly baseflow, and lag routing for the model development. The model was simulated for ten (10) years for calibration and nine (9) years for validation. The model calibration and validation efficiency were assessed using the coefficient of correlation (R). The findings show that the HECHMS model performs satisfactorily in simulating the observed daily inflow series, with the R-value of 0.4902-0.5139 during calibration and 0.5047-0.5559 during validation process. Thus, the result obtained from this study can be used as a preliminary development of hydrological modelling of the catchment of the Timah-Tasoh reservoir and can be used for extend application such as water inflow forecasting, impact of land use to the reservoir and others. Assessing the Influence of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Changes on Hydrological Response of the Timah-Tasoh Reservoir Nor Aisyah Syafiqah Nordin, Zulkarnain Hassan, Norazian Mohamed Noor, Ain Nihla Binti Kamarudzaman, Ag Shaffie Ag Ahmadni _____________________________________________________________________________ Changing patterns in land use and land cover (LULC) is potentially due to development pressure. Due to the increase in LULC change, it alters natural ecosystems and changing the composition of the natural ecosystem services. This study provides evidence to support the hypothesis that LULC can influence both inflow and discharge. The objectives of the study were to measure the impact of LULC change on inflow of the Timah-Tasoh reservoir. The study area land cover was reclassified into five categories which included agriculture, built-up areas, forest, vacant land, and water bodies. Based on the effect of LULC on hydrological response, it is observed that the catchment is not sensitive to changes in LULC. Two mains of LULC scenarios were used including deforestation and afforestation. With an increase in CN to 89.26 (deforestation), the inflow rate increases by 2% (342.20 m3 /s) compared to the present inflow rate. Meanwhile, the inflow rate will decrease to 0.21% (334.80 m3 /s) if the CN value is 80.02 (afforestation). Thus, by using this study’s results, a better method and parameters compatible with another hydrological modelling can be developed for future study. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
25 Green Transportation Research ABSTRACT CENVIRON PAGE |
26 A Comparative Study of Porous Asphalt Strength Reinforced with Expanded Polystyrene Foam and Ash-Based Fillers: Cantabro Test Findings Firmansyah Rachman, Tamalkhani Syammaun, Harits Febiranda ____________________________________________________________________ This research sought to evaluate the effects of incorporating extruded polystyrene (XPS) into porous asphalt mixtures and to understand the role of various filler combinations, specifically coconut shell ash (CSA) and rice husk ash (RHA), on the mixture's performance. For this purpose, asphalt mixtures were subjected to the Cantabro test under both unconditioned and conditioned modes. Mixtures were systematically treated with XPS in varying proportions ranging from 7% to 11%. The filler combinations were further varied, with mixtures containing 7% XPS showing Cantabro loss results of 35.71% for 1SD:3CSA and 43.44% for 1SD:1RHA, and those with 11% XPS demonstrating significant reductions to 19.24% and 18.93% respectively. The findings indicate that introducing XPS notably enhances the mixture's stability and resistance to abrasion and disintegration. CSA-based mixtures generally showcased a more pronounced positive effect on stability than those with RHA. When subjected to moisture conditioning, all mixtures exhibited an increased sensitivity, though the 1SD:1RHA mixture showed the highest resilience against moisture damage. In conclusion, integrating XPS in porous asphalt mixtures can lead to significant performance improvements. The choice of filler, its proportion, and its interaction with XPS are critical factors in determining the mixture's overall performance, especially its resistance to moisture and abrasion Cold Mix Asphalt as Permanent Road Resurfacing Solution: A Review Nur'aina Syamimi Binti Nazri, Norfarah Nadia Ismail, Juraidah Ahmad, Ekarizan Binti Shaffie, Wan Nur Aifa Binti Wan Azahar, Warid Wazien Bin Ahmad Zailani, Safwan Fakhrin Mohd Bin Mohd ____________________________________________________________________ Pavement often experiences surface distress include traffic volume, the presence of moisture, and pavement condition, which takes the form of potholes, ravelling, or permanent deformation. Potholes, a common issue on paved surfaces, can weaken the pavement and the supporting material if they are not properly repaired, leading to wear and fracture due to insufficient support on the asphalt pavement affected. The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic review of CMA’s potential to serve as a permanent road resurfacing solution alongside its benefit towards the green sustainable environment, social and economic perspective. It combined resources through the Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science that relate to using Cold Mix Asphalt as resurfacing means. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
27 A Comparative Study of Porous Asphalt Strength Reinforced with Expanded Polystyrene Foam and Ash-Based Fillers: Cantabro Test Findings Firmansyah Rachman, Tamalkhani Syammaun, Harits Febiranda ____________________________________________________________________ This research sought to evaluate the effects of incorporating extruded polystyrene (XPS) into porous asphalt mixtures and to understand the role of various filler combinations, specifically coconut shell ash (CSA) and rice husk ash (RHA), on the mixture's performance. For this purpose, asphalt mixtures were subjected to the Cantabro test under both unconditioned and conditioned modes. Mixtures were systematically treated with XPS in varying proportions ranging from 7% to 11%. The filler combinations were further varied, with mixtures containing 7% XPS showing Cantabro loss results of 35.71% for 1SD:3CSA and 43.44% for 1SD:1RHA, and those with 11% XPS demonstrating significant reductions to 19.24% and 18.93% respectively. The findings indicate that introducing XPS notably enhances the mixture's stability and resistance to abrasion and disintegration. CSA-based mixtures generally showcased a more pronounced positive effect on stability than those with RHA. When subjected to moisture conditioning, all mixtures exhibited an increased sensitivity, though the 1SD:1RHA mixture showed the highest resilience against moisture damage. In conclusion, integrating XPS in porous asphalt mixtures can lead to significant performance improvements. The choice of filler, its proportion, and its interaction with XPS are critical factors in determining the mixture's overall performance, especially its resistance to moisture and abrasion Cold Mix Asphalt as Permanent Road Resurfacing Solution: A Review Nur'aina Syamimi Binti Nazri, Norfarah Nadia Ismail, Juraidah Ahmad, Ekarizan Binti Shaffie, Wan Nur Aifa Binti Wan Azahar, Warid Wazien Bin Ahmad Zailani, Safwan Fakhrin Mohd Bin Mohd ____________________________________________________________________ Pavement often experiences surface distress include traffic volume, the presence of moisture, and pavement condition, which takes the form of potholes, ravelling, or permanent deformation. Potholes, a common issue on paved surfaces, can weaken the pavement and the supporting material if they are not properly repaired, leading to wear and fracture due to insufficient support on the asphalt pavement affected. The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic review of CMA’s potential to serve as a permanent road resurfacing solution alongside its benefit towards the green sustainable environment, social and economic perspective. It combined resources through the Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science that relate to using Cold Mix Asphalt as resurfacing means. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
