English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Carizza C. Dilariarte Ma. Antonette Carlay MODULE 3
Developing Schema PRE-TEST English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on your answer sheet. 1.Your friend, Antonette, wants to analyze the phrase structure of simple English sentences. Which could be the logical steps in analyzing the said structure would you suggest her to study? I. Connect the remaining constituents to the nodes they belong to. II. Locate the boundary between the subject NP and predicate VP of S III. For each N (Prn), V, Adj, Adv, and Prep, project a labeled phrasal node: NP, VP, AdjP, AdvP, PrepP IV. Set down the basic pair of branches for two principal constituents - the Subject NP and the predicate VP - at the top of the phrase structure V. Label the syntactic category (part of speech) of each of the words that make up the sentence A.IV, V, I, III and II B.IV, III, I,II and IV C.IV, V, II, III and I D.III, IV,I, V and IV
Developing Schema PRE-TEST English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language 2. Denmark asks everybody, “What is a Clause?” Which could be everybody’s answer? a. It is a group of words that related to one another. b. It may be presented in a form of subordinated clause and a main clause as well. c. It is a combination of sentence with or without subject and verb. d. It is one of the building blocks of written English with group of words that includes a subject and a verb. 3.Fearly was asked by her professor to define syntax. Which could be the possible statements of Fearly? a. It is a way in which linguistic elements are put together without meaning. b. It is the set of rules and principles in a language. c. It is concerned with components of language grammar that are arranged in accordance with set of rules and gives power to the word to relate to each other. d. It is arrangement of words and phrases wherein their utterance accords with the rules of their language grammar. 4.Brenda wants to go home but she needs to formulate sentences which will serve as her exit slip. Which of the following are the sentences formulated by Brenda? A. It is hot, until It’s ready, For about an hour. B. Go, Perhaps, My alarm goes off. C. As alarm wakes me up, Then my dog jumps, Really annoys me. D. Seat, It’s freezing, It really annoys me.
Developing Schema PRE-TEST English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language 5.Carizza found it hard to understand the theory of Universal Grammar. Which of the following details will enlighten her with the said concept? a. It proposes that all human beings are genetically equipped w/ the abilities w/c enable them to acquire language which initially refers to as Language acquisition device together with its system of principle and parameters. b. It views language as a system of interconnected units. c. It suggests that there exists a set of innate universal principles common to all languages thru a special mechanism designed for language learning. d. It serves as a reaction/question to Behaviorism and Structuralism theory.
Aiming for Competencies English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Describe primary methods, concepts, terms and approaches of Syntax and Syntactic Analyses; Portray how sentence structure works (esp. in the context of English language)—linear and hierarchical structure; Analyze various English sentences into their basic components using phrase structure rules and trees; and Compare the syntactic structure of English Language and Tagalog Language. Upon successful completion of this module, students will have the knowledge and skills to:
English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Introduction Carizza C. Dilariarte Ma. Antonette B. Carlay MODULE 3 Syntax is the component of language grammars that determines how words combine into larger units and how parts of sentences relate to each other. In this module students will become acquainted with the fundamental concepts of syntax and with a wide variety of syntactic structures found in the English and Tagalog languages and will develop skills in syntactic analysis. Examples will be used from languages of both English and Tagalog, and students will learn how to go about analyzing the syntax of an unfamiliar language and become aware of the often surprising structural similarities between English and Tagalog languages.
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language English Language Syntax Oxford dictionary defines syntax The definition of Syntax according to OED is “syntax is concerned with ‘the set of rules and principles in a language’ , which relate to how ‘words and phrases are arranged to create well-formed sentences’.” (Oxford English Dictionary: 2015) Merriam Webster Dictionary defines syntax as: “The way in which linguistic elements (such as words) are put together to form constituents (such as phrases or clauses).” “It is syntax that gives the words the power to relate to each other in a sequence…to carry meaning—of whatever kind—as well as glow individually in just the right place”. (Burgess 1968) as the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. Speakers must ensure that their utterance accords with the rules of their language’s grammar kkk(Branigan et al., 2006). How important is syntax in English? Changing the placement of a word often changes the meaning of the sentence. Sometimes the change is minor but sometimes the change is more significant, giving the entire sentence a whole new interpretation. To see for yourself, look at the syntax examples below. Notice how moving the word only changes the meaning of the entire sentence. Only Batman fights crime. Meaning: Batman is the only person who fights crime. No one except Batman fights crime, not even Superman. Batman only fights crime. Meaning: Fighting crime is the only thing Batman does. He doesn’t work, he doesn’t shower—fighting crime is all he does. Batman fights only crime. Meaning: Batman doesn’t fight anything except crime. He doesn’t fight Alfred or Robin; he doesn’t fight the dry cleaner if they accidentally stain his shirt. Crime is the only thing he fights.
Ang sintaks ay mula sa salitang Griyego na “syntattein” na ang ibig sabihin ay pagsama-sama o pagsama-samahin. Ito’y tumutukoy sa istruktura ng pangungusap. Sa madaling salita, ang sintaks ay pag-aaral ng struktura ng pangungusap. Pagsasama ng mga salita ubang makabuo ng pangungusap na may kahulugan. Tinatawag na SINTAKS ang bahaging ito ng linggwistika na may kinalaman sa sistema ng mga tutunin at kategorya na siyang batayan sa pagbuo ng mga pangugusap. Salitang balarila na nagmula sa Ingles na “syntax” na ang ibig sabihin ay “palaugnayan ng isang wika”. Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Ano ang kahulugan ng Sintaks?
