Ecotourism mangrove exploration and experimental centre

CTRL+ studio

ARK 800 - DESIGN THESIS 1

Master of Architecture, Session Oct 2021-2022

RENATURE: ECO-TOURISM MANGROVE EXPLORATION
AND EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE

“A Symbiosis of Architecture and Environment”

Name : Nor Saiful Bin Zainal Abidin
Id Number : 2020477594
Supervisor : Pn. Tg Anis Qarihah bin Raja Abd
Studio Master : Dr. Aidatul Fadzlin Bakri
Studio Tutors : Prof. Dr Sabarinah Sheikh Ahmad , Pm Josmin Yahya

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA
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Image: https://www.c-arch.com.my/

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

“A Symbiosis of Architecture and Environment”

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01

project narrative

• Project Narration.
• Problem statement/Issues.

• Aims and objectives.
• Thesis statement.

• Hypotheses and Theories.
• Client’s profile.

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

MANGROVE IN THE PAST

“Home for all”

Thirty-five percent of the total 18 million ha of global
mangrove forests are found in theSoutheast Asian countries
of Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Indonesia
alone has 4.5 million ha of mangroves (Spalding et al. 1997).
At the same time, the region also leads in brackishwater
aquaculture, producing for example, 446,000 mt of shrimp or
60% of 1997 global yields (Rosenberry 1997).
Conversion to shrimp ponds, in addition to settlements,
agriculture, salt beds, overexploitation and other factors
(Primavera 1995), have led to high rates of mangrove loss over
the last three decades ranging from 25% in Malaysia to 50% in
Thailand (Low et al. 1994). A new study finds that Southeast
Asia lost 2 percent of its mangroves from 2000 to 2012. The
main drivers of this loss were clearing for aquaculture, rice
production, and oil palm plantations. The authors caution
more mangroves will be deforested unless policies change

Narrative and Site

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Narrative and Site

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

THE MANGROVE

“Mangrove all around the world”

Figure: World Mangrove Distribution

Figure: Mangrove distribution chart
Mangroves are a critical forest ecosystem, dominating
coastlines in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. There
are 54-75 species of true mangroves, which are found only in
the intertidal zones of coasts, and are taxonomically isolated
from terrestrial counterparts. They are highly adapted to their
environment, capable of excluding or expelling salt, allowing
mangroves to thrive in highly saline waters and soils.
Salinity can still limit the distribution of mangroves,
however, as can other environmental factors such as climate, tidal
fluctuation, and sediment and wave energy. Mangroves are found
worldwide, but the greatest species diversity is in Southeast Asia,
with only twelve species inhabiting New World countries, and only
four of those are found in the United States along the southern
coast.

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Fig ure: Malaysia’s mang rove distribution

Narrative and Site

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

MANGROVE TIMELINE

“A better future for Mangroves”
The timeline of the different mangrove representations in the Malaysia with a
summary of key government policies and their social impacts .The mangrove
itself would be the primary focus. With improved development and environmental

conditions, mangrove reforestation and sea level climate research.

( Conversion )

1950 1960 1970 1990
BF cicular (1952)
zonification of Fisheries legalization Transfer of jurisdiction Exemption of
‘swamplands’ for on and regulation of public land fishpond areas from
various uses. of fishpond lease available for fish pond comprehensive reform
agreement. development. law for 10 years.
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Fisheries: set agriculture
conditions for and Fisheries
accelerated fishpond modernization act:
development. Maximization of
Converted fishpond fisheries productivity
lease aggrement from and acceleration of
10 years to 25 years. modernization as
it also deals with
mangrove resources

Declaration of a 20m Establish buffer zone
wide mangrove strip in mangrove areas and
along shorelines for and required FLA to
coastal protection. plan 50m mangrove
Declaration of 4326 strip.
ha as wilderness areas banned the cutting of
and 74267 ha as forest all mangrove species.
reserves.

