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Variety.
Big data…

•Big data is driving the need for research and analysis.
•Every single person with a smartphone or other internet-connected device is adding to the

river of information.

•All these people and devices generating diverse amounts of information necessitate people to

categorize, discover and help make sense of the information.

•Who possesses those inherent capabilities more than a librarian?

Virtual reality (VR)

•the computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional image or environment that can be

interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way by a person using special electronic
equipment, such as a helmet with a screen inside or gloves fitted with sensors.

•Allowing people to immerse themselves in a new universe is one of the main reasons why

people enjoy reading books and accessing the libraries’ collections.

•It is now possible to offer a new attractive format for the same experience using virtual reality.
•VR offers the users the chance to play, learn and explore other places just by sitting in the

comfort of their local library.

•Virtual reality can also be used to bring the library closer to the users by creating virtual tours

of the library or even virtual workshops and training.
Artificial intelligence

•the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring

human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and
translation between languages.

•Artificial intelligence is no longer a futuristic perspective as it is gaining more and more

traction in our everyday activities.

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•With many AI applications focused on delivering information to the user, it may appear that AI

is a challenge to libraries.

•But adding an intelligent side to all applications at the library is a real opportunity to

understand the patterns in user behavior and adapt to their needs.

Block chain technology

•A global network of computers uses blockchain technology to jointly manage the database

that records Bitcoin transactions. That is, Bitcoin is managed by its network, and not any one

central authority. Decentralization means the network operates on a user-to-user (or peer-to-

peer) basis.

•Block chain technology is one of the most discussed technologies nowadays.
•Block chain technology represents a decentralized database that keeps records of

pseudonymized digital transactions that are visible to anyone within the network.

•Therefore, it is a new way to collect and store data.
•But it could be used to build an enhanced metadata system for libraries, to keep track of

digital-first sale rights and ownership, to connect networks of libraries and universities, or even

to support community-based borrowing and skill sharing programs.

Internet of Things

•As the RFID technology, IOT refers to the possibility of connecting everyday devices and

transferring data between them.

•But only in the case of IOT, the data is transferred over the Internet. As a recent article on

American Library Association website highlights, there are many “opportunities for library

applications, from tracking room usage and program attendance to monitoring humidity levels

for special collections and more”. (ALA, n.d.)

•Therefore, the library can offer a better user experience by enriching its services and

collections.

•ALA (n. d.) gives the example of Hillsboro Public Library in Oregon who has introduced the

Book-O-Mat, a self-service kiosk, which is monitored from the main library to track usage and

identify usage trends and make recommendations.

Expertise in quality indicators

•Citation count
•Informetric indicators:

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-- Impact factor
-- Scopus citescore
-- Eigenfactor
-- h-index, g-index
-- i10 index
-- Collaboration pattern

Altmetrics

•Altmetrics, short for alternative metrics, is a quickly developing methodology for measuring

the impact of scholarly works and research published on the web.

•Proponents of altmetrics note that article citations and journal impact factors do not

accurately measure the impact of web-based articles or the ensuing scholarly communication
among scientists, scholars, and researchers.

•Altmetrics, then, supplement the traditional means of measuring scholarly impact and the

slower peer-review process.

Digital Preservation

•Digital Preservation, at first glance, looks like an oxymoron(two words used together that

have, or seem to have, opposite meanings)

•Most people believe that if it is in digital format, it’s already preserved.
•But it is a fact that digital formatting is only a preliminary step on the road to digital

preservation.

•The ability to foster and steward those digital orphans into long, useful lives is a valuable and

necessary skill.

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Mobile Environment

•As more information is being stored in the cloud, and searched for and consumed using

mobile devices, librarians must be familiar with mobile environment.

•Librarians skilled in the use of mobile devices like tablets and smartphones can help ensure

that their strengths are being considered and built-in to the library’s information systems and
portals.

•Librarians should understand the pros and cons of cloud computing, to serve as advisers and

consultants to those decisions as they apply to information curation and digital preservation.

Collaboration and Facilitation

•Librarians can position themselves as valuable resources by collaborating more actively with

management and leadership within the organizations they work.

•Librarians who adopt these skills will revitalize their careers, increase the visibility and viability

of their profession, and become valued information professionals.

Collaboration, Coaching and Facilitation…

•Those library walls are starting to crumble.
•The library of the future may feature less space dedicated to quiet study and more space

devoted to presentations, discussion and collaboration.

•Increasingly, libraries are becoming a place for meeting, sharing and collaboration.

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8.

Library Automation using e-granthalaya ILS

Samarendra Dash

Scientist - D
NIC, Bhubaneswar

Scope of Presentation
Library automation concepts
E-granthalaya : the ILS from NIC
E-granthalaya : installation & troubleshooting

Library Automation

“Library Automation” is used to denote the application of ICT to replace manual systems in the
library.

“Integrated Library System (ILS), also known as Library Management System (LMS) is a Resource
planning system for a library, used to track items owned, orders made, bills paid, and patrons who
have borrowed etc.”

-Wikipedia

LA few advantages
Improvement in quality, speed and access to pertinent information/ services
Improved access to resources on other networks and systems, including the Web
Facilitate wider dissemination of information products and services for library clients and among
peers
Significant Improvement in overall management of physical, human and financial resources
Provide new services not hitherto possible

Integrated Library System
General features of any ILS

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Functional modules
Basic modules –Cataloging, Circulation, Search and Administration
Add on modules - Acquisition, serial control, interlibrary loan (ILL), and Web OPAC

Database systems
Oracle, MS SQL Server, MySQL, Postgres etc.

Network architecture
Client-server architecture or
Web-enable to communicate across networks (LANs and WANs)

User interface (OPAC/ Web Opac)

Library standards
Library industry standards such as MARC21 and Z39.50

e-Granthalaya : ILS from NIC

e-granthalaya features
Work-flow as per Indian Libraries system
Automation of ‘cluster of libraries’ in cloud environment (Version 4)
UNICODE compliant database, supports 10 Indian scripts/ languages
Built-in News Clipping Manager
Email & SMS alert service to users
Supports International Bibliographic standards

MARC21, Z39.50, MARCXML,ISO:2709, AACR2
Adopts ISO codes for currency, country & language
Export/ Import of data to/ from other formats
Regular upgradation of the application
(Latest Revision 32nd on 04/10/2018)

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Features
Import member records using Excel format
Supports Digital Repository of full-text articles, News item and Books chapters
Merge two databases making data entry faster
Creation of authority records for author, subject and publisher
Backup & restoration made easy
Change the LIBCODE in barcode labels
Article indexing
Generation of random barcode
Labels in local language

E-granthalaya users in Odisha

More than 220 Libraries in Odisha
Parija Library, Utkal University
Kanika library, Ravenshaw university
Odisha Legislative Assembly
Odisha High-court Library
Odisha Secretariat Library
All Kendriya & Navodaya Vidyalaya Libraries
Institute Libraries like – NIFT, IGIT, NRRI, NCDS, SIRD, BPSPA, IHM & Sanskrit university
Many Autonomous colleges like SB, RN, SVM, Kendrapara, Dhenkanal, DD college and many others
degree colleges in Odisha

Live WEBOPACs in Odisha
olalibrary.nic.in
kanikalibrary.nic.in
ohclibrary.nic.in
oslibrary.nic.in
sblibrary.nic.in

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opac-parijalibrary.nic.in

Case Study

Egranthalaya @
Kendriya Vidyalaya Libraries
in Odisha
E-g @ KV libraries in Odisha
Total 62 Kvs in Odisha with 58 librarians
First major automation attempt for any Odisha KV library was made in Aug 2008 (KV3 BBSR) using
egranthalaya version 2
KVS made it mandate in 2010 (eg2)
All libraries have migrated from eg2 to eg3 version with NO data loss and are continuing with it till
date
More than 6,50,000 bibliographic records have been entered by these libraries
Five training programs for KV libraries

e-granthalaya Installation & Trouble shooting 48
e-Granthalaya Components
Front End - Client Program

Has to be installed on each Client Pc
Back End (Database) – MS SQL Server 2005/2008/2012/2014

Has to be installed on Server Pc
Search Interface (Web OPAC) – Web Forms

On Server Pc

Pre-requisite information

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E-granthalaya can function in stand alone, client-server mode or on cloud
Depending on the mode of implementation, the installation procedure varies
For Stand-alone all components installed on a single system
For C/S mode, components are installed on both sever and client
For Cloud implementation, all components installed on cloud, only few input from users

Client-Server Installation 49
Front End (Data entry) Program (Windows Forms)