Syntax is essential in understanding constituency, the term for multiple words, phrase, clause or sentences acting as a single unit. Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Phrase A phrase is a group of two or more words functioning as a meaningful unit within a sentence or clause. A phrase is commonly characterized as a grammatical unit at a level between a word and a clause (Nordquist, 2019). "A phrase can contain a verb, without its subject, or it may itself be the subject of some verb." —James R. Hurford The examples below prove that phrases function as one single unit within a sentence. Janet eats cakes daily. My cousin Janet eats cakes daily. My cousin Janet eats cakes during the week. My cousin Janet was eating cakes during the week. My cousin Janet was eating cream cakes from the bakery during the week. (This sentence has no phrases. All of the parts of the sentence are single words.) (Now we have a phrase. It's a three-word phrase functioning as the subject of this sentence. Note that the phrase itself does not contain its own subject and verb.) (We've added another phrase. This one also has three words, but it is functioning as an adverb.) (We've added another phrase. This one has two words. It is a multi-word verb.) (We've added another phrase. This one has five words. It is functioning as a direct object in this sentence.) But, let's look a little closer. The term "cream cakes from the bakery" has its own embedded phrase ("from the bakery"). This is a prepositional adjectival phrase describing the "cream cakes." So, it is possible to have a phrase within a phrase.
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Common types of phrases include noun phrases (such as a good friend), verb phrases (drives carefully), adjective phrases (very cold and dark), adverb phrases (quite slowly), and prepositional phrases (in first place). 1. Noun Phrases the dog with fleas (This is a noun phrase headed by a noun.) the one with fleas (This is a noun phrase headed by a pronoun.) People: the soldier, my cousin, the lawyer with the big nose Animals: that aardvark, one rat, a shark, Places: the house in the corner, inner London, no shelter Things: this table, our London Bridge, that nitrogen, Ideas: utter confusion, some kindness, a joy Singing in the bath relaxes me. I know the back streets. A noun phrase plays the role of a noun. In a noun phrase, the modifiers can come before or after the noun. Note: A noun phrase can also be headed by a pronoun. For example: List of noun phrases with a head noun (bold) and at least one modifier. So, a noun with any sort of modifier (even it's just "a" or "the") is a noun phrase. The Function of Noun Phrases Like any noun, a noun phrase can function as a subject, an object, or a complement within a sentence. In each example below, the noun phrase is in bold and the head noun is underlined. (Here, the noun phrase is the subject of the verb "relaxes.") (Here, the noun phrase is the direct object of the verb "know.") "If the most important part of the phrase, i.e. the head, is an adjective, the phrase is an Adjective Phrase; if the most important part of the phrase is a noun, the phrase is a Noun Phrase, and so on." — Elly van Gelderen
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language She was the devil in disguise. Singing in the bath relaxes me.= It relaxes me. I know the back streets. = I know them. She was the devil in disguise. = She was him. This man has a nice smile, but he's got iron teeth. (Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko on Mikhail Gorbachev) I never learned from a man who agreed with me. (Science-fiction writer Robert Heinlein) Every man of courage is a man of his word. (French dramatist Pierre Corneille) (Here, the noun phrase is a subject complement following the linking verb "was.") As most nouns feature in noun phrases, It follows therefore that a noun phrase functions as a noun in a sentence. We can test this because we know that a noun can be replaced by a pronoun (e.g., he, she, it, them). Looking at the examples above, we can replace each noun phrase with a pronoun. Here are some real-life examples of noun phrases as subjects, objects, and complements: ("This man" is the subject of the verb "has." The phrase "a nice smile" is the direct object of "has." The noun phrase "iron teeth" is the direct object of the verb "got." Here's the "pronoun test": He has one, but he's got them.) (The noun phrase "a man who agreed with me" is the object of the preposition "from." Here's the "pronoun test": I never learned from him.) ("Every man of courage" is the subject of the verb "is." The noun phrase "a man of his word" is a subject complement following the linking verb "is." Here's the "pronoun test": He is one.) Looking at the last example, "courage" and "word" are both nouns, but they are not the head nouns of the phrases. They are both objects of the preposition "of, " sitting in prepositional phrases that modify the head nouns.
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language She had extremely blue eyes. (This adjective phrase describes the noun eyes. The adjective "blue" heads the adjective phrase.) She wore very expensive shoes. (This adjective phrase describes (or "modifies" as grammarians say) the noun "shoes." The adjective "expensive" heads the adjective phrase.) Sarah was hostile towards me. (This adjective phrase modifies the noun "Sarah." The adjective "hostile" heads the adjective phrase. Like a normal adjective, an adjective phrase can be used before the noun it's modifying (as in the first two examples) or afterwards (as here) An overly sensitive heart is an unhappy possession on this shaky earth. (German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) (This adjective phrase modifies the noun "heart.") I'm a fairly intelligent person, but I don't think my grades reflected that. (American footballer Barry Sanders) (This adjective phrase modifies the noun "person.") People are so sick of these Twitter tirades. They want to be proud of their leaders. (US politician Tom Perez) (The first adjective phrase modifies the noun "people." The second modifies the pronoun "they." Obviously, adjectives can modify pronouns too.) There is always someone better than you and more talented than you. Always. (Restaurateur David Chang) (The adjective phrases modify the pronoun "someone.") I am sad about the result. (start) I am awfully sad about the result. (middle) I am very sad. (end) An adjective phrase is a group of words headed by an adjective that describes a noun or a pronoun. In each example below, the adjective phrase is bold and the head adjective is underlined. Here are some real-life examples of adjective phrases (with the head adjectives in underlined): The head adjective can be at the start, the middle or the end of the phrase. 2. Adjective Phrase
Acquiring New Knowledge) The beautifully carved frames are priceless. The frames are beautifully carved and priceless. (The adjective phrase is after the noun it modifies ("The frames"). This is a predicative adjective phrase.) The frames beautifully carved by monks are priceless. (The adjective phrase is after the noun it modifies ("The frames"), but this time it's an attributive adjective.) The dog covered in mud looks pleased with himself. (In this example, the first adjective phrase – even though it's positioned after its noun ("The dog") – is attributive because it appears inside the noun phrase "The dog covered in mud." The second is predicative because it appears outside the noun phrase of the noun it modifies. Note how it is linked to its noun with a linking verb ("looks").) The other words inside the adjective phrase are known as the dependents of the head adjective. They are typically adverbs ("awfully" and "very") or prepositional phrases ("about the result"). If you ever find yourself discussing adjective phrases, it won't be too long before you encounter the terms "attributive adjective" and predicative adjective. An attributive adjective typically sits before the noun it is modifying. (The adjective phrase is before the noun it modifies ("frames"). This is an attributive adjective phrase.) predicative adjective typically sits after the noun it is modifying. When an adjective phrase (or any adjective for that matter) appears before its noun, it is highly likely to be an attributive adjective. However, an adjective that appears after its noun can also be attributive. Even though most attributive adjectives sit before their nouns, the position of an adjective does not determine whether it is attributive or predicative. An attributive adjective sits inside the noun phrase of the noun it modifies, and a predicative adjective sits outside the noun phrase of the noun it modifies. Typically, a predicative adjective is linked to its noun with a linking verb (e.g., "to be, " "to look, " "to smell, " "to taste").