( Conservation )( Impact )

2000 - 2020 -

Defined policies on Adopted Integrated 1. Policies cast coastal dwellers as “minors”
mangrove aggreement coastal management users of mangrov, if their presence was to
Created non- as a national strategy be recognized at all. environmental effects
government assisted to ensure sustainable of fish farms on the soil and water as well
community - based development f as loss of tenure, livelihoods and political
mangrove forest coastal and marine voices have occured.
management environment and
reseources. 2. The ambivalence and incoherence of state
and international policy creates confusion
prohibited further National Framework and loopholes on the ground. mangrove
zonification of Strategy on climate rehabilitation gets underway with greater
mangrove forest for change 2010-2022 attention on community participation and
fishpond development. / national climate local tenure.
change action plan
2011-2028 policy 3. Mangroves are subsumed to be a component
guidlines with which of carbon accounting and science-based
to address climate strategies towards addresing climate
change change. There is lack of emphasis on the
programs and policies that prioritize local
Expansion Of coverage rights, access and empowerment.
of the national
greening program to
include remaining
unproductive and
denuded forestlands
and enhance function

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

CLIMATE CHANGE

“Impact on water-related issue”

Figure: Global Climate affect Mangrove
Climate change is likely to have a substantial impact on
mangrove ecosystems (Ellison 2015), through processes including
sea level rise (SLR), changing ocean currents, increased storminess,
increased temperature, changes in precipitation and increased
CO2. These factors are inter- related and spatially variable on
inter- regional scales (climate, geomorphology, biodiversity, forest
structure, tidal range, climate change impacts).
Increases in temperature, CO precipitation, storms, and sea level
are likely to threaten mangroves in the future.Sea level rise is
considered the greatest climate change related threat to mangrove
regions. The natural ability of mangroves to ‘keep up’ with rising
sea level through peat or sediment accumulation could be exceeded,
leading to mangrove die back.
Low island mangroves are most at risk, as demonstrated
in Bermuda, where sea level rise has exceeded peat accumulation
rates periodically, resulting in landward die back of mangrove
stands. Climate change may reduce global mangrove area by 10–
15%, but it is a long term, less significance threat to the current
1–2% annual loss from human activities.

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TOURISM

“Mass tourism hurts mangroves”

Figure: Boat as transportation mode
Catalysed by tourism activities, anthropogenic impacts
are affecting the health and resilience of the ecosystems in our
mangrove ecotourism sites. One identified anthropogenic impact
is the tour and cruise boats that frequent the mangrove sites. These
boats, depending on the speed they travel, produce waves that can
cause erosion of the river banks. The heavy scouring of sediment
will eventually result in the uprooting and loss of mangrove trees.
Consequently, the channels become wider and the water becomes
shallower, altering the hydrology and the morphology of the
rivers and estuaries. Changes in the physical characteristics of the
mangrove forests will negatively affect the ecosystem, including
protection from coastal and climatic hazards.
More environmental issues associated with mass tourism
are expected to occur, ranging from waste and litter to run-offs
and leachate, which may pollute the estuarine waters and affect
the health of marine life. Careful consideration must be given
when carrying out tourism and development activities near
mangrove areas. As the third largest country with mangrove
forest cover, Malaysia’s mangroves play a signif icant role on the
global stage. Each mangrove tree is the main actor in the climate
change drama. As a stakeholder and global citizen, Malaysia must
invest in conservation efforts to protect its mangroves and natural
environment for the benefit of current and future generations.

Narrative and Site

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

AQUACULTURE

“Fate of mangroves lies in shrimp aquaculture”

Figure: excessive shrimp farm
The main causes of loss of area in Asia have been
overexploitation and the development of shrimp farms. Because
of its high economic return, shrimp farming has been promoted
to boost national economies, as a potential source of income for
local communities and as a means of poverty alleviation. However,
this activity may cause loss of habitat and of ecosystem services
provided by mangroves, and may damage surrounding areas
through pollution caused by the chemical products used.
Due to high economic returns, shrimp farming was promoted to
improve economic conditions in many countries.The social and
economic benefits of shrimp farming are substantial.Shrimp
farms are located close to the coast to reduce costs by using tidal
energy and short canal lengths to the coast.Consequently, vast
tracts of mangrove forest have been replaced by numerous ponds.
Compounding mangrove losses is the short life span of individual
ponds (5–10 years), imposing a shifting cultivation pattern to
shrimp farming.
that the number of shrimp farms in South-east Asia peaked in the
late 1990s, with the rate of mangrove loss declining accordingly.
[91] This decline is in part due to increased conservation and
restoration projects, and improved management practices.

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URBAN EXPANSION

“Broken relationship with nature”

Figure: Green Facade placement
Urban development of areas in and near mangroves results
in the destruction of this habitat as well as other associated
wetland habitats. Responsible for total loss of mangrove habitat
in some locations, urban development includes the construction
of buildings and canal systems as well as the consumption of
water by a growing human population. Human activity upland
from mangroves may also impact water quality and runoff. These
land and coastal activities result in increased erosion as well as
the reduction of nursery areas supporting commercial and game
fisheries.