28 Paving the Way for Sustainability: A Study on Porous Asphalt Mixtures Reinforced with LDPE Plastic Waste and Freshwater Mussel (Pilsbryoconcha Exilis) Shell Filler Mahdi Syahbana, Firmansyah Rachman, Tamalkhani Syammaun, Fajri Munanda ____________________________________________________________________________ This research study investigates the impact of mussel shell filler type and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) content on porous asphalt mixtures' Marshall Stability and Marshall flow. The results indicate that the choice of filler and the percentage of LDPE significantly influence the stability and flow values of the asphalt mixtures. The study employs a series of tests to analyze Marshall Stability and Marshall flow variations with different filler compositions and LDPE percentages. The findings reveal that LDPE's effect on Marshall Stability depends on the filler type. In mixtures with stone ash as the filler, LDPE generally decreases stability. However, when mussel shell powder is used as an alternative filler, the relationship between LDPE and stability becomes more complex, with non-linear effects observed. Similarly, the impact of LDPE on Marshall flow varies with the filler type. LDPE increases flow values in mixtures with stone ash, whereas in mixtures with mussel shell powder, LDPE decreases flow values. The results suggest that the physical and chemical properties of the fillers play a significant role in the interaction between LDPE and the mixture components. The observed trends indicate that the impact of alternative fillers on mixture performance depends not only on the filler proportion but also on the amount of LDPE present. The study highlights the need for further investigations to optimize the proportions of fillers and LDPE, understand the underlying mechanisms, and evaluate other performance characteristics such as durability, resistance to environmental conditions, and economic feasibility. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential use of alternative fillers and additives in asphalt mixtures. Introducing mussel shell powder as a filler shows promise in enhancing mixture stability and flow, particularly at lower LDPE percentages. However, further research is necessary to draw more robust conclusions and optimize mixture proportions. By addressing these research gaps, it will be possible to advance the development of more durable and sustainable asphalt mixtures. Characterization of Air Voids and Permeability in Porous Asphalt Mixtures with Eggshell Ash as an Eco-Friendly Additive Tamalkhani Syammaun, Husaini, Abdullah Mahmud, Muhammad Isya ___________________________________________________________________________ Recently, there has been a lot of interest in the use of eco-friendly additives in asphalt mixtures in the field of pavement engineering. Such additives have been found to have the potential to enhance pavement performance while also mitigating the environmental impact of road construction. Eggshells are a restaurant waste product that is one of the additives that have been investigated in this study. The research aims to investigate the effect of eggshell ash (EA) on the air voids and permeability of porous asphalt mixtures. Two temperatures, 100°C (EA100) and 200°C (EA200), were used to prepare EA with varying percentages of 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% by weight of bitumen. The samples were then prepared and compacted by applying 50 blows on each side to measure air voids, and permeability testing was performed in the laboratories. The results indicated that the use of EA had impacted the permeability and air voids of the porous asphalt mixture. The amount of air voids in the mixes had a direct impact on the permeability coefficient, as the value of the permeability coefficient decreased with decreasing air voids. EA can serve as an additive to improve the permeability of asphalt mixtures, which may increase the pavement's durability and longevity. Furthermore, the use of EA has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of the egg industry while improving the sustainability of road construction. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
CENVIRON PAGE | 29 Design Chart of Trough Width Value for Rectangular Shaped Tunnel Muhammad Yusoff Bin Mohd Nasir, Hisham Mohamad, Ts. Muhammad Farid Bin Ghazali, Muhammad Shafiq Aiman Bin Ahmran ____________________________________________________________________ The rectangular tunnel has proven as the best technique for depth clearance and utilizing the space of cross-section compared with the circular tunnel. In designing the rectangular tunnel, trough width parameters found from the literature mostly were designed for circular shape tunnels only. The main objective of this paper is to develop a design chart of trough width value for rectangular tunnels through a parametric study comprising a variation of tunnel size ratios using numerical analyses. PLAXIS 2D, a finite element modelling software, was used to generate rectangular tunnel models with shield support under different conditions. Developing a design chart could increase the intention of constructing a rectangular-shaped tunnel for tunnel engineers and increase the impact on green engineering. Design charts for rectangular tunnels held at depths of 4 m, 5 m and 6 m were developed and validated with field data from the literature for the potential application of trough width value that matches clayey ground conditions. Soft soil conditions may not be applicable to be applied on these charts. Subgrade Stabilization for Road Foundation in Application for Inundated Areas in Malaysia Zuhayr Md. Ghazaly, Nor Faizah Binti Bawadi, Muhammad Munsif Bin Ahmad, Masyitah Md Nujid, Mohd Faiz Mohammad Zaki _____________________________________________________________________ This research focused on the analysis of subgrade stabilization for road foundations in potentially inundated area of Malaysia. Basically, inundated areas, which are prone to frequent flooding, pose significant challenges for road infrastructure due to the adverse effects of water on subgrade soils. Thus, the objectives of this research were to identify and characterize the soil type from roadside of Kampung Bakau, Kangar, Perlis, and evaluate and propose the effective subgrade stabilization methods to enhance the performance and durability of road foundations under such condition. The stabilization materials used in this research were lime and cement. In order to achieve the necessary results, Atterberg Limit, Standard Proctor, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were conducted. For CBR test, 7 sets of soil samples were considered. In addition, during the CBR tests, soaked and unsoaked method were performed to simulate the condition of flooding. In general, the soil samples taken were characterized as high plasticity silt based on the results from Atterberg Limit Test. Besides that, the results obtained from CBR test showed that lime with 8% addition in mixture provides the highest strength in comparison with cement which was 4.50 kN of load resisted at 2.00 mm penetration. Meanwhile, cement with 3% addition in mixture showed the lowest strength, observed in the CBR test compared to lime which was 1.75kN of load resisted at 2.00 mm penetration. In conclusion, this research showed that for high plasticity silt type of soil, the optimized subgrade stabilization method is by lime with 8% addition in mixture to achieve higher strength with increased resistance to fractures and harmful effects of moisture. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023
30 Sustainable Construction & Practice ABSTRACT CENVIRON PAGE | ABSTRACT
31 Exploring The Causes And Effects Of Variation Orders In The Sustainable Construction Industry In Developing Countries: A Review Nurhadirah Amzafi, Afizah Ayob, Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim, Hamizah Mokhtar, Hafnidar A Rani ___________________________________________________________________________ Variation orders are a frequent occurrence in construction. This study compiles more than 80 articles of various constructions with a focus on the similarities and differences in variation orders between developing and developed countries' insight towards sustainable construction projects. The impact of the post-COVID19 pandemic emerged in the review. In addition, a specific stakeholder, that is, the owner, contractor, consultant, is linked to a variation order and other variations that influence the construction. Variation is inevitable, but it can be controlled to minimise the cost and time overrun. A review of the existing literature identified that the common cause of variation order is the owner originated variations, change in design by consultant, error and omission in design, and lack of coordination between consultant and contractor. However, developing countries face different challenges due to economic and political instability and lack of resources, skills and experience. This review provides useful directions to construction professionals and policymakers, not only by reducing the unfavourable effects but also by suggesting the intention of restoring factors of environment, economic and social sustainability in the construction industry. Risk Management Planning by Risk Register in Building Construction Project Dr. Ir. Hafnidar A Rani, Tamalkhani Syammaun, Afizah Ayob, Zakirullah, Muhammad Shafly Aqsha ____________________________________________________________________ Construction projects inherently carry the risk of vulnerabilities emerging during their execution, often due to a lack of comprehensive risk identification and analysis. This research seeks to address this issue by collecting and structuring risks through the creation of a risk