STUDY SKILLS UED102 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN PERAK KAMPUS TAPAH COLLEGE OF COMPUTING , INFORMATICS AND MEDIA Prepared by : Nurul Aliyah Binti Abdullah Student ID : 2022664994 Programme : Diploma in mathematicals sciences Faculty : College of computing , informatics and media Prepared for: Madam Dr. Nurul Hafizah binti Zainal Abidin STUDY SKILLS PORTFOLIO
AKNOWLEDGEMENT Without the participation and support of several people, some of whose names may not be listed, this project would not have been able to be completed. I am truly appreciated and gladly acknowledge their contributions. Thanks to my professor, madam Dr Nurul Hafizah Binti Zainal Abidin, I was able to finish my study skills portfolio assignment in the given time. To all relatives, my friends either from class A, B, C, D nor E and everyone who gave their time a little bit to help me in making my UED 102 portfolio or shared their support by morally and physically, thank you a lot. Also an appreaciation for three of my roommates , Nor Aina Najihah, Ain Ameesya and Farisha Farhanna for their support and help in my way to completed this study skills UED102 portfolio.
Table of content Aknowledgement Topic 1 activity 1 Topic 1 activity 2 Chapter 1 Topic 2 activity 1 Topic 2 activity 2 Topic 2 activity 3 Chapter 2 Topic 3 activity 1 Topic 3 activity 2 Topic 3 activity 3 Chapter 3 Kampus Tapah library tour Chapter 4 Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Activity 5 Chapter 5 Topic 6 activity 1 Chapter 6 Topic 7 activity 1 Topic 7 activity 2 Chapter 7 i 1 - 8 9 - 13 14 - 20 15 - 25 26 - 34 35 - 36 37 - 43
CHAPTER 1
topic 1 ACTIVITY 1 - ICE BREAKING SESSION
TEACHING AND LEARNING CENTER Answer the questions to the best of your ability. Mark a YES or NO response. 1.I prefer watching a video to reading. 2.When I sing along with my CDs or the radio,I know the words to the songs. 3.I have athletic ability. 4.I can picture the setting of a story I am reading. 5.I study better with music in the background. 6.I enjoy hands-on learning. 7.I’d rather play sports than watch someone play them. 8.Reading aloud helps me remember. 9.I prefer watching someone perform a skill or a task before I actually try it. 10.I color-coordinate my clothes. 11.I’m good at rhyming and rapping. 12.Use phrases like: “I’ve got a handle on it,” “I’m up against the wall,” or “I have a feeling that . . .” 13.I need to look at something several times before I understand it. 14.I prefer having instructors give oral directions than written ones. 15.I have difficulty being still for long periods of time. 16.I use phrases like “I see what you’re saying,” “That looks good,” or “That’s clear to me.” 17. I’m good at figuring out how something works. 18. I can understand a taped lecture. 19. It’s easy for me to replay scenes from movies in my head. 20. I enjoy studying foreign languages. 21. I would rather conduct my own science experiment than watch someone else do it. 22. I would rather paint a house than a picture. 23. I enjoy studying in groups. 24. I prefer to have written directions to someone’s home. 25. I can look at an object and remember it when I close my eyes. 26. I have musical ability. 27. When I study new vocabulary, writing the words several times helps me learn. 28. I can imagine myself doing something before I actually do it. 29. I use phrases like “That rings a bell,” “I hear you,” or “That sounds good.” 30. I enjoy building things and working with tools. 7688 | [email protected] Academic Success Services TEACHING AND LEARNING CENTER - 1 - Learning Styles Inventory YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO ______________________________________ topic 1 ACTIVITY 2
7688 | [email protected] Visual learners need to see information. If your preferred style is visual, you have strong visualization skills and can remember objects, shapes, and pictures. You learn by reading, and by watching films, videos, and demonstrations. You can see pictures in your mind. Auditory learners need to hear information. If your preferred style is auditory, you have a “good ear” and can hear differences in tones and rhythm. Reading out loud will be beneficial. You can remember what you hear in a lecture. Kinesthetic learners need to be physically active and doing things. If your preferred style is kinesthetic, you are a hands-on learner. You have good coordination and learn by doing. You generally have an active approach to learning. ______________________________________ Tally your responses by adding up only the YES answers. Put the number of the question in the appropriate box. For example, if you answered questions number 9 with a yes, write 9 in the VISUAL box. If you answered number 11 with a yes, write number 11 in the AUDITORY box. If you answered number 7 with a yes, write 7 in the KINESTHETIC box. Add up the