Installed on each Client PCs
Back End (Database) – MS SQL Server 2005/2008/2012/2014

Installed on Server Pc
Search Interface (Web OPAC) – Web Forms

Installed on Server Pc
# GranthService (Web Services) for Remote DB Connectivity (WAN connectivity)

Installed on Server PC
(# No more used)
Cloud Hosting
All components installed on cloud.
User (Librarian) need not worry about the installation, backup or updation etc.
User would be using browser as a client program
NIC would be providing user id & password to individual library to access its holdings.
Webopac access by default
Stand alone & C/S installation
Before installation of SQL server (Database server) some components are to be preinstalled
XP* system – window installer (*outdated)
32bit system .net framework 2.0 minimum
64bit system .net framework 3.5 minimum
(Internet connectivity required for 64bit installation)
Then Install DB
Finally set the connection parameter

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Installation Tips
During SQL server installation, most of the steps just click “next” except following steps
Uncheck the advanced option
Mixed mode authentication and provide sa password (essential for Windows7 onwards)
After SQL server installation,
Create blank database
Create new user with privileges
Restore your backup on blank database
Install client program and set the DB connection, test the connection & save it
Customization
Set the system date format as MM/dd/yyyy, but for transaction use dd/mm/yyyy format
Create new library with code. You can’t change the code, so decide judiciously
Create user code and grant permission.
Do not use numbers as user’s identity.

Best Practice
Close the application as soon as power is off (even with UPS)
Take Backup daily & keep that externally

(Pen drive or in mail)
Do not try to open the backup file to see what you have entered
Handover the Password and Backup to your successor when transferred
Useful sites related to e-granthalaya
egranthalaya.nic.in, eglibnet.nic.in

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9.
Online Literature Search & E- Resources

Dr. Banamber Sahoo, MLISc, Ph.D
Library & Information Officer
ICMR-RMRC, Bhubaneswar

INTRODUCTION

A literature search is an methodical search for all of the literature published on a topic. An effective
search of the literature can be done quickly, but demands an organised and systematic approach, so
it is important to keep records of the searches made and the information found.

Before carrying out your search you will need to identify your research question and plan your
search strategy.

DEVELOPING A SEARCH STRATEGY

To prepare for your search:
 Define your topic
 write down your research question

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 Identify what type of literature you are looking for e.g. primary research in journal articles,
systematic reviews, research reports, policy documents, books, etc.

 Identify sources to search – databases, Google Scholar, individual organisations’ websites,
library catalogues etc.

 Think about scope of topic / search restrictions – anything related to your topic that you
wish to exclude

 Design a means of recording what you find (keep records)

LITERATURE SOURCES
❖ Sources of literature include:
❖ Databases (references to journal articles)
❖ Peer-reviewed journals
❖ Theses and dissertations
❖ Books, but note, tend to be published some time after research on which they are based,
and more recent research is often available.
❖ Internet , Google Scholar , Government websites: funded research reports, discussion
papers, government policies, and enquiry results , Organisations and professional bodies’
websites , Conference literature , Newspapers , Statistics , Library catalogues

9 steps for Search Strategy

Step One: Identify a Topic
❖ Selecting a topic is the most important component of a successful search.

Suggestions for finding a topic:
❖ Discuss your topic ideas with your class instructor and/or a reference librarian.

Step Two: Set up a Search Strategy Using Boolean Operators

❖ A Boolean operator refers to the logical use of algebraic terms involving two or more values.
Boolean operators are used in computer database searching to connect research concepts.

❖ Boolean operators generally use only three words: and, or, and not.

Step Three: Find Background Information

Use dictionaries, encyclopedias, textbooks, and other general works to provide background
information on your topic. These sources will help you understand the broader context of your
research and tell you in general terms what is known about your topic.

Step Four: Find Books

The resource to use to find books in the Library is the catalog. Just make sure to get the call number
and location of the book so that you can find what you are looking for.

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Step Five: Find Periodicals
Periodicals are continuous publications such as journals, newspapers, or magazines. They are issued
regularly (daily, weekly, monthly, or quarterly).
Why are periodicals so important in research?
•They provide the most current information on a subject
•They help to identify very "new" or "hot" topics of interest that may not be found in books
•The findings may be limited to a specific concept
•Older issues may help to provide historical information on the topic.
Step Six: Find Newspaper Articles
Newspaper articles can give you very recent information on a topic.
Step Seven: Consult Other Sources

❖ To complete your information search, examine some other sources on your topic.
❖ The reference department has many other indexes and sources that you can use to find

information.
❖ If you can’t find what you are looking for or if you are not sure where to go next, ask a

librarian.
Step Eight: Evaluate what you Find

❖ Evaluating the sources you find is a crucial step in the process of library research.
Step Nine: Write your Paper & Format your Bibliography
Format the citations in your bibliography using examples from the Modern Language Association
(MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), or other designated style.
Search Techniques

 When searching databases or the Internet, use the advanced options whenever possible.
When you enter the advanced searching option of the database, this is where you can make
use of AND/NOT/OR commands – Boolean operators.

 These are used for combining terms and allow precision in finding information.
 AND – allows you to narrow your search by combining words using AND, e.g. “hospital

managers” AND upskilling
 OR – lets you broaden your search to include similar or other information connected by OR,

e.g. retina OR eye;
 NOT – allows you to exclude specific information from the search, e.g. anxiety NOT

depression
Boolean Logic

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A British mathematician named George Boole (1815-1864) developed an algebraic system of
logic that is now widely used in computer and electronic systems including database searching.
While Boole’s algebraic system can be complex, a very simple form of Boolean Logic is used for
searching most bibliographic databases.
Boolean Operators
Standard Boolean Logic for database searching uses 3 relationships among search terms.
AND
OR
NOT
It is both simple and powerful.

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1.
Teaching Reading and Comprehension

M.D. Sahu
Assistant Commissioner
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, Bhubaneswar Region

“Learning to read is one of the most important things children accomplish in elementary school because
it is the foundation for most of their future academic endeavors. From the middle elementary years
through the rest of their lives as students, children spend much of their time reading and learning
information presented in text. The activity of reading to learn requires students to comprehend and recall
the main ideas or themes presented in . . . text.” (Stevens et al., 1991, p. 8).

Teaching of languages must have the instructional goal of developing students as purposeful, engaged
and ultimately independent comprehenders, regardless of age, grade or achievement level. Irrespective
of the class, content or text we teach, the goal is to improve students’ comprehension and understanding.

Reading comprehension is a process meaning making by the reader. This is done by using the information
on the printed page and the knowledge stored in his head. It involves intentional thinking, during which
meaning is constructed through interactions between text and reader.

The goal of reading is comprehension. Otherwise, it is simply decoding or word barking or mere
articulation of the word correctly without understanding its meaning. Effective readers not only make
sense of the text being read, they can also use the information in it.

Many factors affect a child’s ability to comprehend. Besides, the goal of reading and motivation, the
knowledge of the language and the fluency of decoding are crucial. The nature of the text, reading speed
and strategies employed by the reader also affect comprehension. If a reader has high speed word
recognition capacity, most of his energy will be spent on sense making or comprehension. Hence
automaticity or speedy, effortless word recognition is the base, though not the only condition, of
comprehension and enjoyment.
Effortless word recognition depends on the mastery of the decoding skills, which are to be systematically
developed right at the beginning by Class III. A combination of the approaches of phonics and whole word,
meaning centred teaching one is found to be effective. The National Reading Panel (USA), in its report
referred to the instructions in the following areas for effective reading.

i. Phonemic Awareness
ii. Phonics
iii. Fluency
iv. Vocabulary
v. Comprehension

Phonemic Awareness: Phonemic awareness refers to the ability to focus on and manipulate phonemes in
spoken words. Phonemes are the smallest units of sounds that make meaning difference in the words.
Instructions in this involves the instructions in the followings.

i. Phonemic Isolation
ii. Phonemic Identity
iii. Phonemic Categorization

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iv. Phonemic Segmentation
v. Phonemic Deletion
Phonics: Phonics involves establishing letter-sound correspondence in an alphabetic system of writing
like English. Before achieving the goal of comprehension, the reader must coordinate many cognitive
processes to decode the written code accurately and fluently, including recognizing words, constructing
the meanings of sentences and text, and retaining the information in the read text in memory. Systematic
phonics instruction I Classes I to III I the KVs must stress the acquisition of letter-sound correspondences
and their use to read and spell words. If delayed, it will cause numerous difficulties for the children later
for reading and comprehending their textbooks.