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Jack will sit in silence. I will sit like a monk meditates. I'll do it in a minute. After the game, the king and pawn go into the same box. (Italian Proverb) Do not wait for the last judgment. It takes place every day. (Albert Camus) I used to work in a fire-hydrant factory. You couldn't park anywhere near the place. (Steven Wright) Opera is when a guy gets stabbed in the back and, instead of bleeding, he sings. (Ed Gardner) He would always talk with a nationalistic tone. 3. Adverbial Phrase An adverbial phrase is a group of words that functions as an adverb. Adverbial phrases contrast with adverbial clauses and single-word adverbs. Unlike an adverbial clause, an adverbial phrase does not contain a subject and a verb. Example: (The adverbial phrase "in silence" is functioning as an adverb of manner. It tells us how Jack sat.) Compare the example above with these examples: (This is an adverbial clause. It includes a subject ("a monk") and a verb ("meditates").) In the examples above, all the adverbs tell us how the person will sit. They are all adverbs of manner. When used to modify a verb, an adverb (including an adverbial phrase and an adverbial clause) will usually describe when, where, how, or why something happens. When (Adverbial Phrase of Time) An adverbial phrase of time states when something happens or how often. For example: Where (Adverbial Phrase of Place) An adverbial phrase of place states where something happens. For example: How (Adverbial Phrase of Manner) An adverbial phrase of manner states how something is done. For example: He sings in a low register.
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language People who say they sleep like a baby usually don't have one. (Leo J. Burke) He went to the island to find gold. He plays up to impress his class mates. We tell ourselves stories in order to live. (Author Joan Didion) Prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase is headed by a preposition (e.g., "in, " "on, " "near, " "by, " "with"). He was standing in the corner. She is winning without trying. Infinitive phrase. An infinitive phrase is headed by an infinitive verb (e.g., "to play, " "to jump"). She went to Florence to paint. Fill in this form to join our club. An adverb with an intensifier. An adverb with an intensifier (e.g., "very, " "extremely, " "really") is also an adverbial phrase. He answered you very quickly. She danced extremely beautifully. There are, of course, other formats. We arrived a day later than expected. I paid him every week. Why (Adverbial Phrase of Reason) An adverbial phrase of reason states why something is done. For example: The Format of Adverbial Phrases Here are three common formats for adverbial phrases: For example: For example: For example: For example: If you have a group of words that is functioning as an adverb and that doesn't feature a subject and a verb (meaning it's not an adverbial clause), then you're looking at an adverbial phrase.
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language A singer with passion A town near London Keep in time. He acts without thinking Do you mean that boy in the corner? I know the policeman with the radio. I live near the stadium. She speaks with notable enthusiasm. Please buy the scarf with dots. The man on the radio has a boring voice. 4. Prepositional Phrase A prepositional phrase is a group of words that consists of: a preposition, the object of the preposition and any modifiers. Example : The witch sat on her broom. ("On" is the preposition, "broom" is the object of the preposition, and "her" is a modifier.) The Function of Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases function as either adjectives modifying nouns or adverbs modifying verbs. For example: Prepositional phrases functioning as adjectives that modify nouns: (In these two examples, the prepositional phrases are functioning as adjectives. They are modifying nouns ("that boy" and "the policeman"). As they are multi-word adjectives, these prepositional phrases are a type of adjective phrase.) Prepositional phrases functioning as adverbs that modify verbs: (In these two examples, the prepositional phrases are functioning as adverbs. They are modifying verbs ("live" and "speaks"). As they are multiword adverbs, these prepositional phrases are a type of adverbial phrase). Prepositional Phrases As Adjectives Here are some more prepositional phrases functioning as adjectives: (The prepositional phrase describes the noun "scarf." We could have written "dotted scarf, " which proves that "with dots" is functioning as an adjective.) (The prepositional phrase describes the noun "man.")
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Give me one of the brown ones. Lee raised his small mackerel with utmost pride. Before the war, Chris played football for Barnstoneworth United. Dawn is tired from the hike. Lee lives in that fridge. I don’t know what channel the game is on. Are you going to the dance tonight? The doctor has taken an oath to protect her patients (The prepositional phrase describes the pronoun "one.") Prepositional Phrases As Adverbs Here are some more prepositional phrases functioning as adverbs: (The prepositional phrase modifies the verb "raised." It is an adverb of manner; i.e., it tells us how he raised it. We could have written "proudly raised, " which proves that "with utmost pride" is functioning as an adverb.) (The prepositional phrase modifies the verb "played." It is an adverb of time; i.e., it tells us when he played.) (The prepositional phrase modifies the verb "is." It is an adverb of reason; i.e., it tells us why she is tired.) (The prepositional phrase modifies the verb "lives." It is an adverb of place; i.e., it tells us where he lives.) 5. Verb Phrase An verb phrase are short verbs function as finite verbs, which establish tense, speaker and mood, but don’t make sense on their own. They use nonfinite verbs to indicate what is happening in the sentence. For example: Tom is tutoring his brother. The verb phrase “is tutoring” contains the finite verb “is.” Helping verbs in verb phrases include:
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language You may finish your homework tomorrow. Should we drive to the concert together? The team must raise enough money for new uniforms this year I don’t know what channel the game is on. Are you going to the dance tonight? The doctor has taken an oath to protect her patients. Modal verbs in verb phrases include: Main Verbs in a Verb Phrase 1. 2. 3.