number of questions in each box and write a total for each one. This will determine your preferred learning style. Don’t worry if a dominant mode doesn’t emerge. You’re a versatile learner! Use the knowledge you gain to create excellent study tools, the ones that are right for you. Chart your answers below. Visual Style:Questions 1, 4, 9, 10, 13, 16, 19, 24, 25, 28 Auditory Style:Questions 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 18, 20, 23, 26, 29 Kinesthetic Style:Questions 3, 6, 7, 12, 15, 17, 21, 22, 27, 30 Visual Auditory Kinesthetic 1 4 9 10 13 16 24 25 28 2 5 8 14 20 23 3 6 7 15 27 30 Total : Total : Total : The highest score indicates your preferred learning style. If you have a high score in more than one area, you’re using additional modalities. Remember that there are no wrong answers to this inventory. Everyone is an individual and has her own style of learning. Academic Success Services TEACHING AND LEARNING CENTER - 2 - Characteristics of Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Modes • • • Scoring YourInventory
7688 | [email protected] Additional ways you can use multi-sensory learning : • Use background music (no lyrics to distract you) when you study. Choose a piece of music for a particular subject. Every time you study that subject, play the music. You are creating an association for your subconscious mind. You may be surprised to discover how much of the information you remember when you play the music by itself. You are combining Visual and Auditory modes. • Use rap or rhyme to memorize information. To add Kinesthetic to this Auditory mode, walk, dance, or clap when you sing. ______________________________________ Now that you know your learning style(s), you have an idea of the important role your senses play in the learning process. The best strategy is to combine modalities whenever possible. Incorporate visual, kinesthetic, and auditory learning into your study plan. Using combinations will strengthen your ability to retain information. Be creative. Add your own ideas. Here are some strategies: Visual learners: • Create mind maps, flow charts, and diagrams using bright colors. Put them where you can view them frequently. • Practice building your visual memory. • Rewrite your notes using different colors. Auditory learners: • After you read a page in your textbook, summarize the information out loud in your own words. • Tape your instructor’s lecture, and if you are a commuter, listen to the tape on the way home, either in your car, or on the bus or subway. • Discuss the material that you have been learning with a friend or study group. Kinesthetic learners • Use your hands. Cut up charts and diagrams. Create flash cards and move them around with large, sweeping movements. • Walk and talk the information. Recite as you move. • Type on a computer keyboard. You are using your muscle memory. Academic Success Services TEACHING AND LEARNING CENTER - 3 - Developing Your Style: Combining Visual, Auditory, & Kinesthetic Modes Using Multi-Sensory Learning
7688 | [email protected] ______________________________________ If you are learning a new vocabulary word or math formula, write it in the air using large, sweeping movements. Close your eyes and see it in your mind’s eye. Say the words out loud. You are combining V, A, and K modes. Use the sense of smell. One student created olfactory (smell) associations by using scented pencils for studying. He used a grape pencil for one subject and a chocolate one for another. When taking an exam, he used the appropriate pencil to help him recall information. He combined V and K and added an additional sensory mode. Use 5- by 7-inch flash cards to self-quiz. Use different and bright colors for each side. Lay them on a desk or table. Move them around and put them in different places as you study, or create a game with them. Place them into different categories in a hierarchical fashion such as “don’t know,” “review,” and “need to study more.” Create your own auditory notes using a tape recorder. Academic Success Services TEACHING AND LEARNING CENTER Excerpted from: Leonard, Enid. College Success Simplified, 2005. - 4 - • • • • • • • Additional Strategies: • If you are athletically inclined, dribble a basketball while you recite information. You are combining Auditory and Kinesthetic modes. Study with a partner or in a group. Discuss the information. Hold up flash cards diagrams, hierarchies, and mind maps to test each other. This combines Visual and Auditory modes. Put yourself in the picture. You can do this with a subject like history; participate in a battle or a significant meeting such as the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Ask yourself how you feel. This combines Visual and Kinesthetic modes. Make up your own strategies. Incorporate multi-sensory learning into your studies.