register. The risk register is a document encompassing potential risk events, their underlying causes, and distinctive characteristics. The primary objective of this study is to pinpoint the most prominent risk factors present in building construction projects and to formulate a risk management strategy utilizing the risk register. The research methodology employed a purposive sampling technique. The variables under consideration included human resources (X1), cost (X2), material and equipment (X3), natural and environmental conditions (X4), and the risk register (Y), comprising a total of 22 indicators. The research involved the distribution of questionnaires to 50 contractors actively engaged in building construction projects within the Banda Aceh region. The validity and reliability of the instrument were evaluated through factor analysis using the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) method. The Measure of Sampling Adequacy (MSA) for all variables exceeded 0.50, and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity (Sig) yielded a value below 0.05, affirming the validity and reliability of the data variables. The outcomes of the descriptive analysis unveiled that the most prevalent risk factor was associated with human resources. The risk assessment, conducted utilizing a probability impact matrix, revealed that five indicators indicated a medium level of risk, while seventeen indicators indicated a low level of risk. Consequently, human resources (X1), material and equipment (X3), and natural and environmental conditions (X4) were identified as the dominant risk factors, all at a medium-risk level. Furthermore, this study's findings imply that addressing the dominant risk of human resources through a structured risk register can significantly enhance the management and execution of building construction projects. By systematically assessing and addressing potential risks, project stakeholders can make informed decisions and implement effective mitigation strategies, leading to improved project outcomes in terms of timelines, costs, and overall quality. In conclusion, this study highlights the critical role of risk management in construction projects by demonstrating the significance of a comprehensive risk register. The practical implications of addressing dominant risks underscore the importance of proactive risk mitigation and its potential positive impact on building construction projects. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
32 Geotechnical Analysis of The Geumpang-Tutut Road STA 59+850 Aceh Province, Indonesia Maimunah, Ira Dama Yanti, Manovri Yeni, Mariana ____________________________________________________________________ Landslides occur frequently and result in many fatalities due to their sudden occurrence. One of the landslide disasters that occurred in Indonesia, especially in the Aceh region, was the landslide that occurred in Sungai Mas District, precisely on the Geumpang-Tutut STA 59+850 road section. Geumpang-Tutut Road is an east-west route that connects the city of Sigli-Meulaboh, Aceh Province, Indonesia. This landslide resulted in the severing of access to the Geumpang-Tutut road, where the road body was seriously damaged (submerged) and eroded. This landslide road body is very dangerous for motorists who pass through this route. Therefore, research is needed on geotechnical analysis to determine the safety factor on slopes where landslides occur so that handling can be carried out to reduce landslides that occur at that point. Based on these problems, a slope stability analysis is needed to obtain the safety factor on the slope and determine the handling effort. The purpose of the slope stability analysis is to obtain a safety factor value that meets safety requirements. In general, the FK factor of safety is > 1.25 for existing conditions and FK ≥ 1.5 for reinforced slopes. This analysis was carried out using the Plaxis version 8.6 program and manual calculations using the Fellenius method. Slope stability analysis was carried out on existing slope conditions. Based on the results of the calculations displayed by the plaxis program on the slopes being reviewed, the safety factor value was 0.833. From these results, it can be concluded that the slope does not meet the safety requirements (FK ≤ 1.25), while the results of the calculation of the safety factor were done manually using the Fellenius and obtained a safety number of 0.52, which is smaller than the safe number obtained from the analysis carried out with the Plaxis program version 8.6. This is because the soil parameters used in manual calculations are fewer than the parameters used in the Plaxis version 8.6 program. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 Awareness Of Alternative Disputes Resolution (ADR) Among Malaysian Contractors Muhammad Azizi Bin Azizan, Nurfadzillah Ishak _____________________________________________________________ Disputes in construction are unavoidable action, which need to be managed. There are various causes of disputes in construction field. However, it should be avoided in limited time to continue the project progress. There are many methods to solve the disputes or problems nonetheless Alternative Disputes Resolution (ADR) is the suggestible methods compare to judicial mechanisms. In Malaysia, there are few ADR methods included in contract forms, such as arbitrations, adjudication and mediation. Besides that, negotiation and conciliation are ADR methods which commonly used in other countries. Despite, there are still less usage in ADR in construction field. This survey conducted to study the awareness of ADR among contractors in Malaysia. These paper highlights to analyze the method for promotes and improve ADR usage among contractor in Malaysia effectively. It is revealing that, there are lack of awareness among contractors in Malaysia and lack in usage of ADR. In addition, contractors have been suggested several methods to promote ADR among Malaysian contractors to gain benefits by using ADR methods. CENVIRON PAGE |
33 Household IncomeFF and Expenditure as a Causes of Home Ownership Affordability Norazmawati Md Sani ____________________________________________________________________ The affordability of owning a home indicates an individual’s capacity to pay off all the expenditures required. The concern regarding the ability to possess a home is typically debated based on several aspects that impact home ownership. Several aspects impact an individual’s capacity to afford a house: house cost, family income and expenses, educational qualification, and other aspects. This study aims to evaluate household income and expenditure as determinants of the affordability of house ownership. Usually, an individual can own a home if the family’s income can support the property’s monthly rent and household expenses, and vice versa. This paper uses a survey report to extract data concerning household income, essential necessities, and family expenses for 2019. This sample was chosen using the purposive sampling approach. Qualitative techniques were used for evaluation. Study outcomes indicated that household earnings and expenses are the critical aspects influencing homeownership ability. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 Safety Practice Assessment Plan Review In Railway Engineering Industrial Towards Construction Sustainable Nur Soleha Abdul Rahim, Yugeswaran A/L Chinniah, Nur Amierah Harun , Abd Ghapar Muhammad Aizat Afiq _____________________________________________________________ The expansion of the global railway infrastructure has inspired many nations, including Malaysia, to wide the railway as a crucial strategy for construction sustainable by improving the domestic transportation network and boost economic competitiveness. Its key quality, which serves as the foundation of a city’s public transportation system, it is capacity to efficiently convey huge numbers of people. An organization's sustainable development strategy should be examined in conjunction with other factors such as economic effectiveness, resource usage, occupational health and safety, and environmental protection. As a result, implement safety practice assessment plan review in railway engineering industrial towards construction sustainability. This study was conducted in the objectives of (i) to identify safety practice assessment for improvement strategy in railway industrial engineering, (ii) to investigate safety practice assessment challenges in railway engineering industry, and (iii) to analyses safety practice assessment elements in railway engineering industrial. A total of 100 articles from 20 leading journals were then identified and categorized into challenges in safety practice. From the results of the framework, recommendation to improve safety practice assessment plan for future railway engineering industrial to sustain construction can establish. Thus, the research will be helpful for them to understand better upon the procedures and possible safety issues, and able to practice safety procedures to avoid undesired accidents in order to assist Malaysian construction sustainability. In additional, for the existing literatures, this research will be an additional input for the lacking details related to safety practices in railway project sites. CENVIRON PAGE |