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Parirala Ang parirala ay lipon o kumbinasyon ng magkakaugnay na mga salita na walang simuno o panaguri. Ang mga parirala na may iisang diwa ay pinaguugnay upang makabuo ng isang pangungusap. Ang parirala ay isang koleksyon ng mga salita na hindi mabubuo sa isang pangungusap dahil hindi ito nagsisimula sa mga malalaking titik o titik, kulang ang mga marka o bantas, at mayroong hindi siguradong o hindi kumpletong kahulugan. May ibat-ibang uri ng parirala ayon sa anyo. Nauuri ito ayon sa anyo o ayon sa gamit. A. PARIRALA AYON SA ANYO nang awitin ko ito bibili tayo nang pupuntahan ko sa iba iba ang mga ang aso Si Jane batang masipag 1. Karaniwang Parirala - Ito ay parirala na binubuo ng karaniwang salita. Halibawa: 2. Pariralang pang-ukol - Binubuo ito ng pang-ukol at layon nito. Ang mga pang-ukol ay mga konektor. Nag-uugnay sila ng mga pangngalan (at panghalip) sa mga pandiwa o pang-uri. Halibawa: Ng — nagbigay ng ugnayan sa pagitan ng isang bahagi at ng isang kabuuan. Halimbawa: anak ng bayan Sa — inuukol ang isang bagay ay nakakabit at nakasuporta sa isa pang bagay. Halimbawa: kamay sa balikat
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Ni/nina — nagmamarka ng pagmamay-ari Halimbawa: isang pelikulang pinagbibidahan nina Alden at Nadine; bahay ni Jose Ayon sa — ginagamit upang iukol ang mga pananalitang ng isang maykapangyarihan o isang sanggunian. Halimbawa: Ayon sa mga hurado, ako ang nanalo. Para sa — ginagamit upang ipahiwatig ang gamit ng isang bagay. Halimbawa: libreng gamot para sa masa B. PARIRALA AYON SA GAMIT May tatlong uri gamit ng parirala sa pangungusap. Ito ay pariralang panggalan, pariralang pang-uri, at pariralang pang-abay. 1. Pariralang Panggalan - Ito ay ginagamit na simunong pangungusap, layon ng pandiwa o tagatanggap ng layon ng pandiwa. A. Bilang Simuno Ang may suot na puting uniporme ang nagwagi. Sa halimbawang pangungusap na "Ang may suot na puting uniporme ang nagwagi. " ang pariralang pangngalan bilang simuno dito ay "ang may suot na puting uniporme" sapagkat ito ang pinag-uusapan sa loob ng pangungusap. Inilalarawan ito ng panag-uring "nagwagi". B. Tagatanggap ng Layon Ang relo ay ibinigay ni Alfred kay Ana. Sa halimbawang pangungusap na "Ang relo ay ibinigay ni Alfred kay Ana" , ang pariralang pangngalan na tagatanggap ng layon ay "Ana" dahil ito ang tumatanggap ng layon na "relo".
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Lahat ay labis na natuwa nang ibalita ang nagwagi. Ang mga taong may pagpapahalaga sa Diyos ang namumuhay ng payapa. Dahil sa nagaganap na pagpupulong, maliit humakbang ang mga bata upang hindi makagawa ng ingay. Malinis na sinulat ko ang aking pangalan sa kasunduan. Matutulog na ako bago maghating-gabi. Layon - Paksa o binibigyang diin sa pangungusap, sumasagot sa tanong na "Ano?" Tagatanggap - Pinaglalaanan ng kilos na ipinapahiwatig ng pandiwa, sumasagot sa tanong na "Para kanino?" 2. Pariralang Pang-uri - Ang isang pariralang pang-uri ay isang pangkat ng mga salita na naglalarawan ng isang pangngalan o panghalip sa isang pangungusap. Ang pang-uri sa isang pariralang pang-uri ay maaaring lumitaw sa simula, pagtatapos o gitna ng parirala. Mga Halimbawa ng Pariralang Pang-uri: Ang pariralang pang-uri ay nagtataglay ng salitang naglalarawan. Sa pangungusap na "Lahat ay labis na natuwa nang ibalita ang nagwagi." masusuri na "labis na natuwa" ang maituturing na pariralang pang-uri sapagkat inilalarawan nito ang naramdaman ng lahat nang ibalita ang nagwagi. Ang pariralang "may pagpapahalagaq sa Diyos" ay inilalarawan ang pagkakaroon ng mapayapang pamumuhay ng mga tao. 3. Pariralang Pang-abay – Ang pariralang pang-abay ay tumutukoy kung paano ikinilos ang isang bagay o kaya ito ay deskripsyon ng isang pagkilos. Halimbawa: Ang pariralang pang-abay sa halimbawang pangungusap na nasa itaas ay "maliit humakbang" sapagkat inilalarawan nito ang kilos o galay ng mga bata. Tandaan
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Siya ay lumitaw sa screen bilang artista. Ako ay nag-aaral ng Italyano sa loob ng tatlong taon. Si Mang Jose ay nag-aararo ng kanilang bukid. Ang mga mag-aaral ay nag-aaral ng kanilang leksyon. Ang nakatayo sa unahan ng klasrum ay ang pinakamahusay na mag-aaral 4. Pariralang Pandiwa – Ang mga pandiwa ay mga salita na nagpapakita ng isang pagkilos, tulad ng kumanta, sayaw, amoy, usapan, at kumain ka na. Ang mga pariralang pandiwa ay maaaring binubuo ng isa hanggang tatlong mga pandiwa na nag-uugnay, at mga pandiwa ng pagkilos, at kung minsan ang anumang mga pampuno (tulad ng mga bagay o direktang bagay). Kapag isinama sa pag-uugnay ng mga pandiwa, tulad ng ay, dapat, kalooban, at ay mayroon, bumubuo sila ng mga parirala ng pandiwa. Halimbawa: Ang pariralang pandiwa sa halimbawang pangungusap sa itaas ay "ay lumitaw" sapagkat ito ay nag sasaad ng kilos.