7688 | [email protected] - 5 - ______________________________________ My Personal Learning Style Plan: Choose for the suggestions listed above 4-5 techniques you will try this quarter as you study for classes. List them here as an action plan detailing how you will incorporate multi-sensory learning into your study time. I would like to combine every technique that listed up there but in my own way, mean i will change it to suit my comfortable such as i loved to hear music when study but my genre is i used to hear rock music or same kind of it so i can be more active and motivated to study more yeay ! and i use to study with some activites because it can be more easier to me to remember things that teaches by our lecturer. also i used to be a night owl who studied until cant go . . Academic Success Services TEACHING AND LEARNING CENTER
Your chosen learning style is indicated by the highest score. You are using additional modalities if you score highly in more than one area. Keep in mind that there are no incorrect responses to this inventory. Every person is unique and has a different way of learning. Characteristics of Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic If visual learning is your favoured method, you can recall objects, forms, and images thanks to your high visualisation abilities. Reading, watching movies, videos, and seeing demonstrations are all ways how you learn. You can imagine pictures in your mind. Visual learners need to see information Auditory learners need to hear information If auditory learning is your favoured method, you have an excellent ear and can distinguish between different tones and rhythms. Reading aloud is advantageous. What you hear in a lecture is easily remembered. Kinesthetic learners need to be physically active and doing things You are a hands-on learner if your preferred learning style is kinesthetic. You have good coordination and learn by doing. In general, you approach learning actively.
CHAPTER 2
TOPIC 2 : Goal Setting and Learning Management System What is GOAL ? GOAL is something that we want to achieve MY GOAL : I WANT TO ACHIEVE DEAN EVERY SEMESTER AND GET "SELEMPANG PINK" UiTM S : SPECIFIC M: MEASURABLE A : ATTAINABLE R : RELEVANT T : TIMELY I make my goal using SMART technique What is SMART ?
T Make it Timely By when will the goal be accomplished? => THIS LONG TERM GOAL WILL ACCOMPLISHED SUCCESFULLY ON TIME I GRADUATE 2 YEARS HALF FROM NOW. Is this goal worth working hard to accomplish? Explain. => YES MY GOAL IS WORTH BECAUSE I CAN GRADUATE ON TIME AND GRADUATE WITH GOOD GRADES AND IMAGE ALSO I CAN MAKE MY PARENTS PROUD OF ME. NEXT I CAN START WORKING WITH GOOD RESULT FROM DIPLOMA SCIENCE MATHEMATICS ID No. : 2022664994 Date : 31/10/2022 Name : NURUL ALIYAH BINTI ABDULLAH Group : CS143 1B What do you want to accomplish? => I WANT TO ACHIEVE HIGHER CGPA EVERY SEMESTER => I HAVE TO BE MORE HARDWORKING IN MY WORK OR ASSIGNMENT How will you know when you have accomplished your goal? => I WILL START MY GOAL WITH SUBMIT EVERY ASSIGNMENT ON TIME STARTING 1/11/22 How can the goal be accomplished? => LISTEN TO EVERYONE ADVICE TO BE MORE PUNCTUAL AND SENSITIVE IN WHAT I DO SMART Goal Map S R A M Make it Specific Make it Relevant Make it Attainable Make it Measurable TOPIC 2 ACTIVITY 1