34 Effect of damper mass on soil-structure displacement in dynamic response to earthquake vibration Masyitah Md Nujid ____________________________________________________________________ Earthquake is a natural disaster that always occur inside the region of pacific ring of fire. Many structures such as high-rise buildings, bridges, dams and many more failed and take severe damage due to the impact of the strong vibration of the earthquake. A pile foundation is a type of deep footing which is suitable for high-rise buildings founded on clay soils where its function to prevent potential failures such as bearing capacity and collapse. In addition, the problem of tall buildings is prone to sway and damaged when earthquake strike and such vibrations cause the dynamic behaviour of structure to change significantly in terms of excessive lateral displacements and accelerations. Hence, tall buildings around the world has taken a step to prevent building damage with provided many types of innovation such as base isolation technique, lead rubber bearings, and tuned mass damper. The effectiveness of vibration absorber to the single pile structured in clay soil was modelled and simulated in finite element program PLAXIS 3D version 20 with and without the presence of the damper where the inputs were taken from the Sumatera and Chi – chi earthquakes. The problem was modelled and simulated by drawing a geometry, assigning the soil and pile materials input, loading and boundary conditions, meshing generated and staged construction for calculations of displacement structure output in response to dynamic due to earthquake vibration. The displacement-time with the effect of mass of the vibration with and without absorber are presented. The results show a good performance of damper on the single pile structured on soft soil with different types of earthquakes. Indicative Microzonation Map of the Contact Zone between the Kenny Hill and Limestone Formation using Active, Passive and Hybrid MASW Methods Mohd Faiz Mohammad Zaki, Zuhayr Md. Ghazaly, Nor Faizah Binti Bawadi, Muhammad Munsif Bin Ahmad, Masyitah Md Nujid _____________________________________________________________ The impact of the far-field earthquake generated by the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake with a Richter scale of 9.3 was also felt by Malaysians. The ground motion triggered by this earthquake is caused by the shear wave velocity, particularly at a depth of 30 m (Vs30). Therefore, this dynamic soil properties need to be determined, which was evaluated using the active, passive, and hybrid MASW methods at 16 locations in the contact zone between the Kenny Hill and limestone formations in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Vs30 value is further classified using EC8 and UBC codes with the specific class. The Vs determined from the hybrid MASW for the contact zone range from 198 m/s to 286 m/s at the ground surface and from 376 m/s to 662 m/s at 30 m depth. In contrast, in the non-contact zone, Vs range from 212 m/s to 328 m/s at the ground surface and from 562 m/s to 921 m/s at 30 m depth. For Vs30, the contact zone has a minimum value of 280 m/s and a maximum value of 380 m/s, while the non-contact zone has a minimum value of 370 m/s and a maximum value of 530 m/s. Further classification using EC8 and UBC shows that the contact zone is classified as C and D and the non-contact zone is classified as B and C, respectively. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
35 Awareness Of The Seismic Effect On Existing Highrise Building In Malaysia Shamilah Anudaianuar ___________________________________________________________________ Seismic event is unpredictable that may occur all over the world based on fault line. Impact of this phenomenon to the society, structures, sources and surrounding is significant to be investigated. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the awareness level and input information required by Malaysian people. In Malaysia, several far field seismic activities have triggered some of high-rise building including residential and commercial. Due to this situation, the occupants started to worry of their safety living in high rise buildings, designed without seismic considerations. The most important initial step is to investigate the awareness level among the occupants. A survey has been conducted in Georgetown area involving 208 respondents. Findings indicates the respondents have limited experience on the seismic event in Malaysia and they never exposed with any seismic information. Less than 50% declared to have an adequate knowledge about seismic. Only 31.25% of the respondents exposed to the seismic information. Respondents agree that Malaysia should applied seismic code of practice for all buildings construction. Most of the respondents believe that preparation for upcoming seismic activities is still insufficient. They decide for all new buildings have their own seismic certificate in the future for seismic preparation. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 Bearing capacity of Percut Sei Tuan clay stabilized with palm shell ash Debby Endriani, Nor Faizah Binti Bawadi, Aazoki Waruwu, Ahmad Hafizullah Ritonga __________________________________________________________________ Improvements to the bearing capacity of the soil have been carried out and developed at this time, one of which is the stabilization of clay soils. There are several alternatives to solve low soil bearing capacity, one of which is using geo-synthetic materials but has a weakness in terms of high cost. Another alternative is to add palm shell ash as a stabilizing agent. The effect of adding palm shell ash has not been thoroughly studied, so further research is needed. The material added is palm shell ash with a variation of 0%, 4%, 8%, 10%, and 12% in each test. The tests carried out in the laboratory were water content (w), specific gravity test (Gs), Atterberg limit test, sieve analysis (sieve analysis), soil compaction test, and CBR (California Bearing Ratio) test. The CBR test was carried out by curing the soil for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days with a mixture of palm shell ash before compaction. The soil in this study belongs to the A-7-5 group. The CBR (California bearing ratio) value increased with the increase in the palm shell ash percentage in the mixture after curing the soil. The highest CBR value was in the variation of 12% palm shell ash with a 7-day curing period of 6.92% with a soil bearing capacity of 5.06. CENVIRON PAGE |
36 Water & Wastewater ABSTRACT CENVIRON PAGE | ABSTRACT
37 A small-scale wastewater treatment method for rain garden based on photovoltaic photocatalysis technology Hong Xiaojiang, Heqian, Jing Lin Ng, Qianshali ____________________________________________________________________ Conventional small-scale sewage treatment mostly adopts the principle of biological contact oxidation process, which has limited scope of application, lowdegradation rate of pollutants in sewage, and poor sewage treatment effect. Based onthis, a new small-scale sewage treatment method was proposed by introducingphotovoltaic photocatalysis technology and taking S sponge community in NingnanCounty, Liangshan Prefecture as an example. First, hydrothermal method is used toprepare photocatalyst to provide basic guarantee for sewage treatment. Secondly, the rainwater garden model is simulated and designed to obtain the composition andcontent of smallscale sewage. On this basis, the photovoltaic photocatalysis water purification system of rainwater garden is designed, and the goal of sewage treatment is fully realized through photovoltaic photocatalysis technology and A/Ointegratedprocess. The experimental analysis shows that the new method can significantlyimprove the degradation rate of organic pollutants in rainwater garden sewage, comprehensively degrade pollutants in the water, with good water purification effect and high pollutant reduction capacity Manganese Detection and Removal from Surface Water: A case study from Mengkubau Water Treatment Plant Muhammad Adib Hidayatullah Bin Haji Ahmad, Shahriar Shams _____________________________________________________________ The study of water contamination, especially in developing countries, has become more crucial in recent years as the demand for clean, drinkable water has increased. Brunei Darussalam's primary water supply comes from surface waters, and each year, BND $ 9 to 10 million is spent on chemicals for water treatment. Recently, the Mengkubau dam, which supplies water to the Brunei Muara District, has been upgraded in terms of its height to meet the increased demand. Because of this, the amount of manganese in raw water went up, especially during the rainy season. This caused problems for the Mengkubau Water Treatment Plant (MWTP). So, a study was done to find out where the extra manganese was coming from and how it could be stopped to help solve the problems in a more cost-effective and long-term way. Rock samples from the dam and rainfall data as well as the data for manganese concentration in the raw water were collected to understand the source of manganese. The results showed that the rocks contribute to the manganese concentration in the raw water with a percentage increase of almost 900%. Furthermore, rainfall influences manganese concentration because concentration is higher in the rainy season compared to the dry season. Also, an experiment was done to see if water lettuce, or Pistia stratiotes, could be used as a sustainable and cost-effective treatment. The efficiency of manganese removal through water lettuce varies depending on the exposed weather condition. The highest removal efficiency of 97% was achieved when the water lettuce was placed in the shade. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