A Clauses cquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language The dog barks when the postman arrives. A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb. For example: (This sentence has two clauses. In the first one (shown in bold), the subject is "the dog" and the verb is "barks." In the second one (underlined), the subject is "the postman" and the verb is "arrives.") Notice that "The dogs barks" could stand Independent Clause The patrol had spotted the sniper, who was hiding in an attic. Do you know the butcher who went to court on Saturday? I am not tidying the dishes unless Peter helps. When it rains, the daffodils bow their heads. alone as a sentence. This means it is an independent clause. Conversely, "when the postman arrives" could not stand alone as a sentence. This means it is a dependent clause. 1. The main clause in any sentence is an independent clause. An independent clause is a clause that can stand alone as a sentence (i.e., it expresses a complete thought). 2.Dependent Clause A dependent clause is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. Examples of Dependent and Independent Clauses In all these examples, the independent clauses are italicized, and the dependent clauses aren't. Also, remember that every clause must have a subject and a verb. In every clause, the subject is underlined and the verb is in bold. The Link between an Independent Clause and a Dependent Clauses An independent clause is linked to a dependent clause with a subordinating conjunction (common ones are "after, " "although, " "as, " "because, " "before, " "even if, " "even though, " "if, " "provided, " "rather than, " "since, " "so that, " "than, " "though, " "unless, " "until, " "whether, " "while, " "how, " "that, " "what, " "when, " and "where") or a relative pronoun (common ones are "which, " "who, " "whom, " "whose, " "why, " "whoever, " and "whosever.") Look at these
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language If I held you any closer, I would be on the other side of you. (Groucho Marx) Wives are people "who" feel they don't dance enough. (Groucho Marx) Examples: (The dependent clause is linked to the independent one with the subordinating conjunction "if.") (The dependent clause is linked to the independent one with the relative pronoun "who."
A Sugnay cquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Ang sugnay ay grupo ng mga salita na nagtataglay ng simuno at panaguri at may kumpletong diwa o hindi kumpletong diwa. Ang mga sugnay ay maaaring pangngalan, pang – uri, at pang – abay. Binubuhay nilang muli ang taniman sa likod – bahay dahil nais nilang kumain ng gulay ng libre. Kung iisipin lang ng tao ang kanilang kapwa, maiiwasan ang paggawa ng masasama. Nakasulat si Amir ng isang magandang tula dahil sa kanayang labis na pagmamahal sa kalikasan. Sumakit ang aking tiyan kaya’t kinailangan kong lumiban sa klase. Kung magkakaroon lang sana ako ng magandang trabaho, hindi na kailangan nila Itay at Inay na magtrabaho sa bukid. Kung sasama ka sa amin Sakaling umulan bukas Kahit hindi ka pa tapos Kung darating ang iyong lolo at lola Kahit gabihin pa tayo Ang sugnay na makapag – iisa o malayang sugnay ay uri ng sugnay na may simuno at panaguri at naglalaman ng buong diwa. Mga Halimbawa: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ang sugnay na di – makapag iisa o di – malayang sugnay ay maaaring may simuno o panaguri ngunit hindi nagtataglay ng kumpletong diwa. Mga Halimbawa: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sugnay na makapag – iisa sugnay na hindi makapag – iisa Dalawang Uri ng Sugnay:
A Sentence cquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language The cat sat on the mat. Oxford Dictionary defines sentence as a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses. For example: (Here, the subject is "the cat" and the verb is "sat." The words convey a complete thought. This is a sentence.) Eat! (It's only one word, but this is also a sentence. In this example, the subject is implied. In full, it would be "you eat." Remember that a sentence must have a subject and verb, even if one is implied, and must express a complete thought.) A sentence can convey a statement, a question, an exclamation, or a command. There are four types of sentence: (1) Declarative Sentence A declarative sentence states a fact and ends with a period (full stop). For example: He has every attribute of a dog except loyalty. (Politician Thomas P Gore)
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language I wonder if other dogs think poodles are members of a weird religious cult. (Comedian Rita Rudner) When a dog runs at you, whistle for him. (Philosopher Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862) Would you pass me the hammer. Do not believe that! Who knew that dog saliva can mend a broken heart? (Author Jennifer Neal) In Washington, it's dog eat dog. In academia, it's exactly the opposite! (Politician Robert Reich) You can't surprise a man with a dog. (Screenwriter Cindy Chupack) (Remember that a statement which contains an indirect question (like this example) is not a question.) (2) Imperative Sentence An imperative sentence is a command or a polite request. It ends with an exclamation mark or a period (full stop). For example: (3) Interrogative Sentence An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. For example: (4) Exclamatory Sentence An exclamatory sentence expresses excitement or emotion. It ends with an exclamation mark. For example: A sentence can consist of a single clause or several clauses. When a sentence is a single clause, it is called a simple sentence (and the clause is called an independent clause). A sentence must contain at least one independent clause. Below are the four types of sentence structure (with their independent clauses shaded) (1) Simple Sentence A simple sentence has just one independent clause. For example: (2) Complex Sentence A complex sentence has an independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Diplomacy is the art of saying "nice doggie" until you can find a rock. (Actor Will Rogers, 1879-1935) When you're on the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog. (Cartoonist Peter Steiner) Cry "Havoc, " and let slip the dogs of war. (Playwright William Shakespeare, 1564-1616) When a dog bites a man, that is not news because it happens so often, but if a man bites a dog, that is news. (Editor John B Bogart) For example: (3) Compound Sentence A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses. For example: (4) Compound-Complex Sentence A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. For example: Note: Sentences can contain compound subjects, compound verbs, or both. Remember also that a subordinate clause may fall between the parts of another clause or even within another clause.