TOPIC 2 ACTIVITY 2
TOPIC 2 ACTIVITY 3 . -
CHAPTER 3
TOPIC 3 : time managemenet and organizational skills use a weekly schedule use a daily planner use a semester calendar balance academic with social and personal demands Avoid procrastination 5 strategies to develeop a successful system of study being a perfectionist overscheduling lack of clear goals not planning ahead unclear about what to do being lazy Procrastination
T O S T A R T I ' M G R A T E F U L F O R T O D A Y ' S S C H E D U L E O K D E L A Y S T U C K 1 L L U N C H P L A N D I N N E R P L A N W A T E R I N T A K E C A N C E L T O C A L L / T O E M A I L P R I O R I T Y O F T H E D A Y 2 L 3 L DAILY PERSONAL PLANNER 06:00 - woke up,take shower,pray and get ready 07:00 - eat bread , packing things to class 08:00 - clean my bed , do undone work 09:00 - starting with class STA111 10:00 - focusing on class 11:00 - class end , go to pp cafe with isha 12:00 - queue to buy lunch 13:00 - lunch and pray zuhur 14:00 - study group MAT133 at PTAR 15:00 - discuss the answer 16:00 - get ready for co-curriculum and pray asar 17:00 - gathering infront of PB for co-curriculum 18:00 - learn the law of marching 19:00 - get co-cu jersey, take bath , pray ishaK 20:00 - do homework if any and study 21:00 - pray isha anda do skincare 22:00 - eat supper and release tired of day 23:00 - go to sleep EAT BISCUITS DISCUSS MAT133 FOCUSING ON CLASS BUY LUNCH AT PP CAFE ALLAH GIVES ME ANOTHER DAY TO FILL ALHAMDULILLAH DATE : 07 DCEMBER 2022 S M T W T F S TOPIC 3 ACTIVITY 1
WEEKLY PLANNER (WEEK 9) Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 9 a.m 9 p.m 6 p.m 3 p.m 11 a.m 10 a.m 10 p.m 11 p.m ASAR SUBUH ZUHUR MAGHRIB ISHAK RECITING ALQURAN ASAR SUBUH ZUHUR MAGHRIB ISHAK RECITING ALQURAN ASAR SUBUH ZUHUR MAGHRIB ISHAK RECITING ALQURAN ASAR SUBUH ZUHUR MAGHRIB ISHAK RECITING ALQURAN ASAR SUBUH ZUHUR MAGHRIB ISHAK RECITING ALQURAN ASAR SUBUH ZUHUR MAGHRIB ISHAK RECITING ALQURAN ASAR SUBUH ZUHUR MAGHRIB ISHAK RECITING ALQURAN AEROBICS JOM HEBOH BETA DO ASSIGNMENT WATCH MOVIES CLEAN THE ROOM CHANGE BED SHEET LEARN NEW CHAPTER CLASS CTU101 GET READY CLASS MAT133 GET READY CLASS MAT123 GEO MARKS GIVEN CLASS ELC121 TEST LIRA 2 GET READY COCURRICU LUM HBU111 CLASS STA111 CLASS MAT133 GET READY ROLEPLAY ACT-OUT GET READY CLASS ELC121 LUNCH WITH ROOMMATES JOGGIN G MAKING NOTES DO DORM CHORES CLASS STA111 CLASS UED102 CLASS MAT123 QUIZ MAT123 DO HOMEWORK / REVISE DO HOMEWORK / REVISE DO HOMEWORK / REVISE DO HOMEWORK / REVISE DO HOMEWORK / REVISE DO HOMEWORK / REVISE 6 a.m 7 a.m 8 a.m noon 1 p.m 2 p.m 4 p.m 5 p.m 7 p.m 8 p.m TOPIC 3 ACTIVITY 2
4 a.m Midnigh 1 a.m 2 a.m 3 a.m SLEEP SLEEP SLEEP SLEEP SLEEP SLEEP STUDY - - SUNDAY ARE RELAXING DAY SOLAT IS WAJIB TASKS SUITABLE TO STUDY SUITABLE TO STUDY SUITABLE TO STUDY SUITABLE TO STUDY SUITABLE TO STUDY SUITABLE TO STUDY Hours available for study 10 , Hours needed for study 8_