Fluency: Fluency, the ability to read a text quickly, accurately, and with proper expression. Fluency
depends upon well-developed word recognition skills, but such skills do not inevitably lead to fluency. It
is generally acknowledged that fluency is a critical component of skilled reading as it save enough
cognitive resources for meaning making the process of reading. Fluency I ready can only achieved by more
reading.

Vocabulary and Grammar: Vocabulary occupies an important position in learning to read. Reading
vocabulary is crucial to the comprehension of the text by a skilled reader. Using the alphabetic principles,
the reader tries to relate the graphemes to the phonemes and make out the meaning of the words on the
page. The size and the richness of the vocabulary of the reader contribute to the level of comprehension.
Hence vocabulary instructions for spelling, pronunciation, grammar, collocation and usage are quite
indispensable for decoding

Vocabulary Instruction Methods

i. Explicit instruction through giving definitions or other attributes of words to be learned.

ii. Implicit instruction by exposing to the words

iii. Multimedia methods by going beyond text to include other media such as graphic
representations, hypertext.

iv. Capacity methods through practice.

v. Association methods by encouraging to draw connections between the known and the new.

Comprehension: Comprehension is a complex process. It is “intentional thinking during which meaning is
constructed through interactions between text and reader” (Durkin, 1993). According to this view,
meaning resides not in the text alone but is an outcome of the intentional, problem-solving, thinking
processes of the reader that occur during an interchange between the reader and the text. “The content
of meaning is influenced by the text and by the reader’s prior knowledge and experience that are brought
to bear on it. Reading comprehension is the construction of the meaning of a written text through a
reciprocal interchange of ideas between the reader and the message in a particular text.” (Harris &
Hodges, 1995, definition #2, p. 39).
The following methods are thought to be vital for such instructions for teaching comprehension.

i. Comprehension Monitoring
ii. Cooperative Learning
iii. Graphic and Semantic Organizers
iv. Teaching Text Structures
v. Question Answering
vi. Question Generation
vii. Summarization
viii. Multiple Strategies

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References:i) The report of the National Reading Panel ii) www.readingrockets.org

2.
STUDY HABITS

D PUROHIT
Assistant Commissioner (Retd)
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Bhubaneswar Region

(Powerpoint presentation converted to word format)

INTRODUCTION

Before we come to the topic “Study habits” let us try to understand the following immortal
lines of the great saint Swami Vivekananda.

“There is only method by which to attain knowledge, that which is called concentration. The very
essence of education is concentration of mind. From the lowest man to the highest yogi, all have
to use the same method to attain knowledge. The chemist who works in his laboratory
concentrates all the powers of his mind, brings them into one focus, and throws them on the
elements; the elements stand analyzed, and thus his knowledge comes. The astronomer
concentrates the power of his mind and brings them into one focus; and he throws them on to
objects through his telescope; and stars and systems roll forward and give up their secrets to him.
So it is in every case: with the professor in his chair, the student with his book, with every man
who is working to know.”

.
“The more the power of concentration, the greater the knowledge that is acquired. Even the
lowest shoeblack, if he gives more concentration, will black shoes better. The cook with
concentration will cook a meal all the better”……………….

Ninety percent of our thought-force is wasted by the ordinary human being and therefore he is
constantly committing blunders. The trained man or mind never makes a mistake. The main
difference between men and animals is the difference in their powers of concentration…....When
the mind is concentrated and turned back on itself, all within us will be our servants, not our
masters.”

Meaning:

Study habits are defined as the regular tendencies and practices that one depicts during the
process of gaining information through learning. Your study habits play a big role in determining
your success in the learning process.

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10 HIGHLY EFFECTIVE STUDY HABITS

Students grapple with many issues in their lives, and because of all of the competing things and
distractions, it’s hard to concentrate on studying. And yet if you’re in school, you have to do at
least a little studying in order to progress from year to year. The key to effective studying isn’t
cramming or studying longer, but studying smarter. You can begin studying smarter with these
ten proven and effective study habits.

1. How you approach studying matters

Too many people look at studying as a necessary task, not an enjoyment or opportunity to learn.
That’s fine, but researchers have found that how you approach something matters almost as
much as what you do. Being in the right mindset is important in order to study smarter.

Sometimes you can’t “force” yourself to be in the right mindset, and it is during such times you
should simply avoid studying. If you’re distracted by a relationship issue, an upcoming game, or
finishing an important project, then studying is just going to be an exercise in frustration. Come
back to it when you’re not focused (or obsessed) by something else going on in your life.

Way to help improve your study mindset:

Aim to think positively when you study, and remind yourself of your skills and abilities.
Avoid catastrophic thinking. Instead of thinking, “I’m a mess, I’ll never have enough time to study
for this exam,” look at it like, “I may be a little late to study as much as I’d like, but since I’m
doing it now, I’ll get most of it done.”
Avoid absolute thinking. Instead of thinking “I always mess things up,” the more objective view
is, “I didn’t do so well that time, what can I do to improve?”
Avoid comparing yourself with others, because you usually just end up feeling bad about yourself.

2. Where you study is important

A lot of people make the mistake of studying in a place that really isn’t conducive to
concentrating. A place with a lot of distractions makes for a poor study area. If you try and study
in your dorm room, for instance, you may find the computer, TV, or a roommate more interesting
than the reading material you’re trying to digest.

The library, a nook in a student lounge or study hall, or a quiet coffee house are good places to
check out. Make sure to choose the quiet areas in these places, not the loud, central gathering
areas. Investigate multiple places on-campus and off-campus, don’t just pick the first one your
find as “good enough” for your needs and habits. Finding an ideal study place is important,
because it’s one you can reliably count on for the next few years.

3. Bring everything you need, nothing you don’t

Unfortunately, when you find an ideal place to study, sometimes people bring things they don’t
need. For instance, while it may seem ideal to type notes into a computer to refer back to later,

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computers are a powerful distraction for many people because they can do so many different
things. Playing games, going online, IM’ing, surfing the Web, and answering emails are all
wonderful distractions that have nothing to do with studying. So ask yourself whether you really
need a computer to take notes, or whether you can make do with the old-fashioned paper and
pen or pencil.

Don’t forget the things you need to study for the class, exam or paper you’re focusing on for the
study session. Nothing is more time-consuming and wasteful than having to run back and forth
regularly because you forget an important book, paper, or some other resource you need to be
successful. If you study best with your favorite music playing, make sure your iPod is with you.

4. Outline and rewrite your notes

Most people find that keeping to a standard outline format helps them boil information down
to its most basic components. People find that connecting similar concepts together makes it
easier to remember when the exam comes around. The important thing to remember in writing
outlines is that an outline only words as a learning tool when it is in your own words and
structure. Every person is unique in how they put similar information together (called
“chunking” by cognitive psychologists). So while you’re welcomed to copy other people’s notes
or outlines, make sure you translate those notes and outlines into your own words and
concepts. Failing to do this is what often causes many students to stumble in remembering
important items.

It may also be helpful to use as many senses as possible when studying, because
information is retained more readily in people when other senses are involved. That’s why
writing notes works in the first place – it puts information into words and terms you
understand. Mouthing the words out loud while you copy the notes before an important
exam can be one method for involving yet another sense

5. Use memory games (mnemonic devices)

Memory games, or mnemonic devices, are methods for remembering pieces of information
using a simple association of common words. Most often people string together words to form a
nonsense sentence that is easy to remember. The first letter of each word can then be used to
stand for something else – the piece of information you’re trying to remember. The most
common mnemonic device example is “Every Good Boy Deserves Fun.” Putting the first letters
of every word together – EGBDF – gives a music student the five notes for treble clef.

The key to such memory devices is the new phrase or sentence you come up with has to be more
memorable and easier to remember than the terms or information you’re trying to learn. These
don’t work for everyone, so if they don’t work for you, don’t use them.

Mnemonic devices are helpful because you use more of your brain to remember visual and active

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images than you do to remember just a list of items. Using more of your brain means better
memory.

6. Practice by yourself or with friends

The old age adage, practice makes a man perfect, is true. You can practice by yourself by testing
yourself with either practice exams, past quizzes, or flash cards (depending what kind of course
it is and what’s available). If a practice exam isn’t available, you can make one up for yourself and
your classmates (or find someone who will). If a practice or old exam from a course is available,
use it as a guide (Too many students treat such exams as the real exams, only to be disappointed
when the real exam has none of the same questions). Such exams help you understand the
breadth of content and types of questions to expect, not the actual material to study for.