38 Oxygen Functionalized Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dye Shuit Siew Hoong, Sim Lan Ching, Yee Pey Li ____________________________________________________________________ Photocatalyst such as graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is being studied intensively due to its ability in photocatalysis. g-C3N4 is a metal-free semiconductor photocatalyst with a bandgap of approximately 2.7 eV which contributes to its good visible light harvesting ability. In this work, bulk g-C3N4 was produced via pyrolysis of melamine in a muffle furnace. Functionalized g-C3N4 with improved properties was synthesized via modified Hummers method. The powdered form of functionalized g-C3N4 were characterized using SEM and EDX to identify its physiological properties. The result showed that the introduction of oxygen into gC3N4 is confirmed by the increased content of oxygen in the functionalized g-C3N4 upon oxidation using Hummers method. Besides, exfoliation of gC3N4 to smaller particle size observed from the SEM images. Then, the photocatalytic performances of the bulk g-C3N4 and functionalized g-C3N4 were evaluated by degrading of Methylene Blue (MB) dyes under LED light irradiation. The result revealed that the bulk g-C3N4 has a higher efficiency in removal of dyes which indicates that it has a better photocatalytic degradation ability, which possibly due to the destruction of compound structure under strong acid treatment. Utilizing Eco-ZnO from Green Synthesis of Musa Acuminata Peels and Graphene Oxide for Removal of Cephalexin (CFX) Antibiotic in Water Radin Maya Saphira binti Radin Mohamed _____________________________________________________________ Cephalexin (CFX) antibiotic concentration has been used as a marker for identifying emerging pollutants (EPs) in the non-medical setting due to its significant ability to cause antimicrobial resistance with the highest risk quotient. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of Eco-Zinc Oxide-Graphene Oxide (Eco-ZnO/GO) nanocomposite (NC) from green synthesis of Musa acuminata by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The main focused of the study is to optimize the efficiency of Eco-ZnO/GO NC from green synthesis of M. acuminata for removal of CFX by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The average particle sizes for Eco-ZnO and GO were determined to be 10 nm and 300 nm respectively by using FESEM. It is deduced that the optimization factors of adsorbent dosage to 100 mg/L, irradiation time to 120 min and initial concentration of CFX to 100 mg/L could achieve the mean removal of CFX by 22.17 %. The study contributed to the new knowledge on using nanocomposite materials to remove CFX in the water. However, more thorough studies are needed to obtain higher removal capacity. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
39 Reduction of Microplastic in Wastewater Via Electrocoagulation Process Mohd Syafiq Rosli , Ts Dr Norhafezah Binti Kasmuri, Nurfadhilahzaini ___________________________________________________________________ _ Laundry detergents contain high nutrients, especially phosphate and nitrogen compounds. High concentrations of these nutrients can cause eutrophication to the water bodies and are toxic to aquatic organisms. Thus, this study aims to identify the characteristics of laundry wastewater and to enhance the treatment for the pollutants using algae and bacteria mixture. Moreover, the removal efficiency for this pollutant has been determined after the batch experiment. The characteristics of laundry wastewater were evaluated using in-situ and laboratory analysis. The in-situ testing included pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) parameters. Laboratory experiments consist of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, and nitrate-nitrogen. The results were recorded for the parameters before and after treatment. It can be revealed that the concentration of 2 g of algae had recorded 61% COD removal. For the concentration of 0.5 g algae, the highest percentage of removal recorded was 79.2% for ammonia-nitrogen. For total suspended solids (TSS), a maximum of 79% has been removed for a 0.5 g algae mixture. An average of 90% removal has been detected for 2 g algae and 1 g algae concentrations, respectively. Therefore, these algae and bacteria mixtures can be considered green technology to biodegrade the pollutants and enhance the quality of the laundry wastewater. Analysis of Algae and Bacteria Mixture in Removing Pollutants from Laundry Wastewater Nur Atikah Amirah Binti Mat Rodzi, Ts Dr Norhafezah Binti Kasmuri, Nurfadhilahzaini _____________________________________________________________ Cephalexin (CFX) antibiotic concentration has been used as a marker for identifying emerging pollutants (EPs) in the non-medical setting due to its significant ability to cause antimicrobial resistance with the highest risk quotient. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of Eco-Zinc Oxide-Graphene Oxide (Eco-ZnO/GO) nanocomposite (NC) from green synthesis of Musa acuminata by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Xray Spectroscopy (EDX). The main focused of the study is to optimize the efficiency of Eco-ZnO/GO NC from green synthesis of M. acuminata for removal of CFX by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The average particle sizes for EcoZnO and GO were determined to be 10 nm and 300 nm respectively by using FESEM. It is deduced that the optimization factors of adsorbent dosage to 100 mg/L, irradiation time to 120 min and initial concentration of CFX to 100 mg/L could achieve the mean removal of CFX by 22.17 %. The study contributed to the new knowledge on using nanocomposite materials to remove CFX in the water. However, more thorough studies are needed to obtain higher removal capacity. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
40 Effect of Flowrate and Pressure on the Crossflow Filtration in Textile Wastewater Treatment by Commercial UF Membrane Chong Kok Chung, Woon Chan Chong, Chan See Yi ____________________________________________________________________ Textile industries are one of the greatest wastewater producers as they require a significant amount of water to be used in the dyeing and finishing processes of textile manufacturing. The number of unit operations in the technological process, the product range, the bath ratio, the mass of fiber in relation to the bath volume, and the finishing machine are some variables that will affect water consumption in the textile industry. As a result, generally, a typical textile plant may consume a volume of water between 100,000 and 300,000 m3 annually. As textiles address a substantial portion of human requirements, it is predicted that by 2050, there will be 160 million metric tonnes, three times as much clothing as there is today. Membrane technology in wastewater treatment is a recent interest arising technique and garnering the industrial application's interest, owing to its ease of setup and low energy requirement. Crossflow membrane filtration is commonly used in the industry, attributed to its tangential flow across the membrane mechanism, leading to low fouling. This study investigated the textile wastewater's effluents using crossflow ultrafiltration (UF) membrane filtration. The effect of the operating parameter in terms of pressure and flowrate of the crossflow system were performed to evaluate its permeate flux performance. The study's outcome reveals pressure increases from 2 bar to 4 bar, the water flux enhances dramatically from 156.26 L/m2hr to 591.98 L/m2hr, and the water flux further increases constantly from 4 bar to 10 bar. On the other hand, the flowrate positively affects the permeate flux, where the flux was enhanced from 651.01 L/m2hr to 726.08 L/m2hr when adjusting the flow rate from 2 LPM to 6 LPM. The results from this study suggested that crossflow membrane filtration system could be commercially feasible due to its permeate flux performance. Effect of Aeration Rate on Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate (SOUR) in Treating Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in Domestic Wastewater. Farrah Aini Dahalan, Naimah Ibrahim, Arina Azmina Binti Ahmad Zubir _____________________________________________________________ Specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) is significant parameter to determine the microbial activity and examined the effluent quality in biological wastewater treatment. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the major indicator in monitoring the effluent quality in relation on its removal mainly depends on the microbial activity in the activated sludge. So, this research is conducted to study the effect of aeration rate on SOUR and determined the best oxygen requirement in removing COD in domestic wastewater. The procedure was carried out by using domestic wastewater as the seed sludge in sequencing batch reactor. The reactor with working volume of 2L was operating 6 cycles in 24 hours with five phases (feeding, aeration, settle, draw and idle). The aeration time is fixed to 2.5 hours. The dissolved oxygen and COD readings were recorded with four types of aeration rate adjusted at 1L, 2L, 3L and 4L / min daily for 7 days. The result indicates that, 3L/min gives the highest SOUR which reflects that the high activity of microbial in this condition. Besides, the effluent also shows the highest COD removal efficiency on 3L/min of aeration rate. So, as a conclusion the best oxygen requirement for the microbial to carry out their activities on aeration rate of 3L/min. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
41 Investigation of biosand filter (BSF) on the treatment performance of industrial latex wastewater. Najihah Abdul Rashid, Abdul Latif Bin Abdul Rani, Noor Ainee Zainol, Salwa Binti Mohd Zaini Makhtar, Mahyun Ab Wahab, Nabilah Aminah Lutpi ____________________________________________________________________ Biosand Filters (BSF) has great potential to improve the water quality.BSF are widely employed in rural drinking water treatment due to its cost effective, easy operation and high removal efficiency. This study investigated the performance of SBR using real latex wastewater. The growth of the biolayer in the BSF is also observed. This study reported stable and reliable performance for the parameters investigated (COD, DO and NH4-N + ). With removal performance ranging from 87 % to 99 %. DO value for BSF was varied from lowest value of 1.5 mg/L to 8 mg/L. Overall, the BSF was capable of producing treated water for water reclamation. A Framework of Contractual Protocol for Building Information Modelling (BIM) Implementation in Water Treatment Plant Projects Mariawati Ali _____________________________________________________________ Building Information Modelling (BIM) is becoming a comprehensive collaborative process in the construction industry. Since the introduction of BIM in Malaysia in 2009, the technology adoption rate is slow when compared to other countries of the world. Most of the construction companies in Malaysia have an insight on the BIM concept but are yet to implement it in the management of their construction projects. By the year 2020, the Malaysian government will make BIM mandatory, this makes it important to carry out research on the possible applications of the technology. The aim for this research is to Establish a Framework of Contractual Protocol for BIM-Water Treatment Plant projects in Malaysia. This research focuses on four (4) objectives which are: (a)to explore the Contractual Issues on BIM Implementation for Water Treatment Plant projects. (b)to identify the Contractual provision on BIM Implementation for Water Treatment Plant projects. (c) to determine the Requirement Components of Contractual Protocol for on BIM Implementation for Water Treatment Plant projects. (d) to establish a Framework of Contractual Protocol for on BIM Implementation for Water Treatment Plant projects. A qualitative method of enquiry was used for this study in Klang Valley using semi structured interview. The responses received were analysed by using SPSS. The result of the analysis showed that the contractual issues posed by the adoption of BIM, the contractual provision, the requirement component of contractual protocol and to establish the framework of contractual protocol for BIM Implementation for Water Treatment Plant projects. The implication of this findings is that to prove the studies on legal and contractual aspect of BIM implementation in water Treatment Plant Projects is increase to meet the demand of the implementations of BIM technology is regarded as the future of construction industry, which makes it very important for the industry. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
42 Optimization of Ammonia Removal from Landfill Leachate by Aeration Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Haslina Husin, Nor Ruwaida Binti Jamian, Norfatiha Ishak, Dewika Naidu, Ammar Mohd Rashid, Sara Yasina Yusuf _________________________________________________________ Landfill leachate has a high concentration of ammonia, making it a harmful pollutant for both surface and groundwater. One of the most favoured methods for removing ammonia from leachate is aeration, as it has been proven to remove a significant amount of ammonia in the most efficient and economical way. The effect of operational variables on ammonia removal efficiency by aeration was investigated in the current study by applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach. Three operating parameters such as airflow rate, aeration time and lime dosage were investigated to achieve the optimization of ammonia removal. The optimal parameters for a favourable reaction of NH3N removal were found to be 6 L/min airflow, 90 minutes aeration time, and a lime dosage of 6 g/L. At these ideal conditions, Quadratic RSM predicted a maximum NH3N removal of 98.0%, which has been validated by the experiment and successfully removed 97.6%. The finding also showed that airflow rate and aeration time were more significant than lime dosage for NH3N removal. Due to increased contact time between air and liquid, regardless of the amount of lime used, increasing the aeration period ammonia removal efficiency. Considering the influential factors, determining the optimum condition for ammonia removal by aeration will explain the potential interferences that may inhibit the efficient recovery of NH3N. Hence, aeration is a promising approach for ammonia removal from landfill leachate. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
43 Solid & Hazardous Waste ABSTRACT CENVIRON PAGE | ABSTRACT
44 Residents' attitudes, behavior, and willingness to recycle e-waste in Brunei Darussalam Rusydina Idris, Shahriar Shams, Kabiru Maitama Kura, Ismawi Bin Hj Md. Yusof _________________________________________________________________ Today, the electronics industry is the largest and fastest-growing manufacturing sector in the world. The rapid expansion of this industry coupled with the brief product lifespan generates an enormous amount of e-waste. Increasing amounts of waste from the electronics industry pose a significant problem for many developing nations today. For proper disposal and routing of e-waste, consumer cognizance plays a crucial role in directing e-waste to its authorised collection centres and authorised recyclers. Financial constraints, inadequate storage facilities and information on ewaste, lack of awareness on the impacts of e-waste, the absence of rules and regulations, and the lack of an appropriate description of roles and responsibilities pertaining to e-waste management, among other factors, may be impeding e-waste management. In this research, a primary survey is conducted to determine consumers' awareness and preferences regarding the disposal of electronic waste. The survey was conducted in Brunei Darussalam with 351 consumers using a structured questionnaire. This survey questionnaire's demographic profile includes gender, age group, employment status, household size, and income range. Knowledge of e-waste, awareness of e-waste, willingness to recycle, and consumer preference regarding the appropriate disposal and management of ewaste were identified using exploratory factor analysis. The study reveals that 57.3% of respondents comprehend the definition of e-waste, with 89.9% of respondents using a mobile phone daily and 86.6% using a computer daily. 