DECEMBER 2022 MAT133 CTU101 FIX SCREEN PHONE DUE DATE ASSIGNMENT STA111 ASSIGNMENT STARTED LIRA 2 TEST 20 CELEBRATE DAD’S BIRTHDAY 7 DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT MAT133 KAWAD TEST FOOD HUNTING STUDY SUBJECT 8 FINISH ASSIGNMENT MAT133 UED102 STUDY -ROLE PLAY ACTOUT PART 2 -QUIZ MAT123 9 -ROLE PLAY ACT OUT -CELEBRATE BRO’S BIRTHDAY 16 31 GO TO ISHA’S HOUSE COLOUR RUN 24/25 CHRISTMAS HOLIDAY FOR A WEEK STARTED PERIOD MONTHLY THURSDAY FRIDAY SAT/SUN WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 5 12 19 26 6 13 27 14 21 28 1 15 22 29 2 23 30 3/4 10/11 17/18 -AEROBICS JOM HEBOH BETA -DUE DATE ASSIGNMENT MAT133 -YOUNG ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROGRAM -IPOH TRIP MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY TOPIC 3 ACTIVITY 3
JANUARY 2023 SUBMIT ASSIGNMENT CTU101 COUSIN’S BIRTHDAY SUBJECT 26 MAT123 TEST UED102 SISTER’S BIRTHDAY STA111 TEST PERIOD MONTHLY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SAT/SUN WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 6 13 20 27 1 7/8 14/15 21/22 28/29 BACK TO COLLEGE MONDAY TUESDAY
CHAPTER 4
KAMPUS TAPAH LIBRARY TOUR TOPIC 4 - GETTING TO KNOW CAMPUS CAMPUS RESOURCES
PERPUSTAKAAN TUN ABDUL RAZAK 13/12/2022 T O U R ENTRANCE BEG'S ROOM 24 HOURS ROOM - - - - - - - - Open from 8 am – 11 pm Start from 5 pm aircond are off Can use as discussion room Make sure to put your bag in here before entering the PTAR Don’t left your important stuff in beg’s room One person can only use one ID MATRIK to in and out from PTAR Make sure to bip your ID card before going inside Anyone who doesn’t have any ID card (in hand) can type your ID at front computer provide
PERPUSTAKAAN TUN ABDUL RAZAK 13/12/2022 T O U R FINE OPERATION HOURS HOW TO BORROW BOOKS ? - - - - - - - Maximum : 20 books / person 2 weeks of book loan period Brings book to front counter Monday to Thursday (8 am – 445 pm) Friday (8 am – 615) Saturday to Sunday (closed) RM0.20 will be charged on one day late for returning books
PERPUSTAKAAN TUN ABDUL RAZAK 13/12/2022 T O U R PTAR CAFE FIRST FLOOR LIBRARY CHILLING SPACE - - - - - - Study spaces There’s a lot of room space in first floor Many variety of cakes are sell here Incase you are hungry and don’t need to go to outside cafe Students called its as “ruang santai” where you can relaxing There’s a lot of comfortable chair in red color
PERPUSTAKAAN TUN ABDUL RAZAK 13/12/2022 T O U R LEPAK'S ROOM COMPUTER LAB LIBRARY SHOWROOM - - - - - - They canged the content every year New collections every two weeks Use the computer for study and other things Many Dell’s computer Provide indoor game such as chess board , sahibba and more. You can be loud here
PERPUSTAKAAN TUN ABDUL RAZAK 13/12/2022 T O U R LIFT STUDY SPACE SECOND FLOOR - - - - More study spaces and more quiet Only for OKU students or has problem with their leg Students can find where they are comfortable because there is a lot of space Can be used as discussion room
PERPUSTAKAAN TUN ABDUL RAZAK 13/12/2022 T O U R STAGE SPACE VIEW'S SPACE STUDENT SERVICE COUNTER - - - - - You can ask anything here Dealing with using the discussion room Nice views Many students chilling here in within gap of class Students can use this stage space how they want to ..