Some people enjoy reviewing their materials with a group of friends or classmates. Such groups
work best when they’re kept small (4 or 5 others), with people of similar academic aptitude, and
with people taking the same class. Different formats work for different groups. Some groups like
to work through chapters together, quizzing one another as they go through it. Others like to
compare class notes, and review materials that way, ensuring they haven’t missed any critical
points. Such study groups can be helpful for many students, but not all.

7. Make a schedule you can stick to

Too many people treat studying as the thing to do when you get around to it or have some spare
time. But if you schedule study time just as your class time is scheduled, you’ll find it becomes
much less of a hassle in the long run. Instead of last-minute cramming sessions, you’ll be better
prepared because you haven’t put off all the studying into one 12-hour marathon. Spending 30
or 60 minutes every day you have a class studying for that class before or after is a lot easier and
will allow you to actually learn more of the material.

You should study regularly throughout the term or semester for as many classes as you can. Some
people study every day, others put it off to once or twice a week. The frequency isn’t as important
as actually studying on a regular basis. Even if you just crack open a book once a week for a class,
it’s better than waiting until the first exam in a massive cram session.

Scheduling is even more important if you’re going to be a part of a study group. If only half of
your members are committed to a study group for every meeting, then you need to find other
study group members who are as committed as you are.

8. Take breaks (and rewards!)

Because so many people view studying as a chore or task, it’s human nature to avoid it. If,
however, you find rewards to help reinforce what you’re doing, you may be pleasantly surprised
by the change you may find in your attitude over time.

Rewards start by chunking study time into manageable components. Studying for 4 hours at a
time with no breaks is not realistic or fun for most people. Studying for 1 hour, and then taking a

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5 minute break and grabbing a snack is usually more sustainable and enjoyable. Divide study time
into segments that make sense and work for you. If you have to digest a whole textbook chapter,
find sections in the chapter and commit to reading and taking notes on one section at a time.
Maybe you only do one section in a sitting, maybe you do two. Find the limits that seem to work
for you.

If you succeed in your goals (such as doing two sections of a chapter in one sitting), give yourself
a real reward. Perhaps it’s saying, “I’ll treat myself to some good dessert tonight at dinner,” or “I
can buy a new tune online,” or “I can spend an extra 30 minutes gaming for every 2 sections of a
book chapter I read.” The point is to find a reward that is small but real, and to stick to it. Some
may view this as absurd, since you’re setting limits you can easily ignore. But by setting these
limits on your behavior, you’re actually teaching yourself discipline, which will be a handy skill to
have throughout life.

9. Keep healthy and balanced

It’s hard to live a balanced life while in school, I know. But the more balance you seek out in your
life, the easier every component in your life becomes. If you spend all of your time focusing on a
relationship or a game, you can see how easy it is to be out of balance. When you’re out of
balance, the things you’re not focusing on – such as studying – become that much harder. Don’t
spend all of your time studying – have friends, keep in touch with your family, and find interests
outside of school that you can pursue and enjoy.

Finding balance isn’t really something that can be taught, it’s something that comes with
experience and simple living. But you can work to try and keep your health and body balanced,
by doing what you already know – exercise regularly and eat light and right. There are no
shortcuts to health. Vitamins and herbs might help you in the short-term, but they’re not
substitute for real, regular meals and a dose of exercise every now and again.

Look at vitamins and herbs as they are intended – as supplements to your regular, healthy diet.
Common herbs – such as ginkgo, ginseng, and gotu kola – may help you enhance mental abilities,
including concentration, aptitude, behavior, alertness and even intelligence. But they may not,
either, and you shouldn’t rely on them instead of studying regularly.

10. Know what the expectations are for the class

Different professors and teachers have different expectations from their students. While taking
good notes and listening in class (and attending as many of the classes as you can) are good starts,
you can do one better by spending some time with the instructor or professor’s assistant. Talking
to the instructor early on – especially if you foresee a difficult course ahead – will help you
understand the course requirements and the professor’s expectations. Maybe most students in
the class are expected to get a “C” because the material is so difficult; knowing that ahead of
time helps set your expectations, too.

Pay attention in class. If the instructor writes something on the whiteboard or displays it on the
screen, it’s important. But if they say something, that’s important too. Copy these things down

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as they’re presented, but don’t zone out completely from what the instructor is also saying. Some
students focus on the written materials without regard for what the instructor is saying. If you
write down only one aspect of the professor’s instructions (e.g., just what they write down),
you’re probably missing about half the class.

If you get a particularly bad grade on a paper or exam, talk to the instructor. Try and understand
where things went wrong, and what you can do in the future to help reduce it from happening
again.

Don’t forget to learn!

Studying isn’t just about passing an exam, as most students look at it as. Studying is an effort to
actually learn things, some of which you might actually care about. So while you’ll have to take
your share of classes that have little or nothing to do with your interests, you should still look
for interesting things to take away from every experience.

By the time you’ll realize what a great opportunity school is, you’ll be well into the middle of
your life with a lot of responsibilities – children, mortgages, career pressures, etc. Then most
people have neither the time nor energy to go back to school. So take the time to learn some
stuff now, because you’ll appreciate the opportunity later on.

You can prepare yourself to succeed in your studies.
Try to develop and appreciate the following habits:

Take responsibility for yourself
Recognize that in order to succeed you need to make decisions about your priorities,
your time, and your resources

Center yourself around your values and principles
Don't let friends and acquaintances dictate what you consider important

Put first things first
Follow up on the priorities you have set for yourself, and don't let others, or other
interests, distract you from your goals

Discover your key productivity periods and places
Morning, afternoon, or evening?
Find spaces where you can be the most focused and productive.
Prioritize these for your most difficult study challenges

Consider yourself in a win-win situation
When you contribute your best to a class, you, your fellow students, and even your
teacher will benefit.
Your grade can then be one additional check on your performance

First understand others, then attempt to be understood

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When you have an issue with an instructor (a questionable grade, an assignment deadline,
etc.) put yourself in the instructor's place.
Now ask yourself how you can best make your argument given his/her situation

Look for better solutions to problems
For example, if you don't understand the course material, don't just re-read it.
Try something else! Consult with the professor, a tutor, an academic advisor, a classmate,
a study group, or your school's study skills center

Look to continually challenge yourself

STUDY SKILLS

Study skills or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. They are generally critical to
success in school, considered essential for acquiring good grades, and useful for learning
throughout one's life.

There are an array of study skills, which may tackle the process of organizing and taking in new
information, retaining information, or dealing with assessments. They include mnemonics, which
aid the retention of lists of information, effective reading, and concentration techniques, as well
as efficient notetaking.

While often left up to the student and their support network, study skills are increasingly taught
in High School and at the University level. A number of books and websites are available, from
works on specific techniques such as Tony Buzan's books on mind-mapping, to general guides to
successful study such as those by Stella Cottrell.

More broadly, any skill which boosts a person's ability to study and pass exams can be termed a
study skill, and this could include time management and motivational techniques.
Study skills are discrete techniques that can be learned, usually in a short time, and applied to all
or most fields of study. They must therefore be distinguished from strategies that are specific to
a particular field of study e.g. music or technology, and from abilities inherent in the student,
such as aspects of intelligence or learning styles.

Historical context
The term study skills is used for general approaches to learning, skills for specific courses of
study. There are many theoretical works on the subject, including a vast number of popular
books and websites. Manuals for students have been published since the 1940's
In the 1950's and 1960's, college instructors in the fields of psychology and the study of education
used research, theory, and experience with their own students in writing manuals. Marvin Cohn
based the advice for parents in his 1979 book Helping Your Teen-Age Student on his experience
as a researcher and head of a university reading clinic that tutored teenagers and young adults. In
1986, when Dr. Gary Gruber’s Essential Guide to Test Taking for Kids was first published, the

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author had written 22 books on taking standardized tests. A work in two volumes, one for upper
elementary grades and the other for middle school, the Guide has methods for taking tests and
schoolwork

TYPES OF STUDY SKILL
Methods based on memorization such as rehearsal and rote learning

Memorization is the process of committing something to memory. The act of
memorization is often a deliberate mental process undertaken in order to store in
memory for later recall items such as experiences, names, appointments, addresses,
telephone numbers, lists, stories, poems, pictures, maps, diagrams, facts, music or other
visual, auditory, or tactical information. Memorization may also refer to the process of
storing particular data into the memory of a device. One of the most basic approaches to
learning any information is simply to repeat it by rote. Typically this will include reading
over notes or a textbook, and re-writing notes

Methods based on communication skills e.g. reading and listening

The weakness with rote learning is that it implies a passive reading or listening style.
Educators such as John Dewey have argued that students need to learn critical thinking -
questioning and weighing up evidence as they learn. This can be done during lectures or
when reading books.