58.1% of respondents do not know what to do with their e-waste, so the majority retain it at home. The primary concern regarding e-waste disposal is a lack of knowledge about recycling facilities. Approximately 66% of respondents are willing to pay between BND $ 1 -10 for the disposal or recycling of e-waste, and 38% are willing to travel between 1 and 5 kilometers for disposal or recycling. 76% of respondents concurred that the government should subsidise e-waste disposal. By comprehending attitudes, behaviour, and willingness to recycle e-waste, a comprehensive e-waste management policy can be formulated. Soil Contamination Assessment at Pasir Gudang Industrial Area Diana Che Lat, Doris Asmani Mat Yusof, Mohd Hanafie Yasin, Hazrul Abdul Hamid, Roslizayati Razali, Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed Jais _____________________________________________________________ The problem of soil contamination around the industrial area in recent years might due to arbitrary industrialization, unproper irrigation practices, modern industrialization practices and indiscriminate use of fertilizer and pesticides that contributes to environmental degradation. Such anthropogenic activity always resulting in depletion of soil and water quality such as deterioration of soil quality, pollution of soil and surface water that result in a variety of health hazards. Therefore, there is a need to study at a comprehensive approach on land quality issues in industrial areas. In this study, contamination indices and soil quality guidelines were used to evaluate contamination status for soils around Pasir Gudang industrial area. Soil samples were collected at the selected locations nearby industrial, riverside, residential and educational area. The data generated in the current study will be very useful for safe monitoring of the area by authority and planners in land resource management. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
45 A Study on Recycling Waste Materials in Construction Industry Lee Jin Chai, May Yen Chu, Nur Ilya Farhana Md Noh, Samuel Lee, Hansen Thedy Wijaya ____________________________________________________________________ The development of the construction industry has been greatly increasing over these decades. The high construction number produces several issues including waste. Waste materials in the construction industry have been one of the concerns due to high generation and most of them ended up in landfill. However, it is believed that these waste materials are recyclable. It is also adequate to be used in the construction industry for environmental sustainability as well as to reduce dependence on natural resources. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to identify practices applied in the construction industry in recycling waste materials. Moreover, this study also serves the purpose to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of the common practices applied in recycling waste materials. Last but not least, it is expected as well throughout this study, that a recommendation may be made based on the effectiveness of recycling. To test the theories, an online questionnaire survey was conducted with 66 respondents from experts in the construction industry. The collected data further will be analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 software. From the results, the majority of the construction industry companies in Malaysia are aware of the waste management issue and practice waste materials recycling. The most recycled wastes are paper, cardboard, timber, and metal while the least recycled wastes are glass and asphalt due to their difficulties. Some of the waste categories are recycled by direct reuse methods such as timber and cardboard. Moreover, there is still room to improve the effectiveness of the current recycling system specifically in terms of operational cost. The current recycling system is beneficial in terms of resources, economic, and natural resource dependencies. Furthermore, the quality and reliability of the recycled products still need further improvement to be used as the main materials in the construction industry. Elucidation of the Influence of Construction Waste Causative Factors and Strategies towards Sustainable Construction Waste Management Improvement Nurfadzillah Ishak, Muhammad Azizi Bin Azizan, Nur Soleha Abdul Rahim _____________________________________________________________ The construction industry was the main industry that led to the economy of Malaysia. However, the uncontrolled generation of construction waste happened due to the rapid development of the construction industry in Malaysia. The uncontrolled generation of construction waste has become one of the significant environmental issues in Malaysia. Therefore, sustainability was applied in construction waste management strategies. Sustainability in construction waste management emphasized the relevance of co-development in the economy, environment, and society and helped to achieve harmony in the economy, environment, and society. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aims to identify the causative factors of construction waste, determine the construction waste management strategies, and discover the relationship between the causative factors of construction waste and construction waste management strategies towards sustainable construction waste management improvement. In this regard, this research was conducted quantitatively using the questionnaire as a research medium to obtain feedback from the construction organizations on the causative factors and management strategies of construction waste towards sustainable construction waste management improvement. The questionnaire developed was distributed via a virtual method among project managers as representatives of construction organizations operating in Penang. As a result, 29.6 percent of the response rate was accepted. The analysis showed that the management factor and regulation factor and prevention strategy was reorganized as important factors and strategies for sustainable construction waste management improvement and found that there was a strong relationship between them. Overall, this research met the two objectives outlined. Finally, this research outlined strategies to achieve sustainable construction waste management improvement in the construction industry and create a better environment. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
46 End-of-life waste management practices: A brief review Nurul Ahsha Binti Haji Roslim, Md Motiar Rahman, Ismawi Bin Hj Md. Yusof ____________________________________________________________________ Effective management of construction and demolition waste is one of the key aspects of sustainable construction. As such, many studies have been conducted on waste management in construction in general, however, only a very few focusing on demolition or the end-of-life (EOL) phase of buildings. Understanding and managing EOL waste is important, e.g., to avoid illegal landfills, but critical to implement Circular Economy (CE) in construction. CE aims to create a regenerative built environment to make buildings more adaptable for the future and allows reclaiming of useable materials and components from old buildings to further use elsewhere, especially with the help of Building Information Modelling. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the construction industry awareness of EOL waste management, identify relevant issues/barriers, and a set of strategies to overcome those barriers and implement CE in construction. This paper specifically focused on the outcomes of a systematic literature review extracting relevant issues/barriers and strategies. A total of twentythree barriers/issues in six groups and twenty-one strategies in four groups have been extracted. The six groups of issues/barriers are policy, sociological, expenses, technology, research and development, and timerelated barriers. Among these, sociological barriers, particularly the lack of awareness, education, and publicity are perceived to be the major issues. Among the four groups of strategies, i.e. policy, organisational, technological, research, and development; Formulation of policies and setting goals specifically in achieving sustainable EOL waste management are mostly suggested/cited by previous authors than others. While a summarised discussion on these groups and individual factors will be presented in the paper, the next stage of the study is to refine the various factors and conduct a structured questionnaire survey of the construction industry participants, to tap experiential knowledge and suggestions. Extraction and identification of light-density microplastic in paddy field soil Hydirsa, Saranya Raj AP Packiaraj , Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar _____________________________________________________________ The present work studied the types of low-density microplastics present in the soil of a paddy field and the distribution of microplastics (MPs) in an area of 4209.0 m2 . Samples were collected at Kampung Jejawi, Arau, Perlis. A total of 31 samples were collected, and each sampling quadrant area was 125 m2 with a depth of 25 cm. The samples were collected during the maturing stage of the rice plant (Oryza sativa. L). The method used to obtain the samples was the systematic grid sampling method. The samples collected weigh between 497 g to 503 g, with the total weight of soil collected being 15.5 kg. To extract MPs from the soil, an MPs extraction method was used. The soil sample was wet sieved using a sieve (5 mm, 2 mm, 1.18 mm). The soil was digested using 30 % hydrogen peroxide before the density separation method using 20 g of NaCl and filtered using filter paper. The samples were then analysed using a stereomicroscope for the MPs abundance, colour, size, and morphology. Next, FTIR was used to identify the types of MPs extracted. A total of 18 particles/ m2 MPs were found. The mean of the MPs in the soil is 0.58 particles/m2 while the standard deviation was 3.19 particles/m2 . The estimated number of MPs is 58 particles/m2 in an area of 4209.0 m2 . The colours of the MPs extracted were white (56 %), green (11 %), black (11 %), and blue (22 %), while the forms of the MPs collected were fragments (45 %), fibres (33 %) and film (22 %). The sizes of the MPs were calculated according to the size class ranging from 1 mm to 5 mm. Class size 1 mm to 2 mm (50 %), whereas size classes 2 mm to 3 mm, 3 mm to 4 mm, and 4 mm to 5 mm have an equal size distribution (17 %). The soil's most prevalent colour of microplastics was white, the most prevalent form fragments and the most prevalent size range was between 1 mm and 2 mm which indicates degradation of smaller MPs are faster, while the most prevalent type was polypropylene. No microplastic was found in the centre of the paddy field, indicating that the most probable sources of microplastics are the deposition of plastic debris at the edges of the paddy field, human activities, and irrigation. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
47 Air & Noise ABSTRACT CENVIRON PAGE | ABSTRACT
48 Household indoor microplastics in Kuala Lumpur: Quantification and Chemical Characterizations of Microplastics Ir Ts Dr Dewika Naidu, Sara Yasina Yusuf, Nor Ruwaida Binti Jamian, Prof. Mohammad Khalid, Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim, Kalaimani A/P Markandan, Dr Muhammad Amirul Aizat Mohd Abdah, N Ahmad Irfan ____________________________________________________________________ Microplastics (MP) are a global environmental issue reported in indoor air, which raises public health concerns due to the potential for exposure. The present study investigates the presence of MP in two residential homes in Klang Valley, Malaysia, where 24 indoor dust samples of MP were investigated. It was found that MP exhibited deposition rates of 3.7 × 103 MP/m2 /d and 1.3 × 103 MP/m2 /d and mean concentrations of 153 MP/ m3 and 134 MP/m3 in the apartment and landed house samples, respectively. The MP samples comprised of various shapes, of which fibrous MP accounted for the majority (91%). The particle size of MP in active sampling was in the range of 0.01 - 0.05 mm, which made up 46 % and 58 % of the total sample in the apartment and landed property, respectively. On the other hand, the size fraction of MP in passive samples was primarily > 0.5 mm contributing 63 % and 83 % of the total sample for apartment and landed property samples, respectively. Besides, we report that the estimated daily intake (EDI) was the highest for infants, i.e., 121.2 MP/kg BW/day in the apartment. As such, it is noteworthy that indoor environments are prone to serious MP pollution, although the MP level varies significantly based on the characteristics of indoor settings. Relationships between Air Pollutants and Meteorological Factors during Southwest and Northeast Monsoon at Urban Areas in Peninsular Malaysia Norazrin R., Mahiesha Rubini Kalaiarsu, Norazian Mohamed Noor _____________________________________________________________ People who currently live in urban areas are subjected to significantly higher levels of exposure to air pollution. Pollutant concentrations in the air change according to the weather, the locations of the many sources of pollution, and the topography of the area. This study examines the link between meteorological parameters (ambient temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) and daily air pollutant concentrations in four monitoring station at Peninsular Malaysian cities (Seberang Perai, Pasir Gudang, Batu Muda, and Kemaman) during southwest and northeast monsoon. Pearson Correlation Analysis analysed air quality data over two years (January 2016 - January 2018). The study found that PM10 concentrations were highest at all monitoring locations. At all monitoring locations, climatic parameters correlated with NO2, PM10, and CO. Air pollution and meteorological conditions correlate weakly to moderately during the southwest monsoon. The investigation found that weather conditions affect O3 most during the dry season. CO and climatic parameters correlated weakly at all four monitoring stations during the northeast monsoon. PM10 correlated positively with ambient temperature and negatively with relative humidity and wind speed at all four stations. The northeast monsoon correlation values were weak to moderate. This study will help officials identify optimal air pollution controls for metropolitan areas during monsoon seasons in line with SDG-11, which promotes sustainable cities and communities. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |
49 Health, Safety & Environmental Effects ABSTRACT CENVIRON PAGE | ABSTRACT
50 Effects of Irrigation Water Sodicity And Salinity On Soil Hydraulic Conductivity Of Agriculture Land Siti Nurulhuda Mohd Imran, Fauzi Baharudin, Irma Noorazurah Mohamad ____________________________________________________________________ Irrigated agriculture has been essential in providing food and fiber for an expanding population in this century. However, the productivity of many agricultural lands is being threatened by salinity, sodicity and poor irrigation water quality due to increased municipal– industrial–agricultural development. The present study attempts to investigate the viability of the irrigation water sodicity and salinity to the permeability of the soil or also known as soil hydraulic conductivity. Samples of waters and soils were collected from 5 different types of crops in the Modern Farming Project in Kluang, Johor Darul Takzim. From the study it was found that the amount of sodium was in average of 25 mg/L which can be classified in as nonhazardous to the soil and plant growth for the present state. Total of salt concentration in the samples measured were in between 200 mg/L to 800 mg/L. The salinity amount obtained was still in the range of irrigation water. Ttherefore it shows the increasing of the permeability of the soil with K values between 10-4 to 10-5 and soil samples were considered in silt and clay types. Quantifying Desiccation Cracks for Expansive Soil using Machine Learning Technique in Image Processing Ling Hui Yean, Ng Jin Cheng, Lau See Hung, Chong Siaw Yah, Yasuo Tanaka _____________________________________________________________ The formation of desiccation cracks has detrimental effects on the hydraulic conductivity that affects the overall mechanical strength of expansive soil. Qualitative analysis on the desiccation cracking behaviour of expansive soil provided understanding of the subject based on various concepts and theories, while quantitative analysis aided these studies through numerical supports. In this study, a machine learning technique in image processing is developed to evaluate the surface crack ratio of expansive soil. The desiccation cracking tests were conducted on highly plastic kaolinite slurry samples with plasticity index of 29.1%. Slurrysaturated specimens with thickness of 10 mm were prepared. The specimens were subjected to cyclic drying-wetting conditions. The images are acquired through a digital camera (12 MP) at constant distance to monitor the desiccation cracks. The images are then pre-processed using OpenCV before crack feature extraction. In this study, a total of 54 desiccation crack images were processed, along with 8 images from trial test to train the model. The processed images are used to quantify the desiccation cracks by evaluating surface crack ratio and average crack width. It was identified that the accuracy of the model for the quantification of surface crack ratio and average crack width were 97.24% and 93.85% respectively with average processing time of 1.51s per image. The results show that the model was able to achieve high accuracy with sufficient efficiency in determining important parameters used for crack characterization. 6th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON) 2023 CENVIRON PAGE |