Narrative and Site

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

MEDIA AWARENESS

“Disapperance of mangrove”

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C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

BENEFITS

“Ecological services of mangrove”

Figure: Importance of mangrove

Flood Control
Groundwater refill
Shoreline stabilization & storm protection
sediment and nutrient retention and export
water purification
reservoirs of biodiversity

cultural values
recreation and tourism
climate change mitigation and adaptation

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BENEFITS

“Broken relationship with nature”

Figure: Conservation of mangrove

Traditional medicines
Air purificatio / water assimilation

carbon sequestration
nutrient retention
coastalprotection
forestry
fisheries
carbon sink
protect the lagoon
Ecotourism

Narrative and Site

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

ECOTOURISM

“a new type of tourism”

Figure: ecotourism structure
What is Ecotourism?
• “Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the

environment and improves the wellbeing of local people”
• Ecotourism is about connecting conservation, communities, and sustainable

travel
• Niche market – low impact tourism with high interpretation,

education and awareness values
Guiding Principle
• minimize (low) impact
• build environmental and cultural awareness and respect
• provide direct financial benefits for conservation
• provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people

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“Ecotourism Acitivity around the world”

Conservation Communities Interpretation

Reference
What Is Ecotourism - The International Ecotourism Society. (2019, January 11). Retrieved November 2, 2021, from
The International Ecotourism Society website: https://ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism/

‌ Narrative and Site

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

EDU-RECREATION

Kg. Sijangkang Mangrove Recreational Park, Selangor

Fishing Mangrove Wildlife

Figure: Activities in the Mangrove Park

A Sijangkang Mangrove Recreational Park in Kampung Sijangkang, Selangor
was initiated and built by the villagers of Kampung Sijangkang, this mega project is
fully funded by the village fund with minimal help from sponsors (let it be in kind,
cash or/and human energy).
Estimated cost of RM100k, this 1km mangrove boardwalk is the brainchild of
the villagers in order to help boost the village economy by creating job opportunities
and generating revenue from both tourist and weekenders. Among Sijangkang
Mangrove Recreational Park facilities available are playground, BBQ pit, obstacle
challenge cum teambuilding site and Jamboree ground. It also provides basic
amenities such as surau, huts, parking areas and etc.

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Local business

Educational Eco-tourism Control and Recovery

Community involvement

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

THE MANGROVE

Kg. Sijangkang Mangrove Recreational Park, Selangor

Figure: Mangrove garden by NGO
Mangroves are found on all coasts in Malaysia, with the
largest area on the coast of Sabah, concentrated particularly
in the northeast. Sarawak also has considerable areas, mostly
concentrated in the deltas of the Sarawak, R ajang and Trusan-
Lawas rivers. In Peninsular Malaysia, mangroves are concentrated
on the more sheltered west coast.
In all areas the climate is hot and humid with high rainfall.
There is a very high diversity of species, which in some areas
show a relatively clear zonation pattern. Typically, there is an
AvicenniaSonneratia community on the seaward sediments, where
there is soft, deep mud, though Rhizophora-Bruguiera forest is
often the most dominant. More inland, where the soils are firmer, a
much wider array of species are typically found. In riverine areas,
Nypa palms form the dominant species, particularly where there is
a greater freshwater influence.
Mangroves also occur on islands such as those off the coast of
Selangor and Pulau Kukup in Johor Rates of accretion can be very
high, with some areas in southern Peninsular Malaysia gaining 40
m per year. Tree height ranges between 7 and 25 m. Two types of
swamp palm are also included in the forest, nipah (Nypa fruticans)
and nibong (Oncosperma tigillarium).

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“The species”

Figure: Mangrove species in Malaysia

Figure: Type of mangrove roots
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C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

MANGROVE EXPLORATION

Kg. Sijangkang Mangrove Recreational Park, Selangor

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C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

SITE ISSUES

“Underutilised Facilities”

AB

Proper Facilities Social Activities
The mang rove park’s facilities and The facilities provided by the communities
amenities are not well maintained due to are not well maintained due to a lack of
a lack of funds from the tourism sector. funds as the number of tourists decreases.
The communit y is reliant on the NGO’s This is also influenced by the heavy rain,
donations. which reduces the number of tourists.