One method used to focus on key information when studying from books is the PQRST method.

This method prioritizes the information in a way that relates directly to how they will be asked
to use that information in an exam. PQRST is an acronym
for Preview, Question, Read, Summary, Test

Preview: The student looks at the topic to be learned by glancing over the major headings or
the points in the syllabus.

Question: The student formulates questions to be answered following a thorough examination
of the topic(s).

Read: The student reads through the related material, focusing on the information that best
relates to the questions formulated earlier.

Summary: The student summarizes the topic, bringing his or her own understanding into the
process. This may include written notes, spider diagrams, flow diagrams, labeled
diagrams, mnemonics, or even voice recordings.

Test: The student answers the questions drafted earlier, avoiding adding any questions that
might distract or change the subject.

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There are a variety of studies from different colleges nation-wide that show peer-communication
can help increase better study habits tremendously. One study shows that an average of 73%
score increase was recorded by those who were enrolled in the classes surveyed

Methods based on cues e.g. flashcard training

Flash Cards are visual cues on cards. These have numerous uses in teaching and learning,
but can be used for revision. Students often make their own flash cards, or more
detailed index cards - cards designed for filing, often A5 size, on which short summaries are
written. Being discrete and separate, they have the advantage of allowing students to re-
order them, pick a selection to read over, or choose randomly to for self-testing

Methods based on condensing information, summarizing and the use of keywords

Summary methods vary depending on the topic, but most involve condensing the large
amount of information from a course or book into shorter notes. Often these notes are then
condensed further into key facts.

Organized summaries: Such as outlines showing keywords and definitions and relations, usually
in a tree structure.

Spider diagrams: Using spider diagrams or mind maps can be an effective way of linking
concepts together. They can be useful for planning essays and essay responses in exams. These
tools can give a visual summary of a topic that preserves its logical structure, with lines used to
show how different parts link together.

Methods based on visual imagery

Some learners are thought to have a visual learning style, and will benefit greatly from
taking information from their studies which is often heavily verbal, and using visual
techniques to help encode and retain it in memory.

Some memory techniques make use of visual memory, for example the method of loci, a
system of visualising key information in real physical locations e.g. around a room.

Diagrams are often underrated tools. They can be used to bring all the information together and
provide practice reorganizing what has been learned in order to produce something practical and
useful. They can also aid the recall of information learned very quickly, particularly if the student
made the diagram while studying the information. Pictures can then be transferred to flash cards
that are very effective last minute revision tools rather than rereading any written material.

Methods based on acronyms and mnemonics

A mnemonic is a method of organizing and memorizing information. Some use a simple
phrase or fact as a trigger for a longer list of information. For example, the points of

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the compass can be recalled in the correct order with the phrase

"Never Eat Shredded Wheat".

Starting with North, the first letter of each word relates to a compass point in clockwise
order round a compass.

Methods based on exam strategies

The Black-Red-Green method (developed through the Royal Literary Fund) helps the
student to ensure that every aspect of the question posed has been considered, both in
exams and essays . The student underlines relevant parts of the question using three
separate colors (or some equivalent).

BLAck denotes 'BLAtant instructions', i.e. something that clearly must be done; a directive
or obvious instruction.

REd is a REference Point or REquired input of some kind, usually to do with definitions,
terms, cited authors, theory, etc. (either explicitly referred to or strongly implied).
GREen denotes GREmlins, which are subtle signals one might easily miss, or a ‘GREEN Light’ that
gives a hint on how to proceed, or where to place the emphasis in answers. Another popular
method whilst studying is to P.E.E; Point, evidence and explain, reason being, this helps the
student break down exam questions allowing them to maximize their marks/grade during the
exam. Many Schools will encourage practicing the P.E.Eing method prior to an exam.

Methods based on time management, organization and lifestyle changes

Often, improvements to the effectiveness of study may be achieved through changes to
things unrelated to the study material itself, such as time-management,
boosting motivation and avoiding procrastination, and in improvements to sleep and diet.

Time management in study sessions aims to ensure that activities that achieve the greatest
benefit are given the greatest focus. A traffic lights system is a simple way of identifying the
importance of information, highlighting or underlining information in colours:

Green: topics to be studied first; important and also simple
Amber: topics to be studied next; important but time-consuming

Red: lowest priority; complex and not vital.

This reminds students to start with the things which will provide the quickest benefit, while
'red' topics are only dealt with if time allows. The concept is similar to the ABC analysis,
commonly used by workers to help prioritise. Also, some websites (such as FlashNotes) can be
used for additional study materials and may help improve time management and increase
motivation.

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Poor Study Habits

students perform poorly in school simply because they lack good study habits. In many cases,
students don't know where to begin, don't fully understand the material, are not motivated by
it, or feel that there was too much work given to them with too little time

Study Habits Paper

Study Habits Paper Lots of different people have been told different ways of studying
material; only a few have been correct. We have had these different methods for quite some
time and still nobody has taken notice and spread the word about it. Different types of tests
have been conducted to test.

Study Habits

Effective study skills must be practiced in order for you to improve. It is not enough to simply
"think about" studying; you have to actually do it, and in the process use information from
what you do to get better. This is the central idea of this essay.

The Effects of Computer Technology to Student's Lifestyle and Study Habits”.

The Effects of Computer Technology to Student’s Lifestyle and Study Habits”. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION Background of the Study In the years where computers are not yet
invented, students are not yet engaged in activities using technologies. Students rely on
books and visit library.

BAD STUDY HABITS

Most of us don’t spend a lot of time thinking about our kids’ study habits until low-scoring
crumpled tests make the long journey home. We sit down with our kids and talk the ugly
grade out, all the while trying to reconcile the blurred line between laziness and personal
best.
And while most parents realize stellar grades aren’t the sole indicator of intelligence, we all
want our kids to perform well in school.

So what happens when your child says they’re trying their best and the bad grades keep
coming? It might be time to dig a little deeper.
Learning is highly individual, and while our teachers are working their tails off to educate
our kids in accordance with state curricula, sometimes we have to wonder whether our
students know how to process the information effectively. While the answer isn’t always
clear, one thing remains certain: poor study habits negatively impact academic
performance.

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Bad Study Habits To Avoid:

1. Studying at Home

Studying at home might be convenient and easy, but there are way too many distractions
lurking around the residence. Maybe it's a talkative roommate, the TV, texts and the lure of
Facebook, or the growing pile of clothes that are just begging to be washed. Any of these
can break concentration and make studying less effective. Consider going to the library and
finding a quiet room or desk away from all of these diversions.

2. Listening to Music

The benefits of listening to music while studying have been argued time after time.
Although classical music was once believe to increase spatial abilities and improve learning,
subsequent research was not able to support this theory. In fact, recent studies show that
music may actually impair cognitive abilities and hinder memorization because of the
changing words and notes in songs. Studying in silence or amid a little white noise will not
distract from thinking and can help a student concentrate without the disruption of lyrics
and changing tempos.

3. Procrastinating

Every student is guilty of procrastination at one time or another, but just because it's
common behavior doesn't mean it's acceptable. Procrastination can lead to doing things
halfway and not retaining as much information as necessary to ace that exam. If a student
is pulling frequent all-nighters or rushing in fire-drill mode to finish every essay or project,
then it's time to work on time management skills and schedule earlier, calmer study
sessions.

4. Not Making an Outline
If a student is not making outlines while studying or writing a paper, then the results most likely
will not be the intended grade. There are many reasons to make an outline. It helps to keep track
of large amounts of information, organize ideas, and present the class material in a logical way.
Instead of trying to reread a textbook or write an essay from scratch, make an outline to organize
thoughts and study more effectively.

5. Highlighting the Textbook

Some study advice books recommend reading a textbook and marking the pages with a
neon highlighter as the best way to study for an upcoming exam. However, in actuality, this
is one of the least effective ways for students to remember content. Instead of coloring
entire pages with highlighters and trying to reread the text, a student can quiz themselves
on the material they just read. This will help to retain more information and score higher

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on exams.

6. Pulling All-Nighters

Many at the high school and college level are particularly guilty of it, but staying up all night
cramming for an exam has been shown to do very little good for test preparation or
performance. Not only does sleep deprivation turn students into zombies, but it also takes
a serious toll on happiness and overall well-being. The best way to avoid pulling all-nighters
is to study ahead of time. Dedicate a few days a week (or more) to study and review the
material to avoid trying to cram everything into that brain in one night.