PERPUSTAKAAN TUN ABDUL RAZAK 13/12/2022 T O U R TEST PLACE THIRD FLOOR DISCUSSION ROOM - - - - - - Lots of table arranged as test place Students can use this room if more than 10 person Only to deal important things Big Examination held Discussion room Students used to study up here but are prohibited now
PERPUSTAKAAN TUN ABDUL RAZAK 13/12/2022 T O U R CONCLUSION LECTURER SPACE WHY STUDENTS CAN'T GO TO THIRD FLOOR ? - - - - - - Its was set from Uitm Tapah Lectures making their exam paper Quiet and bautiful PTAR can be used as many spaces Don’t share your ID card with friends or you cant get in to PTAR Make sure do not left yout belongings everywhere
T O U R PERPUSTAKAAN TUN ABDUL RAZAK
CHAPTER 5
topic 5 : memory learning and improving concentration ACTIVITY 1
1. MAGAZINE 2. CHALK 3. TRAIN 4. AUTOMOBILE 5. NEWSPAPER 6. PEN 7. BOAT ACTIVITY 2 THINGS I REMEMBER ; 8. BOOK 9. CRAYON 10. 11. 12. 13.
ACTIVITY 3
ACTIVITY 4 NO. STUDY TASK CONCENTRATION PROBLEM CAUSE STRATEGY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. LEARN STATISTIC CANT FOCUS NOT MY INTEREST TRY TO CATCH UP FROM START DOING CTU ASSIGNMENT LACK OF ATTENTION DELAY DUE DATE ASKING GROUP MATE TO START A PROGRESS MAT123 ASSIGNMENT DISTRACTION FROM OTHERS TOO FOCUS ON OTHER WORKS ORGANIZE WORKS SO ALL WORKS CAN BE DONE BRISUMA PROGRAMME UNCOMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT CANT DO WORK FROM HOME MOTIVATE MYSELF TO MAKE IT DONE BY 2023 QUIZZIZ LACK OF ATTENTION TOO MUCH CLASS ON A DAY LEARN AT NIGHT BEFORE THE DAY CLASS MAT123 ON 22/12/22 CANT FOCUS HAVING FAMILY PROBLEM TRYING TO IGNORE ALL CLASS ON MONDAY WEEK 10 CANT FOCUS TIREDNESS OF 2 DAYS OF SPORT DAY GET ENOUGH REST HBU111 LACK OF MOTIVATION SCARED TO PRESENT INFRONT OF PEOPLE PRACTICE SPEECH WITH FRIEND That’s all concetration problems I encounter from a week I’ve been. Also, 70% of my strategies were worked on how I want .