CD

Maintainance Safety Assurance
Some of the boardwalk has been damaged The revitalization of the mangrove river
as a result of the flood and unruly area is required in order to integrate the
tourists. The b oardwalk’s maintenance movement of the facilities.
work suffers as a result of a lack of
m a n p o w e r.

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E FG

E. Damage of Boardwalk
Improper path of the mangrove walkway is not well utilize. the structure damage by the blood may
harmed the users such the touris and the community.
F. Ne w Pro g r am m es
Bee farming can be one of the potential business by the local. Due to the lack of Fund and Knowledge
the business cannot be utilize to its full potential.
E. Lack Of Proper Conservation Area
There are not any proper conservation area as the mangrove park are fully work by the community
itself. by the interference of the government, it can help the mangrove park to be develop and be
one of the toursit attraction in Malaysia.

Narrative and Site

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

ECOTOURISM

“The framework”

Global Issue
Issue?

Lack of interpretation facilities,
education and awareness of
mangrovesprogrammes

Stage 1 Review and
Framework Devel-

opment

Ecotourism

Main focus area Mangrove Regional Issue Fishing sub-programme
Focus
Determine potential Determine potential
and issue to the site and issue to the site

Case Comparison and Questionnaire Analy-
classification sis and Factor

Stage 4 Solution
Integrating result outcome
with Design Development and Programme
Refinement and Validation
Validation Eco-tourism mangrove

exploration and
experimental centre

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“The program”

Tour ism Mangrove restoration

Fish Breeding Education

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C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

PROBLEM STATEMENT

“A better future for Mangroves”

what the issues?


By some estimates, less than 50 p ercent of the world ’s mangrove
forests were intact at the end of the 20th century, and half of those
that remain are in poor condition. Mangrove forests are among
the most threatened habitats in the world, and mangrove loss is
rampant across the globe. Malaysia has lost 60 percent percent
of its mangroves, the highest rate of compare to other countries.
Most mangroves grow on public land, only about 1 percent of
which receives any sort of protection.
Tourism is a booming industr y and an important source of
income in many developing nations. Unfortunately, irresponsible
tourism can destroy the very resources people are coming to see.
As tourists hike, drive, or paddle into once-remote areas, they
bring with them garbage, sewage, noise, fumes, lights, and other
disturbances that can damage mangroves and the surrounding
e cosystems. Walking off paths, lig hting fires, fe e ding wildlife,
anchoring on reefs, and collecting shells and plants are also
destructive. Tourism can be sustainable when groups are small
and people leave the habitat the way the found it.
• Lack of awareness on the ecotourism of Mangrove forest.
• No special hub that can locate the mangrove center for ecotourism
• Insufficient funding from the government to established centre

for Mangrove Area for educational and research purpose.
• Shortfall of professional nature guides merging of the

environment and science
• Lack of interest in some of programmes (eg. homestay and

volunteer programmes)

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Why does this happened?

• Lack of awareness and interest on mangrove, the richness and
value of the rainforest.

• No promotion of the Sekinjang mangrove park due to no
collaboration with the government.

• Due to the lack of fund on mangrove eco-tourism. the
community need to sustain the area by itself

what the impact?

• Threaten the ecological sustainability, due to the lack of fund
to provide facilities for mangrove park.

• Give the socio-economic impact to the local people.
• Threatens the ecological sustainability

when this happened?

• over past 20 years as people under appreciate the benefits of
mangrove ecotourism.

• since the opening og Sekinjang recreation park.

Who are involved?

• Governmant
• NGO
• Local
• Business (Shrimp, logging and urban expansion)

where it happened?

Kg. Sijangkang Mangrove Recreational Park, Selangor

Narrative and Site

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

SOLUTION

“Community driven project”

what is the solution

-
through the collaboration with the government, the fund provided can assist the community
in sustaining and maintaining the mangrove park for an extended period of time.. However,

without special programmes the fund will be extinguish in matter of time.

Aim
To cre ate an e co-tour ism mang rove explorat ion and exp e r ime nt a l ce nt re fo c using to sust ain

the future of the mangrove in malaysia context. in addition as a social and learning space for
the academia and industry to share their knowledge and experiences with the visitors and
u s e r.



Objective

• To create Awareness and educate people on the importance to manage of our natural mangrove
area before it extinct.

• To aid in increasing the efficienc y of ecotourism in Kampung Sekinjang
• The propose building as Mangrove Tourism Center.
• Exploring the possibility of Kampung Sijangkang as new mangrove EcoTourism hub.