Good Study Habits for Academic Success:

1. Pay Attention to Study Location

Find a quiet, uncluttered, distraction-free area. Try a few locations until the ideal study place
is discovered. Different spots may work for different subjects, too. Whatever the location,
leverage powerful new mobile, interactive study solutions that allow high school and
college students to better prepare for tests and course work through any portable device
from anywhere, at any time. Such engagement helps students better prepare and minimizes
stress, providing everything needed to study in one place, including hundreds of practice
questions, detailed explanations, guided study plans, and high-quality reading content from
the world's most respected publishers.

2. Vary Study Topics
3.

Psychologists say alternating study topics rather than cramming on a specific one in a single
session leaves a deeper impression on the brain. So, don’t grind on the same subject all
night. Change it up, take breaks and re-visit the material in intervals - even spacing over a
period of days if possible, which has been proven to enhance retention even further.

4. Make Information Meaningful
5.

Whether it's creating rhymes or patterns, or even relating material to something else
perhaps through word or scenario associations, such tactics can make information more
meaningful and, thus, will enhance information recollection. The University of Maryland
reports that mnemonic devices, or memory tricks, are particularly useful for remembering
factual information like names, dates, formulas, or other information that requires rote
memorization.

4. Tap Online Resources

Don’t get stuck on a problem or resigned to an ill-fated grade in a difficult class as there are
powerful resources at a student’s fingertips. For example, companies like Academic Earth

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offer a comprehensive online collection of free video tutorials for college courses—all
accessible at no cost. Other companies like Open Study enable Internet users to readily
connect and engage with other students who are learning the same subjects at the same
time—regardless of school, expertise or location—facilitating online, on-demand peer-to-
peer assistance, support and other helpful

5. Engage in Social Learning

Research has found that there is a benefit to studying with friends. In one recent study from
the Jacobs School of Engineering at the University of California San Diego, it was revealed
that “the higher the volume of interaction, the more likely the students were willing to
exchange information in more complex ways and with greater frequency, forming
‘information cascades,’ a mechanism that spreads information from a single source to one
or multiple sources.”

6. Have a Great Study Attitude

Think positive and focus on skills. Rather than dreading the experience, thinking positive
will make the time to study easier to approach and mind share won’t be expended on
feeling resentful. In fact, “study attitudes” was identified in research as one of four pillars
that “play a critical and central role in determining students’ academic performance.” In
short, study time is a friend. Regard it that way and, soon enough, any student can look
forward to a productive, self-fulfilled academic experience.

Most Common Bad Study Habits

This section should be pre-empted by noting that everyone has a different study habit. It is
important to find your personal best way to study, as you may hate music, while others love
it. The following list is a generalization of all problems that students have encountered while
studying. Some may apply to you, while others not. Either way, we have provided an
explanation and "fix" to the problem.

a. Studying with Friends

– Explanation: While fun, sometimes you may lose out on quality study time by
socializing.

– Fix: Find one good study-buddy if you like group studying. Otherwise, "just say no"
when everyone wants to study together.

b. Too much Music

– Explanation: Noise and music can interfere with the brain's ability to comprehend
new information. It can also distract you from focusing on the material at hand.

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– Fix: If you need music in the background, find a specific type (usually classical) that
works well for you. Don't keep changing it around. When there are no lyrics, then it
is easier to focus on the words on the paper in your hand.

c. Bad Environment

– Explanation: A poor study environment can ruin all quality time. If you are
uncomfortable at a chair, desk, room, the temperature is too cold or too hot, you will
be unsuccessful studying.

– Fix: Test out different sites until you find the best place for you. It may be the
library, it may be your room, your bed, your best friend's backhouse. Who knows?
Find what works best for you and stick with it.

d. Last Minute Cramming

– Explanation: While many people swear by the cramming method, it is ultimately
terrible at long term knowledge retention and can cause undue stress.

– Fix: Study for days up until the test. Or, if you do prefer cramming, try cramming two
nights prior to the exam so that the final night will not consist of stress. Rather it will
be a night for review.

e. Eating

– Explanation: Eating too much food during studying can disrupt retention of material.
It can also take too much time away. You may want to snack lightly during studying,
but not eat enormous meals.

– Fix: Keep a small bag of snacks by your study area. You won't have to leave the area
just to pick up food when you get hungry.

f. Drinking

– Explanation: Never drink too much water while studying. However, it is important to
stay awake and hydrated.

– Fix: Have a glass of water (or soda with caffeine) by your side. Be very careful not to
spill it onto your books and papers.

g. Working in your Bed

– Explanation: While it may be comfortable, your bed can also sooth you to sleep

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instead of study.

– Fix: Sit at a desk in your room instead of on your bed. Do not study on your bed late
at night, as you will be tempted to fall asleep.

h. Multi-Tasking

– Explanation: Many people are able to multi-task, meaning they can do several
different things at once. This can be good for daily tasks. When it comes to studying,
you may not retain as much material as if you were to focus purely on one task.

– Fix: Before a big exam, drop everything else for at least 24 hours and focus purely on
the studying. When it is complete, you can return to your multi-tasking.

i. Studying during a commute

– Explanation: Many people enjoy reading on a train, bus, or car to work and school.
These environments are wonderful for light reads, but not necessarily for intense
studying.

– Fix: Use the commute (if you have one) for light studying, such as memorization,
repetition, and review. Do not use this time to learn new information.

j. Outside Stress

– Explanation: It is inevitable to allow outside problems into your study world. They
exist and cannot be turned off light electricity.

– Fix: There is no perfect way out of eliminating outside stress to a study area. The best
advice we can give you is to find a location that eliminates all superficial stress
enough that will allow you even a few hours to focus on writing, studying, reviewing.

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Personal Claims and Leave Rules

N C Das

ASO, Kendriya Vidyalaya No.3 Bhubaneswar

LEAVE TRAVEL CONCESSION

Central Civil Services (Leave Travel Concession) Rules,1988

1 Block Year : (1) Home Town - 1956-57 (2) Any Place in India – 1974-77

Current Block : (1) Home Town : 2018-19 (2) Any place in India – 2018-21

2 Coniditon of spouse / family members to reside with the Govt. servant has been
waived for spouse and children including parents / step parents (step father /
step mother).

Restriction of the concession to only 02 surviving children shall not be applicable
upto 20-10-1997.

3 Eligibility : 01 year of service

4 Break in service – to be dueducted for determining the qualifying service of one
year.

5 To be availed during Leave only : Regular Leave / Casual Leave / Special Casual
Leave / Vacation . But can not be availed during week-end holidays or other
period of holidays alone.

6 Can be availed : During Child Care Leave.

LTC not admissible on resignation : Govt. Servant who proceeds on regular leave
and then resigns his post without returning to duty.

7 Encashment of Leave :

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(1) Maximum 10 days at a time without any linkage to the number of days and
the nature of leave availed.

(2) Maximum 60 days can be encashed druing the entire career.

(3) Will not be included for computing quantum of leave encashable at the time
of quyittingservivce.

(4) Within the same block when one and the same LTC is being availed of by the
Govt. servant and his family members, encashment of leave would be restricted
to one occasion only.

8 During LPR – LTC can be availed during LPR provided return journey is completed
before expiry of leave.

9 Home Town LTC - is allowed once in a block of two calendar years.

Unmarried or Married Govt. Servant, whose family are living away from his
headquarters at home town can avail this concession himself alone every year.,
if he forgoes the eligibility for his family. In such cases he and his family will lose
the right of LTC to any where in India.

Conversion of Home Town LTC into travel by air to different parts of country
under special dispensation scheme, weill also apply to an unmarried Central
Govt. Servant, who is eligible to avail LTC to visit Home Town every year.

Home Town outside India – Assistance will be admissible up to and from the
Indian Railway or Port nearest to his home town.

Govt. employees whose headquarters / place of postingand Home Town are one
and the same are not eligible for Home Town LTC & are not eligible for
conversion of Home Town LTC to travel to those places undeer special
concessions schemes.

10 LTC TO ANY PLACE IN INDIA :-

(1) Admissible once in a block of four years. Current Block – 2018-21

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(2) Fresh recruits are allowed to Home Town LTC along with their families on 03
occasions in a block of 04 years and to ANY PLACE IN INDIA – on the fourth
occasion.

(3) Intended Place of visit to be declared in advance.

(4) Change of declared place of visit can be made before commencement of
journey. And it can not be changed after the commencement of journey. In
exceptional circumstances owing to conditions beyond the control of the Govt.
servant, may be relaxed by the Head of Deptt.