FIGURE 12.3 Excerpt from a Sociology Textbook Political Systems in Global Perspective Political systems as we know them today have evolved slowly. In the earliest societies, politics was not an entity separate from other aspects of life. Political institutions first emerged in agrarian societies as they acquired surpluses and developed greater social inequality. Elites took control of politics and used custom or traditional authority to justify their position. When cities developed circa 3500–3000 B.C.E., the city-state—a city whose power extended to adjacent areas—became the center of political power. Nation-states as we know them began to develop in Europe between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries (see Tilly, 1975). A nation-state is a unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations. Nation-states emerge as countries develop specific geographic territories and acquire greater ability to defend their borders. Improvements in communication and transportation make it possible for people in a larger geographic area to share a common language and culture. As charismatic and traditional authority are superseded by rational—legal authority, legal standards come to prevail in all areas of life, and the nation-state claims a monopoly over the legitimate use of force (Kennedy, 1993). Approximately 190 nation-states currently exist throughout the world; today, everyone is born, lives, and dies under the auspices of a nation-state (see Skocpol and Amenta, 1986). Four main types of political systems are found in nation-states: monarchy, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, and democracy. Monarchies are most common in agrarian societies and are associated with traditional authority patterns. However, the relative power of monarchs has varied across nations, depending on religious, political, and economic conditions. Absolute monarchs claim a hereditary right to rule (based on membership in a noble family) or a divine right to rule (a God-given right to rule that legitimizes the exercise of power). In limited monarchies, rulers depend on powerful members of the nobility to retain their thrones. Unlike absolute monarchs, limited monarchs are not considered to be above the law. In constitutional monarchies, the royalty serve as symbolic rulers or heads of state while actual authority is held by elected officials in national parliaments. In present-day monarchies such as the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, and the Netherlands, members of royal families primarily perform ceremonial functions. In the United Kingdom, for example, the media often focus large amounts of time and attention on the royal family, especially the personal lives of its members. Recently, the European Union (of which the United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, and the Netherlands are all members) has also received media attention as a form of governmental cooperation across national boundaries but not one that weakens the powers of the present-day monarchies. A few authoritarian regimes have been absolute monarchies whose rulers claimed a hereditary right to their position. Today, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait are examples of authoritarian absolute monarchies. In dictatorships, power is gained and held by a single individual. Pure dictatorships are rare; all rulers need the support of the military and the backing of business elites to maintain their position. Military juntas result when military officers seize power from the government, as has happened in recent decades in Argentina, Chile, and Haiti. Today, authoritarian regimes exist in Fidel Castro’s Cuba and in the People’s Republic of China. Authoritarian regimes seek to control the media and to suppress coverage of any topics or information that does not reflect upon the regime in a favorable light. Totalitarianism relies on modern technology to monitor and control people; mass propaganda and electronic surveillance are widely used to influence people’s thinking and control their actions. One example of a totalitarian regime was the National Socialist (Nazi) Party in Germany during World War II; military leaders there sought to control all aspects of national life, not just government operations. Other examples include the former Soviet Union and contemporary Iraq before the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime. To keep people from rebelling, totalitarian governments enforce conformity: People are denied the right to assemble for political purposes, access to information is strictly controlled, and secret police enforce compliance, creating an environment of constant fear and suspicion. Many nations do not recognize totalitarian regimes as being the legitimate government for a particular country. Afghanistan in the year 2001 was an example. As the war on terrorism began in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, many people developed a heightened awareness of the Taliban regime, which ruled most of Afghanistan and was engaged in fierce fighting to capture the rest of the country. The Taliban regime maintained absolute control over the Afghan people in most of that country. For example, it Monarchy is a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance. Authoritarianism is a political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government. Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people’s public and private lives. Monarchy Totalitarianism Authoritarianism (Continued) © 2009 Wadsworth Cengage Learning