Thesis St

An eco-tourism mangrove exploration and
the efficiency of ecotourism in Kampung
is to raise public awareness of the impor
promoting sustainable ecotourism and exp
will serve as focal point for the comm
Exploration and experimental centre act a
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“Sustainable ecotourism”

what if we created?

Eco-tourism mangrove exploration and experimental centre to aid in increasing the
efficiency of ecotourism in Kampung Sekinjang Mangrove Park. The main idea is to raise
public awareness of the importance of mangrove forests in Malaysia by promoting sustainable
ecotourism and exploration.

Issues

• Lack of awareness on the ecotourism of Sijangkang Mangrove park .
• No special hub that can locate the mangrove center for ecotourism.
• Insufficient funding from the government to established centre for Mangrove Area for

educational and research purpose.
• Shortfall of professional nature guides merging of the environment and science
• Lack of interest in some of programmes (eg. homestay and volunteer programmes
• Lack of facilities to accomodate the tourist in Sijangkang

tatement

d experimental centre to aid in increasing
Sekinjang Mangrove Park. The main idea
rtance of mangrove forests in Malaysia by
ploration. The proposal itself is eventually
munity at Kampung sekinjang. The new
as a mangrove hub and fishing community.

Narrative and Site

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

SOLUTION

“A better future for Mangroves”

What? How? Wh

To enhance the ecotourism sector in To enhance the eco
mangrove coastal area. mangrove c

to support and promote the mangrove to support and pro
recreational park in Sijangkang recreational par
Eco-tourism mangrove
exploration and To provide a better explorential and To provide a bette
experimental centre for mangrove experimental cen
experimental centre
ecotourism ecoto

to educate people and increase public to educate people a
interest in mangrove interest in

Programmmes

The proposal accommodated a mixed use
of education and sustainable tourism,
including educational, visitor centre,

workshop, lodging, and river facilities for
the general public.

Education Tourism

Young Generation Environment
Economy
Tourist Hedonistic

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hy? Where? Who

otourism sector in Kampung Sijangkang Educational
oastal area. Mangrove Recreational Park, Government
mote the mangrove
rk in Sijangkang Selangor NGO
er explorential and Researcher
ntre for mangrove
urism To u r i s t
and increase public Local involvement
n mangrove

Component

Conservation Communities Interpretation

Narrative and Site

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

STRATEGY ROADMAP

“A better future for Mangroves”
The timeline of the different mangrove representations in the Malaysia with a
summary of key government policies and their social impacts .The mangrove
itself would be the primary focus. With improved development and environmental

conditions, mangrove reforestation and sea level climate research.

5 YEARS

Mangrove Educational
Replanting

25 YEARS

Mangrove Ecotourism Mangrove Research
Studies

50 YEARS

Mangrove International Mangrove Biomarine
Ecological Mangrove And Union
Fish Festival
Centres

Mangrove City

The strategy roadmap outlines the future development of a community mangrove park
into a mangrove city capable of self-sufficiency in 50 years. The mangrove itself would

be the primary focus. With improved development and environmental conditions,
mangrove reforestation and sea level climate research will be developed into a central

hub.

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Fishing Faming Plots Dwelling

Fishing Industry Market Communal Housing

Marine Biowaste
Management

International Global Trading Z ero Waste River Housing
Fishing Port Market Sustainable Ty p o l o g y

Sustainable Development Goals

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C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

CLIENT

Kg. Sijangkang Mangrove Recreational Park, Selangor

About
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) is one of the
leading institutions in tropical forestry research in the world.
Founded in 1929, the former Forest Research Institute became
a full-fledged statutory body, governed by the Malaysian
Forestry Research and Development Board (MFRDB) under
the Ministry of Primary Industries,
Vision
- To be a leader in tropical forestr y research, development,
commercialisation and application by 2030.
Mission
- To intensif y research and development, technolog y transfer
and
resolving industrial issues scientifically to meet the current
and future of tropical forestry.
Objective
1. To generate scientific knowledge for the understanding,
management, conservation and use of forest resources.
2. To achieve excellence in research and development through
the use of the latest scientific equipment.
3. To study biodiversity to produce useful products through
intensive research and developmWent.
4. To commercialise research and development findings
through technology transfer to all interested parties.