11 Relaxation to travel by air to visit NER, J&K and A&N valid for 02 years from 26-
09-2018 : All employeees eligible to Home Town LTC can visit NER, J&K and A&N
by air against conversion of one block of their Home Town LTC.

Fresh recruits are also eligible for the benefit against conversion of one of the
three Home Town LTCs in a block of 04 years applicable to them.

Any place in india includes any place in the mainland or overseas i.e. A&N Islands,
L & M etc. including the home town of the Govt. servant.

12 Shortest Direct Route : Calculated on a through ticket basis irrespective of the
fact whether the journey was performed by the shortest or any other route.

13 Govt. servant residing away from Headquarters : - Whether he is living by force
or otherwise, he can avail LTC from the place of residence but the
reimbursement will be restricted to the amount admissible from the duty
station to home town / place visited, as the case may be.

14 Combination with tour or transfer :Can be combined with journeys on tour or
transfer.

15 LTC not admissible :

(1) Govt. servants whose spouses are employed in Railways or National
Airlines.

(2) A Govt. Servant under suspension.

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(3) Govt. servant Servant who proceeds on leave but resigns his post without
returning to duty.

(4) Member sof Armed forces.

16 Advance : 90% of the probable amount of reimbursement.

Govt. Servant should produce tickets within 10 days of drawal of advance.

17 Special Concessions for those working in N-E Region :

Govt. servants who are transferrd to N-E Region, Lakshadweep, Sikkim and A&N
Islands and who leave their family behind at the old duty station or another
selected place of residence and who have not availed transfer TA for the family
:-

(1) Avail Home Town LTC once in 02 years. OR

(2) avail LTC for himself once a year from his heqdquarters to home town or
place where family resides and in addition the family (limited to spouse and two
dependent children) may avail LTC to visit the Govt. servant at the station of his
posting opnce a year from the place where they reside.

(3)In addition they can avail LTC on 02 additional occasions in emergencies in the
entire career under EMERGENCY PASSAGE CONCESSION .

18 Single Handicapped Employee : LTC admissible also for escort subject to certain
conditions.

19 Definition of Family :

Wife / Husband, 02 surviving unmarried children or step children , wholly
depedent upon the Govt. servant, whether they are residing with the Govt.
servant or not.

Dependency condition does not apply to the Govt. servant’s spouse.

Dependency - Income from all sources should not exceed the amount of
Family Pension prescribed for Govt. of India i.e. Rs.9,000/- p,m. And Dearness
Relief thereon.

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20 Both Husband & Wife are Bovt. Servants :

(a) They can declare separate home towns independently.

(b) Claim LTC for their respective families viz. Husband can claim for his parents
/ step parents / minor brothers and sisters, the WIFE CAN avail for her parents
/ step parents / minor brothers and sisters.

(c) The children can claim the concession as members of family of any one of
the parents in a particular block.

(d) the husband or wife who avails LTC as a member of the family of the
spouse, can not claim independently for self.

(e) IN SHORT THEY ARE TREATED AS TWO INDEPENDENT GOVT. SERVANTS.

21 Govt. Servant & Family as independent Units :

(1) Family members need not accompany the Govt. servant or even travel in
the same calendar year in which the Govt. servant travels.

(2) The family members will get the concession independently, whether the
Govt. servant avails it or not.

(3) The members of family of Govt. servant may either travel together or
separately in different groups as may be convenient to them.

(4) Whether they travel in different groups , at different times, reimbursement
of expenditure may be allowed in respect of each group, provided the journey
is performed during the currency of the block in respect of which the first group
performed its journey. Fort example – for block year 2016-17 , if one group
performs the outward journey some time in 2016 , the last group can perform
its outward journey any time upto 2018.(grace period)

(5) Return journey of each group must be completed within SIX MONTHS from
the date of commencement of outward journey by that group.

(6) Govt. Servant and family members can visit Home Town OR “Any Place in
India” in the same block.

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(7) While visiting “Any Place in India “ Govt. servant and / or family members
may visit the same place or different places of their choice.

22 Concession for One way Journey :

A : Entitlement to reimbursement in respect of OUTWARD JOURNEY ONLY :-

(1) Dependent son / daughter getting employment or married after going to
Home Town or remaining there for prosecurtion of studies.

(2) Family members having performed the journey to home town have no
intention of completing the return journey from home town within the
prescribed time limit.

B : Entitlement to reimbursement in respect of RETURN JOURNEY only :

(1) A newly married husband / wife coming from home town to headquarters
station

(2) Husband or wife who has been living alone at home town and did not avail
of the LTC in respect of outward journey.

(3) A dependent son / daughter returning with parents or coming alone from
home town where he / she has been prosecuring studies or living with grand
parents etc.

(4) A child who was previously below 5 years age, but has completed five years
at the time of return journey.

(5) A child legally adopted by a govt. servant while studying in the home town.

23 Achild who was below 12 years at the time of outward journey but has
completed 12 years at the time of return journey will be entitled to half fare
for the outward journey and full farte for the return journey.

24 Joint Declaration when both Husband and wife are central govt. employees.

Central Govt. Servant should furnish a certificate when the spouse of the Govt.
servant is employed in an office other than a Central Govt. Office where LTC
facilities are available.

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However, if the spouse of the Govt. servant is employed in any Private
Company e.g. Reliance Industries etc. this declaration is not necessry and such
employment of the spouse will not affect the LTC entitlement of the Govt.
servant.

When spouse is not employed in Govt. sector : certificate is to be given :
Certified that my wife / husband for whom LTC is claimed by me is not
employed in any PSC / Corporation / Autonomous Body financed wholly or
partly by the Central Govtor a Local body, which proides LTC facilities to its
employees and their families.

25 Change of Home Town : Only once during service by the Head of the Deptt.
Check List :-

(1) Whether the place declared by the Govt. servant is one which requires his
physical presence at intervals for discharging varuious domestic and social
obligations, and if so, after his entry into service, the Govt. servant had been
visiting that place frequently

(2) Owns residential property in that place.

(3) He is a member of joint family having such property there.

(4) Near relations are permanently residing in that place.

(5) Whether prior to his entry into Govt. service, the Govt. servant had been
living there some years.

Whether propery is owned in more than one place, Govt. servant may choose
any place , giving reasons for his choice, but the decision of the controlling
officer is final.

26 Grace Time : May be availed in the first year of the next block by the Govt.
servant.

Govt. servant can avail LTC twice in a calendar year i.e. 2016. once for the last
block year i.e. 2014-15 and the other for the current block year 2016-17. .

The concession to “Any Place in India” can be carried over to the first year of
the next block of four years.

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Fresh recruits cannot carry forward LTC to next year, as he is already entitled
to every year.

27 Journey by longer route in two stages in two different classes :

Total distance covered by longer route is 1100 Kms i.e. 800 Kms. By Class-I and
300 Kms by II Class. Distance by shortest route = 1000 Kms.

Divide 1000 (shortest route distance) by 8 : 3 i.e. 727 Km by II Class and balance
273 Kms by I Class.

28 By Road

(1) Journey should be performed by vehicles owned and operated by Tourism
Development Corporation s in Public Sector, State Transport Corporations and
Transport services run by central / other Govt. or local bodies. The claim will
be restricted to the actual expenses limited to the Railway fare by the
authorized class of accommodation.

In case of places not connected by rail, travel by AC bus for all those entitled
to travel by AC-2 – Tier and above by train and by deluxe / ordinary Bus for
others is allowed.

(2) In case of road travel between places connected by rail, travel by any means
of public transport is allowed, provided the total fare does not exceed the train
fare by the entitled class.

(3) All govt. servants are allowed to travel below their entitled class travel.

29 Special Relaxation :

(1) May travel by air between Leh & Srinagar /Jammu / Chandigarh during
Winter for Govt. Servant , his / her spouse , and two depednent children (Boy
– upto 18 years and 24 years for Girls).

(2) In other cases if journey is performed by air, the claim will be restricted to
his eligibility by the entitled class of accommodation by rail or by road, as the
case may be.

(3) In no case, the booking of tickets through any other agency is permissible.

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Disabled Govt. Servant or disabled dependent family member can perform
jopurney by own car or hired taxi. The claim will be restricted to actual
expenses limited to journey performed by the entitled class by rail / air by
shortest route.

30 Travel by Premium Trains / Premium Tatkal trains / Suvidha trains on LTC – are
now permissible. Further, reimbursement of tatkal charges or premium tatkal
charges shall also be admissible for the purpose of LTC.