FIGURE 12.3 (continued) required that all Muslims take part in prayer five times each day and that men attend prayer at mosques, where women were forbidden (Marquis, 2001). Taliban leaders claimed that their actions were based on Muslim law and espoused a belief in never-ending jihad—a struggle against one’s perceived enemies. Although the totalitarian nature of the Taliban regime was difficult for many people, it was particularly oppressive for women, who were viewed by this group as being “biologically, religiously and prophetically” inferior to men (McGeary, 2001: 41). Consequently, this regime made the veil obligatory and banned women from public life. U.S. government officials believed that the Taliban regime was protecting Osama bin Laden, the man thought to have been the mastermind behind numerous terrorist attacks on U.S. citizens and facilities, both on the mainland and abroad. As a totalitarian regime, the Taliban leadership was recognized by only three other governments, despite controlling most of Afghanistan. Once the military action commenced in Afghanistan, most of what U.S. residents learned about the Taliban and about the war on terrorism was based on media accounts and “expert opinions” that were voiced on television. According to the political analyst Michael Parenti (1998), the media play a significant role in framing the information we receive about the political systems of other countries. As discussed in previous chapters, framing refers to how news is packaged, including the amount of exposure given to a story, its placement, the positive or negative tone of the story, the headlines and photographs, and the accompanying visual and auditory effects if the story is being broadcast. In politics and government, framing is not limited to information we receive about other countries: It can be used to frame a political agenda in this country, as well. citizens be able to meet together regularly to debate and decide the issues of the day. However, if all 295 million people in the United States came together in one place for a meeting, they would occupy an area of more than seventy square miles, and a single round of five-minute speeches would require more than five thousand years (based on Schattschneider, 1969). In countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom, people have a voice in the government through REPRESENTATIVE democracy, whereby citizens elect representatives to serve as bridges between themselves and the government. The U.S. Constitution requires that each state have two senators and a minimum of one member in the House of Representatives. The current size of the House (435 seats) has not changed since the apportionment following the 1910 census. Therefore, based on Census 2000, those 435 seats were reapportioned based on the increase or decrease in a state’s population between 1990 and 2000. In a representative democracy, elected representatives are supposed to convey the concerns and interests of those they represent, and the government is expected to be responsive to the wishes of the people. Elected officials are held accountable to the people through elections. However, representative democracy is not always equally accessible to all people in a nation. Throughout U.S. history, members of subordinate racial–ethnic groups have been denied full participation in the democratic process. Gender and social class have also limited some people’s democratic participation. For example, women have not always had the same rights as men. Full voting rights were note gained by women until the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. Even representative democracies are not all alike. As compared to the winner-takes-all elections in the United States, which are usually decided by who wins the most votes, the majority of European elections are based on a system of proportional representation, meaning that each party is represented in the national legislature according to the proportion of votes that party received. For example, a party that won 40 percent of the vote would receive 40 seats in a 100-seat legislative body, and a party receiving 20 percent of the votes would receive 20 seats. Democracy is a political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives. The literal meaning of democracy is “rule by the people” (from the Greek words demos, meaning “the people,” and kratein, meaning “to rule”). In an idealtype democracy, people would actively and directly rule themselves. Direct participatory democracy requires that Democracy Source: Text material from Diana Kendall, Sociology in Our Times, 6th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2007), pp. 450–454. © 2009 Wadsworth Cengage Learning
ACTIVITY 5 SQ3R 1. What is Political Systems in Global Perspective? Political Systems in Global Perspective have four main types found in nation-states , monarchy, authoritarianism, totalitarianism and democracy. 2. What is monarchy means ? Monarchy means is a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance. 3. What is authoritarianism means? Authoritarianism means is a political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government. 4. What is totalitarianism means ? Totalitarianism means is a political system in which the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people’s public and private lives. 5. What is democracy means ? Democracy means is a political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives. APPLY SQ3R ON ABOVE TEXT,
SQ3R SQ3R (SUMMARY) to various class materials. that can be used with and adapted is an example of a method Read, Recite, Review an acronym for Survey, Question, Survey : I will read the overall of the reading text. Questions: I'm going to ask myself a question about something. I will create a query based on the text. Read: I'll go through the entire text in search of the solution to the query. Recite: I'll ask myself a question out loud I recently read. Review: I'll have a look at how I'm handling the text.
CHAPTER 6
YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO 6 TOPIC 6 : TAKING LECTURE NOTES TOPIC 6 ACTIVITY 1
CHAPTER 7
TOPIC 7 : ACADEMIC INTEGRITY AND PERFORMANCE CALCULATING GRADE POINT AVERAGE The final examination results and assessments at the end of every semester are assigned a Grade Point Average (GPA) and a Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) which represent a student's academic achievement. A Grade Point Average (GPA) refers to the calculated average of the letter grades a student earns in each semester following a 0 to 4.0 scale.
TOPIC 7 ACTIVITY 1