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Ang Pangungusap ay grupo ng pinagsama-samang mga salita ay may mensahe o diwa. Ito ay may simuno (subject) at panaguri (predicate). Pangungusap Si Isabella ang aking matalik na kaibigan. Nasa palaruan ang mga bata. Bumibili si Anton ng damit para sa kanyang ama. Napagod sa paglalaba si Anne. Iba’t ibang kulay ang ibon sa aming lugar. Ang luto ni nanay ay masarap. Malapit ang simbahan sa bahay namin. Marami ang manonood ng pelikula. Ang ibon ay lumilipad. Saan maaaring mangitlog ang mga lamok? Sino ang kumuha ang pagkain sa mesa? Malayo ba ang palengke dito? Ilan kayo ang papunta sa bahay? Dalawang bahagi ng pangungusap Simuno (subject) - Ito ang pinag-uusapan sa isang pangungusap. Halimbawa: Panaguri (predicate) - Ito ang bahagi ng pangungusap kung saan tinutukoy nito ang simuno (kung ano ang tungkol dito o kung ano ang ginagawa nito). Halimbawa: Uri ng pangungusap ayon sa gamit (1) Pasalaysay (declarative) – nagsasalaysay o nagkukuwento ang mga pangungusap na pasalaysay. Nagtatapos sa tuldok (.) ang mga pangungusap na ito. Halimbawa: (2) Patanong (interrogative) – ang patanong ay ang mga pangungusap na nagtatanong. Tandang pananong (?) ang ginagamit sa hulihan nito. Halimbawa:
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Gumawa ka na ng takdang-aralin mo. Pakiligpit ng kalat sa sahig. Pakisara ng pinto. Kunin mo ang salamin ko sa kwarto. Naku! Nasusunog ang bahay! Naku! Nahulog ang mga itlog. Takbo! Sa wakas! Natapos din. (3) Pautos o Pakiusap (imperative) – ito ay mga pangungusap na nag-uutos na gawin ang isang bagay. Ginagamitan ito ng bantas na tuldok (.) Halimbawa: (4) Padamdam (exclamatory) – nagsasaad ito ng matinding damdamin tulad ng takot, pagkagulat, galit, at iba pa. Ginagamitan naman ito ng bantas na padamdam (!) Halimbawa: Mga Anyo ng pangungusap Ayon sa Kayarian (1) Payak na pangungusap - Ang PAYAK na pangungusap ay nakapag-iisa. Ang payak na pangungusap ay karaniwang may payak na simuno (simple subject) o tambalang simuno (compound subject). Mayroon din itong payak na panag-uri (simple predicate) o tambalang panag-uri (compound predicate). Ilan sa mga halimbawa ay ang sumusunod: 1. Si Dianne ay umaawit. Ito ay halimbawa ng payak na pangungusap na may payak na simuno (Dianne) at payak na panag-uri. (ay umaawit) Iba pang halimbawa: • Si May ay nagwawalis. • Si Karlos ay kumakain. • Si Baste ay nagtatanim
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Gusto ni Peter na sumali sa laro ngunit nahihiya siya. Ako’y nag-aaral ng mabuti habang nagtatrabaho para maitaguyod ang pangangailangan ng aking pamilya. Ginawa ko ang aking asignatura habang natutulog ang aking bunsong kapatid. 2. Si Dianne ay umaawit at sumasayaw. Ito ay halimbawa ng payak na pangungusap nay may payak na simuno (Dianne) pero may tambalang panag-uri.(ay umaawit at sumasayaw). Iba pang halimbawa: • Si May ay nagwawalis at nagpupunas • Si Mary ay nagbabasa at nagsusulat • Si Yeng nagtatanim at nagbubungkal sa lupa. 3. Si Dianne at Sol ay sumasayaw. Ito naman ay halimbawa ng payak na pangungusap na may tambalang simuno (Dianne at Sol) at payak na panag-uri.(ay sumasayaw) Iba pang halimbawa: • Si Mark at Empoy ay nagsusulat. • Si May at Charm ay naglilinis. • Si Bes at Peliz ay tumutula. 4. Si Dianne at Sol ay sumasayaw at umaawit. Ito ay payak na pangungusap na may tambalang simuno (Dianne at Sol) at tambalang panag-uri. (ay sumasayaw at umaawit) Iba pang halimbawa: • Si Charm at May ay naglilinis at nagpupunas. • Si Kaloy at Renz ay nagbabasa at nagsusulat. (2) Tambalan na pangungusap – Sa paksang ito, ating tatalakayin kung ano nga ba ang tambalang pangungusap at ang mga halimbawa nito. Ang isang pangungusap na tambalan ay uri ng pangungusap na naaayon sa kayarian. Ito’y naglalaman ng dalawang buong payak na pangungusap na pinagsamasama ng pangatnig katulad ng “o” , “habang” , “at” , “ngunit” , at iba pa. Heto ang mga halimbawa:
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Bibigyan kita ng tsokolate kung mag-aaral ka nang mabuti. Gusto kong manood ng sine pati kumain ng keyk. Gaganda ang ating buhay kapag naging malinis ang ating kapaligiran. Nakapasyal kami sa ibang bansa dahil sa pag-iipon ng aking kuya. Gusto kong bumili ng laruan subalit hindi sapat ang aking ipon. Naglaba ng maaga si Aling Nena at nakapagluto na siya ng mga masasarap na pagkain ngunit wala pa ang kanyang mga inaasahang bisita. Maagang pumasok ng trabaho ang janitor at nilinis ng maigi ang bawat sulok ng opisina dahil inaasahan na darating ang may-ari ng kompanya. Gumawa ng marangal at magbigay ng tulong sa mga kababayan na naapektuhan ng lindol dahil ito ang karapatdapat na gawain tuwing may kalamidad. (3) Hugnayan na pangungusap – Ang hugnayang pangungusap ay isang uri ng pangungusap na binubuo ng isang sugnay na nakapag-iisa (independent clause sa Wikang Ingles) at isang sugnay na hindi nakapag-iisa (dependent clause sa Wikang Ingles). Ginagamit na pang-ugnay ng mga sugnay ang mga pangatnig na kung, kapag, pag, nang, upang, dahil sa, sapagkat. Halimbawa: (4) Langkapan na pangungusap - Kapag ating sinabing langkapan na pangungusap, mayroon itong hugnayan at may kahabaan. Ito ay pangungusap na binubuo ng isa o mahigit pang sugnay na makapag iisa o sugnay na di makapag iisa. Halimbawa: Ang mga salitang may salunggihit sa mga pangungusap ay ang mga sugnay na di makapag-iisa habang ang walang salungguhit ay ang mga sugnay na makapag-iisa.