31 Clsss of accommodation decided by status on the date of journey.

32 Reservation charges are reimbursable.

33 Booking through internet admissible.

34 Service charges paid to recognizedTraveller’s Service Agensts for booking
tickets on LTC is not reimbursable.

35 Service Tax, Education cess and other similar levises / charges by Govt. are
reimbursable.

36 All India LTC can be availed in combination with transfer / tour.

Flexi Fare (dynamic fare) applicable in Rajdhani / Shatabdi / Duranto trains shall
be admissible for the journeys performed by these trains on LTC. However, this
dynamic fare component shall not be admissible in cases where a non-entitled
Govt. servant travels by air and claims reimbursement for the entitled class of
Rajdhani / Shatabdi / Duranto trains.

In case of journey between places not connected by any public / Govt. means
of transport, the Govt. servant shall be allowed reimbursement as per his
entitlement for journey on transfer for a maximum limit of 100 Kms covered by
the private / personal transport based on a self – declaration from the Govt.
servant. Beyonmd this the expenditure shall be borne by the Govt. servnt.

37 FORFEITURE OF CLAIM :

(1) Where no advance is drawn : two months of the date of completion of
return journey.

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(2) Wher advance is drawn : Bill shall be preferred within 01 month of
completion of return journey.

RELAXATION : Ministry / Deptt. Can admit the cvlaim in relaxation of provisions

(1) Where no advance is taken : within 02 months.

(2) When advance is taken :” If bill is to be submitted within 01 month after
completion of return journey.

Where the LTC bill is not submitted within the prescribed time the entire
amount of advance may be recovered in lumpsum immediately and Penal
interest i.e. 2% above the rate of interest allowed by Govt. on GPF shall be
charged from the date of drawal of advance to the date of recovery of amount
for non-compliance of the provisions.

In case where the advance is not full utilized but the adjustment bill is
submitted in time, interest may be charged on the unutilized portion of
advance from the date of drawal of advance to the date of refund.

38 Disciplinary action for fraudulent Claims :

(1) Such official can not avail LTC till finalization of disciplinary procededings.

(2) If the Govt. servant is inflicted with penalty – he will not be allowed the next
two Sets (01 Home Town & 01 All India) in addition to the sets withheld during
the pendency of the proceedings.

(3) If the official is fully exonerated : - he will be allowed to avail LTC withheld
earlier in addition to normal entitlements. However, he should avail the LTC
before superannuation.

39 Entries should be made in the Service Books indicating the dates of
commencement of the outward journey.

40 LTC in respect of fresh recruitees

Example-1 : DOJ – 01-09-2008

Year of LTC Type of LTC LTC Occasion Block year

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01-09-2008 to 31-08- Nil
2009

01-09-2009 to 31-12- Home Town 1st
2009

01-01-2010 to 31-12- Home Town 2nd First Block of 04 years
2010

01-01-2011 to 31-12- Home Town 3rd
2011

01-01-2012 to 31-12- Any Place in 4th

2012 India

01-01-2013 to 31-12- Home Town 5th
2013

01-01-2014 to 31-12- Home Town 6th Second Block 0f 04 Years
2014

01-01-2015 to 31-12- Home Town 7th
2015

01-01-2016 to 31-12- Any Place in 8th

2016 India

01-01-2017 to 31-12- Nil -
2017

01-01-2018 to 31-12- New LTC Block
2021

EXAMPLE-2 : D. O. J – 01-01-2009

Year of LTC Type of LTC LTC Occasion Block year

01-01-2009 to 31-12- Nil First
2009 Block
of 04
years

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01-01-2010 to 31-12- Home Town 1st
2010

01-01-2011 to 31-12- Home Town 2nd
2011

01-01-2012 to 31-12- Home Town 3rd
2012

01-01-2013 to 31-12- Any Place in 4th

2013 India

01-01-2014 to 31-12- Home Town 5th
2014

01-01-2015 to 31-12- Home Town 6th Second Block 0f 04 Years
2015

01-01-2016 to 31-12- Home Town 7th
2016

01-01-2017 to 31-12- Any Place in 8th

2017 India

01-01-2018 to 31-12- New LTC Block
2021

EXAMPLE -3 : D D. O. J – 31-12-2011

Year of LTC Type of LTC LTC Occasion Block year

31-12-2011 to 30-12- Nil -
2012

31-12-2012 Home Town 1st

01-01-2013 to 31-12- Home Town 2nd
2013

01-01-2014 to 31-12- Home Town 3rd
2014

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01-01-2015 to 31-12- Any Place in 4th

2015 India

01-01-2016 to 31-12- Home Town 5th
2016

01-01-2017 to 31-12- Home Town 6th
2017

01-01-2018 to 31-12- Home Town 7th Running Block (2018-
2018 2021)

01-01-2019 to 31-12- Any Place in 8th

2019 India

01-01-2020 to 31-12- Home Town
2021

01-01-2022 to 31-12- New LTC Block
2025

EXAMPLE - 4 : D. O. J – 10-05-2006

Year of LTC Type of LTC LTC Occasion Block year

10-05-2006 to 09-05- Nil -
2007

10-05-2007 to 31-12- Home Town / 1st

2007 Any Place in

India

01-01-2008 to 31-12- Home Town 2nd
2008

01-09-2009 to 31-12- Home Town 3rd
2009

01-01-2010 to 31-12- Any Place in 4th

2010 India

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01-01-2011 to 31-12- Home Town 5th
2011

01-01-2012 to 31-12- Home Town 6th
2012

01-01-2013 to 31-12- Home Town 7th
2013

01-01-2014 to 31-12- Any Place in 8th

2014 India

01-01-2015 to 31-12- NIL
2015

01-01-2016 to 31-12- Home Town
2017

• Relaxation to travel by air to Visit North East Region, Jammu &Kashmirand
Andaman &Nocobar – Govt. employees are allowed to travel by air for a
further period of 2 years w.e.f. 26.9.2019 till 25.9.2020.

i. LTC for the above in lieu of Home Town LTC.
ii. Facility of Air Journey to non-entitled Govt. Servants.
iii. Permission to undertake journey by private Airlines.
Conditions :-
a) Fresh recruits are allowed to convert one of the three Home Town LTCs in a

block of four years.
b) Entitled employees may travel by any airlines subject to maximum fare limit

of LTC-80.
c) Non-entitled employees may travel by air in any airlines subject to maximum

fare limit of LTC-80 in the following sectors:
(i) Between Kolkata / Guwahati / and any other plance of NER.
(ii) Between Kolkata / Chennai / Visakhapatnam and Port Blair
(iii) Between Delhi / Amritsar and any place in J&K.
However, journey by non-entitled employees from their headquarters upto
Kolkata / Guwahati / Chennai / Visakhapatnam / Delhi / Amritsar shall be
undertaken as per their entitlement.

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d) Air tickets to be booked directly from the airlines booking counters or any
authorized Travel agencies viz. (i) M/s BalmerLawrie& Company, (ii) M/s
Ashok Tours & Travels & (iii) IRCTC.

• Admissibility of air fare for children below the age of 5 years of the Govt.
Servants not entitled to travel by air on LTC :
It is claried that no fare is charged by Rilway for a child below age of 5 years
travelling by train, but airlines charge full air fare for child of 2 years of age
and above. Therefore, the non-entitled Govt. servants perform journey by
air and claims the LTC by restricting as per the entitled Train fare are not
eligible to reimburse the air fare in respect of child below 05 years of age
since no fare is charged by the railways.

• LTC facilities to Civilian employees of Central Govt. serving in North Eastern
Region, Ladakh Region of State of Jammu & Kashmir and Anadman and
Nicobar Island and Lakshadweep.
a) A Govt. employees posted in above places, who leaves his family behind
at the old headquarteres or another selected place of residence and has
not availed of transfer travelling allowance for family, shall be provided
with the following option for the purposes of LTC :-
(i) The Govt. servant may avail LTC to Home Town once in a block
period of two years and / or one “Anywhere in India” LTC in a block
of four years under the normal LTC rules.

OR

In lieu thereof, the Govt. servant may avail the facility for himself /
herself to travel once a year from the station of posting to the
Home Town or the place where the family is residing and for the
family (restircted to spouse and dependent children as per
definition of family of CCS(LTC), Rules 1988) to travel once a year
to visit the Govt. servant at the station of posting.
(ii) In addition Twoadditional “Emergency Passage Concession” LTC
may be availed during the entire service career for performing
journey on emergency either to Home Town or the station of
posting.

CHECK-LIST FOR PASSING OF 33
TA/DA BILLS

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