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C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

COLLABORATOR

Kg. Sijangkang Mangrove Recreational Park, Selangor

About
Mangrove Action Project (MAP) is a US-based nonprofit
which collaborates with stakeholders at all levels to preserve,
conser ve, and restore world ’s mangrove forests By working
with forest communities, research academics, forest and
environment departments, policy makers, and international
policy and funding groups
Vision
Mangrove Action Project take a truly grassroots,
bottom-up approach to mangrove conservation and restoration
issues. Their approach involves and includes the voices of
the global South, local communities, and their partner non-
governmental organizations (NGOs).
Mission
As a response to the repeated failures of many
mangrove planting projects after the Asian tsunami of 2004,
MAP has evolved from a networking and advocacy-focused
organization into one still involved in advocacy, but centred
on mangrove restoration training and schools’ education
programs. Thai office continues to support outstanding
demonstration plots in 11 villages along the Andaman Coast,
showcasing the ‘community-based ecological mangrove
restoration’ (CBEMR) method as well as the development of
non-destructive livelihoods such as bee-keeping and honey
production

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C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

THEORY

Three Sphere Of Sustainability

The triple bottom line became popular following a series of corporate, unethical
practices which destroyed social and environmental value in order to maximise profits. The
idea of the triple bottom line is that businesses should pursue economic sustainability together
with environmental and social sustainability. In particular the term tripple bottom line refers
to three interlinked bottom lines that a sustainable enterprise pursues:
• Environmental bottom line: is measured through the so-called ‘planet account’, which

identifies the environmental sustainability of the business.
• Economic bottom line: is typically measured by profit.
• Social bottom line: is accounted for by human wellbeing, or to what extent a business cares

about people and societal needs.

Author:
William Emanuel, Corey Dickens1, and Maurice Eugene Dawson Jr.
References:
https://envecologic.com/understanding-sustainability-and-its-need/

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THEORY

Theory Of Environmentally Responsible Behavior

This study examined predictors of self-reported general responsible environmental
behavior (GREB) among recreational boaters in Marylandin 1992. Findings show a relationship
between cognitive (professed knowledge of environmental issues), affective (environmental
concern), and conative (verbal commitment) components of attitudes with pro-environmental
behavior. Multiple regression results show two attitudinal variables explained 23.8% of total
variance in GREB Verbal commitment was the strongest predictor, followed by professed
knowledge of environmental issues.
Environmental concern was moderately correlated with GREB but did not contribute
significantly to the regression model. When sociodemographics were added to the model, stand
on political issues added another .2% to the variance explained. A path diagram (AMOS 4.01)
was used to reexamine the GREB framework. Results model those of the stepwise regression
procedures (23% variance explained) in SPSS and the path diagram simplifies interpretation
of structural relationships among variables in a regression equation.

Author:
S.P Cottrell Colorado State University
References:
C ott rel l, S.P.. (2003). Inf lue nce of S o cio de mo g raphics and Environme nt a l Att itudes on
General Responsible Environmental Behavior among Recreational Boaters. Environment
and Behavior 35 (2003) 3. 35. 10.1177/0013916503035003003.

Narrative and Site

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA
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02

site context and analysis

• Site information / data
• Contextual study – climatic, physical and

intangiblequalities.
• SWOC analysis.

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

THE MASTERPLAN

Kg. Sijangkang Mangrove Recreational Park, Selangor

Commercial

Fishing Mangrove Exploration

Figure: Activities in the Mangrove Park

A Sijangkang Mangrove Recreational Park in
Kampung Sijangkang, Selangor was initiated and built
by the villagers of Kampung Sijangkang, this mega
project is fully funded by the village fund with minimal
help from sponsors (let it be in kind, cash or/and human
energy).
Estimated cost of RM100k, this 1km mangrove
boardwalk is the brainchild of the villagers in order
to help boost the village economy by creating job
opportunities and generating revenue from both
tourist and weekenders. Among Sijangkang Mangrove
Recreational Park facilities available are playground,
BBQ pit, obstacle challenge cum teambuilding site and
Jamboree ground. It also provides basic amenities such
as surau, huts, parking areas and etc.

Site context

888

Langat River
Sijangkang mangrove park
Propose Site
3 acre

Plantation

Site context

C T R L + Studio • Master of Architecture 03 • 999

Bring Up The Unseen • Universiti Teknologi MARA

THE SITE

Kg. Sijangkang Mangrove Recreational Park, Selangor

Figure: Kampung Sijangkang

Permanent Site Boundary River
Road Access Community

Existing Function

Residential Mangrove Wo r k

Residential Mangrove Wo r k Community

Site context

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