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Meanwhile, it would be more difficult to understand the basic sentence patterns in English if you are not familiar yet with the basic sentence structure in English. So, you better learn this first for you to comprehend this topic more easily. To begin with, here’s a quick review of sentences. A sentence has two basic elements: the subject and the predicate. The subject is always a noun, a pronoun, or a group of words acting as a noun. It is what the entire sentence is about. Meanwhile, the predicate contains a verb that describes the subject. Take note, verbs do not always have to be action verbs. Lastly, subjects and predicates can be either simple or compound. A sentence is a group of words that usually contain a subject (S) and a verb (V) and expresses a complete idea. The subject is a noun, noun phrases, or pronoun that usually comes before the main verb. It also represents the person or thing that acts as the verb, or about which something is stated. Verb, on the other hand, is a word or group of words that describes an action or state. A transitive verb has an object. An intransitive verb does not have an object. In the following examples, the subjects are in bold, while the predicates are italicized: Grandma is awake. He makes cakes and cookies. Aside from the subject and predicate, sentences also contain objects. We have two kinds of objects in English grammar: Direct and Indirect object. A Direct Object refers to the person or thing affected by the action of the verb. (He bought a ball.)
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Subject + Linking Verb + Complement ( S – LV – C) Subject + Intransitive Verb ( S – IV ) Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object ( S – TV – DO ) Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object An Indirect Object usually refers to the person who ‘benefits’ from the action of the verb. (He bought her a ball.) Additionally, we have the complement. A complement tells us something about the nature of the Subject or Object. There are two types of complements: Subject Complement and Object Complement. Subject Complement = She is happy. S=C Object Complement = He made her happy. O=C And lastly, we have the modifier. A modifier is a word or group of words that modifies another word or group. Now that we’re done with this recap, it is time to proceed to the lesson properly. English sentences may present themselves in varying patterns. These patterns refer to the arrangements of the elements of a sentence. It starts from the most basic, to the most complex. As mentioned, there are five basic sentence patterns in English. Among them are: 1. 2. 3. 4. ( S – TV – IO – DO ) 5. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement ( S – TV – DO – OC) 1. Subject + Linking Verb + Complement ( S - LV - C) This includes a subject, a linking verb, and a complement. Linking verbs are the types of verbs that join the subject with an adjective or another noun. Some commonly used linking verbs include be, am, are, is, was, were, and seem. Apart from linking verbs, we can also use sense verbs to make this type of sentence pattern. A sense verb is a verb that describes one of the five senses: sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste. On the other hand, a subjective complement is a word or a group of words that often follow a linking/sense verb. Subjective complements can either be nouns, pronouns, or adjectives
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Consider the order of the subject, linking/sense verb, and complements in the following sentences: 1. She looks happy. S: She LV: looks C: happy 2. Orange and Yellow are bright colors. S: Orange and Yellow LV: are C: bright colors 3. The food tastes bad. S: The food LV: tastes C: bad 2. Subject + Intransitive Verb ( S - IV ) It includes just a subject and an intransitive verb. Grammatically, intransitive verbs do not need a direct object. Unlike transitive verbs, verbs belonging to this type don’t answer the question “what?”. In most cases, dynamic and locomotive verbs (or verbs that express movement) belong to this sentence pattern. Also, this pattern uses verbs that are in the base form and doesn’t need supporting information. This means that the thought of the sentence was already completed by the action of the verb. Below are sample sentences with the S-IV sentence pattern. 1. She swims. 2. The book fell. 3. Peter marches. 4. Peter sneezed. 5. Evil exists.
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language 3. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object ( S - TV - DO ) This pattern includes a subject, a transitive verb, and a direct object. Here, we use transitive verbs, which means that we need a direct object. The trick here is to make sure our verb answers the question “what?” Moreover, this pattern uses a verb that is in the =s form, most especially the stative verbs. The S-TV-DO pattern, unlike the S-IV pattern, needs supporting information, especially the object pointed about in the sentence (noun). In the sample sentences we have below, the subject, transitive verb, and direct object are placed in a fixed order. 1. They are baking cookies and cakes. S: they TV: are baking DO: cookies and cakes 2. The batter hit the ball. S: The batter TV: hit DO: the ball 3. She teaches English. S: She TV: teaches DO: English 4. Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object ( S - TV - IO - DO ) This type includes a subject, a transitive verb, an indirect object, and a direct object. . In the sentences below, you’ll notice that the subject, the transitive verb, the indirect object, and the direct object are placed in the correct order. 1. Mary lent Josh money. S: Mary TV: lent IO: Josh DO: money
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language 2. Ana taught her the answer. S: Ana TV: taught IO: her DO: the answer 3. He gave him the money. S: He TV: gave IO: him DO: the money Interestingly, there are instances where the Direct Objects come first before Indirect Object in the sentences. And although some grammarians insist on its correctness, some consider the pattern acceptable in English. So, instead of S–TV–IO–DO, the pattern then becomes S–TV–DO-IO. For example: He gave him the money. (S–TV–IO-DO) He gave the money to him. (S–TV–DO-IO) 5. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement ( S - TV - DO - OC) This sentence pattern includes a subject, transitive verb, direct object, and an objective complement. Unlike subjective complements, objective complements describe a direct object. The object complement in this sentence pattern refers to a specific description of the direct object being done by the subject, with the use of the verb. Generally, the OC in this pattern could be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Check out the examples we have below. 1. She called the boy attractive. S: She TV: called DO: the boy OC: attractive
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language 2. They painted the house blue. S: They TV: painted DO: the house OC: blue
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Kinuha ni Abel ang lahat ng mga prutas at ipinamigay ang mga ito sa mga kapitbahay niya. Panaguri – kinuha Simuno – Abel Iniba ni Joaquin ang plano nang malamang isinumbong ng kapatid niya ang gagawin nila ng mga kaibigan niya. Panaguri – iniba Simuno – Joaquin Nilangoy ni Ferdie ang magkabilang dulo upang mahanap ang nakababatang kapatid sa gitna ng malakas na ulan at baha. Panaguri – nilangoy Simuno – Ferdie Dalawang Ayos ng Pangungusap 1. Ang karaniwang ayos ng pangungusap at binubuo ng panaguri sa unahan at simuno sa hulihang bahagi. Halimbawa: Maganda ako. 2. Ang mga pangungusap sa di-karaniwang ayos ay binubuo ng simuno sa unahan at panaguri sa hulihang bahagi. Halimbawa: Ako ay maganda. 1. Karaniwan o tuwid na ayos ng pangungusap - Ito ay ang ayos ng pangungusap na kadalasang ginagamit natin lalo na sa mga pasalitang Gawain. Nauuna ang panaguri o ang bahagi nito sa simuno ng pangungusap. 2. Di-karaniwan o baligtad na ayos ng pangungusap - Ito ang ayos ng pangungusap na nauuna ang simuno sa panaguri ng pangungusap. Ang panandang "ay" ay kadalasang makikita sa mga pangungusap na nasa di karaniwang ayos. AYOS NG PANGUNGUSAP
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Si Miguel ang nagsabi na ibigay na lang sa nakababata niyang kapatid ang mana para sa kanya. Simuno = Miguel Panaguri = nagsabi Si Patrick ay naglagay ng maraming asukal sa niluluto niya kaya na sobrahan ito sa tamis. Simuno = Patrick Panaguri = naglagay Ang mga bata ay tumalon sa tuwa nang marinig na lahat sila ay nakapasa sa pinal na pagsusulit. Simuno = mga bata Panaguri = tumalon Halimbawa:
classic representation resembles a tree, even though the chart is generally upside down compared to an actual tree, with the "root" at the top and the "leaves" at the bottom. Tree diagram provides us visual representation of the constituents of the corresponding expression. Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Tree Diagram • A tree diagram is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form. It is named a "tree diagram” because the A tree diagram with syntactic category information is called a phrase structure tree or a constituent structure tree. . This tree shows that a sentence is both a linear string of words and a hierarchical structure with phrases nested in phrases. Phrase structure trees (PS trees, for short) are explicit graphic representations of a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of the sentences of his language. Symbols used in syntactic analysis Three New Symbols
1. S → NP VP Rule 1 says that a sentence (S) contains (immediately dominates) an NP and a VP in that order. The simple English sentence consists of two principal constituents . Noun Phrase (NP) Verb Phrase (VP) These structures correspond roughly to the functional features of referring to entities – things, people, places, ideas, etc. - the expressions used to refer to entities are Noun Phrases (NP) predication – saying something about the entities referred to or the Verb Phrase (VP) These two major parts are the two branches at the top of the phrase structure (S = sentence) Examples Referring expression Predication Judge Judy has a daughter a poltergeist appeared last night the child found the puppy in the garden Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Phrase Structure Rules 2. NP → Det N A noun phrase can contain a determiner followed by a noun in that order. A determiner followed by a noun is a noun phrase. Rule 2 says that NP may contain a determiner followed by a noun. This rule conveys two facts:
Example Referring expression Predication the child found the puppy in the garden Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Phrase Structure Rules 4. VP → V Rule 4 says that a tree must have a VP that immediately dominates V. Note: A VP need not contain an NP object, however. It may include a verb alone. 3. VP → V NP Rule 3 says that a verb phrase consists of a verb (V) followed by a noun phrase (NP). Example Referring expression Predication the child found the puppy Example Referring expression Predication the woman laughed
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Phrase Structure Rules 6. PP → P NP Rule 6 says that a prepositional phrase (PP) consists of a preposition (P) followed by a noun phrase (NP). 5. VP → V PP Rule 5 says that a verb phrase consists of a verb (V) followed by a prepositional phrase (PP). Example Referring expression Predication the puppy was in the garden Example Referring expression Predication the puppy was in the garden
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Analyzing the phrase structure of English sentences
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Analyzing the phrase structure of English sentences
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language PAG-IISTRUKTURA NG PANGUNGUSAP
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language HALIMBAWA: Ang dalaga ang guro Halimbawa kung may pangatnig ang PN ganito:
Acquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language
A What Exactly is UG? cquiring New Knowledge) English 205: Comparative Analysis of English and Philippine Language Universal Grammar is usually defined as the “system of categories, mechanisms and constraints shared by all human languages and considered to be innate” (O’Grady et al., 1996, p. 734; cf. also Chomsky, 1986, p. 3, 2007, p. 1; Pesetsky, 1999, p. 476). These are generally thought to include formal universals (e.g., principles, i.e., general statements which specify the constraints on the grammars of human languages, and parameters, which specify the options for grammatical variation between languages) as well as substantive universals (e.g., lexical categories and features).